Tan, 2012

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Time-dependent Behaviors of Press-in Piles in Shanghai Soft Clays

Principal Investigator: Yong Tan, Associate Professor

Department of Geotechnical Engineering,

Tongji University,

Email Address: [email protected]

Website URL: http://geotec.tongji.edu.cn/selfpage/tany/tany.htm

1. Brief details of education

1995 - 1999, B.S., Tongji University, Shanghai, China

1999 - 2002, M.S., Tongji University, Shanghai, China

2002 - 2005, Ph.D., University of Massachusetts, Mass., USA

2. Research and professional experience

(1) 2002.6.-2005.7., Research Assistant, University of Massachusetts, USA

Key Research Projects:

z US Route 44 Relocation Project in Carver, Massachusetts, supported by Massachusetts Highway Department(MHD).

z Investigation of the creep behaviour of Ottawa Sands by Tekscan technology, supported by National ResearchFoundation (NSF).

(2) 2005.8.-2009.6., Project Engineer, WPC Engineering, Inc., Savannah, Georgia, USA

Selected Key Projects:

z Expansion of container berth eight (CB8) at Port of Savannah, Georgia.z Wal-Mart Super Service Center on Abercorn Street, Savannah, Georgia.z Tradeport East Warehouses, Midway, Georgia.z Ten miles Creek Dam, Fort Pierce, Florida.z New River Marina, Bluffton, South Carolina.z Fuji Oil Tank Terminal, Savannah, Georgia.z Wastewater facilities, Kingsland, Georgia.z BP Crown Landing Project, New Jersey.z Target Distribution Center, Garden City, Georgia.

4th IPA Research Grant Award Evaluation of proposals Abstract

4th IPA International Workshop 6th-7th December, 2012

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z Deep excavation at Ellis Square, Savannah, Georgia.z SC Highway 17 widening project, Charleston, South Carolina.z Southern Liquefied Natural Gas (SLNG) Elba Island Terminal Expansion Project, Savannah, Georgiaz Mitsubishi Industrial Park, Savannah, Georgia

(3) 2009.6.-2011.12., Lecturer, Tongji University

(4) 2011.12.-Present, Associate Professor, Tongji University

Key Research Project:

z Densification Mechanism of Loose Saturated Fine Sands by Deep Dynamic Compaction (DDC) Impactsupported by Natural Science Foundation of China.

z The influence on the completed metro stations due to the excavation nearby in soft clays supported by ChinaRailway Siyuan Research Institute

(5) Technical Reviewer

z ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineeringz ASCE Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilitiesz ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journalz ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineeringz Environmental Earth Sciencesz Natural Hazards

3. Details of five publications (research papers, academy publications and other references) which exemplify the PIs

interests

(1) Tan, Y., and Lin, G. (2012). Full-scale testing of open-ended steel pipe piles in thick varved clayey siltdeposits along the Delaware River in New Jersey. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental

Engineering, ASCE, in press

(2) Tan, Y., Lu, Y., Peng, F. L., and Liao, S. M. (2012). Isolation of DDC impact to sheet pile walls by opentrenches. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE, 138(1): 110-114.

(3) Tan, Y., and Lin, G. (2012). A comprehensive pile load test on prestressed concrete piles in alluvial clay andmarl in Savannah, Georgia.Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, ASCE, in press.

(4) Tan, Y., and Wei, B. (2012). Observed behavior of a long and deep excavation constructed by cut-and-cover



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technique in Shanghai soft clay. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE,

138(1): 69-88.

(5) Tan, Y., and Li, M. W. (2011). Measured performance of a 26 m deep top-down excavation in downtownShanghai. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 48(5): 704-719.

4. Detail of any recently founded research grant in relevant areas of work

z The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesz The Project-sponsored by SRF for ROCS, SEM

5. Background of research theme

As pile driving activities in urban environment raise serious environmental concerns (e.g., cracking of building

structures and noise to residents), violent pile driving activities are rarely permitted in the densely-populated urban areas.

Consequently, press-in method is preferable to traditional driving methods for pile installation. In recent years, press-in

piles have gained widespread application in Shanghai area. Like driving of precast piles, substantial excess pore

pressures might generate in the soils during the process of press-in piling. The buildup and subsequent dissipation of the

excess pore pressure during and after pile installation will inevitably affect the pile bearing capacities. Many researchers

(e.g., Airhart et al. 1967; Tavenas and Audi 1972; Rausche et al. 1985; Samson and Autheir 1986; Skov and Denver

1988; Fellenius et al. 1989; Kehoe 1989; Preim et al. 1989; Shioi et al. 1992; Matsumoto et al. 1995; Paikowsky et al.

1996; Axelsson 1998a, 1998b; Svinkin and Skov 2000; Komurka et al. 2005; Bullock et al. 2005; Tan and Lin 2012a,

2012b) had observed that driven piles often showed significant increase in bearing capacity versus time due to the

dissipation of excess pore pressures. This time-dependent capacity gain is called setup or freeze effects. In a few

unusual cases, researchers (e.g., Chow et al. 1998) observed a reduction in pile capacity over time (termed as

relaxation), which is mainly due to the dissipation of negative pore pressures generated in pile driving. The observed

time-dependent pile capacities gain in literature was up to twice the measurements at the end of pile driving in clayey

soils. The time-dependent pile capacity gain or loss (i.e., setup or relaxation effect) plays an important role in

determination of ultimate pile capacities. Unfortunately, most relevant studies available in literature mainly focus on

driven piles instead of press-in piles, which hampers the understanding of time-dependent behaviors of press-in piles in

clayey soil deposits. As a result, the potential setup or relaxation effects for press-in piles cannot be taken into account in

design. In order to assure project safety and save project cost, it is worthwhile to investigate the time-dependent

behaviors of press-in piles in soft clays. The relevant investigation results will be helpful for understanding the

mechanism of setup or relaxation effect of press-in piles in clayey soil deposits.

6. Objectives



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The proposed study aims to investigating the time-dependent behaviours of press-in piles in Shanghai soft clays and

then to understand the associated characteristics of the setup or relaxation behaviour of press-in piles in clayey soil

deposits.

7. Detail of research

7-1. Item of Key Themes

7-1-1 Time-dependent pile capacity gain or loss

7-1-2 Buildup and dissipation of excess pore pressures

7-1-3 stress history of the surrounding soils

7-2. Item of Map of research and development

7-2-1. Literature review;

7-2-2. Relevant field data collection and analysis;

7-2-3. Numerical analysis;

7-2-4. Comprehensive investigation of time-dependent behaviours and associated mechanism of press-in piles in

Shanghai soft clay.

7-3. Research subjects

7-3-1. Time-dependent behaviours of press-in piles in Shanghai soft clays;

7-3-2. Buildup and dissipation of excess pore pressures due to penetration of press-in piles;

7-3-3. Stress history of the surrounding soils.

7-4. Method of research

7.4.1. Relevant field data collection and analysis

7.4.2. Numerical analysis

7.4.3. Model tests

7-5. Expectant research result

7.5.1. To understand the mechanism of press-in piling affecting time-dependent pile behaviours;

7.5.2. To quantify time-dependent capacities of press-in piles;

7.5.3. To explore the buildup and dissipation of excess pore pressures during and after pile installation, and to compare

them with those of driven piles;



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7-6. Collaborative research members

Prof. Fangle Peng, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University

Mr. Xiang Li, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University

Mr. Chaojun Cai, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University

8. Time Table

April 1, 2013 June 30, 2013, literature review and relevant press-in piling field data collection

July 1, 2013 November 30, 2013, investigation of mechanism of time-dependent pile capacity gain or loss due to

press-in piling by examination of excess pore pressure as well as stress

history in the surrounding soils

December 1, 2013 March 31, 2014, quantification of time-dependent capacity gain or loss for press-in piles in

Shanghai soft clay

9. References

Airhart, T.P., Hirsch, T.J., and Coyle, H.M. 1967. Pile-soil system response in clay as a function of excess pore water

pressure and other soil properties. Research Rep. No. 33-8. Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M Univ., College

Station, Tex.

Axelsson, G. 1998a. Long-term setup of driven piles in noncohesive. Licentiate thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental

Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.

Axelsson, G. 1998b. Long-term setup of driven piles in noncohesive soils evaluated from dynamic tests on penetration

rods. Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Site Characterization, P. K. Robertson and P. W. Mayne, eds., Balkema, Brookfield, Vt. 2:

895900.

Bullock, P.J., Schmertmann, J.H., McVay, M.C., and Townsend, F.C. 2005. Side shear setup I: test piles driven in Florida.

Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 131(3): 292-300.

Chow, F.C., Jardine, R.J., Brucy, F., and Nauroy, J.F. 1998 . Effects of time on capacity of pipe piles in dense marine

sand. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 124(3): 254264.

Fellenius, B.H. 1989. Tangent modulus of piles determined from strain data. Geotechnical Special Publication 22,

ASCE, Vol. 1: 500510.

Kehoe, S.P. 1989. An analysis of time effects on the bearing capacity of driven piles. Masters Rep.Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.

Komurka, V.E., Winter, C.J., and Maxwell, S. 2005. Applying separate safety factors to end-of-drive and set-up



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components of driven pile capacity. Proceedings of the 13th

Great Lakes Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental

Conference, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA: 65-80.

Matsumoto, T., Michi, Y., and Hirano, T. 1995. Performance of axially loaded steel pipe piles driven in soft rock. Journal

of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 121(4): 305-315.

Paikowsky, S.G., LaBelle, V., and Hourani, N. 1996. Dynamic analyses and time dependent pile capacity. 5th

International Conference on the Application of Stress-Wave Theory to Piles.Orlando, FL: 325-339.

Preim, M.J., March, r., and Hussein, M. 1989. Bearing capacity of piles in soils with time dependent characteristics.

Proc., 3rd

Int. Conf. on Piling and Deep foundations, J. B. Burland and J. M. Mitchell, eds. Balkema, Brookfield, VT:

363-370.

Rausche, F., Goble, G., and Likins, G. 1985. Dynamic determination of pile capacity. Journal of Geotechnical

Engineering, ASCE, 113(3): 367-383.

Samson, L., and Authier, J. 1986. Change in pile capacity with time: case histories. Canadian Geotechnical Journal,

23(2): 174180.

Shioi, Y., Yoshida, O., Meta, T., and Homma, M. 1992. Estimation of bearing capacity of steel pipe pile by static

loading test and stress wave theory. Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on the Application of Stress-Wave Theory to Piles, F. B. S.

Barends, ed., Balkema, Brookfield, VT: 325330.

Skov, R., and Denver, H. 1988. Time dependence of bearing capacity of piles. Proceedings of 3rd

International

Conference on the Application of Stress-Wave Theory to Piles, Bi-Tech Publishers, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: 879-888.

Svinkin, M.R., and Skov, R. 2000. Set-up effect of cohesive soils in pile capacity. Proceedings of 6th

International

Conference On Application of Stress Waves to Piles, Sao Paulo, Brazil: 107-111.

Tan, Y., and Lin, G. (2012). Full-scale testing of open-ended steel pipe piles in thick varved clayey silt deposits along

the Delaware River in New Jersey. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, in press.

Tan, Y., and Lin, G. (2012). A comprehensive pile load test on prestressed concrete piles in alluvial clay and marl in

Savannah, Georgia. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, ASCE, in press.

Tavenas, F.A., and Audy, R. 1972. Limitations of the driving formulas for predicting bearing capacities of piles in sand.

Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 9(1): 47-62.

10. Parallel funding possibilities

z The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesz The Project-sponsored by SRF for ROCS, SEM



Tan, 2012

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