Tales of Three Cities - Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
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Transcript of Tales of Three Cities - Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
TROPICAL CITIES
Team members: Chia Cheng Wei 0322091Iche Dunstan Omari 0323347Ivan Ling Chyi Rui 0313583Kooi Yong Kai 0323512
Lee Xiang Loon 0322090Lee Zu Jing 0325706Lim Joe Onn 0318679Lo Jia Woei 0318585Pua Kai Jing 0313995
TALES OF 3 CITIESInstructor: Dr Sucharita Srirangam
GEORGETOWN
Capital of PenangPopulation 500,000
One of Malaysia’s oldest cities
Location of Georgetown, Penangin Peninsular Malaysia
HISTORY
Founded by Sir Francis Light in 1786
Expansion from Fort Cornwallis, first permanent built structure of Georgetown
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Urban morphology climatic design
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
BUFFERZONE
COREZONE
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Georgetown is shaped by its interaction with the rest of the world
Early Shophouse Style 1800 – 1850’sEarly Transitional Style 1840 – 1900’sEarly Straits Eclectic Style 1890 – 1920’sLate Straits Eclectic Style 1920 – 1940’s
Neo-Classical Style - Early 20th centuryArt Deco Style 1930 – 1950’sEarly Modern Style - Post war
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
HERITAGEtangible
intangible
eclectic
fusion
diverse
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
TOURISMincome
places to explore
job opportunitiesfor locals
Roles of Organization
Established by the Penang State Government in April 2010 to spearhead effortsto ensure that George Town's legacy will not be lost.
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Major Objectives• Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites
• Create a culturally engaging atmosphere
• Successfully implement sustainable tourism
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
VisionThe convergence of anintelligent and sustainableheritage city that belongs toPenang, Malaysia and allhumanity.
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Idealized vs RealityIntroduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
CASE STUDIESNo.1: LEBUH CHULIA
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
No.2: CLAN JETTIES
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
No.3: JALAN MASJID KAPITAN KELING
Introduction // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of
Heritage Sites
Lebuh Chulia
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
• One of the oldest streets in George Town
• Stretches across both UNESCO Heritage Buildings Category I and II zones
• Acquired the name by 1798
• Was extended in the late 19th century following extensive land reclamation that results in Chulia Street Ghaut
• The epicentre of budget accommodation in George Town today
• Shophouses on the left side carry odd-number address and even-number address on the right
Photo source: George Town World Heritage Incorporated
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Architecture of a Shophouse
• The dominant building type within the Core Zone of George Town is shophouses
• Shophouses can be traced to the Chinese immigrants from southern coastal provinces of China
• Knowledge and methods of building construction adapted to Malaysian urban shophouses
• Blending the influences from the Dutch, Malay and British with own culture to create a unique architecture
Photo source: http://nosurplus.blogspot.my/
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Typical Urban Shophouses in George Town
1. Covered five-foot walkways at ground floor level façade
2. Opulent ornamentation on the façade by the use of Chinese and European motifs
3. Profusion of use of tiles, stucco, and timber as materials for construction
4. Shoplot at ground level with storage, backyard, and central air-well for ventilation
5. Bedrooms, living, dining and kitchen at first floor level, capped by a jack roof
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
1840 – 1850
• Under British ruling, connected walkways to the street edges became restricted
• The guideline was that the measurements had to be at least five foot wide, hence the name five-foot way
• Raffles’ verandah-way regulation was applied since 18th
century to provide pedestrians with a walkway indented into the building ground floor
• Verandah-way to maintain unity and provide an additional room
• Five-foot way was ‘semi-closed’ with bamboo screens to reduce the radiation of the roads from entering the shophouse
• Flat façade and minimal ornamentation
• Shuttered windows
• Built using masonry
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Air-well Air-well
Typical Early Transitional Style shophouse section
Diagram visualising the effects of radiation screens
Five-foot way
Recessed area below the first floor of the
building that is designed as public
space.
Air Wells
Long shophouse buildings with two pitched roofs or
more, separated the pitches with an air well, to
allow ventilation and cooling of the spaces
below.
“ “
””
Five-foot
way
– George Town World Heritage Incorporated (GTWHI)
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
1950 – onwards
• Influenced by trends from Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier and Mies Van der Rohe
• Built with reason, form by character and aesthetic quality
• Abstract relationship of solid surfaces
• Design moved away from craftsmanship but local influences maintained to form unique modern style
• Large, clean cut openings and usage of glass windows
• Built using reinforced concrete
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Early Transitional Style (1840 – 1850)
• Two storeys building• Introduction of five-foot way• Flat-façade• Minimal ornamentation• Radiation screens• Masonry
Early Modern Style (1950 – onwards)
• Three or more storeys building• Motivated and simple modernist design• Design moved away from craftsmanship• Local influences still used but
transformed into a unique modern style• Reinforced concrete
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Urban Morphological of Chulia Street
• Morphology of Chulia Street – physical change and the evolution of the way of life brought upon by modernisation
• Tram tracks have been sealed and Chulia Street has become a busy vehicular passageway connecting JalanPenang to Beach Street
• Modernisation has unavoidably impacted the streetscape character. Roadside parking and modern utilities make up part of the visual character of Chulia Street
Chulia Street looking from the Love Lane junction
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Cultural Context On Site From Various Architectural Designs
Cultural effects of traditional architecture
Traditional buildings have divisional usage for either housing or commercial purposes• Division of private and public spacing• Patterns and orientation of applications of various usage
and occupancy • Creation of topology of geometrical local network of
function• Reflection of local site contents and attributes• Monumental represent of origin influences, significance
and importance
Cultural effects of modern/contemporary architecture
The discard and reject of traditional materials usage , exclusion of cultural contents and celebration of modern industrial methods• Concentrated pattern of applications • Simplicity of spacing and circulation• Ease of accessibility and function• Introduction of a new concept and class-less influence
(Top) Chulia Street in the past(Bottom) New buildings and usage in Chulia Street today
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
• Original traditional buildings in Chulia Street have attributes of historical influences and social order formed by historic events that creates cultural progress of many terms
• Construction and introduction of a modern building design may change the point of view and experience of a person in the terms of site elements
• A visible shift of building’s original attributes • Disrupts the significance and identity of a traditional
shophouse
Construction Of Modern Contemporary Building
Traditional (Low density)
Modern (High density)
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
• Some shophouses in Chulia Street had been affected by damages from arson, urban decay and during World War 2
• Local site content has been shifted due to the erection of modern and contemporary buildings instead of rebuilding and restoring the original buildings
• Elements of Chulia Street were affected by such buildings due to caused inconveniences and shift in economic and circulation of the site
• Affects the livelihood of the inhabitants
• Construction of new buildings also makes the site adapting to a more commercial economy instead of creating a more socio-economical atmosphere for the inhabitants to inherit their past generation’s heritage
• Hence, creating inconveniences for the locals in their daily commuting around the area also affecting the behaviour of the inhabitants
Depreciation of Traditional Shophouses in Modern Buildings
(Top) Modern hotels constructed in between a row of traditional buildings and symbolise tourism
(Bottom) A row of abandoned shophouses due to loss by effects of new modern businesses
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Special Area Plan (SAP) is a plan prepared for the George Town World
Heritage Site (GTWHS) to guide and control
development within the area. The SAP shall acts as a conservation management
plan for GTWHS.
– George Town World Heritage Incorporated (GTWHI)
“
”
Photo source: onlypenang.com
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Importance of five-foot way in shophouses
Traditional shophouses with semi-public/private transitional zone on both sides of Chulia Street as a:• Partially enclosed space between shop and street• Continuity for human circulation and movement with
shelter from rain• Sunshade space to ground floor• Multi-functional space for roadside small traders• Important feature for urban culture life• Strong urban image
Destruction of five-foot way due to modernisation
• Contemporary development destroys pedestrian walkway connectivity
• Intimacy character of the traditional streetscape destroyed by provision of roads
• Cultural and historical significance of a Chinese shophouse are impacted
• No longer acting as shelter for heat and rain
Five-foot Way Streetscape Introduction Into Urban Fabric
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
• Development of Chulia Street leads to users using automobiles to travel rather than by foot even for short distances
• Due to lack of provision of five-foot ways in modern buildings
• Other forms of pedestrian facilities available but not comprehensive to link up with others to form a workable system
• Contributes to the lack of communal harmony and social integrity among the residents of Chulia Street
Lack of Five-foot Ways In Modern Buildings
(Top) Sketch visualizing the comparison of the existence of five-foot ways in buildings
(Bottom) Five-foot ways in the past and now
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
• Bizarre and striking colours • Lost of historical character of shophouse• Not having a design uniformity among shophouses• Attract attention for businesses (bright colours and huge
signage)• Newer and taller buildings acting as a landmark
New Styles of Facades In Modern Buildings
No longer unique and recognizable while also not representing George Town
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Height of Infill and New Buildings
Special Area Plan (SAP)’s Permitted Height guideline says:
“Height of compatible infill development is dependent on the
height of the lower adjacent building.”
• New infill buildings did not strictly follow the guidelines
• Hotels and corporate office buildings along Chulia Street such as the Asas Duniabuilding
• Promote tourism rather than considering the needs of locals and urban density increases in these infill
(Top) Asas Dunia office building in Chulia Street(Bottom) Permitted height of infill buildings
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Building Sustainability and Elements
Special Area Plan (SAP)’s Permitted Height guideline says:
“Air-well shall bemaintained as part of the design
with flexible roof to allow daylighting and natural ventilation.”
• Newer buildings lack such feature and were not following the guidelines
• Covering or removing the air well, and usage of zinc roof
• Removal of rear courtyards• Heavily depending on electronic and
mechanical ventilation• Hot air stays in the building• Affecting the sustainability and the
surrounding buildings and its elements
Old buildings had the capability for natural ventilation
Newer buildings in some cases affect the capabilities of the surrounding buildings
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Preservedshophouses
Preservedshophouses
New, modernshophouse
Newly built shophouses fail to comply with Special Area Plan (SAP) guidelines
Majority of new infill shophouses do not retain the original features of a Early Transitional Style implemented by the British, local authority and GTWHI upon rebuilt.
Discontinuity along the street of Lebuh Chulia
Identify, Protect & Preserve Built Form of Heritage Sites // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
To successfully implement sustainable
tourism
Clan Jetties
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Waterfront societyHouse on stilts
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Ong
Lim
ChewTanLee
Mixed clan
Yeoh
Peng Aun
Koay
Road
Houses
Temple
Land
Sea Sea
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
The jetties were established at a time when Penang's maritime trade was booming. Chineseimmigrants who came to Penang in the early 19th century worked at the docks as coolies andboat operators ferrying passengers.
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Passive design implemented. Gaps between wood planks allow sea breeze into the houses.
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
What is sustainable tourism?Sustainable tourism is an industry committed tomaking a low impact on the environment and localculture, while helping to generate futureemployment for local people.
The positive of sustainable tourism is to ensure thatdevelopment is a positive experience for localpeople; tourism companies; and touriststhemselves.
Source: World Tourism Organization
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Originally Currently
• Water taxis • Tourism
• Trading • Fishing
• Transportation of goods • Festivals
Activities
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Koay Jetty
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Destroyed by fire!
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Mangrove swamp
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Sacrificed for low cost flats!
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Originally Currently
• 9 jetties • 6 jetties remain
• Mangrove swamp present • Low-cost flats built, destroying green areas
• Houses cater specific clans
• Population consists of all ages
• Trading oriented, each jetty had its own niche and function
• Communities expand naturally
• Houses converted into shops catering tourists
• Senior citizens remain as youngsters move to cities
• Tourism oriented, social sustainability lost
• Low-cost flats create conflict in place making
To successfully implement sustainable tourism // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Create a Culturally Engaging Atmosphere
JALAN MASJID
KAPITAN KELING
Create a culturally engaging atmosphere // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
JALAN MASJID
KAPITAN KELING
• Jalan Masjid Kapitan Keling was historically, rich and varied interactions between communities of different origins, cultural traditions and faiths.
• Used to be the very edge of town, bordered by Light street, Beach street and Chulia street. Now names JalanMasjid Kapitan Keling, names after the Indian Muslim mosque along it, is one of the George Town UNESCO World Heritage Site core zone.
• Street wears a European character, followed by Chinese and Indian Muslim, Which are clearly separated by the religious sites on site.
Create a culturally engaging atmosphere // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
GODDESS OF MERCY TEMPLE (1835)THE ANGLICAN CHURCH OF ST GEORGE (1818)
SRI MAHA MARIAMMAN HINDU TEMPLE (1833)
KAPITAN KELING MOSQUE (1801)
Create a culturally engaging atmosphere // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
KUAN YIN ENCLAVE
• Retail of prayer paraphernalia, idols and charms.
• Chinese vegetarian restaurants.• Activities supporting the temple and its
users.
LITTLE INDIA
• South and Northern Indian Restaurants.• Textiles and related trade.• Worker’s accommodation.• Cultural products and services.
LEBUH ACHEH MOSQUE ENCLAVE
• Activities supporting the temple and its users.
• Residential or Commercial with Residential.
• Compatible arts and culture related activities.
KONGSI ENCLAVE
• Activities supporting the mosque and the Muslim community, preferably Haj related.
MASJID KAPITAN KELING AND GOLD BAZAAR ENCLAVE
• Activities relating to gold and gem trade.
• Indian Muslim restaurants.
• Activities supporting the mosque and the Muslim community services.
SPECIAL ZONE
Zone with highest concentration of OUVs and Category 1 buildings within the WHS. Area warrants strictest form of land use
Source: George Town Special Area Plan
Create a culturally engaging atmosphere // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
MATRIX OF NON-
PERMISSIBLE
ACTIVITIES
• Special zones have no exceptions for any non-permissible activities.
• However, a budget hotel exists on site.
Source: George Town Special Area Plan
Create a culturally engaging atmosphere // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
OPEN SPACE AND LANDSCAPE DESIGNTo make streets pedestrian priority, and to provide adequate public open spaces and connectivity for the comfort of all non private- vehicle user.
SHARED STREETS
Create a culturally engaging atmosphere // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
ChingayGiant Flag Carrying in December
Tua Peh Kong15th Day of 1st Chinese New Year
End Point
Streets as shared spaces. Practices, performances and rituals create richness of the culturally eclectic landscape of the historic settlements.
Temporary public use of the street should be maintained and encouraged.
Source: George Town Special Area Plan
Create a culturally engaging atmosphere // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
EXISTING GREEN/ PUBLIC OPEN SPACE
Series of parks and public open spaces are proposed in addition to existing public open spaces. These proposed network of public open spaces are interconnected via a landscaped pedestrian network.
Well maintained parks and landscaped elements are essential for the livelihood and liveability of George Town. The park offers the residences a space of recreation and leisure, as well as helping to maintain ecological balance and reduce pollution.
Create a culturally engaging atmosphere // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Lebuh Carnarvon and JalanMasjid Kapitan Keling, with high volume vehicles, are proposed as tree lined streets with sidewalks for the pdestrian,. As of the printing of this document, the planting of trees on the median Lebuh Carnarvon has been completed.
Pedestrian Priority lanes are built to have streets that promote a safe, comfortable, convenient and barrier free connectivity for all road users with primary consideration for pedestrian.
Hence, it creates a more safer and comfortable walkways for the tourist and local citizen to carry out activities.
Proposals have been suggested to make all roads one way except for Lebuh Chulia and LebuhLight.
Tree Lined Pedestrian Priority Streets
Pedestrian Priority Streets
Two way road
Intro nodes connectivity.
Source: George Town Special Area Plan
Create a culturally engaging atmosphere // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Upgrading and revitalisation of back lanes for pedestrian use, or even commercial use where applicable
BACKLANES WITH ACTIVITIES
LINE CLEAR NASI KANDAR
LORONG PASAR – LORONG CHULIA BACK LANE (UPGRADE)
CHULIA STREET – MUNTRI STREET BACK LANE (NEW)
LEBUH CARNARVON –JALAN PINTAL TALI (UPGRADE)
Source: George Town Special Area Plan
Create a culturally engaging atmosphere // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
Chinese temple
Chinese community
Hotel
Indian temple
Indian-Muslim community
Mosque
Muslim community
Community layer
Junctions
Chinese temple
Chinese community
Hotel
Indian temple
Indian-muslim community
Mosque
Muslim community
Public space
Chinese temple
Chinese community
Hotel
Indian temple
Indian-muslim community
Mosque
Muslim community
• To increase green public
open space in the city.
Pedestrian walkway
Chinese temple
Chinese community
Hotel
Indian temple
Indian-muslim community
Mosque
Muslim community
• To have streets that promote a safe, comfortable, convenientand barrier free connectivity for all road users.
Nodes
Chinese temple
Chinese community
Hotel
Indian temple
Indian-muslim community
Mosque
Muslim community
conclusionConclusion // Ideas & Theories in Urbanism
referencesIMAGES
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Blandon, A. (n.d.) Clan Jetties along Weld Quay, Penang. Retrieved from
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Chan, R. (n.d.). Retrived from http://www.ronniechanphoto.com/featured/featured-article/itemlist/tag/pre%20wedding
Chng, K.K. (n.d.). Sketches of Georgetown, Penang.
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DOCUMENTS
AJM Planning and Urban Design Group (2011). George Town, Historic Cities of Straits of Malacca: Draft Special Area Plan. Georgetown, Penang: AJM
Den Teuling, M.J. (2009). Rebirth of the Malacca Shophouse: A typological research: Traditional Values in a Contemporary World. Retrieved from Delft University of Technology Repository.
Effect of Culture on Architectural Expression. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-168644
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Modernity in tradition: Reflections on building design and technology in the Asian vernacular. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095263514000715
Penang Travel Guide (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.penang-discovery.com/attraction/clan_jetties/
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Tourism Ministry of Penang (2009, August 21). Chew Jetty – A Stroll Down a Living Heritage Community. Retrieved from http://www.visitpenang.gov.my/portal3/what-to-see/attractions/chew-jetty.html
World Tourism Organization (n.d.). Defining Sustainable Tourism. Retrieved from http://www.gdrc.org/uem/eco-tour/sustour-define.html
Yeang, K. (1987). The Tropical Verandah City. Petaling Jaya, Selangor: Longman