Tang & Song China
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Transcript of Tang & Song China
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Tang & Song ChinaTang & Song China
Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang spreads Buddhism to Tibet
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Post HanPost Han Period of disunityPeriod of disunity Decline of Confucian bureaucracyDecline of Confucian bureaucracy Buddhism enters & flourishes Buddhism enters & flourishes (why?)(why?)
Sui dynastySui dynasty – – return to dynastic return to dynastic imperialism / examsimperialism / exams
Brief & violent – assassinations of Brief & violent – assassinations of both main emperorsboth main emperors
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Tang dynastyTang dynasty (618-907 CE) Li Yuan secures frontiers Li Yuan secures frontiers extends empire into Tibet, extends empire into Tibet,
Manchuria & Vietnam – impact?Manchuria & Vietnam – impact? Korea a tributary kingdomKorea a tributary kingdom Importance of Buddhism leads to Importance of Buddhism leads to
higher status for womenhigher status for women Chinese weaponsChinese weapons
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Civil Servant systemCivil Servant system Rulers restored Confucian Rulers restored Confucian
imperial bureaucracyimperial bureaucracy Bureau of CensorsBureau of Censors evaluated all evaluated all
levels of bureaucracylevels of bureaucracy ExaminationsExaminations become more become more
regular & determine rankregular & determine rank (examinations on Confucian (examinations on Confucian
works)works)
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Tang Religious issuesTang Religious issues Tang rulers patronized Mah. Buddhist Tang rulers patronized Mah. Buddhist
monasteries and Confucian schoolsmonasteries and Confucian schools Monasteries increased to 50,000!Monasteries increased to 50,000! Monasteries untaxed; housed anyoneMonasteries untaxed; housed anyone Resented by Daoists & ConfuciansResented by Daoists & Confucians LaterLater Emperor Wu Emperor Wu began began
suppressionsuppression of Buddhism & recovery of Buddhism & recovery of landsof lands
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““The three teachings are one!”The three teachings are one!” Confucius, Confucius, Laozi, Laozi, BuddhaBuddha
(Zhu Xi – Neo-(Zhu Xi – Neo-Confucian Confucian philosophy)philosophy)
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Developments TangDevelopments Tang Grand CanalGrand Canal * Li Bo - poet * Li Bo - poet Commercial shippingCommercial shipping Early Early JunksJunks Chang’anChang’an - Capital city of 2 million! - Capital city of 2 million! State funded irrigation & canalsState funded irrigation & canals Distribution of landsDistribution of lands to peasants to peasants Better status for womenBetter status for women
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Tang declineTang decline Disruptions in royal familyDisruptions in royal family Empress WuEmpress Wu Later Emperor’s concubine issueLater Emperor’s concubine issue Confucian discontent with powerful Confucian discontent with powerful
womenwomen A failed rebellion – An LushanA failed rebellion – An Lushan Nomads…regional govts/warlords Nomads…regional govts/warlords
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Song Dynasty Song Dynasty (960-1279)(960-1279) PartialPartial restoration of empire restoration of empire Civil servants (scholar-gentry) limited Civil servants (scholar-gentry) limited
milit growth; Exams continued but milit growth; Exams continued but easiereasier Bureaucracy became larger & less Bureaucracy became larger & less
efficient though more open to lower efficient though more open to lower classesclasses
Public welfare: clinics, retirement homesPublic welfare: clinics, retirement homes Postal service; theaterPostal service; theater
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Song DevelopmentsSong Developments GunpowderGunpowder Junks – more sophisticatedJunks – more sophisticated Compasses for sea navigationCompasses for sea navigation AbacusAbacus Landscape painting at heightLandscape painting at height Cartography/atlasCartography/atlas Astronomical clockAstronomical clock Paper banknotes (1Paper banknotes (1stst in the world) in the world)
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Technology, science, and engineering Technology, science, and engineering
Measuring distance and mechanical Measuring distance and mechanical navigation navigation
Mathematics and cartography Mathematics and cartography Movable type printing Movable type printing Hydraulic engineeringHydraulic engineering Structural engineering and architecture Structural engineering and architecture Archaeology Archaeology floating pontoon bridges floating pontoon bridges
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later Neo-Confucianismlater Neo-Confucianism Hostile to outside ideasHostile to outside ideas Tradition, social hierarchy, Tradition, social hierarchy,
gender distinction more rigid gender distinction more rigid – – Male dominanceMale dominance
Women – restricted to Women – restricted to household / no educationhousehold / no education
footbindingfootbinding emerges- esp. emerges- esp. among upper classamong upper class
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Decline & recentering & fallDecline & recentering & fall Military weaknessMilitary weakness Neighboring kingdoms demanded Neighboring kingdoms demanded
tributetribute Chancellor Wang attempts reforms: Chancellor Wang attempts reforms:
tax, land, businessestax, land, businesses Govt conflict/struggleGovt conflict/struggle
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Rise of Jin Empire Rise of Jin Empire (Jurchens/Manchurians)(Jurchens/Manchurians)
Conquered LiaoConquered Liao Attacked Song, capt. Kaifeng (capital)Attacked Song, capt. Kaifeng (capital) Established “Beijing” as capital of JinEstablished “Beijing” as capital of Jin Fought Song; forced treatyFought Song; forced treaty Jin elite who moved into N. China Jin elite who moved into N. China
became acculturatedbecame acculturated
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Southern Song Southern Song (1127-1279)(1127-1279)
Retreats below the Yangtze river because Retreats below the Yangtze river because of the expansion of the Jinof the expansion of the Jin
shipbuilding & maritime trade / shipbuilding & maritime trade / permanent navy w/ catapults & permanent navy w/ catapults & gunpowder bombsgunpowder bombs
Eventually falls to the Mongols who Eventually falls to the Mongols who conquer the Jin, then the Songconquer the Jin, then the Song
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Southern SongSouthern Song
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((Next Unit Next Unit - Enter- Enter
the Mongols)the Mongols)
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KoreaKoreaHow did China impact?How did China impact?
How did Korea develop How did Korea develop differently?differently?
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KoreaKorea China –China – writing, Buddhism, writing, Buddhism,
Confucianism, wood block printing, Confucianism, wood block printing, movable typemovable type
Diff:Diff: writing system simplified to writing system simplified to syllabic symbolssyllabic symbols
Unified towards end of TangUnified towards end of Tang Koryo familyKoryo family Friendly with Song because of fear of Friendly with Song because of fear of
neighboring states (Liao)neighboring states (Liao)
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VietnamVietnamHow did China impact?How did China impact?
How did Vietnam develop How did Vietnam develop differently?differently?
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VietnamVietnam Eastern part of southeast Asia: Annam & Eastern part of southeast Asia: Annam &
Champa (parts developed with diff. influences)Champa (parts developed with diff. influences) ChinaChina Annam: Buddhism, Confucianism, Annam: Buddhism, Confucianism,
ricerice Diff:Diff:
ChampaChampa influenced by influenced by India & Malaysia India & Malaysia through Indian Ocean trade; contrib. “champa through Indian Ocean trade; contrib. “champa rice”rice”
Higher status for women – NO Higher status for women – NO FOOTBINDING!FOOTBINDING!
Early – tribute of Tang; later: friendly with SongEarly – tribute of Tang; later: friendly with Song
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JapanJapan
How did China impact?How did China impact?
How did Japan develop How did Japan develop differently?differently?
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JapanJapan ArchipelagoArchipelago; only 11% arable land!; only 11% arable land! ChinaChina: Buddhism (Zen), : Buddhism (Zen),
Confucianism, government structure, Confucianism, government structure, building techniques; Mandate of building techniques; Mandate of HeavenHeaven
Diff:Diff:Ceremonial emperor (Ceremonial emperor (tennotenno))No walled citiesNo walled cities
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Medieval FeudalismMedieval FeudalismWestern Europe Pope?
King/kingdom
High lords/baronsCounts
Knights
Japan Emperor-ceremonial
Shogun/shogunate
Daimyo Bushi
Samurai
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Chivalry & BushidoChivalry & Bushido What What common valuescommon values and and
expectationsexpectations did these 2 codes did these 2 codes of conduct have?of conduct have?
To whomTo whom did the codes apply? did the codes apply? WhyWhy did the codes develop? did the codes develop?
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Samurai fighting the MongolsSamurai fighting the Mongols
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義 – 義 – GiGi – Rectitude – Rectitude 勇 – 勇 – YūYū – Courage – Courage 仁 – 仁 – JinJin – Benevolence – Benevolence 礼 – 礼 – ReiRei – Respect – Respect 誠 – 誠 – Makoto Makoto or or 信 信 - - ShinShin– Honesty – Honesty 名誉 – 名誉 – MeiyoMeiyo – Honor, Glory – Honor, Glory 忠義 – 忠義 – ChūChū – Loyalty – Loyalty Others that are sometimes added to these:Others that are sometimes added to these:
孝 孝 - - KōKō - Filial piety - Filial piety 智 智 - - ChiChi - Wisdom - Wisdom 悌 悌 - - TeiTei - Care for the aged - Care for the aged --Translations from: Random House's Japanese-English, English-Japanese DictionaryTranslations from: Random House's Japanese-English, English-Japanese Dictionary
Influenced by Confucianism