““Take Care”Take Care”To: To:

Process and Protect Them ProperlyProcess and Protect Them Properly

Philip W. Widel DVMPhilip W. Widel DVM

Technical Services VeterinarianTechnical Services Veterinarian

Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc.Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc.

Process and ProtectProcess and Protect

• Our goals should be to process in a manner to minimize tissue (carcass) damage while providing maximum protection from the products we use

To Understand Protection Is to To Understand Protection Is to Understand Immunity to Understand Immunity to

DiseaseDisease

• Immunity– Ability to protect against specific diseases by

producing antibodies and cellular immunity against those disease organisms

Protective LevelProtective Level

• A relative term.

• The level of immunity to protect will

depend upon the severity of the

challenge.

How Immunization OccursHow Immunization Occurs

• By natural exposure - disease

occurrence

• By vaccination with biological product

• By transfer of passive immunity in

colostrum or antiserum (temporary)

Objectives of VaccinationObjectives of Vaccination

• Individual protection, herd immunity and bio-security

• Reduce reproductive losses

• Improve performance

• Program participation - requirements to increase value and marketability

KEY DEFINITIONSKEY DEFINITIONS

• Vaccination – application of a vaccine

• Immunization

–the process of making immune

The Healthy Herd (Animal)The Healthy Herd (Animal)

Time

Resistance

ChallengeLevels

Effect of Increased ChallengeEffect of Increased Challenge

Time

Resistance

ChallengeLevels

Disease Symptoms

Effect of Declining ImmunityEffect of Declining Immunity

Time

Resistance

Challenge

LevelsDisease Symptoms

Goal of Vaccination ProgramGoal of Vaccination Program

Time

Resistance

ChallengeLevels

Increased Resistance ThroughProper Vaccination and Booster

Importance of Proper TimingImportance of Proper Timing

Time

Resistance

ChallengeLevels

Further ConsiderationsFurther Considerations

• Ability of Animal to Properly Respond to Vaccination:– Age and Maternal

Interference– Response Levels– Stress– Nutrition– Parasitism

• Vaccine considerations:

– Modified Live– Killed– Proper Booster

Vaccinations– Storage, Preparation

and Administration

Additive StressAdditive Stress

ImmunityImmunity

WeanWean

TransportTransport

DietDietChangeChange

ProcessProcess

WeatherWeather

ChallengeChallenge

Vaccine ConsiderationsVaccine Considerations

• Modified Live Viral Products

• Killed Viral Products

• Proper Boostering of Vaccinations

Types of Vaccines UsedTypes of Vaccines Used

• Killed or inactivated– Includes killed or inactivated viruses,

bacterins, and toxoids

Killed Virus Vaccine Killed Virus Vaccine AdvantagesAdvantages

• Safe in pregnant animals

• Labeled for use in calves nursing pregnant cows

• Handling considerations– No mixing – Stable

Killed Virus Vaccine Killed Virus Vaccine DisadvantagesDisadvantages

• Require an adjuvant• Injection site reactions• Less cell mediated immunity (cytototoxic T

cells)• Slower immune system response • Require multiple doses

– 1st dose = primes/sensitizes– 2nd dose = immunizes

• Hypersensitivity risk

Immune Response Following Immune Response Following Vaccination (KV)Vaccination (KV)

Time

InitialVaccination

Protective Level

Stimulation of Immunity with a Stimulation of Immunity with a Killed ProductKilled Product

Time

InitialVaccination

Booster

Protective Level

Immune Response Following Immune Response Following VaccinationVaccination

Time

InitialVaccination

Protective Level

Dose AdministeredMonths Later

The Need for BoostersThe Need for Boosters

• Most bacterins and clostridials also need to be properly boostered.

• Adjuvants can make a difference in the need to booster.

MLV Vaccine AdvantagesMLV Vaccine Advantages• Rapid, longer-lasting protection• Stimulate antibody and cell mediated

immunity• Stimulate interferon production• Stimulate immune response more similar to

natural infection• Less expensive• Less irritation - no adjuvant - smaller dose

MLV vaccinesMLV vaccines

• One dose starts initial immune system stimulation. Organism continues to grow (replicate) so that stimulation of the immune system is continued until a level of immunity is created that can overwhelm and destroy the organism.

MLV Vaccine DisadvantagesMLV Vaccine Disadvantages

• Immunosuppression (stress) -- BVD primarily

• Handling considerations– UV light, temperature, mixing, storage

• May revert to virulent state (rare!!!!)• Label precautions with pregnancy

Storage, Preparation and Storage, Preparation and AdministrationAdministration

• Follow label instructions.

• Avoid heat, freezing temperatures and sunlight.

• Avoid disinfectants with MLV products.

• Administer SQ or IM as labeled and in accordance with BQA principles.

Successful Immunization Successful Immunization RequiresRequires

• Health susceptible animal

• Proper administration

• Safe, viable and potent vaccine

When Should We When Should We Vaccinate?Vaccinate?

NotNot• Whenever we can catch the cows

• After we finish harvest

• The next rainy day

• When the kids and the neighbors are available to help

CONSIDER AN ADULT COW CYCLE CONSIDER AN ADULT COW CYCLE 60 DAY BREEDING SEASON60 DAY BREEDING SEASON

Preg Check

Where Do We Where Do We Vaccinate?Vaccinate?

NCBA recommends that all NCBA recommends that all injections whether injections whether subcutaneous or subcutaneous or

intramuscular be made in front intramuscular be made in front of the shoulder.of the shoulder.

Calf was slaughtered over a year after being vaccinated intramuscularly at branding time.

Study run by Colorado State University.

Injection - SiteInjection - SiteSubcutaneousSubcutaneous

“Knots”“Knots”

Subcutaneous Vaccine Reaction –”knot”

Subcutaneous Injection “Knots” Subcutaneous Injection “Knots” Should Not Be A Pricing IssueShould Not Be A Pricing Issue

• Are not a defect to the hide, carcass, or other salable product

• Are of no concern to the health and quality of the animal

• Indicates that the animal has been vaccinated, (a practice to be encouraged) and that the vaccination response has not been impeded

• And, SHOULD NOT be a point for pricing discount of the cattle

Subcutaneous Injection “Knots” Subcutaneous Injection “Knots” Should Not Be A Pricing IssueShould Not Be A Pricing Issue

The NCBA Beef Quality Assurance Task Force encourages all individuals buying feeder and/or finished cattle to make every effort to see that any such surface vaccine blemishes (knots) are NOT noted as a value discounting issue.

Subcutaneous

Vaccine Reaction

“Not an Abscess”

Same bull, 10 months later/ Swelling is gone

Feedlot steer with vaccine “knot”

Subcutanous vaccine “knots”

come off when the hide is pulled

The The “Not My Problem” “Not My Problem” Syndrome Will Not Fix Syndrome Will Not Fix

the Injection-Site the Injection-Site Lesion ProblemLesion Problem

Every Cattleman, Veterinarian and Every Cattleman, Veterinarian and

Drug/ Vaccine ManufacturerDrug/ Vaccine Manufacturer

Has a ResponsibilityHas a Responsibility

ABCD

Questions????