Tank Cleaning, Gas freeing, Hot work, Threshold Limit Value (TLV) ေလထပါေနတ႔ အဆပသင႔ေစႏငတ႔ substance ေတြ ၇ေနတ႔ ၿပငးအါး အဆင႔တခမာ လေတြ ေဘးမသင႔ဘ အခနအတငးအတါတခအထအလပလပေနႏင၇င အဒၿပငးအါးန႔ အခနအတငးအတါက threshold limit value (TLV) လ႔ေၿပာပါတယ။( ဒါက အလပလပဘ႔ GUIDE ေပးယဘ။ ေဘးကငးပါတယလ႔တ၇ား၀ငေၿပာတါမဟတပါ။) TLV – 3 မး Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) –၈နာ၇လး အဒၿပငးအါးAVERAGE ေတါကေလာက၇ေနတ႔ ေလထထမာ ၈ နာ၇ လပႏင၇င ( PPM န႔ၿပတယ။) Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL) –၁၅ မနစေလါက ေနလ႔ မထခကတ႔ AIRBRONE CONCENTRATION ( PPM န႔ၿပ) Ceiling (TLV-C) –အလပလပေနသမကါလပတလးဒါထကမပ၇ Benzene Benzene က ၇သြငးလ႔အဆပသင႔တါမားတယ။ ပါးစပထကလ၀ငအဆပသင႔တတတယ။ အေ၇ၿပားကလ အဆပသင႔တတတယ။ သကဂ၇ၿပေလါကတ႔ အန၇တ႔ ၿပငးအါးက လက ထခကေစၿပ။ ppm နနေလါကက ေသြးနဥေလာ႔ကေစတါ ။ေသြးကငဆါ စတါေတြၿဖစေစတယ။ ၁၀၀၀ ppm ထကေကာ၇ငေတါ႔ ခကခငးေမ႔ၿပး ေသတါပါဘ။ Exposure Limits- IMO ေၿပာထါးတါက - benzene ၇႔ TLV-TWA ကေတါ႔ Benzene 1- PPM ပါေနတ႔ ေလထ ထ မာ 8 နာ၇ အလပလပခြင႔ၿ႔ပထါးတယ။ H2S - Exposure Limits H2S ကေတါ႔ - H2S ၅ PPM ပါတ႔ ေလထထမာ ၈ နာ၇ အလပလပခြင႔ၿပထါးတယ။

Figure 1.1 သတထါးစ၇ာကေတါ႔ အေပၚပကၿကည႔၇င TANK ထက HC GAS ထည႔လက၇င ေအါကဆဂငပါ၀ငႏနးဟါ အလလေလာ႔ကလါတါပါဘ၊ AB LINE ကၿကည႔၇င ၁၅% HC ထည႔လက၇င ေအါကဆဂငက ၁၇.၉% ဘ TANK ထမာကနပါေတါ႔တယ။ ဒါေၿကာင႔ HC GAS ဟါ မးေလါငေပါကကြေဘး၇သလ ေအါကစဂငၿပတလပေစတ႔ ေဘးလ၇တါေတြ႔၇တယ။ ဒါေၿကာင႔ ဆ TANK ထဆငး၇ငး လေတြ အသကဆးၿကတါပါ။ Flammable Limits ဟကၿဒကါဘြနဂတစ န႔ ေလ အေ၇ာဟါ flammable range အတြငး၇မ မးေလါငႏငတယ။ အဒ flammable range ၇႔ ေအါကဆး limit က lower flammable limit (LFL or LEL) ေခၚတယ။ ဟကၿဒကါဘြနပါႏနး သထကန႔၇င မးေလါငဘ႔ hydrocarbon gas မလေလါကပါဘး။Flammable range ၇႔ အေပၚဆး Limit က upper flammable limit (UFL သ႔ UEL) လ႔ေခၚပါတယ။ အဒမာ မးေလါငဘ႔ေလ မလေလါကပါဘး။Different petroleum liquid ေပၚမတညၿပး LEL/HEL ေတြကြါေပမ႔ အၿကမးဖငးကေတါ Hydrocarbon ပါ၀ငနနး (ထထညအါးၿဖင႔) 1%(LEL) and 10% (HEL) by volume လ႔ယဆလ႔၇ပါတယ။ ေအါကဇယါးမာၿကည႔၇ငသသါပါတယ။အဒ flammable range ဟါ ေအါကစဂငထထညလကပါ၀ငနနးေလာ႔တါန႔အမ ကဥးေၿမာငးလါ- ေသးငယလါတါဟါ ေအါကစဂင ၁၁% ေလါက၇ေလထထမာ ဟကၿဒကါဘြနဘယေလါက၇၇ မးမေလါငႏငေတါ႔ပါဘး။

Area that O2 reduce by IG ( gas+air+IG mixture area )

(UFL)

LFL

Flammable range is progressively decrease these green line directions toward O2 11% ( at O2 11% - no mixture can burn)

O2 3.7% & HC 10.7% With IG

15%HC & 17.9%O2 by volume

AB = Effect on O2 content of introducing HC into Tank atmosphere (HC & O2 mixture without Inert Gas)

Effect of Inert Gas on Flammability INERT GAS ထပါတ႔ ဟါေတြ

တကယလ႔ inert gas ဆတ႔ အစြမးမ႔ gas အဓကအါးၿဖင႔ N2 ပါတ႔ gas က ေအါကဆဂငက ေလာ႔ခဖယထတဖ႔သး ၿကပါတယ။ ( တကယေတါ႔ မးေလါငၿဖစစဥ တခထြကလါတ႔ flue gas ပါဘ။ စကါးစပလ႔ ေၿပာ၇မာက သေဘၤါမာ Inert gas ဆ၇င boiler က ထြကတ႔ flue gas or IGG ကထြကတ႔ Flue gas ၿဖစၿဖစသးၿကပါတယ။ မးသတတါမာသးတ႔ CO2 ဟါ ေလထကဖယထတၿပး မးသတႏငေပမ႔ Static electricity ေၿကာင႔ tank ထ ေပါကကြမ က ၿဖစေစႏငလ႔ မသး၇ပါဘး) အဒ inert gas က ထည႔လက၇င HC ၇႔ LEL Limit ၿမင႔လါ။ HEL limit နမ႔လါၿပး တေၿဖးေၿဖး flammable range ေပာကသြါးပါတယ။ Figure 1.1က ၿကည႔လက၇င . အဒ AB မဥး။ ဟကၿဒကါဘြနမဥး။ ေအါကဆဂငမဥး ၿကား၇ အမတေန၇ာတငးက hydrocarbon gas/air/inert gas အေ၇ာ က ၿပတယ။ AB မဥးကေတါ႔ HC & Oxygen သးသန႔( IG ဓါတေငြ႔မပါဘ) အေ၇ာ အေၿခအေနကၿပတယ။ဒါေၿကာင႔ AB မဥးအေစါငးက HC Gas ၀ငလါ၇င ေအါကစဂငေလာ႔ကသြါးေၿကာငးၿပတယ။ AB Line ၇႔ ဘယဖကတၿခမးလးကေတါ႔ IG gas ၿဖည႔လ႔ ေအါကစဂငေလာ႔တါကၿပတယ။ ပမာ HEL က POINT –C, LEL က POINT –D, Inert gas ထည႔လက၇င C & D အမတက Flammable mixture Limit က CE & DE လငးအတငး ေၿပာငးလါတါ ေနာကဆး အမတ E မာဆသြါးၿကတယ။ ဒါေၿကာင႔ အဒ CED အပငးေလးဘ မးေလါငႏငတယ။ TANK ၇႔ ေလထအေၿခအေန က အဒ CED အပငးန႔လြတတ႔ MIXTURE အေၿခအေနမာထါး၇ငဘယေတါ႔မမးမေလါငႏငဘး။ တကယေတါ႔ GAS FREE လပတယဆတါ ေအါကစဂင ၂၁% ေ၇ာကေအါငလပတါပါဘ။ (တနညးဆ၇င TANK ၇႔ ေလထက POINT A ေ၇ာကေအါငလပယတါပါဘ) ဒလ IG Gas ဘထည႔ထည႔။ ေလသန႔ဘ ေမါငးထည႔ထည႔ tank ထ၇ေလထထက composition က မဥးေၿဖာင႔အတငးေၿပာငးပါတယ။ တကယလ႔ tank ထကေလထမာ O2 3.7% & HC-10.7% With IG အေၿခအေန ( အမတ F) ၇ေနတယ။ အဒအေၿခအေနကေန ေအါကစဂင ၂၁% ၇ အမတ A က ေ၇ာကေအါငေလေမါငးသြငးလက ၇င FA မဥးေၿဖာင႔အတငးဆငးသြါးလ႔ FLAMMABEL RANGE က ၿဖတသြါးပါတယ။ ဒါဆ TANK က EXPLOSION ၿဖစဘ႔နးစပသြါးပါၿပ။ ( တကယလ႔ VENT FAN က NON SPARK TYPE မဟတဘ ၇း၇းဆ သ Impeller blade က body န႔တကလ႔ spark ေလးထြကလကတါန႔ explosion ပါဘ၊) ဒါေၿကာင႔ point A ၂၁% က မခခင ပထမဆး အမတ H က ေ၇ာကေအါင IG Gas န႔ dilution လပၿပးေလာ႔ခပါတယ။(ဘါေၿကာင႔လဆေတါ႔ GA မဥး အေပၚဆ Flammable range ထေ၇ာကၿပး GA မဥးေအါကဆ FLAMMABLE RANGE က မၿဖတလ႔ပါဘ၊ ဒါေၿကာင႔ GA မဥးက Critical dilution မဥးအေနန႔ သတမတလကတါပါ။ ေအါကဆ၈င ၁၁% က မးမေလါငေပမ႔ ပေသခာေအါင ေအါကစဂင ၈% volume က tank တခမာထနးထါး၇မ႔ ပမါဏအၿဖစသတမတပါတယ။ ဒါက ေဘးကငးစြါန႔ gas free လပတါပါဘ၊ (သအ၇ေပါ႔။ဒအတငးလကေတြ႔သြါး၇မာပ)

Gas freeing တကယေတါ႔ tank တခက gas free လပတယဆတါ BA SET မပါဘလ၀ငလ႔၇ေအါငလပတါပါဘ၊လ၀ငဘ႔ Maintenance လပဘ႔။ hot work လပဘ႔။ tank ကဆငးစစဘ႔။ dry dock ၀ငဘ႔ ၿကတငၿပငဆငတါ။ တခါတေလ ကနေၿပာငးတငဘ႔ Cargo quality control အတြက tank ထ ဆငးၿပးအေသးစတသန႔၇ငးေ၇းလပ၇င- (Gas free မလပခငေတါ႔ tank cleaning အ၇ငလပတယ။ IG ပါ၇င IG ၿဖည႔ၿပး TANK CLEANING MACHINE န႔ TANK CLEANING လပတယ။) Tank cleaning ဆတါ ဟကၿဒကါဘြန vapour, liquid သ႔ သ႔၇အနယ(residue) ေတြက tank ထက ဖယ၇ားတါပါဘ။ ဒါေၿကာင႔ cargo grade တခနတခၿကား contaminate မၿဖစေတါ႔ပါဘး။Crude oil tanker ေတြမာေတါ႔ inert gas system & approved fixed washing equipment ေတြပါတယ။ အဒ fixed washing equipment က tank ထ က cargo ဆ(crude oil )ကဘ washing medium အေနန႔သးၿပးေဆးတယ။ ၿ႔ပးေတါ႔ ထြကလါတ႔ အနယအႏစေတြက ခတ႔ကန(discharge cargo crude oil )န႔ဘ ေ၇ာၿပး ေမါငးခေပးလကတယ။ အလ crude oil washing (COW)န႔ေဆးလက၇င ေ၇နထပေဆး၇လနနဘ။တခါတေလေ၇နထပေဆးစ၇ာေတါငမလေတါ႔ဘး။ Crude oil tanker မဟတတ႔ product tanker ေတြကေတါ႔ fixed or portable washing machine ေတြန႔ ေဆးတယ။

the point F, is diluted by air, its composition moves along the line FA and therefore enters the shaded area of flammable mixtures (EXPLOSION AT GAS FREE PROCESS)

IG မပါ၇င 180 m3 / hr ထက အါးပမမားတ႔ အပခန 60’C. ထကမေကာတ႔ေ၇ န႔ ေမါငးတ႔ TANK CLEANING MACHINE န႔ အ၇ငေဆးတယ။ ) ၿပး၇င HC က ၂% ထထည ေအါကေ၇ာကတ႔အထ IG Gas န႔ purging လပတယ။(ဒမာHC တငး၇င EXPLOSIMETER=GP 204 န႔တငးလ႔မ၇ဘး။ TANK SCOPE= 17HC န႔ဘတငး၇တယ။ O2 deficient atmosphere ၿဖစလ႔) ေနာက ပငး ေပၚတ႔ Combination gas detector ( RX 517 ) ကေတါ႔ HC,H2S,O2 အကနတငးလ႔၇တယ။Inert condition ေ၇ာ။ gas free condition ေ၇ာတငးႏငတယ။

အဒလtank washing လပၿပး၇ငေတါ႔ gas freeing ဆကလပ ပါတယ။

Gas freeing မစခင အဒ tank က အၿခား tank ေတြကေန isolate လပ၇မယ။ တခ ႔ကေတါ႔ portable fans ( ေလန႔ၿဖစၿဖစ။ေ၇န႔ၿဖစၿဖစေမါငးၿပး non spark type ၿဖစတယ။) တခ ႔သေဘါၤမာေတါ႔ fixed gas free fan က cargo pipe line system မာဆကထါးတ gas free line ကေန ေလေမါငးသြငးတယ။ IGG မာလ ေလခညးေမါငးသြငးဖ႔ AIR PRODUCTION FUNCTIOIN ပါတယ။ Fixed Gas Freeing Equipment Fixed gas freeing fan န႔ tank အမားၿကးတၿကမတညးမာ gas free လပႏငတယ။ ဒါေပမ႔ washing လပေနတ႔ tank ကမ၀ငေအါင isolate လပထါး၇မယ။ အဒ fixed gas free fan န႔ gas free မလပခင cargo piping system က sea water န႔ေဆး၇မယ။ vent လပ၇ငသးမ႔ valve ကလြၿပးကနတါေတြ isolate လပထါး၇မယ။ Portable Fans Portable fan ကေတါ႔ ေ၇။ေလ။ေ၇ေႏြးေငြ႔။ဟကေၿဒာလစ စတါေတြန႔ေမါငးႏငတယ။ non sparking type ၿဖစ၇မယ။ steam သးခ႔၇င exhaust steam က tank ထၿပနမ၀င၇ဘး။ steam က static electricity ၿဖစလ႔။ တကယလ႔ fan ကေန tank ေအါကေၿခထ ေလပကသြယၿပးေလမတ၇င အဒေလပကက synthetic material ၿဖစ၇င ship structure မာ ground ခ bonded လပပါ။ static electricity ကကါကြယဖ႔။ ေလသြငးတ႔အေပါကန႔ tank က ventilation outlet န႔ေ၀းႏငသမေ၀း၇မယ။fan န႔ ship structure က bonded လပပါ။ Ventilating Double Hull Ballast Tanks ေနာကပငး double hull & double bottom tanker ေတြမာ အဒ ballast tank ေတြက gas free လပတါ ပမန ballast tank ေတြလပတါထကပခကတယ။ ပထမဆး ballast water ၿဖည႔ၿပး empty လပ၇မယ။ ( hydrocarbon leak ၿဖစတ႔ ballast tank ၇႔ ballast water က dirty ballast မ႔ ၇း၇း ballast စတသလမစတ၇ဘး။ MARPOL ANNEX -1 ကလကနာ၇မယ။ အဒလ HC LEAK ၿဖစမၿဖစ Ballast tank HC က ေတါကေလာကတငးေနတယ။ အဒါအၿပင ballast tank ၇႔ sample က ယႏငဘ႔ arrangement ၇၇မယ။ေနာကၿပး ballast tank က IG ဓါတေငြ႔ၿဖည႔ဖ႔ ARRANGEMENT ၇၇မယ။ PV Valve အပ၇၇မယ။) အဒလ ballast ၿဖည႔၇င overflow မၿဖစ၇ဘး။ Preparation for Tank Entry Inert gas မာပါတတတ႔ carbon monoxide က အဆပေငြ႔ဘ။သ႔၇႔ TLVအတငး၇မ၇တငးပါ။ GAS FREEING က ေအါကစဂင ၂၁%, HC – 1% LEL ေ၇ာကတအထ လပပါ။တကယ အ၇ငတငတ႔ ကနမာ Benzene or hydrogen sulphide ပါႏငတယထင၇င ဒါေတြ၇႔ TLV-TWA ေအါက ေ၇ာကေအါင GAS FREE လပပါ။ Positive fresh air ventilation က လအထ၀ငေနတ႔ေတါကေလာက ေပးထါးပါ။ အနဆးတနာ၇တခါေလါက tank atmosphere ၇႔ HC & O2 က တငးပါ။ ေဘးက TANK ေတြက INERT လပထါး၇င အထ၀ငတ႔သေတြက Inert gas leak ၿဖစႏငတါက သတေပးပါ။ ( bulkhead fracture, defective valve စတါေတြေၿကာင႔)

Gas Freeing BA SET မပါဘ TANK ထ၀ငဖ႔ဆ၇င HC က ၁% LEL ထကန၇မယ။ O2 က ၂၁% ၇၇မယ။ H2S, benzene & အၿခား toxic gas ေတြမ၇၇ဘး။လအထမာ၇သမ ventilation ဆကေပးထါး၇မယ။အၿမေလထကတငးေန၇မယ။ Procedures and Precautions Gas freeing လပ၇င လကနာသင႔တ႔ဟါေတြResponsible Officer က gas freeing ကကြပက၇မယ။

- Gas freeing စမ႔အေၿကာငးသေဘါၤေပၚကလေတြကအသေပး၇မယ။

- No smoking regulation က လကနာခငး၇မယ။sms က သတမတထါးတ႔ smoking room ကလြၿပးအၿခားေန၇ာေတြမာ ေဆးလပမေသါက၇ဘး။

- Gas measure လပတ႔က၇ယါေတြက manufacturer instruction အ၇ carlibrate , test လပ၇မယ။ - လအပတ႔ေန၇ာမာ sampling line သး၇မယ။ - Tank ေတြအါးလး အေပါကေတြပတထါး၇မယ။( ဆင၇ာ tank လ ventilation မစခငထ) - Ventilation လပ၇ာကထြကလါတ႔ gas ေတြ၇႔ exit velocity က deck ေပၚမာ ေ၀႔မကနေအါငထ အါးၿပငး၇မယ။ - Accommodation က ေပးတ႔ central air conditioning က ေလဆြလ႔ gas ေတြ၀ငမလါေအါင ဂ၇စက၇မယ။

recirculate လပေပမ႔ fresh air အ၀ငက လး၀မပတ၇ဘး( toilet exhaust fan ေတြက ေလကဆြထတေနေတါ႔ vacuum ၿဖစလါ၇င gas ေတြအထ၀ငလါမာစးလ႔)

- Window type air conditioning unit ေတြက flammable gas ပတ၀နးကငမာေမါငးဖ႔ safe မၿဖစလ႔ ၇ပၿပး power ၿဖတထါး၇မယ။

- Gas vent riser drain ေတြမာ ေ၇။အမက ပတဆ႔မေနေအါင clear လပထါး၇မယ။ - Tank အမားၿကးအတြက common venting system ဆ၇င အၿခား tank လါတ႔လငးေတြ isolate လပထါး၇မယ။ - တငး ၿကည႔လ႔ deck level မာ petroleum vapour ေတြ high concentration ၿဖစ၇င gas free က၇ပပါ။ - တကယလ ႔ funnel spark ေတြ deck ေပၚကလါေအါင ထ ေလလမးေၿကာငးသင႔ေန၇င gas free လပတါ၇ပပါ။ - Deck ေပၚမာ၇ enclose space ေတြ manhole ေတြ။ အဖးအပတေတြက ပတထါးပါ။ အဒ enclose space ေတြ ၇႔ HC

က ၂၅% LEL ကေ၇ာကခ႔၇င အဖးေတြဖြင႔ၿ႔ပး Ventilate လပပါ။ Cargo လပေနတ႔အခန gas freeing မလပ၇ဘး။ လပခင၇င terminal ၇႔ခြင႔ၿပခကေတါငးပါ။ Gas free လပတ႔အခန အၿခား သေဘါၤတစးစး ကပလါခ႔၇င သတ႔ ဆမာ safety န႔ပကသကၿပးလကနာမ၇၇႔လါး စစပါ။ Gas Testing and Measurement Gas testing လပ၇င level အမးမ းအတြကလပပါ။တကယလ႔ tank မာ swash bulkhead ေတြပါေန၇င compartment တငးအတြကတငးပါ။ Gas free ၿပး၇င ၁၀ မနစေစါင႔ၿ႔ပးမာ final gas measurement ယပါ။တကယလ႔ gas reading မေကါငးေသး၇င ventilation ၿပနလပပါ။ Gas freeing ၿပး၇င tank hatch ကလြလ႔ကနတါပတပါ။ PV Valve, high velocity vent valve ေတြကစစပါ။

Management of Detectors and Protective Equipment ( Detector ေတြအေၿကာငး) ေအါကပါမတါေတြသေဘါၤေပၚမာ၇၇မယ။ For vessel without Inert Gas System, • 2 sets of Explosimeter or equivalent, for measuring hydrocarbon gas in % LEL; • 2 sets of Oxygen Analyser or equivalent, for measuring oxygen content; • 2 sets of Gas Detector Handpump or equivalent, with assorted gas tubes as appropriate to vessel's trade for measuring toxic vapour; • 2 sets of Personal H2S meter or equivalent, for measuring H2S ppm; and • 2 sets of Personal Gas Monitor or equivalent; for measuring oxygen content and hydrocarbon LEL. For vessel installed with Inert Gas System, • 2 sets of Tankscope or equivalent, for measuring hydrocarbon gas in % VOL;

• 2 sets of Explosimeter or equivalent, for measuring hydrocarbon gas in % LEL;

• 2 sets of Oxygen Analyser or equivalent, for measuring oxygen content;

• 2 sets of Gas Detector Handpump or equivalent, with assorted gas tubes as appropriate to vessel's trade for measuring toxic vapour;

• 2 sets of Personal H2S meter or equivalent, for measuring H2Sppm; and • 2 sets of Personal Gas Monitor or equivalent; for measuring oxygen content and hydrocarbon LEL. Combination Gas detector: Vessel. being supplied with portable combination HC/O2 or HC/O2/H2S gas detector, which is capable of measuring HC and O2 (and H2S) in inert and air atmospheres will only required to have 2 sets onboard, in lieu of tankscope, explosimeter and oxygen analyser.( combination gas detector ၇၇င ၂ set ၇၇ငလေလါကတယ။ tankscope, explosiment, oxygen analyser ေတြမလဘး)

Multi-gas Instruments Multi-gas instruments are now widely used and are usually capable of housing four different sensors. A typical configuration would comprise sensors for measuring: _ Hydrocarbon vapour as a % LFL (explosimeter function using a pellistor sensor).

Combination gas detector RX – 517 RIKEN KEIKI Can use inert & air atmosphere.

_ Hydrocarbon vapour in inert gas as a % Volume (tank scope function using an infra-red sensor). Infra-red (IR) Instruments - Operating Principle The infra-red (IR) sensor is a transducer for the measurement of the concentration of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere, by the absorption of infra-red radiation. The vapour to be monitored reaches the measuring chamber by diffusion or by means of a pump. Infra-red light radiation from the light source shines through a window into the chamber, is reflected and focused by the spherical mirror, and then passes through another window and hits the beam splitter. The portion of the radiation that passes through the beam splitter passes through a broadband interference filter (measuring filter) into the housing cover of the measuring detector, and is converted into an electric signal. The portion of the radiation reflected by the beam splitter passes through the reference filter to reach the reference detector. If the gas mixture in the chamber contains hydrocarbons, a part of the radiation is absorbed in the wavelength range of the measurement filter, and a reduced electric signal is given. At the same time, the signal of the reference detector remains unchanged. Gas concentration is determined by comparing the relative values of the reference detector and the measuring detector. Differences in the output of the IR light source, dirt on mirrors and windows as well as dust of aerosols contained in the air have an identical effect on both detectors and are therefore compensated. _ Oxygen (using an electrochemical sensor). Analysers of this type determine the oxygen content of a gas mixture by measuring the output of an electrochemical cell. In one commonly used analyser, oxygen diffuses through a membrane into the cell, causing current to flow between two special electrodes separated by a liquid or gel electrolyte. The current flow is related to the oxygen concentration in the sample and the scale is arranged to give a direct indication of oxygen content. The cell may be housed in a separate sensor head connected by cable to the read out unit. The analyser readings are directly proportional to the pressure in the measuring cell, but only small errors are caused by normal variations in atmospheric pressure. Certain gases may affect the sensor and give rise to false readings. Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen interfere if they are present in concentrations of more than 0.25% by volume. Mercaptans and hydrogen sulphide can poison the sensor if their levels are greater than 1% by volume. This poisoning does not occur immediately but over a period of time; a poisoned sensor drifts and cannot be calibrated in air. In such cases, reference should be made to the manufacturer’s instructions.

_ Hydrogen Sulphide (using an electrochemical sensor). Electrochemical sensors are based on the fact that cells can be constructed that react with the measured gas and generate an electric current. This current can be measured and the amount of gas determined. The sensors are low cost and are small enough to allow several to be incorporated into the same instrument, making them suitable for use in multi-gas detectors. There are numerous electrochemical sensors available covering a number of gases which may be present in the shipboard environment, such as ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide. Electrochemical sensors can be used in stand-alone instruments, which may provide a warning at a predetermined concentration of vapour, or they can be fitted in a multi-sensor instrument to provide a reading of the concentration of the vapour, usually in parts per million (ppm). These sensors may give erroneous readings due to cross-sensitivity. This occurs, for example, when measuring toxic gases with hydrocarbon gases present, for example H2S in the presence of nitric oxide and sulphurdioxide. Multi-gas instruments should be tested at regular intervals in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Multi-gas instruments may be supplied for gas measurement use and be fitted with a data logging capability, but without an alarm function.

Care should be taken when using multi-gas instruments to check for hydrocarbons in an inerted atmosphere under pressure ( high velocity vent ေတြေန၇ာကမတငး၇) as the pellistor within the instrument could be damaged if subjected to pressure

Hot Work on the Tanker Definition of Hot Work (Company sms) HOT WORK ဆတါ Welding, burning, ဒါအၿပင drill, grinding,non intrinisically safe electrical equipment ( ဒါေတြက incentive spark ကထတေပးတယ။) approved မဟတတ႔ torch light ေတြသးတါ။ ကနးပတေပၚသေခးေခါကတါ ။ telephone ေတြသးတါ -- ဒါေတြအကနလးက hot work ပါဘ၊ ။ Hot work က ၂ မးခြထါးတယ။ .1 Naked flame သးတ႔ welding, gas cutting, electrical cutting, gas welding .2 High temperature work ၿဖစတ႔ grinding, sanding, sand blasting/grit blasting, သတးေတြ လမးပစခလ႔ spark ေတြထြကတ႔အလပမး Hot Work outside Engine Room Workshop (designated hot work area) ၿဖစနင၇င လပမ႔ work piece ကၿဖတၿပး engine room workshop ကယလါ၇မယ။ ဒါမးေတြမၿဖစႏငမ engine room workshop က ေန အၿပငဖကမာ hot work လပ၇မယ။ Bunkering, tank cleaning, gas freeing, purging လပေနတ႔အခန Hot work က ဘယလေန၇ာမ လပခြင႔မၿပဘး။ ဘယမာဘ hot work လပလပ hot work permit procedure ကလကနာ၇မယ။ Provisions for Hot Works Master က hot work လပဖ႔ safe ၿဖစ မၿဖစ ဆးၿဖတ၇မယ။ hot work permit က ဆငးထးခြင႔ၿ႔ပ၇မယ။ဒါေပမ႔ e/r workshop အၿပငဆ office က အေၿကာငးၿကားခြင႔ၿ႔ပခကယ၇မယ။ hot work မစခင master ဥးေဆါငတ႔ safety meeting လပၿပး plan ေတြလပ။ review ေတြလပ။ responsibility ေတြက ေဆြးေနြး။risk assessment ေတြလပ - စတါေတြလပ၇မယ။risk assessment လပ၇င fire fighting အတြကပါထည႔၇မယ။ PPE လ ထည႔တြက၇မယ။ Company က risk register list ထမာ hot work အတြက risk assessment ပါတယ။ လအပ၇င additional control ထပထည႔ပါ။ hot work တခစအတြက single hot work permit တခစ လပ၇မယ။ Conducting Hot Works Hot work လပဖ႔ permission ေတြလတယ။ ဘယမာလပမလဆတါေပၚမတညၿပး Permission ယ၇မယ။ Areas Permission Engine room workshop With Master's permission(designated hot work area) Company က သေဘါၤကလါစစေဆးၿပး engine room workshop က designated hot work area အ ၿဖစသတမတထါးတယ။ လအပတ႔အကါအကြယေတြ(ဥပမါ - fire curtin စတါေတြတပခငးမယ.) လပၿပးသါး။ဒေန၇ာဆ master permission ဘလတယ။ Outside of Engine room workshop With Technical Supt's permission e/r workshop အၿပငဆ tech supt permission လတယ။ အဒလအၿပငလပဖ႔ risk assessment န႔အတ hot work permit က company က apply လပ၇မယ။ drawing ပေတြန႔အတ hot work purpose က ထည႔ေပး၇မယ။ Application မာေအါကကဟါေတြပါ၇မယ။ .1 Type and location of work; .2 Duration of work; .3 Vessel's tanks condition;(loaded / inert/ gas free/ slop condition) .4 Precautions taken. Tech supt က tech manager ကအသေပးၿပး လအပတ႔ လမးညြနမေတြန႔အတ master က ခြင႔ၿပလ႔၇၇ငခြင႔ၿပ ၇မယ။ Master က chief engineer or chief officer က ထပၿပးလမးညြနခကေတြေပးမယ။ Terminal မာကပထါးတး Terminal ၇႔ခြင႔ၿပခကမ၇ဘ hot work မလပ၇ဘး။ hammering, chipping or grit blasting ေတြမလပ၇ဘး။ workshop အၿပငမာ hot work လပခ႔၇င လအပ၇င authorize chemist ေခၚၿပး gas free certificate ယ၇မယ။ လပခ႔၇င regulation & safety requirement ေတြန႔ကက၇မယ။

boundaries of cargo tanks, ballast tanks, slop tanks, bunker tanks, pump rooms and forward cofferdams, including the deck and ship’s shell plating ေတြမာ hot work လပမယဆ၇င လအပတ႔ ေဘးကငးအစအစဥေတြလပၿပးမ hot work လပ၇မယ။ electrical welding equipment ကသးခ႔၇င သ ၇႔ welding current return က ship hull ကၿဖတၿ႔ပး transformer ကမၿပန၇ဘး။( return ၿကးပါတပါတညးဆြလါ၇မယ။) any non-gas free spaces ၇႔ ၃၀ မတါ အတြငး hot work မလပ၇ဘး။ Tank & void space ေတြက gas free လပထါးလါး။ hot work လပဘ႔သင႔ေတၚလါး။ဒါမမဟတ entry သကသကဘလါး ဆတါ notices ေတြ ကပထါးပါ။ သတမတထါးတ႔လအပတ႔ safety requirement ေတြ မ၇ေတါ႔ဘးဆတါန႔ hot work က၇ပလက၇မယ။ inert gas pressure က PV VALVE ၇႔ Relieving pressure ကေ၇ာကတါန႔ hot work ၇ပထါး၇မယ။H2S လ toxic gas လြတႏငတါမ းဆ လေတြကပါ ဖယခငးထါး၇မယ။ ဆြထါးတ႔plan မာဘယသကဘါတါ၀နဆတါတတကက ခြထါး၇မယ။hot work permit က hot work မစခငသပမေ၀းတ႔အတငးအတါအတြငး issue လပ၇မယ။တကယလ႔မလပၿဖစဘ delay ၿဖစခ႔၇င safety measure က recheck လပ၇မယ။fire safety precautions & fire extinguishing measure ေတြစမထါး၇မယ။ခကၿခငးသးလ႔၇ေအါငစစဥထါး၇မယ။ fire watch ခထါး၇မယ။hot work ေၿကာင႔ေဘး၀နးကငမာ ပကစးနငတါေတြကၿကည႔၇မယ။work area က ေတါကေလာက ventilate လပၿပး gas measure လပေန၇မယ။hot work permit မာ record လပေန၇မယ။hot work လပတ႔သက အလပကေဘးကငးစြါလပႏငေအါင train လပထါးသၿဖစ၇မယ။ Safety measures for Hot Work ေအါကပါ SAFETY MEASURE ေတြကစစပါ။ 1 adequate fire extinguishing equipment ေတြ၇မ၇။အသင႔ၿဖစမၿဖစ2 fire watch.စစဥ၇န3 sufficient ventilation and lighting.ေတြစစဥ၇န4 escape route သတမတ၇န portable approved flashlight သါသး၇န5 hazard sign ေတြၿပထါး၇န6 explosion-proof tools and lighting equipment ေတြဘသး၇န7 Gas detection ကပမနစစ၇န။( manhole နား ။ air line outlet နား။ hot work area ပတ၀နးကင ေတြမာ hot work မစခငန႔ လပေနတး ) Matters requiring Attention when carrying out Hot Work တါ၀န၇အ၇ာ၇က အလပလပေနတ႔ RATING ေတြက ေအါကကဟါေတြၿကည႔ဖ႔မာ၇မယ။REPORT လပခငး၇မယ။ .1 safety equipment such as lighting and ventilation ေတြ မၿပည႔စ အလပမလပခ႔၇င .2 အလပလပတ႔ေန၇ာအၿခားတဖကမာ Sludge လ flammable material ေတြေၿကာင႔ hazard ေတြၿဖစလါခ႔၇င.3.oil spill ၿဖစ၇င။ gas တခခအန႔၇၇င.4 အလပန႔ဆကႏြယေနတ႔အၿခား ေဘးတခခ ၿဖစလါခ႔၇ငHot work လပတါခကၿခငး၇ပပါ။ တါ၀န၇အ၇ာ၇ က အေၿကာငးၿကားပါ။ အလပၿပး၇င work place & surrounding area ကသန႔၇ငးေ၇းလပၿပး risk of fire မကနေအါငလပပါ။ၿပး၇ငသကဆင၇ာအ၇ာ၇ကစစၿပး MASTER ကသတငးပ႔ပါ။

Hot Work in a Gas Safe Area Accomodationေနာက poop deck area က ဆ tank vent ေတြန႔လေ၀းတယဆ gas safe area လ႔ေၿပာႏငတယ။

အဒေန၇ာမာလပမယဆ risk assessment လပၿပး hot work လပႏငတယ။ Hot Work Inside the Machinery Space Work shop မဟတဘစကခနးထဆ၇င fuel tank , fuel pipeline ေတြ၇လ႔ HC vapor atmosphere & ignition source ၇တယလ႔ယဆလ႔၇တယ။ bunker tanks bulkhead ေပၚန႔ အဒါ၇႔ 500 mm ၀နးကငလး၀ hot work မလပ၇။( tank က hot work standard အတငး clean လပမထါး၇င) Hot Work in Dangerous or Hazardous Areas ဆတါ cargo tank deck ( cargo tank & pump room န႔ သတ႔၇႔ အနးအနား အေပၚေအါက ၀နးကင)။ ballast အေၿခအေနမာဘလပ၇မယ။ cargo & ballast operation, tank cleaning, gas freeing, purging, inerting ေတြမာ hot work မလပ၇။ enclosed space ထ၀ငၿပး hot work လပ၇၇င လပမ႔ေန၇ာက သန႔၇ငးေ၇းလပ၇မယ။ ventilate လပ၇မယ။ သကပ၇က space ကလ ၿကည႔၇မယ။ ကပ၇က bunker tanks ေတြက 1% LFL ၇၇င SAFE ၿဖစတယယဆနငတယ။ BALLAST TANK ကပ၇ကေတြက GAS FREE လပ၇မယ။ အဒ BALLAST TANK ေတြမာ HC ေတြ၇င GAS FREE OR INERT လပပါ။

Hot Work in Cargo Tanks Hot Work in Cargo Tanks ( company sms) CARGO TANK အထ HOT WORK လပ၇ငCARGO TANK ထလပ၇င sludge, scale, sediment လဟါေတြ( flammable vapour လြတနငတ႔ဟါေတြ) ကဖယပါ။ အၿခား compartment ေတြန႔ဆကေနတ႔ pipeline ေတြက ေ၇န႔ flush လပ။vent လပၿပး hot work လပမ႔ ေန၇ာန႔ isolate လပပါ။ cargo line က ေ၇ၿဖည႔။ဒါမမဟတ inert လပပါ။ Hot work လပမ႔ frame & bulkhead ၇႔ အၿခားဖကက စစပါ။ အဒဖကက hot work standard ၇ေအါင clean လပပါ။hot work လပတ႔ေန၇ာေအါကတည႔တည႔မာ ေ၇ပးခ ေ၇ေလါငးထါးတါ။ fire resistant blanket ခထါးတါေတြလပပါ။(welding spark စငလ႔ paint coating ေတြမပကေအါင။)heating coil ေတြက steam န႔ FLUSH လပပါ။ HC မ၇ေၿကာငးစစပါ။ For Non-Inerted Ships HOT WORK လပမ႔ compartment က hot work standard ၇တ႔အထ clean, gas free လပပါ။ continuous ventilate လပပါ။ Adjacent cargo tanks ( diagonally positionထေနတ႔ cargo tank အပါ ) clean & gas free to hot work standard လပပါ။ ဒါမမဟတ ေ၇ အၿပည႔ၿဖည႔ပါ။ Slop ေတြက ကနးေပၚပ႔။ဒါမမဟတ။ hot work လပမ႔ေန၇ာက ေန ၃၀ မတါအကြါက non adjacent tankမာ ထည႔ၿပး isolate လပထါးပါ။ မထစပေနတ႔ non adjacent slop tank က pipe line system ကေန isolate လပ။ အဖးေတြဖးထါးပါ။ For Inerted Ships HOT WORK လပမ႔ compartment က hot work standard ၇တ႔အထ clean, gas free လပပါ။ continuous ventilate လပပါ။ Adjacent cargo tanks, including diagonally positioned cargo tanks ေတြက (HC 1% LEL ထကမပေအါင clean & Gas free လပၿခငလပ) ဒါမမဟတ (emptied, purged & LESS THAN HC 2% BY VOLUME ေ၇ာကေအါင PURGE လပၿပး INERT ၿဖည႔ထါးပါ) ဒါမမဟတ (ေ၇အၿပည႔ၿဖည႔ထါးပါ။) အၿခား Cargo tank ေတြက inert လပၿပး အဖးေတြပတထါးပါ။ cargo tank bulkhead (သ႔) bulkhead နား ၅၀၀ မလမတါ မာ hot work လပခ႔၇င အဒါ၇႔ တဖကကသန႔၇ငးေ၇းလပပါ။ ေဘးက inert ၿဖည႔ထါးတ႔ tank ေတြကေန uncontrolled venting မၿဖစေအါင hot work လပခနမာ inert gas pressure ကေလာ႔ခထါးပါ။ hot work လပမ႔ compartment ထ၀ငတ႔ inert gas line ေတြက HC 2% VOLUME ထက မပေအါင inert gas န႔ purge လပၿပး isolated လပထါးပါ။ Slop ေတြက ကနးေပၚပ႔။ဒါမမဟတ။ hot work လပမ႔ေန၇ာက ေန ၃၀ မတါအကြါက non adjacent tankမာ ထည႔ၿပး isolate လပထါးပါ။ မထစပေနတ႔ non adjacent slop tank က pipe line system ကေန isolate လပ။ အဖးေတြဖးထါးပါ။ အဒ tank က IG main ကေန isolate လပထါးပါ။

Hot Work Within the Cargo Tank Deck Area On the Tank Deck Hot work က tank deck ေပၚမာ(သ႔) tank deck ၇႔ အထက ၅၀၀ မလမတါ ေအါက အၿမင႔ မာလပခ႔၇င tank ထလပတါလ႔ယဆၿပး အဒလအပခကအတငးလကနာ၇မယ။(အေပၚကလadjacent & diagonally tankေတြကလပပါ။)

IG SHIP - HOT WORK က TANK DECK အေပၚ( ၅၀၀ မလမတါထက ၿမင႔တ႔ေန၇ာ) မာ လပခ႔၇င ။ အလပလပမ႔ေန၇ာကေန ၃၀ မတါ RADIUS အတြငး၇တ႔ CARGO & SLOP TANK ေတြက

( HC 1% LEL ထကမပေအါင clean & Gas free လပၿခငလပ) ဒါမမဟတ( emptied, purged & LESS THAN HC 2% BY VOLUME ေ၇ာကေအါင PURGE လပၿပး INERT ၿဖည႔ထါးပါ) ဒါမမဟတ (ေ၇အၿပည႔ၿဖည႔ထါးပါ။) All other cargo tanks must be inerted with openings closed.အၿခား Cargo tank ေတြက inert လပၿပး အေပါကေတြပတထါးပါ။ Slop ေတြက ကနးေပၚပ႔။ဒါမမဟတ။ hot work လပမ႔ေန၇ာက ေန ၃၀ မတါအကြါက non adjacent tankမာ ထည႔ၿပး isolate လပထါးပါ။ မထစပေနတ႔ non adjacent slop tank က pipe line system ကေန isolate လပ။ အဖးေတြဖးထါးပါ။

Non inert ship ဆ၇င Hot work လပမ႔ေန၇ာန႔ ၃၀ မတါ အကြါက cargo tank ေတြက ( Diagonally position cargo tank အပါ) က hot work standard န႔အည clean & gas free လပ(ဒါမမဟတ) ေ၇ ၿဖည႔ထါးပါ။ Vapour or vent line to compartment က 1% LEL ၇ေအါင vent လပၿပး isolate လပပါ။ The possibility of using an external source of inert gas should be considered.အၿပငကေန IG ယလ႔၇၇ငယပါ။

Hot Work in the Vicinity of Bunker Tanks Hot Work on Pipelines - ၿဖစနင၇င အဒပကေတြ။ ဘါးေတြ။ strainer ေတြက ၿဖတၿပး e/r workshop (designate space) မာ hot work လပပါ။ တကယလ႔ in place လပ၇မယဆ၇င အဒပကက blank လပၿပး safe hot work standard ၿဖစေအါငသန႔၇ငးေ၇းလပပါ။ တကယလ႔အလ blank လပလ႔မ၇၇င pipe က continuous vent လပၿပး တဖက exhaust air က ေန HC vapor က တငးပါ။ heating coil က ၿဖတ steam န႔ blow လပၿပး HC ကငးေအါငလပပါ။

EXAMPLE OF HOT WORK PERMIT

Vessel Name:____________________

This permit is valid from _________________ hrs Date ____________________

to _________________ hrsDate ____________________ GENERAL

Location of Hot Work

This permit to work relates to any work involving temperature conditions that are likely to be of sufficient intensity to cause ignition of combustible gases, vapour or liquids in an adjacent to the area involved. Before completing this form, refer to the accompanying Guidance Notes and to the ISGOTT. The company’s Hot Work Procedures set out in the GAS TANKER SAFETY MANAGEMENT MANUAL is to be complied prior carrying out any hot work on board.

_______________________________________________________________________

Has Company permission been obtained? (For any Hot Work outside Engine Room Workshop) Yes / No

Has an enclosed space entry permit been issued? Yes / No

Reason if ‘No’: ____________________________________________________________________________

Description of Hot Work: ____________________________________________________________________

Personnel carrying out Hot Work (Welder / Fitter / Oiler): ___________________________________________

Person responsible for Hot Work (Second Engineer): ______________________________________________

Person responsible for safety (Safety Officer): ___________________________________________________

SECTION 1

1.1 Has the Hot Work area been checked - Yes / No Time: __________

a) Flammable hydrocarbon vapours (not more than 1% LEL) ………..% LEL Time: __________

b) Oxygen content (not less than 21%) ………..% O2 Time: __________

1.2 Has the surrounding area been made safe?-Yes / No Time: __________

1.3 Safety meeting held & Risk assessment carried out-Yes / No Time: __________

1.4 SECTION 2

2.1 Has the hot work area been checked with a combustible gas indicator for hydrocarbon vapours? Yes / No

2.2 Has the equipment or pipeline been gas freed? Yes / No

2.3 Has the equipment or pipeline been blanked? Yes / No

2.4 Is the equipment or pipeline free of liquid? Yes / No

2.5 Is the equipment isolated electrically? Yes / No

2.6 Is the surrounding area safe? Yes / No

2.7 Is additional fire protection available? Yes / No

2.8 Special conditions /precautions ___________________________________________________________

In the circumstances noted, it is considered safe to proceed with this Hot Work.

Signed: Master _________________

TEST FOR COMBUSTIBLE GAS & OXYGEN CONTENT SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT IMMEDIATELY BEFORE COMMENCEMENT OF HOT WORK AND AT FREQUENT INTERVALS AS LONG AS THE WORK IS IN PROGRESS.

SECTION 3

The work has been completed and all persons under my supervision, materials and equipment have been withdrawn.

Authorised officer in charge (Chief Engineer): ______Date / Time: ______________________

((AA CCOOPPYY OOFF TTHHIISS PPEERRMMIITT IISS TTOO BBEE PPOOSSTTEEDD AATT TTHHEE WWOORRKK AARREEAA))

GUIDANCE NOTES

GENERAL

(a) The permit should contain a clear indication as to its maximum period of validity, which in any event, should not exceed a normal working day.

(b) Specific location of work to be given. (c) Description of hot work to include type of equipment to be used. (d) Company’s written permission is required for any Hot Work outside the Engine Room Workshop.

Company’s permission may be in the form of an e-mail or fax. SECTION 1 - Applies to all hazardous work not involving naked flame or continuous spark production, and would include use of electrical equipment, use of air driven rotary equipment, sand or grit blasting hammering and mechanical chipping and movement of equipment or materials over or near to machinery that is operating.

SECTION 2-Applies to all hot work involving high temperature, open flame, electric arc or continuous source of sparks etc. This type of work includes but is not limited to welding, burning and grinding.

HOT WORK PROCEDURES GUIDE

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Minimum Requirements

Safety meeting to be held and risk assessment completed

Work in designated space with shield or curtain erected

Adequate ventilation

Confirmation from Master that work is OK to proceed.

Tank atmosphere checks carried out and entry permit issued

Tank to be washed and gas freed

Cargo tanks to be purged and inerted to not more than 8% O2 and not more than 2% HC

Work to be carried out further than 500 mm from the tank deck or bulkheads

Work to be carried out more than 500 mm from a fuel oil tank deck or bulkheads

Local cleaning to be carried out as per requirements

All interconnecting pipelines flushed and drained

Tank valves isolated

Hot work permit issued in agreement with Company

Hot work permit approved by Master or Responsible Officer

Atmosphere Condition Check at Regular Interval

RECORD OF SUBSEQUENT ATMOSPHERE CHECK

Date Time O2 % LEL % Toxic Gas

(ppm) Remarks Sign

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0200

0400

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1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Note: If the Hot Work duration is more than 2 hours, Subsequent Atmosphere check is required.

ENCLOSE SPACE ထ၀ငၿခငး

Enclose space အထ၀ငဘ႔အတြက

- enclose space ဆတါ main engine crankcase, duct keel စတါေတြလၿဖစႏငတါဘ၊

Enclose space ဆတါ - လအ၀ငအထြကအတြက limited openings ဘ၇တယ။ အေပါကေတြအမားၿကးမ၇ဘး။ သဘါ၀အတငးေကါငးမြနတ႔ေလ၀ငေလထြကမ၇ဘး။လေတြအၿမအၿကာၿကး အလပလပႏငဘ႔ design လပထါးတါမဟတဘး။(cargo tank, void space, duct keel, engine c/case, sewage tank, ballast tank, fuel tank, double bottom, pump rooms စတါေတြ) Enclosed Spaces ၀ငမယဆ၇ငrisk assessment လပပါ။CHECK LIST ၿဖည႔ပါ။ PERMIT လပပါ။ Gas test လပပါ ( gas test မလပခင အ၇င cargo ကဘါလ။tank coating ေတြကဘါလ၊tank structure, ventilation က ဘယေန၇ာလ၊ စသၿဖင႔ေလ႔လါပါ။ဒါမ ဘါ ဓါတေငြ႔ေတြ၇နငလ။ဘယနားမာ gas ခနငလ သမယ။)တခမတထါး၇မာ အလငစလအထက လတ႔လက ကယမထတဘ ကယဟါကယ safety အၿပည႔ယပါ။ BA SET ေကါငးမေကါငးစစၿပး။ BRIDGE က အေၿကာငးၿကားၿပးမအထ၀ငကယပါ။ HAZARD ေတြတကယလ႔ BALLAST TANK OR VOID SPACE ဆ၇င HC Vapour မ၇တတဘး။ bulkhead မေကါငးလ႔ ေဘးက bunker tank, cargo tank ကစမ႔၀ငမ၇တတတယ။RESPIRATORY HAZARD ေတါ႔၇တတတယ။ Respiratory Hazards အဓက အါးၿဖင႔ respiratory hazard( အသက၇ၿခငးဆင၇ာ) ေတြ enclose space မာ၇တတတယ။ Hydrocarbon vapor,( butane and propane စတါေတြ)။ toxic ဓါတေငြ႔ ( benzene,toluene, hydrogen sulphide, mercaptans စသၿဖင႔)။ oxygen deficiency ေအါကဆဂငမလေလါကမ( inert gas ေၿကာင႔။ oxidation( rusting သေၿခးတကတ႔ဓါတၿဖစစဥက ေလေတြက ဆြယသြါးလ႔) microbial activity ( microb လ႔ ဇ၀ေကါငေတြကေလေတြက စါးသးလကလ႔)။ asbestos ကလါတ႔အမနေတြ။ welding ကထြကတ႔ gas ေတြ။ ေဆးသတ၇ာက ထြကတ႔ mist ေတြ အဒါေတြက အသက၇မက ၿပသနာေပးတတတယ။ Hydrocarbon Vapours HC ဓါတေငြ႔ဆ၇ငေဘးပတ၀နကင cargo tank ေတြက စမ႔၀ငတါ။ သန႔၇ငးေ၇းလပေပမ႔ TANK န၇မာ ကပကနတါ။သန႔၇ငးေ၇းလပၿပးကနခ႔တ႔ SLUDGE & SCALE ေတြက အပခနၿမင႔လါေတါ႔ VAPOR ေတြလြတတါ။ပကလငးေတြ။ ဘါးေတြ။ပန႔ေတြ ကအနယေတြေၿကာင႔။Common vent ဆကထါးတ႔ ေနာက tank တလးဆကၿပန၀ငတါ။အ၇ငတငတ႔ ကနေတြကကနခ႔တ႔ benzene or hydrogen sulphide ေတြ။စတါေတြၿဖစႏငပါတယ။ဒါေၿကာင႔ entry လပဖ႔ ၁% LEL ထကနမ ၀ငပါ။ Toxic Gases Benzene (benzene ၇႔ TLV-TWA ကေတါ႔ Benzene 1- PPM ပါေနတ႔ ေလထ ထ မာ 8 နာ၇ အလပလပခြင႔ၿ႔ပထါးတယ။) TLV-TWA ကေကာခ႔၇င သင႔ေတၚတ႔ PPE ၀တၿပးမ၀ငပါ။ ၿပးခ႔တ႔ CARGO MSDS ကေလ႔လါပါ။ Benzene ပါမပါ။ detector tube န႔ သ manual အတငး တငးတါပါ။ Hydrogen Sulphide- H2S ၅ PPM ပါတ႔ ေလထထမာ ၈ နာ၇ အလပလပခြင႔ၿပထါးတယ။ တခေကါငးတါ က H2S ကေ၇ထပါ၀ငမၿမင႔လ႔ H2S ပါတ႔ကနတငၿပး၇င ေ၇န႔ေဆးလကတါန႔ H2S ေတြကလး၀ဖယ၇ားႏငပါတယ။ ဒါေပမ႔ HC Detector မာ ၁% LEL လၿပ။ H2S GAS DETECTOR TUBE မာ လ TLV-TWA အတြငးၿပ ၇ပါမယ။ Catalytic H2S Sensor ကမယပါန႔။ သက HC Vapor န႔ ေ၇ာေထြးကါမားၿပတတတယ။ H2S က ေလထကေလးလ႔ ေအါကေၿခမာတငးတါပေကါငးတယ။ တခါတေလကနတငကနခမာ Deballast လပေတါ႔ cargo ထက H2S ေတြကဆြယလ႔ BALLAST TANK ေအါကေၿခမာခတတတယ။ Mercaptans –

PENTANE PLUS CARGO န႔ SOME CRUDE OIL ေတြမာပါတတတယ။ DETECTOR TUBE န႔တငး၊ႏငတယ။ ၀.၅ PPM ေအါကေလာခပါ။ Products of Inert Gas –IG Gas ကေန ကါဘြနမေနာဆဒ ပါတတတယ။အဆပသင႔တတတယ။ ကါဘြနဒငေအါကဆဒကေတါ႔ ေလထကဖယထတလ႔ ေလငတမ႔ေဘး၇တယ။ ေအါကစဂငပါ၀ငနနးကအၿမတငးေနပါ(၂၁% volume)Atmosphere Tests Prior to Entry အထမ၀ငခင အၿပငကေန approved type, recently calibrated, ေကါငးမေကါငးစစေဆးၿပး equipment ေတြန႔အထကေလထကစစပါ။( ေအါကစဂင ၂၁% by volume, HC Vapor ၁% LEL ထကန၇မယ။ TOXIC GAS ေတြမ၇၇ဘး) ၇သမတငးလ႔၇တ႔အေပါကမနသမ ေတြကေန DEPTH အမ းမးေန၇ာက SAMPLE ကတငးပါ။ လမ၀ငခငတငးတ႔အခါ။ ေလေပးေနတါခဏ၇ပ။ ၁၀ မနစေလါကေစါင႔။ၿပးေတါ႔မတငး -ဒါမမနမယ။ဒါေတါငမ GAS POCKET ေတြ။သေခးေတြေအါကခေနတ႔ GAS ေတြကမတငးနငဘး။ဒါေၿကာင႔ LARGE SPACE ဥပမါ CARGO TANK ေတြကတငး၇င ပထမအၿပငကတငး။ ၿပး၇င EEBD(emergency escape breathing device )၀တ။ personal gas meter န႔ tank အထ၀ငၿပး gas test လပပါ။ အလပလပမ႔ေန၇ာပတ၀နးကငက အဒလထပတငးပါ။လအထ၀ငေနတ႔တခနလး Ventilation ေပးထါးပါ။ sludge & loose scale ေတြဖယၿပးေတါငမ HC Gas က regenerate ၿဖစတတတယ။အလပနားၿပးၿပနမစခငတငး atmosphere test ၿပနလပပါ။ ေဘးtank ေတြ။ဘါးေတြ။ပကေတြဆက HC Gas ေတြယလါႏငတါကအၿမဂ၇စကပါ။ Control of Entry into Enclosed Spaces Company SMS ကအတအကလကနာပါ။ Master & responsible officer က enclose space entry က permit လပ၇မယ။ ဒေတါ႔ responsible officer ဟါေအါကကဟါေတြက စစ၇မယ။ space က ventilate လပထါး၇႔လါး။ သ၇႔atmosphere ကစစတါ ေဘးကငး၇႔လါး. ပါ၀ငအလပလပမ႔လေတြအတြကအကါအကြယအေသအခာလပၿပးၿပလါး။PPE စလါး။ အ၀ငအထြကအတြက လအေ၇အတြက။အၿကမေ၇က control လပထါး၇႔လါး။ အထ၀ငတ႔သေတြ PPE သး၇႔လါး။PROCEDURE ေတြသ၇႔လါး။ မ၀ငခင RA လပပါ။ အဒ RA & CHECK LIST က Responsible officer & master ဆငးထးပါ။ Entry permit က တ၇ကထကမေကာ၇ဘး။( = 12 နာ၇ထကမေကာ၇ဘး) အဒ ပါမစ၇႔ ေကၚပက enclose space entrance မာကပထါး၇မယ။ ventilation ၇ပတါန႔ ဒါမမဟတ check list ကအေၿခအေနမဟတဘ ထးၿခားသြါး၇င အဒပါမစပကၿပယတယလ႔ယဆပါ။ Safeguards for Enclosed Space Entry Responsible Officer စစ၇မ႔ဟါေတြ-၀ငမ႔ေန၇ာက သသါေအါင WARNING SIGN ၿပထါးလါး။ non smoking sign စတါေတြ၇၇႔လါး။ _ atmosphere checks လပလါး။ _ Piping, inert gas and ventilation systems ေတြ ISOLATE လပထါး၇႔လါး။(PIPING DIAGRAM စစ) _ လအထ၀ငေနတး Effective ventilation ကေတါကေလာကေပး၇႔လါး။ _ air-turbo lights လဟါေတြ ေဆါငထါးပါ။ _ Approved self-contained, positive pressure breathing apparatus(BA SET) and resuscitation Equipment (ေအါကဆဂငအးေလးန႔တြထါးတါ) က အ၀င၀မာထါး၇႔လါး။ _ rescue harness, complete with lifeline, အ၀င၀မာထါး၇႔လါး။ _ fully charged approved safety torch ေတြအ၀င၀မာထါး၇႔လါး။ -အ၀င၀မာအေစါင႔ခထါး၇႔လါး။ သက BRIDGE & RESPONSIBLE PERSON န႔အၿမဆကသြယမ၇၇႔လါး။ -၀ငတ႔သေတြက Emergency မာဘါလပ၇မယဆတါသၿက၇႔လါး။ _ တေယါကန႔တေယါက ဆကသြယမက ၇ငးလငး၇႔လါး။ back up system ၇၇႔လါး။ _ အၿပငေစါင႔တ႔သ က -၀ငသြါးတ႔ အခန။၀ငတ႔သနာမည စတါေတြ record လပ၇႔လါး။ ၀ငတ႔သကလမ၀ငခငအဒါေတြလပထါး၇႔လါးစစပါ။ ေအါကပါ PPE ေတြက၀တ၇မယ။ ေဆါင၇မယ။ _ Protective clothing including work clothing or protective suits, safety boots, safety helmet, gloves and safety glasses.

_ ၿကးတ႔ SPACE OR အၿမင႔တက၇၇င ( ၂ မတါထကအၿမင႔ဆ၇င safety harnesses ၀တပါ။) _ Approved safety torches. _ Approved UHF radio. _ Personal gas detector or an area gas detector and alarm. _ Emergency Escape Breathing Device(s). Emergency Procedures Evacuation from Enclosed Spaces PERMIT မာ ၿပထါးတ႔ Condition န႔ကြါၿခားခ႔၇င။ အထ၀ငတ႔သေတြအတြက ေဘးမကငးဘးလ႔ယဆခ႔၇င ခကၿခငးၿပနထြကပါ။ ၿပနၿပး RA မလပမခငး မေကနပမခငး မ၀ငပါန႔။ Rescue from Enclosed Spaces LIFE LINE , RESCUE HARNESS, BREATHING APPARATUS, RESUSCITATION EQUIPMENT ေတြက အၿမအသင႔ၿဖစေအါငထါးပါ။ EMERGENCY TEAM က အသင႔လပထါးပါ။ TEAM ေတြအါးလး COMMUNICATION လပေနပါ။ RESCUE TEAM ၇႔ေခါငးေဆါငကအထကလကမ၀င၇ဘး။ ပါတ႔လေတြအကနလး RESCUE FROM ENCLOSED SPACE DRILL က မနမနလပ၇မယ။ အထကလတခခၿဖစတါန႔ ALARMအ၇ငနပပါ။ လေလါကတ႔ ASSISTANCE & EQUIPMENT မေ၇ာကမခငးအထလကမ၀ငပါန႔Resuscitation special apparatus for use in resuscitation က LOCK မလပထါး၇ဘး။IMO SYMBOL ကပထါး၇မယ။ SPARE BOTTLE ေတြေဆါငထါး၇မယ။ သးတတေအါင TRAIN လပထါး၇မယ။ Entry into Enclosed Spaces with Atmospheres Known or Suspected to be Unsafe for Entry အဆပေငြ႔၇တ႔ေန၇ာ။ေလမလေလါကတ႔ေန၇ာမနးသ၇ကန႔အေ၇းေပၚ၀ငဖ႔လလါ၇င- MASTER က ဒါဟါမလပမၿဖစလ႔ လပ၇တါပါဆတ႔ STATEMENT ေ၇း၇မယ။ဒါက သေဘါၤေဘးကငးဖ႔ဆတါ DECLARE လပ၇မယ။ RA လပ၇မယ။ COMPANY သေဘါတညခကယ၇မယ။ A Responsible Officer ကဒါေတြစစ၇မယ။ _ The personnel involved are well trained in the use of breathing apparatus and are aware of the dangers of removing their face masks while in the unsafe atmosphere. အထ၀ငမ႔လဟါ UNSAFE ATMOSPHERE မာ BA SET FACE MASK ခြတ၇ငေသမယဆတါသ၇႕လါး။ BA SET သးတတ၇႔လါး။ ေလနတ႔အခကၿပသၿကား၇ငၿပနထြက၇မယဆတါသ၇လါး။ POSITIVE PRESSURE BA SET သးၿကလါး။ အထ၀ငတ႔လအေ၇အတြကအနဆးၿဖစေအါငစမပါ။ ၀ငတ႔သနာမညန႔အခနက RECORD လပပါ။ VENTILATION ကေပးထါးပါ။

CONTINUOUS COMMUNICATION & SIGNAL ေတြက စမပါ။ SPARE BA SET , RESUSCITATOR, RESCUE EQUIPMENT ေတြ SPACE အၿပငမာ STANDBY လပထါးပါ။ BA SET ၀တထါးတ႔ STANDBY BACK UP TEAM က READY လပထါးပါ။ IGNITION HAZARD ကလထည႔တြကပါ။ အထ၀ငတ႔သက LIFELINE တပေပးပါ။ တကယလ႔ LIFELINE မတပေပးႏင၇င ဒလဘယေန၇ာမာ၇တယဆတါ သေအါငလပတ႔နညး၇ာပါ။ Use of Tools အလပလပမ႔ TOOL ေတြက အထမယခငအေသအခာေ၇တြက။မကနေစန႔။ လန႔တခါတညးမယသြါးန႔။ၿပတကလ႔မးပြါးထြက၇င EXPLOSION ၿဖစတတတယ။အၿပငကေန TOOL CANVAS အတန႔ေလာ႔ခေပးပါ။ NON SPARK TYPE သးႏင၇ငပေကါငးတယ။ CHIPPING, HAMMERING, POWER TOOL ေတြသး၇င HC VAPOR ကအ၇ငစစပါ။ Use of Electric Lights and Electrical Equipment non-approved lights or non-intrinsically safe electrical equipment ေတြက ENCLOSE SPACE မာမသးပါန႔Removal of Sludge, Scale and Sediment sludge, scale or sediment ေတြဖယၿပး၇င periodic gas tests န႔ continuous ventilation ကလပပါ။

personal gas monitors က အလပလပမ႔သေတြကေပးထါးပါ။

ENCLOSE SPACE ENTRY PERMIT နမနာ This permit relates to entry into enclosed space and should be completed by the Safety Officer and by the person entering the space or authorized team leader, endorsed by the Master. General

Location / Name of Enclosed Space

Reason for Entry

This Permit is Valid (See Note 1) From : ___________ Hrs Date: ___________

To : ___________ Hrs Date: ___________

Section 1 : Pre-Entry Preparations (To be checked by the Safety Officer)

Has a risk assessment been carried out in accordance to ISGOTT 5 Chapter 9 & 10? Has the space been thoroughly ventilated? Has the space been segregated by blanking off or isolating all connecting pipes or valves and

electrical power/equipment and appropriate notice posted in CCR/ECR as required?

Has the space been cleaned where necessary? Has the space been tested and found safe for entry? (See Note 2) Pre-

entry atmosphere tests readings: (See Note 2 & 3) - Oxygen ___________ % VOL (21%) Checked By:

- Hydrocarbon ___________ % LEL (Less than 1%) Time:

- H2S ___________ PPM (TLV-TWA: 5 PPM/8hr )

Other Toxic Gases – (Specify Gas Type)

………………….. ___________ PPM (TLV-TWA: ___________)

………………….. ___________ PPM (TLV-TWA: ___________)

Have arrangements been made for frequent atmosphere checks to be made while the space is occupied and after work breaks?

Have arrangements been made for the space to be continuously ventilated throughout the period of occupation and during work breaks?

Are access and illumination adequate; fixed lighting such as air-turbo lights ready for extended entry periods? Is a fully charged approved safety torch available for immediate use at entrance to the space? Are self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus, resuscitation equipment, stretcher & EEBD available for immediate use by the entrance to the space? Is a rescue harness with lifeline, available for immediate use by the entrance to the space? Has a responsible person been designated to be in constant attendance at the entrance to the space and in direct contact with the Safety Officer, responsible officer or the Master? Has the Officer of the Watch (Bridge, Engine Room, CCR) been advised of the planned entry? Has a system of communication between all parties been tested and emergency signals agreed? Are emergency and evacuation procedures established and understood by all personnel

involved with the enclosed space entry? Are all personnel involved in the operation been trained in the actions to be taken in the event of an emergency? Is all equipment used in good working condition and inspected prior to entry? Are all personnel properly clothed and equipped? Below listed PPE to be worn by each person making entry

Work clothing or protective suits, safety boots, safety helmet, gloves, safety glasses.(Always) Approved safety torches (for each person going inside). Approved UHF/VHF radio/walkie-talkie (for each person going inside). Personal Gas Detector or an Area Gas Detector and Alarm(for each person going inside). Safety Harness for each person for large spaces (i.e Cargo Tank) or where

climbing access will be undertaken. EEBD for each person for large spaces. (i.e Cargo Tank)

Section 2 : Pre-Entry Checks (To be checked by the person entering the space or authorized team leader, other then the Safety Officer) I have received instructions or permission from the master or nominated responsible officer to enter the enclosed space? Section 1 of this permit has been satisfactorily completed by the Safety Officer? I have agreed and understand the communication procedures - ________________________ I have agreed upon a reporting interval of __________ minutes Emergency and evacuation procedures have been agreed and are understood I am aware that the space must be vacated immediately in the event of ventilation failure

or if atmosphere tests show a change from agreed safe criteria Section 3 : Breathing Apparatus and Other Equipment (To be checked jointly by Safety Officer or the Master and the person who is to enter the space) Those entering the space are familiar with the breathing apparatus to be used The breathing apparatus has been tested as follows: gauge and capacity of air supply low pressure audible alarm

face mask – under positive pressure and not leaking _______________

The means of communication has been tested and emergency signals agreed

All personnel entering the space have been provided with rescue harnesses as necessary and,where practicable, lifelines

Has Company permission been obtained? Signed upon completion of sections 1, 2 and 3 by:

Safety Officer___________________ Date ____________ Time __________

Responsible person supervising entry ___________________ Date ____________ Time __

Person entering the space or authorized team leader_ Date ____________ Time __________

Master ___________________ Date ____________ Time __________

Section 4 : Personnel Entry (To be completed by the responsible person supervising entry)

Minimum two person to enter into any enclosed space except small space ie deck water seal, small crank case/ scavenge space. . Rank / Name:

_________________________________ _________ _________ _________

Section 5 : Completion of Job (To be completed by the responsible person supervising entry)

Job completed

Space secured against entry

The Officer of the Watch has been duly informed Date

Signed upon completion of sections 4 and 5 by: Responsible person supervising entry ___________________ Date ____________ Time Safety Officer ___________________ Date ____________ Time Master ___________________ Date ____________ Time

Guidance Notes: The Entry Permit should contain a clear indication as to its maximum period of validity, which in any event, should not exceed one day, i.e. not exceed 12 hours. 1. In order to obtain a representative cross-section of the compartment’s atmosphere, samples should be taken

from several depths and through as many openings as possible. Ventilation should be stopped for about 10 minutes before the pre-entry atmosphere tests are taken.

2. Tests for specific toxic contaminants, such as Benzene, Toluene, Hydrogen Sulphide, Carbon Monoxide should be taken depending on the nature of the previous contents of the space being entered.

3. A copy of the permit is to be posted at the entrance of the space to be entered and the completed permit to be filed and retained onboard for a year.

4. Safety Officer is the Chief Officer.

5. Responsible Officer or person is an officer or person appointed by the Company or the Master and empowered to take all decisions relating to a specific task, and having the necessary knowledge and experience for that purpose.

6. The Master and Chief Officer or the Chief Engineer and Second Engineer shall not enter the enclosed space together.

7. Each enclosed space shall have individual entry permit.

RECORD OF ATMOSPHERE TEST (Gas reading to be checked before entry and hourly thereafter)

Date Time O2 % LEL % Toxic Gas (as applicable) _________ ppm

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THIS PERMIT IS RENDERED INVALID SHOULD VENTILATION OF THE SPACE STOP OR IF ANY OF THE CONDITIONS NOTED IN THE CHECKLIST CHANGE

RECORD OF COMMUNICATION CHECK

Note: This record to be completed before entry and there after at an interval mentioned in Section 2 (_____ minutes) and cover the entire period of occupancy.

Date Time Communication Status UHF / VHF Channel

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