Tankei Maruyama on Modern Japanese Calligraphy

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On Contemporary Visual Culture P A P E R S P A N O P T I K ON december 2009 Tankei Maruyama: Modern Japanese Calligraphy Contributors J.R. Osborn, Ph.D. Department of Visual Communication American University in Dubai Marcelo Guimarães Lima, Ph.D. Department of Visual Communication American University in Dubai

Transcript of Tankei Maruyama on Modern Japanese Calligraphy

Page 1: Tankei Maruyama on Modern Japanese Calligraphy

On Contemporary Visual Culturep a p e r s

p a N O p T I K O N

december 2009

Tankei Maruyama: Modern Japanese Calligraphy

Contributors

J.r. Osborn, ph.D.Department of Visual Communicationamerican University in Dubai

Marcelo Guimarães Lima, ph.D.Department of Visual Communicationamerican University in Dubai

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Interview with Tankei Maruyama: Modern Japanese Calligraphy Marcelo Guimarães Lima & J.r. Osbornenglish Translation: T. Kato

Artist and calligrapher Tankei Maruyama visited the American University in Dubai on two occasions in 2009. In May she conducted a workshop on Japanese calligraphy at the Visual Communication Program. She returned in November for a second workshop preceding an exhibition of her calligraphy works at the Rotunda Gallery, AUD.

The following interview is intended as a short introduction to the artist and her art. She discusses here briefly issues related to her creative and professional path, including the education of the artist, the practice of calligraphy and the present day conditions of the art of calligraphy in Japan.

Panoptikon: Where are you from? Tell us about your personal background. How did your early experiences, the place you come from, and the context you grew up in influence your career choices?

Tankei Maruyama: I come from Tokyo, Japan. I started practicing calligraphy at the age of three (3) rather naturally under the family surroundings where my father appreciated Japanese calligraphy. During the Japanese’s rapid economic growth era of the 1960’s, it was rather common for children to learn one of various cultural activities and sports exercises such as Calligraphy, Kendo (Japanese fencing), Judo, Piano and Abacus. In this background, I continued Calligraphy and have continued my practice without a pause. My present state is a result of these continuous efforts and volition. My studying of Calligraphy was a chance coincidence. It may have been my destiny.

P: What is your professional and artistic training?

TM: I studied Japanese Language & Literature at Nihon University as well as Calligraphic Arts. I also studied various Japanese cultural practices such as the tea ceremony, flower arrangement, and ceramics alongside my continuous daily calligraphy exercise.

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Interview with Tankei Maruyama / panoptikon December 2009

P: What were your early artistic influences?

TM: I studied under the guidance of renowned calligrapher Kakei Fujita, whom I acknowledge as my paragon and spiritual mentor. It was a great acquaintance.

P: Who constitutes the public (general and/or specialized) that you intend to reach with your work? Who do you produce your work for? Who are the clients for your work?

TM: I produce my work, in many cases, by request from art galleries such as galleries in Ginza, Tokyo, galleries in department stores and/or galleries owned by a corporation. I am always conscious of a character of the place (a city) where my exhibitions are held. For example, I have a color image of red in Hong Kong, neutral tints in Paris, dignified & elegant color in Japan, golden colors in Dubai, green in Germany, etc. The natural features and the cultural climate of the country, city and region are the first clue for me to start the creation of my work. I always hope that my work brings brightness and happiness to the room or house it decorates. I also have the experience that my hands and body moves freely without any subconscious images. It is a sort of incidental encounter how my work meets with a future owner.

P: How can you explain or introduce non-specialists to the types of work you produce?

TM: Explanation is a secondary issue. In the same way as the case of fashion (clothes), music, sculpture and picture, what is more crucial is whether or not you like it, how it makes you feel and whether the work speaks to you. However, in principle, Japanese calligraphy has only the two colors of black and white and the creation will be made in a moment. Therefore, what I need to explain as an introduction is that a calligrapher has to diligently train daily for an art of flash. Both physical and mental discipline is essential.

P: What are the main tools and materials of Japanese calligraphy? What equipment do you use?

TM: The main tools and materials are ink (Sumi), paper, brush and inkstone. The important point is that it takes many accomplished craftsmen a lot of time to properly make these tools and materials. I would like to stress the importance of appreciating this fact and the selection of properly made tools and materials. I use the best brushes, inks and properly aged papers to create calligraphy works with the quintessence of art.

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Interview with Tankei Maruyama / panoptikon December 2009

P: How do you create your pieces? What are the stages of your work?

TM: What I see as essential is “Innocence”. “Thinking nothing” is the most important. As to the stages of work, I summarize them as follows; 1) decide on a sentence or a writing or a character 2) decide on a style of expression 3) decide on a size and select the tools and materials accordingly

P: What makes a calligraphic work strong for you?

TM: Practically speaking, I use all the necessary materials required for the desired image since the depth of calligraphy is incalculable. But essentially speaking, the fascination of the calligraphy arises due to its unsparing and endless process of learning. It is a disciplinary challenge. The calligrapher simply rubs an ink stick on an inkstone calmly and peacefully. (It may take an hour or more to make the ink for writing a few words). During this process, the calligrapher becomes free from this world and enters into the world where sometimes you may not even hear any sounds.

Then, the calligrapher dips a brush into the ink and starts facing to a paper. If you are not yet ready with a firm discipline, you will be beaten by the strength of white paper. It is a mysterious experience. Everybody wants to write well and neatly. But you will not be able to write well with this anticipation. When you are in a state of “nothing”, then you are able to create a strong work. This is why many are enthralled with the magic of calligraphy.

P: What artistic principles or rules do you apply in your work?

TM: Neither art nor calligraphy requires a rule and /or limited radius. My intention is rather to break through by searching for freedom. However, it is not easy to cross a line which is the invisible.

P: How important are considerations of style in your work? Do you have a favorite style? Are there any established styles or forms that you use?

TM: I like a dynamic form and have been trying to create something dynamic with which I feel a contentment. But I am still a far distance from this goal.

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Interview with Tankei Maruyama / panoptikon December 2009

P: What are in your mind the difficulties or challenges specific to the practice of Japanese calligraphy and how your work seeks to address them?

TM: Anyone can write calligraphy. My workshop at the American University in Dubai proved this fact. All the students produced beautiful calligraphy. Some of their works are even good enough for sending to an exhibition. However, there are a lot of difficulties in realizing the true difficulty of writing onto a paper which is bottomless and therefore partly invisible. The calligrapher simply has to continue with practice to attain a higher perception and spiritual enlightenment. Firstly, the calligrapher must understand his/her self and must face faithfully with his/her incompetence. This is the first point. It can be compared with ascetic practices.

P: Please comment on the relation between content and form in written language.

TM: Let’s take an example of Japanese calligraphy which is an idiomatic phrase composed with four characters. The meaning of this phrase is to devote oneself with all one’s energies. Then, the calligrapher naturally ponders on his/her own life by questioning whether he/she devotes him/her self with all energies daily. This is only one examples of the relation between content and form. The characters have a meaning. Therefore, the calligrapher has to understand the meaning, and digest the contents by facing oneself and interpreting them into a form.

P: How do language and visual forms relate, mix, interact, struggle, collaborate, cross-fertilize or contest each other in calligraphic art?

TM: The answer would be more or less the same as the answer to query no. 12. If ten different people produce calligraphy, each different character reflects the personality of the person, what he/she thinks at the moment including one’s perplexity. The work is the mirror of oneself. Therefore, it is a long journey for a search of oneself and the target is an understanding of life through this struggle.

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Interview with Tankei Maruyama / panoptikon December 2009

P: What is the relation between your work and historical tradition? How your artistic ideas relate, or not, to traditional or dominant standards in your field?

TM: I have learned many and am still learning from traditional classical calligraphies. It may be compared with a case of “dessin” (drawing, sketch) in the field of paining. My destination may lie through my continuous endeavor to pursue the appropriate calligraphies which derive from my individuality, my personality and my own life. I believe that all calligraphers are trying this in their own way and all know the process has no end.

P: How would you describe your work in relation to the following terms? Please list both similarities and differences. Also, feel free to substitute other terms if you feel they are more suitable for describing your practice.

a. The Visual Arts (Painting, printmaking, sculpture) b. Graphic Design c. Typography and Type Design

TM: The various art forms described in this list have their own method and approach. However, I think that their real nature is the same. Therefore, an analysis of similarities and differences is for me the secondary issue.

P: Are there any individuals, experiences, or pieces of art that have had a significant influence upon your work?

TM: The renowned calligrapher Kakei Fujita was my mentor and paragon. He was a great artist who admitted no compromise in his work throughout his entire professional life. I also gained guiding principles in life through acquaintance with the following great men: Mr. Yasushi Inoue (novelist), Mr. Kazuo Yamamoto (juvenile literary man), Mr. Kazumasa Nakagawa (painter), Mr. Suguru Igarashi (butterfly scholar/ doctor & company executive) and Mr. Tokuya Eriguchi (especially talented executive officer/ manager who people recognizes as one in thirty thousand). They all had their own faith and each achieved the world in their own field.

P: How has the practice of Japanese calligraphy changed over the past 50 years? The past 200 years?

TM: What is noticeable over the past ten years is an increased tendency for calligraphers to write plain and legible characters based on a spoken language. It is easy to read and understand. This movement had been developed since it began 70 years ago mainly by the calligrapher Mr. Syunkei Iijima.

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P: How is calligraphy organized as a professional and artistic field in Japan today? What kinds of institutions support it?

TM: There are many calligrapher organizations as professional bodies and/ or artists groups. They are all free and have the role of encouraging and promoting calligraphy, especially by bringing up the next generation.

P: How do you see the future of this art form?

TM: Calligraphy will undoubtedly continue. Though it is now a computer age, calligraphy has revived and now has a sort of boom in Japan. More people are discovering and recognizing a delight/pleasure in writings with a calligraphic form. Firstly, let’s keep our back straight up, rub and make an ink on an ink stone, take up a brush, grasp the meaning of characters, face with the paper and enter into a world where no deception exists. Let’s face ourselves.

Interview with Tankei Maruyama / panoptikon December 2009

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Interview with Tankei Maruyama / panoptikon December 2009

1) ご出身は?個人的な経歴をお聞かせください。どのようにして書を始めたのですか?どで、どのように育ち、それがどのようにあなたに書道の道を選ばせたのでしょうか?

日本の東京出身です。書に親しんでいた父親の環境下で、自然に書を始めました。 3歳の頃です。1960年代の成長期における当時の日本は学校の他にいくつかの稽古事(

書道、剣道、柔道、ピアノ、そろばん等)をするのは一般的でその背景の中、旦桂の場合は書道に縁があり、どんなときでも休む事無く続けたこと、その結果が現在と考えています。それは「出会い」であり、私の運命なのかもしれません。

2) どのような専門的、芸術的な教育を受けたのですか?

私は書道を早い時期から続けると共に、日本大学で国文学を学びました。また他の 日本の文化的な稽古事として書道を続ける傍ら、茶道、生花、陶芸等も学びました。

3) 書道を目指した、まだ早い時期に、何かに、もしくは誰かに芸術上の影響を受けられまたか?

私は偉大な書道家、藤田霞畦先生に師事しました。彼は私の規範であり、指導者です。すばらしい出会いでした。

4) 誰(社会を含む)を意識して作品創造に励むのか?(どのように作品を企画していくのですか?)誰の為に創るのか?あなたの作品を納める施主はどのような方ですか?

企画は多くの場合は依頼によるものです。画廊(銀座)、デパートの画廊、企業の画廊、等。発表する作品はその場所を意識します。香港でしたら赤を、パリなら中間色を、日本なら気品を、ドバイですと金をドイツですとグリーンをと色を意識し、風土を中心に創造を駆り立てます。作品を部屋に飾って頂いた家がさらに明るくなり、幸福になれますよう制作に励んでいます。そして時に、書きたいように、筆が走るままに書きます。作品を購入して下さる方は、その時の出会いです。

5) どのように作品を通常説明しますか?特に書道になじみの無い人への説明はどのようしますか?

説明自体はそれほど重要とは考えていません。絵も彫刻も音楽もファッションも同じように、その作品が好きかどうかです。観てどう感じるか、です。作品と対話したいかどうかです。書は白と黒の2色しかありません。また一瞬の制作です。前段で申し上げるとすれば、書道家は一瞬のために日々鍛錬しなければならないこと。身体的にも、精神的にも自分を律することが肝要だということです。

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Interview with Tankei Maruyama / panoptikon December 2009

6) 日本の書道の主な用具と材料を説明してください。またあなたはどのような用具を使用されていますか?

主な道具と材料は墨、紙、筆、硯。大切なことはこれらの道具をしっかりと作る為には、多くの熟練職人の手を通してつくられ、出来上がるのに非常な時間がかかることです。そのことを理解した上で、適切な道具や材料を選定することが大切です。私は常に、適切な品質の良い筆や墨、そして少しでも書の真髄に近づく為、目的に合わせた年代物の紙を使用するようにしています。

7) あなたはどのように作品を創作していくのですか?制作の段階は?

まず、創作に於いて大切なのは「無心」。無になることが肝要。制作の段階については以下の通り。制作の段階―

1)書きたい文章を決める 2)表現のスタイルを決める 3)表現サイズを決め、それに使用する道具を決めます。

8) あなたにとって何が書道作品を印象強くしますか? どのようにすれば強い作品を作れますか?)

実際的には、イメージした表現を実現する為、必要な材料をすべて使います。それは、書は計り知れない美の表現だからです。そして本質的には、書は厳しいだけに魅力的なのです。自分を律する挑戦です。心を静かにし、硯に向かって墨を磨る(数文字書くのに1時間、ただただ磨る)、一切のこの世から開放され、自分が別世界に(無・・なかなかなれませんが・・訓練していくと音までが無い世界に到達します)入った時、筆に墨を含ませ、紙に(自分を制する事ができない時は紙の白さに負けてしまい書けません)向かうのです。とても神秘的です。人間ですから、上手く書きたい、人に認められるような素敵な作品を書きたいと思うのは常ですが、そう思った時点で書けません。<無>になったその時、強い作品が出来ています。これに虜になるのです。

9) あなたが創作する際の書道における原則や規則は? 書道も含め、芸術において規則や規制は必要ありません。むしろ自由を求め、原則規則は

破るものと考えています。しかし、なかなかこの、見えない線を越えることは容易ではありません。

10)あなたの作品においてスタイルとは重要ですか?好みのスタイルはありますか? もしくは確立されたスタイルは?

私の好みのスタイルは力強い作品です。納得できるダイナミックな創造を試みてきました。 しかし、まだ遠い道のりです。

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11)何が日本の書道の難しさとお考えですか?またあなたはそれに対してどのように挑戦しようとお考えですか?

書は誰でも書けます。先日のドバイ・アメリカン大学ワークショップの生徒、全員書けていました。大変優秀でした。展覧会に出したいほどです。でも、紙の奥、見えない分部を書く難しさがあるのです。悟るまで、書き続けるしかありません。まずは、才能の無い自分をしっかり見ることであり、ほとんど修行の世界です。

12) “書き言葉”における内容・意味と形体との関係について一言意見ください。

たとえば<精心力果>、精心して果たして力(つと)むと読みます。意味は一意専心し、まことに力を尽くして努力する。4文字という短い文のなかに奥深い意味があり、その意味の通りに書くとなると厳しいものが作家に迫ってきます。自分がその意味のように日々過ごしているかと問われるからです。これが意味と形体の関係の一例です。言葉を捕らえて、消化し、自分と向き合い、形にする。

13)書道において、どのように言葉と視覚形体が関係し、混合し、お互いに影響し、反発し、共同し、お互いの肥やしにできるのか?意見ください。

12)と同じ事が言えると思います。同じ字を10人に書いてもらうと、性格から、書いている瞬間に考えた迷いまで表現されてしまいます。書は書き手の写しなのです。だからこそ、自身を見つめる旅であり、生きる目的やその理解への挑戦なのです。

14)あなたの作品と歴史的伝統との関係は? どのようにあなたのアイデアがそれと結びついているのか?もしくは繋がっていないのか?伝統性のみならず、書道界で主流の規範とのつながりは?

旦桂の作品と歴史的伝統との関係は、伝統ある古典の数 (々絵でいえばデッサン)を習い続ける修練の積み重ねの基礎の上に、格調高く独自の個性を追求することにあります。これは書道界全員がひたすら同じく努力しているところです。そして完成は無いことも承知しています。

15)以下のアート分野とあなたの作品の関係(近似性や違い)を述べて下さい。もし、他に説明しやすい分野があれば、自由に付け加えてください。

a) 視覚芸術(絵画、版画、彫刻) b) グラフィックデザイン c) 活版印刷とタイプ(活字・字体)デザイン

a)b)c)の多様な芸術分野では、それぞれの取り組み方法(方向性や導入の方法等)がありますが、しかし根底は同じと考えています。したがって違いや近似性の分析は、副次的なことです。

Interview with Tankei Maruyama / panoptikon December 2009

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16)あなたに重大な影響を及ぼした個人、経験、芸術作品はありますか?

師である故・藤田霞畦先生との出会いです。偉大な芸術家で、妥協の無い生き様でした。また次の先達からも多くの影響を受け、それは私の指針でした。作家の井上靖先生・児童文学者の山本和夫先生、画家の中川一政先生、経営者であり博士であり、蝶研究者の五十嵐邁先生・3万人に一人の逸材と言われた行政官であり経営者でもあった江里口也富久氏です。この方々の共通は信念であり、それぞれの分野の宇宙でした。

17)どのように日本の書道は、ここ50年、200年と変遷してきましたか?

ここ10年、話言葉をベースとした、分かりやすい書を書く傾向にあります。読みやすく理解しやすい字です。この分野は70年前から飯島春敬先生を中心に発展してきました。

18)今日の日本における書道界はどのように組織されていますか?プロ団体として、芸術団体として。どのような団体があり、振興に寄与していますか?

日本全国にプロの団体として、また芸術団体として、書道団体が沢山あります。各組織は自由で、それぞれ書道の振興の役目を持ち、後進の育成等に寄与しています。

19)書道の将来をどのように見ていますか?

書は永久に存続するでしょう。コンピュウター主流の現在、書は復活し、現在ブームとなっています。多くの人が書で書き表す事の喜び、楽しさを発見しています。 姿勢をただし、墨を磨り、筆を正しくし、言葉の意味を把握し、紙に無心になって表現するごまかしの効かない世界へ突入です。自分自身を見つめ直す書に。

Interview with Tankei Maruyama / panoptikon December 2009

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