Talk the Talk – Dermatology Lingo the Talk – Dermatology Lingo ... • Keratotic • Granular...
Transcript of Talk the Talk – Dermatology Lingo the Talk – Dermatology Lingo ... • Keratotic • Granular...
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Talk the Talk – Dermatology LingoMark A. Cappel, M.D.
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Disclosure
Relevant Financial RelationshipsNone
Off-Label/Investigational UsesNone
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Learning Objectives
Talk the Talk – Dermatology Lingo
• Primary skin lesions• Secondary skin lesions• Color, configuration, distribution, signs• Categorizing cutaneous eruptions• Clinical differential diagnoses
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Mayo ClinicLocations
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Talk the Talk – Dermatology LingoMark A. Cappel, M.D.
Assistant Professor of Dermatology & DermatopathologyMayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
Friday, April 7, 2017
SKIN--2nd Annual, 2017--
PRACTICAL DERMATOLOGY FOR THE GENERALIST
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What is an example of a papulosquamousdisorder ?• A) Allergic contact
dermatitis
• B) Lichen sclerosus
• C) Necrobiosis lipoidica
• D) Secondary syphilis
• E) Urticaria
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Basic Morphology in Dermatology• Primary skin lesions• Secondary skin lesions• Color• Configuration• Distribution• Clinical signs
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Primary Skin Lesions• Macule: flat ≤5-10mm
• Patch: flat >5-10mm
• Papule: elevated ≤5-10mm
• Plaque: elevated >5-10mm
• Nodule: discrete lesion with depth
• Cyst: nodule with contents
• Vesicle: serous fluid filled ≤5-10mm
• Bulla: serous fluid filled >5-10mm
• Pustule: vesicle filled with puss
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Other Primary Skin Lesions• Ulcer: full thickness epidermal defect
• Wheal: central erythema & edema with peripheral pallor (hive)
• Telangiectasia: dilated small superficial vessel
• Burrow: scabies mite track
• Comedo: open vs. closed (dilated vs. plugged pore)
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Secondary Skin Lesions• Scale: whitish, dry flaking
• Crust: honey-colored, dried oozing
• Lichenification: thickened skin with accentuated lines
• Atrophy: epidermal, dermal, subcutaneous; may result in a dell or trough in the skin
• Fissure: narrow linear epithelial defect
• Erosion: partial thickness epidermal defect
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Other Secondary Skin Lesions• Punctum: central opening of cyst
• Sinus: cavity or track underneath skin
• Induration: firm skin•Infiltration: from cells•Edema: from fluid•Sclerosis: from collagen thickening
• Sphacelus: necrotic or gangrenous tissue
• Eschar: dry scab
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Types of Scale• Pityriasiform
• Psoriasiform
• Ichthyosiform
• Lamellar
• Exfoliative
• Gritty
• Follicular
• Collarette
• Furfuraceous
• Micaceous
• Ostraceous
• Keratotic
• Granular
• Hystrix-like
• Craquele
• Seborrheic
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Other Skin Lesions• Papilloma
• Polyp
• Vegetation
• Horn
• Purpura•Petechia•Ecchymosis
• Infarct
• Gangrene
• Hematoma
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Specific Skin Lesions• Scar: fibrosis after tissue healing
• Hypertrophic scar: raised scar
• Keloid: grows beyond original scar margins
• Striae: stretch mark due to weakened elastic tissue
• Poikiloderma: triad of epidermal atrophy, telangiectasia, dyspigmention
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Other Specific Skin Lesions• Milium: small white cyst
• Furuncle: abscess
• Carbuncle: coalescence of abscesses
• Calcinosis: calcium deposits in skin
• Angioedema: swelling of dermis and/or subcutaneous tissue
• Excoriation: linear defect in skin surface from a scratch
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Color of Dermatoses• Erythematous: ex. hive
• Violaceous: ex. lichen planus
• Red-brown: ex. sarcoidosis
• Salmon-colored: ex. psoriasis
• Yellow-orange: ex. xanthogranuloma
• Porcelain-white: ex. lichen sclerosus
• Dusky-grey: ex. resolved fixed drug eruption
• Hypo- or hyper-pigmented: ex. vitiligo or melasma
• Skin-colored: ex. skin tag
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Configuration of Skin Lesions• Linear
• Koebnerized
• Sporotrichoid
• Segmental/zosteriform
• Grouped/herpetiform
• Corymbiform
• Reticular/retiform
• Blaschkoid/whorled
• Annular
• Arcuate/arciform
• Serpiginous
• Polycyclic
• Targetoid
• Nummular
• Discoid
• Guttate
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Annular Rashes• Urticaria
• Gyrate/figurate erythemas
• Tinea
• Granuloma annulare
• Sarcoidosis
• Leprosy
• Lupus
• Mycosis fungoides
• Psoriasis
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Distribution of Skin Lesions• Localized, regional, scattered, generalized, total body
• Bilateral vs. unilateral
• Symmetric
• Photo-distributed
• Extensor, flexor, intertriginous, acral
• Spares …
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Erythroderma (>75% body surface area)• Differential diagnosis:
• Pre-existing dermatosis• Psoriasis• Atopic dermatitis
• Malignancy• Mycosis fungoides / Sezary syndrome• Paraneoplastic
• Medication• Drug eruption• Systemic corticosteroids withdrawn
• Autoimmune• Dermatomyositis• Pemphigus foliaceus
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Clinical Signs in Dermatoses• Nikolsky sign: peeling away adjacent skin with friction
• Asboe-hensen: expanding bulla laterally with pressure
• Darier’s sign: urticate lesion with scratching
• Auspitz sign: pinpoint bleeding after removing adherent scale
• Latent scale: inducing scale with scratching
• Dermatographism: urticate normal skin with scratching
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Overview of Cutaneous Eruptions• Papulosquamous
• Lichenoid
• Eczematous
• Exanthems
• Erythemas
• Purpuras
• Vesiculobullous
• Acneiform/Follicular
• Erosive
• Ulcerative
• Infiltrated
• Sclerotic
• Atrophic
• Panniculitides
• Deposits
• Pigmentary
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Papulosquamous Disorders
• Clinical: Sharply marginated, erythematous, scaly papules and plaques
• Pathologic: Epidermal hyperplasia (acanthosis) with hyperkeratosis (ortho/para-keratosis)
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Papulosquamous Disorders• Psoriasis
• Pityriasis rubra pilaris
• Pityriasis rosea
• Secondary syphilis
• Tinea
• Cutaneous lupus and dermatomyositis
• Parapsoriasis
• Mycosis fungoides
• Some lichenoid and eczematous disorders
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Lichenoid Disorders• Clinical: Flat-topped, violaceous, papules and
plaques with ± scale • Pathologic: Interface dermatitis (lichenoid or
vacuolar)
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Lichenoid Disorders• Lichen planus
• Lichen nitidus
• Lichen striatus
• Lichen sclerosus
• Pityriasis lichenoides
• Lichenoid drug eruption
• Chronic graft-versus-host disease
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Eczematous Disorders• Clinical: Ill-defined, erythematous, papules and
plaques with epidermal alteration (scale, crust, lichenification)
• Pathologic: Spongiotic dermatitis (edema between epidermal keratinocytes)
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Eczematous Disorders• Contact allergic
• Contact irritant
• Auto-sensitization / ID reaction
• Pompholyx / dyshidrotic
• Atopic
• Seborrheic
• Stasis
• Nummular
• Neurodermatitis / prurigo nodularis
• Lichen simplex chronicus
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Exanthems (“maculopapular rash”)• Clinical: Coalescing, morbilliform, blanching,
erythematous macules and papules ±exfoliative scale
• Pathologic: Perivascular inflammation and dermatitis (mild spongiotic or interface)
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Exanthems• Drug eruptions• Viral exanthems• Rickettsial exanthems• Acute graft-versus-host disease
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Erythemas• Clinical: Discrete, blanching, erythematous
wheals, papules, or plaques ± mild scale • Pathologic: Perivascular inflammation ± dermal
edema ± interface or spongiotic dermatitis
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Erythemas• Urticaria
• Angioedema
• Erythema multiforme
• Fixed drug eruption
• Erysipelas/cellulitis
• Gyrate/figurate erythemas• Erythema annulare centrifugum• Erythema gyratum repens• Erythema chronicum migrans• Erythema marginatum
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Purpuras• Clinical: Petechia, ecchymoses, palpable
purpura, cutaneous infarcts, and/or gangrene • Pathologic: Perivascular hemorrhage ±
vasculitis/vascular occlusion
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Purpuras• Trauma-related
• Solar purpura, valsalva related, accidental and non-accidental trauma
• Progressive pigmented purpuras / Pigmented purpuric dermatoses
• Schamberg’s, Gougerot Blum, Majocchi, DoucasKapetanakis, lichen aureus
• Thrombocytopenic• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombotic
thrombocytopenic purpura, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, various causes of pancytopenia
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Purpuras• Immune-mediated
• Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, ANCA-related / medium-sized vessel vasculitis, urticarial vasculitis, type II/III cryoglobulinemia
• Infectious-related• Fungal septic, purpura fulminans, ecthyma
gangrenosum, rocky mountain spotted fever, bacterial endocardititis, meningococcemia
• Vascular-occlusive• Calciphylaxis, livedoid vasculopathy, type 1
cryoglobulinemia, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, warfarin necrosis, heparin necrosis, other coagulopathy
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Vesiculobullous Disorders• Clinical: Blisters and/or erosions on an
erythematous base• Pathologic: Subcorneal, intraepidermal, or
subepidermal blisters
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Vesiculobullous Disorders• Pemphigoid variants
• Pemphigus variants
• Dermatitis herpetiformis
• Linear IgA bullous dermatosis
• Bullous lupus erythematosus
• Epidermolysis bullosa aquisita
• Porphyria cutanea tarda
• Diabetic bulla
• Coma blisters
• Friction or suction blisters
• Herpes virus infections
• Acute contact dermatitis
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Acneiform/Follicular Disorders• Clinical: Pustules, comedones, follicular
papules, and/or inflammatory papules/nodules/cysts
• Pathologic: Perifollicular/periadnexal inflammation
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Acneiform/Follicular Disorders• Acne• Rosacea• Folliculitis• Miliaria• Fox-fordyce• Hidradenitis• Keratosis pilaris
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Erosive Disorders• Clinical: Diffuse cutaneous erosions• Pathologic: Erosions with epidermal necrosis
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Erosive Disorders• Stevens-Johnson syndrome/Toxic epidermal
necrolysis (SJS / TEN)• Staph Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)• Deficiency dermatoses
• Glucagonoma / necrolytic migratory erythema
• Niacin / pellagra • Zinc / acrodermatitis enteropathica
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Ulcerative Disorders• Clinical: Primary localized ulcers • Pathologic: Ulceration and healing skin
response with acute and chronic inflammation
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Ulcerative disorders• Infection
• Malignancy
• Vasculitis/vascular-occlusive
• Venous stasis
• Arterial
• Diabetic
• Neuropathic
• Traumatic
• Factitial
• Pyoderma gangrenosum
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Infiltrated Disorders• Clinical: Dermally infiltrated papules, plaques,
and/or nodules • Pathologic: Dense dermal inflammation or
granulomas
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Infiltrated Disorders• Histiocytic disorders
• Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis and other histiocytoses
• Xanthomatous disorders• Xanthomas and xanthogranulomas
• Neutrophilic dermatoses• Sweet syndrome, superficial pyoderma, erythema
elevatum diutinum, pustular vasculitis, granuloma faciale
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Infiltrated Disorders• Mast cell disorders
• Mastocytosis and its variants
• Plasma cell disorders• Cutaneous plasmacytomas
• Hematolymphoid disorders• Leukemia cutis, cutaneous lymphomas, lymphoid
hyperplasia
• Granulomatous disorders• Sarcoid, granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica,
leprosy
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Sclerotic Disorders• Clinical: Indurated, sclerotic plaques• Pathologic: Dermal and/or subcutaneous
sclerosis or fibrosis
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Sclerotic Disorders• Morphea
• Lichen sclerosus
• Scleroderma
• Scleromyxedema
• Scleredema
• Eosinophilic fasciitis
• Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy/nephrogenicsystemic fibrosis
• Sclerodermoid graft-versus-host disease
• Sclerodermoid porphyria
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Atrophic Disorders• Clinical: Cutaneous atrophy • Pathologic: Decreased epidermal thickness,
elastic fibers, collagen, or fat
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Atrophic Disorders• Atrophoderma
• Steroid atrophy
• Anetoderma
• Cutis laxa
• Dermal elastolysis
• Acquired lipoatrophy / lipodystrophy
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Panniculitides• Clinical: Multiple subcutaneous nodules • Pathologic: Lobular or septal panniculitis
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©2015 MFMER | slide-52
Panniculitides• Septal
• Erythema nodosum, deep morphea, deep granuloma annulare
• Lobular• Erythema induratum, α1 anti-trypsin
deficiency, panniculitis-like T- cell lymphoma, subcutaneous sarcoid, pancreatic, cold, traumatic, factitial, infective, neutrophilic, or lupus panniculitis
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Deposits• Clinical: Dermal nodules• Pathologic: Mucinosis, calcinosis, elastosis,
hyalinosis
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Deposits• Calcinosis cutis
• Osteoma cutis
• Gout
• Amyloidosis
• Mucinoses
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Pigmentary Disorders• Clinical: Hypo- or hyper-pigmented macules
and/or patches• Pathologic: Epidermal hypopigmentation or
epidermal hyperpigmentation or dermal pigmentary deposits
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Pigmentary Disorders
Hypopigmentation
• Vitiligo
• Hypomelanosis
• Pityriasis alba
• Post-inflammatory
Hyperpigmentation
• Melasma
• Hypermelanosis
• Ashy dermatosis
• Post-inflammatory
• Macular amyloid
• Notalgia paresthetica / frictional melanosis
• Terra firma forme
• Pigment deposits
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©2015 MFMER | slide-57
Summary
• Primary skin lesions• Secondary skin lesions• Color, configuration, distribution, signs• Categorizing cutaneous eruptions• Clinical differential diagnoses