Take Action in an Emergency -2

8/11/2019 Take Action in an Emergency -2

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Taking Action In AnEmergency:

Initial Assessment


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You have just arrived at the

site of an emergency.

What should you do first?


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Step 1: Survey The Scene

(check the scene)

Piece together the puzzle

Look for dangerous hazards

Quickly determine:

The number of victims The cause of injury

Are there witnesses?


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Survey The Scene #2

Do not approach the victim if

threatexists


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Survey The Scene #3

Attain consent

Gain victims confidence

Identify problems

Dont assume that the injury

you see is the only one Gather info that will be helpful

to EMS


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Survey The Scene #4

Remain calm

Call EMS if neededDo not move the victim

unless it is necessary tosupport life or life threatexists


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Step 2: The Initial Victim

Assessment Identify and correct life threatening

conditions related to

Airway

Breathing

Circulation

Disablity


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Goal of the Initial Assessment

To assess heart, lung, brain andspinal cord functioning (address life

supportdoes the victim needCPR?) Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation

Cardio refers to heart Pulmonary refers to lungs

Resuscitate refers to revival


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How To Proceed Through The

Initial Assessment:

RAPABCDR- check for responsiveness

Aalert Vresponds to voice

Presponds to pain

Uunconscious, no responses

A- activate EMS (911)

P- position victim on the back


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How To Proceed #2:

RAP ABCD(checking for vital signs - pulse

and respiration)

A- Airway

B- Breathing C- Circulation

Ddisability


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Airway

Open the airway by head tilt, chin

lift

If spinal cord injury is suspected, be

more cautious


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Breathing

Look, listen, and feel for breathing(no more than 10 seconds)


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Circulation

Check for major bleeding

No longer required to check forpulse


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Secondary Assessment:

History and Physical Exam

Head to toe for major injury

or unresponsive Minor injury, examinecomplaint only

More regarding head to toeexam will follow


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The Secondary Assessment

Identify yourself

Obtain consent

Ask and use the victims name

Ask about chief complaint

Use SAMPLE to help youremember questions to ask thevictim


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Questions To Ask:

SAMPLES - symptoms

symptom: something the victimtells the first aider

sign: something the first aider

sees, hears, or feelsA - Allergies


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Sample #2

M - Medication

P - Pre-existing illnesses

L - Last food (food poisoning?

hypoglycemia?)E - Events prior to the injury


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The Secondary Assessment

Systematically look and feel (LAF)

Look for: DOTS

D - deformity O - open wounds

T - tenderness

S - swelling Start with the head for adults, feet for

children


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Check The Head

DOTS

Feel both sides of the headCSF fluid (clear fluid from ear or

nose / halo effect)


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Check Eyes: PEARL

Are pupils equal and react to light?

Use flashlight or cover one eye with a

hand

Pupils normally contract in one second

No pupil reaction could mean death,

coma, cataracts, artificial eye


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Check Eyes #2

Pupil dilation occurs within 30-

60 seconds of a cardiac arrest

Look for unequal pupils (stroke,

head or brain injury)

Check inner eye lid: it should bepink


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Check Neck and Chest

Check for cuts, bruises,

compare sidesApply slight pressure to

sides of chest (checking for

broken ribs)


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Abdomen

Ask if pain is present

If pain is present, gently press on

opposite side of pain site to helpdetermine area affected

Feel for lumps

Feel the 4 abdominal quadrants


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PelvisGently press downward

and squeeze inward


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Extremity Assessment

Check arms and legs

deformity

tenderness

Check for :

C - Circulation (pulse sites)S - Sensation

M - Movement


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Extremity Assessment #2

Compare extremities

Check temperature of theextremity

Check nail bed

instant refilling means goodcirculation

normal refill time is < 2 seconds


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Spine and Back

Ask victim about movement inextremities

Wiggle fingers, toes

Have victim press foot against yourhand

Have victim squeeze your hand

Babinski reflex test

Injured? Big toe flexes upward


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Check for a Medical

Alert Tag24 hour emergency phone

numberDo not remove tag unless

absolutely necessary


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Reassess ABCs:

Every 5 minutes if unconscious

or serious injury

Otherwise, every 15 minutes if

conscious


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Role Play Secondary Survey

Lab Activity


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Is There a Head or Spinal

Injury?

Always stabilize the head immediately

Signs of Spinal Cord Injuries Painful movement of arms and legs

Numbness, tingling, weakness, burning,

lessened sensation in arms or legs Loss of bowel or bladder control

Paralysis of arms or legs

Deformity


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Always Remember!

RAPABCD


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Post Emergency Numbers

Near The Telephone Fire department

Police

Ambulance or EMS (paramedics)

Physician

Poison Control Center


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Have You Ever Called 911?


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Calling Emergency Medical

Services (EMS - 911)A two minute delay in calling EMS

can be deadly

If in doubt, call EMS

Questions by dispatchers are not to

question the need of the call but todetermine the level of need


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What To Tell 911

DispatcherFirst, speak slowly and clearly

When calling from a cell phone,

give the address immediately

Listen carefully to thedispatcher


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Tell The Dispatcher :

Location

Telephone number

What has happened Number of persons needing help

Special conditions

Your assessment of the victim Do not hang up unless the dispatcher

instructs you to

Take Action in an Emergency -2

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