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Tamás NémethHungarian Academy of Scineces

Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry

October 27, 2008 Debrecen

International Scientific Conference on Cereals

Their products and processing

Natural endowment and possibilities of cereal production

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A landlocked, Central European country in the Carpathian Basin

Area: 93,030 km2

Population: 10,139,000

Besides this, 2.0 million Hungarians live in Romania, 0.6 million in Slovakia, 0.45-0.45 million in Serbia, and in the USA, 0.17 million in Ukraine, and many in other countries.

1/3 of all Hungarians live outside Hungary

Peoples: Magyar (Hungarian): 88.8%; Gypsy: 3.8%; Ruthen: 2.8%; German: 1.7%; Jews: 0.8%; Romanian: 0.4%;

Slovakian: 0.3%; Polish, Croatian, Serb: 0.2-0.2%.

Per capita GDP: 7.831 USD / 11.750 USD

Proportion of agriculture and food industry from GDP: 7-10%

Characteristics of HungaryTam

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Average annual precipitation in Hungary

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Annual mean temperature in Hungary

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Land use pattern categories in Hungary, 1901-2000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Year

Are

a, 1

000

ha

Arable land Garden+Orchard+Vineyard Grassland Forest Uncultivated

Land use pattern categories in Hungary, 1901-2000

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Soil type of Hungary

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Soil reaction and carbonate status in Hungary

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Soil texture of Hungary

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Yield increases in main producer countries, 1950-1987

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

UK

W.Germany

France

Czehoslovakia

Hungary

Bulgaria

Yugoslavia

Poland

Romania

China

Italy

Spain

USA

Turkey

India

Canada

Argentina

USSR

Brasilia

Australia

Iran

World Total

-0.1 0.9 1.9 2.9 3.9 4.9 5.9 6.9 7.9 8.9

USA

Italy

France

Canada

Hungary

Romania

Yugoslavia

China

Argentina

USSR

Thailand

Brasilia

Indonesia

Mexico

South Africa

Kenya

India

Philippines

Nigeria

World Total

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

UK

W.Germany

France

Czehoslovakia

Hungary

Bulgaria

Yugoslavia

Poland

Romania

China

Italy

Spain

USA

Turkey

India

Canada

Argentina

USSR

Brasilia

Australia

Iran

World Total

1950

1987

Yield increaseTam

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Correlation between per capita GDP and the magnitude of P fertilizer application, as grouped by the population

density, in the year of 2000. (Csathó, 2003)

Other countries: 1: Bangladesh; 2: Pakistan; 3: India; 4: China; 5: Croatia; 6: Turkey; 7: Thailand; 8: Brazil; 9: Costa Rica; 10: Poland; 11: Hungary; 12: Czech Republic; 13: Chile;

14: Greece; 15: Portugal; 16: United Arab Emirates; 17: Spain; 18: Ireland; 19: Finland; 20: Netherlands; 21: France; 22: Belgium-Luxemburg; 23: Germany; 24: Sweden; 25: United

Kingdom; 26: Austria; 27: Denmark; 28: Canada.

0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 0

P er cap ita G D P , U S D

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

Fer

tili

ser

P2O

5 kg

/ha

agri

c la

nd

P o p u la tio n /1 0 0 h a ag ric u ltu re lan d : 0 -1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -2 5 0 0

Jap an

U .S .A .

K o re a , S o u th

V ie tn am

M au ritiu s

E g y p t

K o re a , N o rth S lo v en iaM a la y s ia

S w itze rlan d

N o rw a yN ew Z ea lan d

Ita ly

Y ' = a + b x ; n = 7a = 3 5 .5 ; b = 0 .0 0 3 ; r = 0 .9 0

Y ' = a + b x ; n = 1 2 0a = 2 .3 6 ; b = 0 .0 0 1 ; r = 0 .6 3

213

45 6

7

89

1 011

1 2

1 3 1 41 5

A rg e n tin a A u s tra lia

1 6

1 7

1 8 1 92 0

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 5

2 62 7

2 8

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160To

tal N

+P2O

5+K

2O, m

illio

n to

nnes

1950 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Years

N P2O5 K2O

World NPK fertilizer consumption, million tonnes of N-P2O5-K2O, 1950-2000

(FAO Fertilizer Yearbooks)

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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Years

1000 t

on

nes

act

ive in

gre

die

nts

N P2O5 K2O

Fertilizer consumption in Hungary, 1901-2000

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0

5

10

15

20

25

Years

Cer

eal u

nit

s, m

illio

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onn

es

Total production of main crops in Hungary, 1901-2000

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Years

Live

stoc

k u

nit

s, h

ead

s/10

0 h

aVolume of livestock production in

Hungary, 1901-2000

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NPK balances in Hungary, 1901-2000(Agronomic approach, Csathó and Radimszky, 2000)

-60-50-40-30-20-10

010203040506070

Years

kg/h

a, o

n a

gri

cult

ura

l lan

d

N P2O5 K2O

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-1200-1000-800-600-400-200

0200400600800

10001200

Years

kg/

ha, o

n ag

ricu

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N P2O5 K2O

Cummulative NPK balances in Hungary, 1901-2000

(Agronomic approach, Csathó and Radimszky, 2003)

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Comparison of the philosophies of intensive (MÉM NAK) and sustainable, environmentally friendly* (RISSAC-RIA)

fertiliser recommendation systems, resp. (*Based on the data set of the Hungarian long-term field trials, 1960-

2000)Principles for intensive plant nutrition Principles for sustainable fertilisation (MÉM NAK, 1979) (RISSAC-RIA, 1998)

Efforts for maximum yield levels Efforts for economic yield levels

Aim is: "soil nutrition" Aim is: "plant nutrition"

Aim is: to achieve and sustain Aim is: to achieve and sustain good to very good soil PK supply moderate to good soil PK supply

Quick soil PK build-up Slow soil PK build-up

PK fertilisation each year PK fertilisation of the rotation (GATEKI Kompolt)

PK fertilisation on any soil PK PK fertilisation only on moderate – good or supply level lower soil PK supply levels

Higher limit values for soil nutrient Lower limit values for soil nutrient supply categories supply categories

Unified soil nutrient Soil nutrient supply categories supply categories depending on the two main crop groups

Higher specific crop nutrient contents Lower specific crop nutrient contents

Specific crop nutrient contents Specific crop nutrient contents independent of the planned yield level dependent of the planned yield level

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Formula of the new, environmentally friendly fertilizer recommendation

systemF = (Ye x Sy x M) ± C,

where

F = recommended N-, P2O5 and K2O kg/ha doses,

Ye = the expected yield level,

Sy = “specific nutrient contents”, expressing the nutrient quantities kg, found in one tonne of yield, depending on the expected yield level,

M = multiplication factor, depending on the soil nutrient supply categories,

C = fertiliser dose correcting factors (type of pre-crop, aboveground plant residues remaining on the field, previous farmyard manure application, etc.). T

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„They should stand not only as a landmark of progress, but as pointers to new studies neccessary to sustain and improve productive agriculture worldwide in an attractive environment.”

T. Lewis (1994)

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Setting or revision of long-term experiment

• experiment methodology question

• posing scientific question

• treatments and planning

• regional homogeneity

• multifunctional

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Sustainability of long-term experiments

• homogeneous area

• elimination of carrying over

• protection for degradation processes

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Possibilities of long-term experiments

1. Choosing the location of adjustment (for long time)

2. Ensure the sustainability (minimum requirement system)

3. Necessary changes

• treatments• cultivation• harvest

• changing without damage of long-term

• answering for the occurent new questions

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New aspects for approaches

• Opportunities for posing new questions and new generations latching on to are one of the most important characteristic of the long-term experiments

• The long-term experiments are adapted to follow the environmental changes, analyse the changes which can take effect on experiments; monitoring

• Possibility for estimate the impacts of the short and long time changes

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Sustainable development

Climate change

Long-term experiments

Environment protection

Industrial and urban

load

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Possibilities1. Follow the environmental changes2. Monitoring3. Development, testing and calibrate of

new methods and techniques4. Start new type of searches5. Call in new type of estimation

(statistic and modelling)

statistic methods

data collecting

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The main characteristic of the long-term experiments is

that it is based on a supposition, which can be changed in the course of

time, it seeks answers of new challenges, broadens the

scale of the measured parameters, looks for

answers, than asks again. Tam

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Thank you for your attention!

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