TAKSONOMI TANAH
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TAKSONOMI
TANAH
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TAKSONOMI TANAH
Tujuan Taksonomi Tanah: 1. Organize knowledge about soils 2. Understand relationships among different
soils 3. Establish groups or classes for practical
purposes. a. Memprediksi perilaku tanah b. Identifikasi penggunaan tanah yang sesuai c. Estimasi produktivitas tanah d. Menyebar-luaskan hasil-hasil penelitian
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Soil Taxonomy: 12 Ordo Tanah
Soils are classified into into six categories based on diagnostic characteristics
The last (largest) category will place the soils into one of the 12 Soil Orders (Ordo Tanah).
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Soil Taxonomy
1) Orders (12)2) Suborders (54)3) Great Groups (211)4) Subgroups (1,100+)5) Family (7,000+)6) Series (a lot!)
Fine-loamy mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Argiudolls(This is the name of a specific soil in Soil Taxonomy)
This is the name of oneOf the 12 large categories
Mollisol - oll
Oder - root of order
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Orders = Ordo
Highest and most general of the soil classification system (similar to the phylum in plant taxonomy)
Based on conditions under which the soil developed
Fine-loamy mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Argiudolls
Orderoll = Mollisols
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Suborders = Sub-Ordo
Grouped by similarities in soil formation such as wetter/dryer soil, colder/warmer soil, etc.
Fine-loamy mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Argiudolls
SubOrder
Order
Ud = Udic Moisture
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Great Groups
Based on differences between soil horizons
Fine-loamy mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Argiudolls
GreatGroup
SubOrder
Order
Argi = Akumulasi Liat
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Sub Groups (not required to know)
Describes a profile characteristic, wetness, sand, tonguing of E, etc.
GreatGroup
Fine-loamy mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Argiudolls
SubGroup
SubOrder
Order
Aquic = wet soil
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Family (not required to know)
Based on soil properties that affect management and root penetration, such as texture, temperature, and depth
GreatGroup
Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Argiudolls
FamilySubGroup
SubOrder
OrderTexture, clay minerals, CEC, temp,
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Seri Tanah – this is where the soils of the week names are
from – misalnya: Lester, Clarion, Nashwauk etc.
Named from the town or landscape feature near where the soil was first
recognized (Lester = Lester Prairie, MN.
Other examples = Clarion, Nashwauk, Milaca, Port Byron, Zimmerman.)
GreatGroup
Fine-loamy mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Argiudolls
FamilySubGroup
SubOrder
Order
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Horizon Penciri - Used to place soils into one of the 12 Soil Orders
Permukaan (Epipedon)
Mollic Umbric Histic Ochric
Bawah-permukaan
• Argillic• Natric• Spodic• Oxic• Cambic• None
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Soil Taxonomy- Diagnostic Surface Epipedons
Epipedon Molik: Lapisan permukaan yang tebal, gelap, lunak.
Characteristics Thick - greater than 10
inches; High base saturation> 50%;
Tanah Mineral Tanah-tanah terbentuk
pada kondisi vegetasi prairie
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Other Epipedons Umbric - like
mollic, but low base saturation
Histic - Organic Soil - saturated with water, > -% organic matter
Ochric - thin, light colored - surface layers that do not fit any of the above
Base Saturation = relative amount of bases (Ca, Mg, K)in the soil,Low %= few, high% = many
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Pembandingan Epipedon
Okhrik Histik
Molik
Umbrik
thinnerlighter color more
organicmatter
low basesaturation
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Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons Argillic - illuvial
horizon of clay accumulation - Bt
Natric - same as argillic but with > 15% exchangeable sodium (Na) - Btn
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Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons Spodic - illuvial
accumulation of oxides of Al and Fe (sesquioxides) and OM, red or dark red color - only found in acid sandy soils, with high rainfall- generally found below E horizon. Contains a Bhs or Bs horizon or Bhsm
OiEBhsBs
C
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subsurface horizons (cont.)
Oxic - very weathered layer of only Fe and Al oxides and 1:1 clay minerals, low pH and not very fertile (found in tropical soils) Bo
Cambic - slightly altered layer - not weathered enough to be argillic, Bw horizon designation or development of color and or structure
NONE - no diagnostic subsurface horizon present
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Comparison of Subsurface Diagnostic Horizons
Oxic
very weathered
Spodic Cambic
Argillic
Natric
more Al and Fe
less developed
more sodium
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12 Soil Orders - Each Order has a diagnostic epipedon and subsurface horizons – which could be “none”.
WEB SITE for soil orders = www.mines.uidaho.edu/pses/teach_res
1. Entisol2. Inceptisol3. Andisols4. Spodosols5. Mollisols6. Alfisols 1. Ultisols
2. Oxisols3. Aridisols4. Vertisols5. Histosols6. Gelisols
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Entisol - ent Recent soils - minimal
development, little horizonation, young soils.
12.5% of world, Ochric + none
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Entisol - Idaho
A
R
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Vertisol - ert Inverted - soils with high
clay content, Large shrink swell potential - gradually invert on themselves, 2.1% of the world, Mollic or Ochric + none
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Vertisol = Bss at slickenslide
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Inceptisol - ept Inception - soil shows the
beginning of horizon development, little or no illuviation,
15.8% of world, Ochric or Umbric + cambic.
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Inceptisol Soil Formed in
colluvial material in mountains of Idaho.
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Aridisols - id Arid regions of the
world (19%), < 10 in. of rainfall, usually contain carbonates,
Ochric + cambic or argillic or other diagnostic feature.
A
Bw
Bk
C
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Aridisol in Idaho
ABt
BkBkqm
RDiunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Aridisol - Nevada
AzBzC1
C2
NaCl Salt accumulates on the surface and in the subsurface.
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Mollisols - oll soils with thick, dark,
soft surface
mollic + cambic, natric, argillic or none
base saturation soils of the prairie
9% of the world
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Mollisol This mollisol formed in a new
parent material (loess) that buried the original soil -the Btb (b = buried).
Mollisol from Kansas that is developed in Limestone bedrock.
A1A2BwBCR
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2014
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Spodosols- od
acid sandy soils with thick E and red Bhs - ochric and spodic -
5.4 % of the world - infertile soils.
OiE
Bhs
Bs
C
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Alfisol -- alf fertile forested soils with
ochric and argillic - high base saturation (> 35%) - forested soils
7% of the world.
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Ultisols - ult soils more weathered
than Alfisols - ochric and argillic - low base saturation < 35% - redder and more acid than Alfisols
8.5% of the world - less fertile than Alfisols
AE
Bt1
Bt2
BC
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Alfisol & Ultisol
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Histosols - ist Tanah-tanah
Gambut - organic material - histic
0.8% of the world Epipedon Histik.
Oe1
Oe2
Oe3
Oe4
Oa2C
Photo USDADiunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Andisols - and soils from volcanic ash
- very light - low bulk density – 1% or the world
Andisol from Idaho
A
Bw
2BC
2C
ABwAbBwb
Ab’
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Oxisols - ox Soils with Oxic horizon - very weathered
- soils of the tropics. low pH - acid soils - high in 1:1 clay minerals
9.2% of world
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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OxisolAp1
Ap2
Bo1
Bo2
Bo3
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Gelisol - el New Order as of
1998 - soils with permafrost (formerly Cryochrepts - or frozen Inceptisols)
Horison Cf
Diunduh dari: www.swac.umn.edu/classes/soil2125/lecture%20pp/l05a.ppt …. 9/2/2013
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Soil Suborders of Minnesota Mollisol - Udoll - Boroll - Aquoll - Ustoll Alfisol - Udalf - Boralf - Aqualf Dropped in 1998 Entisol - Orthent - Psamment – Aquent
- Fluvent Inceptisol - Udept - Aquept Spodosol - Orthod Vertisol - Aquert Histosol - Fibrist - Hemist - Saprist
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Suborder definitions Ud - Udic moisture = moist -southern Mn
type climate & Us = Ustic = Dry Bor - Boreas = northern Mn. Climate
(Frigid Temperature regime) Aqu - Aquic moisture = saturated soil -
high water table - Gleyed conditions Orth - true or simple - regular Entisols &
Spodosols Psamm - sand - sandy Entisols Fluv - floodplain –irregular Organic matter
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Udoll - Ustoll - Aquoll
Ustoll
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Udalf - Boralf - Aqualf
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Orthent - Psamment – Aquent - Fluvent
A
Bw
C
Orthent
Not Cambic due to
being too sandy
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Fluvent – Soils of the floodplains.
Lots of layers that are deposited when the river floods
FLUVENT
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OrthodWisconsin Orthod
A
E
Bhs
Bs
C
Minnesota Orthod
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Udept - Aquept
EUTRUDEPTS
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Aquert
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Fibrist - Hemist - Saprist