table of elements uses

PICTURE DESCRIPTIONGroup 8

Family: Transition Metals

Iron(Fe)

Phase: SolidMelting point: 1811K (1538C, 2800F)

3134K (2862C, 5182F)Boiling point:Density near r.t.:7.874g/cm3when liquid, at m.p.: 6.98g/cm3Heat of fusion : 13.81kJ/molHeat of vaporization: 340kJ/molMolar heat capacity:25.10J/(molK)

USES OF ELEMENTS

Biological Role/Application

Iron is an enigma it rusts easily, yet it is the most important of all metals. 90% of all metal that is refined today is iron.Most is used to manufacture steel, used in civil engineering (reinforced concrete, girders etc) and in manufacturing.Stainless steel is very resistant to corrosion. It contains at least 10.5% chromium. Other metals such as nickel, molybdenum, titanium and copper are added to enhance its strength and workability. It is used in architecture, bearings, cutlery, surgical instruments and jewellery.Cast iron contains 35% carbon. It is used for pipes, valves and pumps. It is not as tough as steel but it is cheaper. Magnets can be made of iron and its alloys and compounds.Iron catalysts are used in the Haber process for producing ammonia, and in the FischerTropsch process for converting syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) into liquid fuels.

Iron is an essential element for all forms of life and is non-toxic. The average human contains about 4 grams of iron. A lot of this is in haemoglobin, in the blood. Haemoglobin carries oxygen from our lungs to the cells, where it is needed for tissue respiration.Humans need 1018 milligrams of iron each day. A lack of iron will cause anaemia to develop. Foods such as liver, kidney, molasses, brewers yeast, cocoa and liquorice contain a lot of iron.

Iron is an essential element for all forms of life and is non-toxic. The average human contains about 4 grams of iron. A lot of this is in haemoglobin, in the blood. Haemoglobin carries oxygen from our lungs to the cells, where it is needed for tissue respiration.Humans need 1018 milligrams of iron each day. A lack of iron will cause anaemia to develop. Foods such as liver, kidney, molasses, brewers yeast, cocoa and liquorice contain a lot of iron.



Ruthenium (Ru)

Phase : SolidMelting point : 2607K (2334C, 4233F)

4423K (4150C, 7502F)

Boiling point :Density near r.t. : 12.45g/cm3 when liquid, at m.p. : 10.65g/cm3 Heat of fusion : 38.59kJ/mol Heat of vaporization : 619kJ/mol Molar heat capacity : 24.06J/(molK)

USES OF ELEMENTS


Ruthenium is one of the most effective hardeners for platinum and palladium, and is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts for severe wear resistance. It is used in some jewellery as an alloy with platinum.Ruthenium is used in platinum and palladium alloys to make wear-resistant electrical contacts. In this application, only thin-plated films are used to achieve the necessary wear-resistance. Because of its lower cost and similar properties compared to rhodium,the use as plating material for electric contacts is one of the major applications. The thin coatings are either applied by electroplating or sputtering.Ruthenium dioxide and lead and bismuth ruthenates are used in thick-film chip resistors. These two electronic applications account for 50% of the ruthenium consumption.Ruthenium has no known biological role. Ruthenium(IV) oxide is highly toxic.

Ruthenium plays an important role in the novel Arctic Drift by Clive Cussler. Ruthenium is found to be a catalyst in a very important new industrial process, but very little of the metal is known to remain on Earth, and the search for a new deposit in Canada is a vital part of the plot.

Ruthenium is one of the most effective hardeners for platinum and palladium, and is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts for severe wear resistance. It is used in some jewellery as an alloy with platinum.Ruthenium is used in platinum and palladium alloys to make wear-resistant electrical contacts. In this application, only thin-plated films are used to achieve the necessary wear-resistance. Because of its lower cost and similar properties compared to rhodium,the use as plating material for electric contacts is one of the major applications. The thin coatings are either applied by electroplating or sputtering.Ruthenium dioxide and lead and bismuth ruthenates are used in thick-film chip resistors. These two electronic applications account for 50% of the ruthenium consumption.Ruthenium has no known biological role. Ruthenium(IV) oxide is highly toxic.

Ruthenium plays an important role in the novel Arctic Drift by Clive Cussler. Ruthenium is found to be a catalyst in a very important new industrial process, but very little of the metal is known to remain on Earth, and the search for a new deposit in Canada is a vital part of the plot.



Osmium (Os)

Phase : SolidMelting point: 3306K (3033C, 5491F)Boiling point: 5285K (5012C, 9054F)Density near r.t.:22.59g/cm3 when liquid, at m.p.: 20g/cm3 Heat of fusion : 57.85kJ/mol Heat of vaporization: 378kJ/mol Molar heat capacity:24.7J/(molK)

USES OF ELEMENTS


Osmium has only a few uses. It is used to produce very hard alloys for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, needles and electrical contacts. It is also used in the chemical industry as a catalyst.Because of the volatility and extreme toxicity of its oxide, osmium is rarely used in its pure state, and is instead often alloyed with other metals. Those alloys are utilized in high-wear applications. Osmium alloys such as osmiridium are very hard and, along with other platinum group metals, are used in the tips of fountain pens, instrument pivots, and electrical contacts, as they can resist wear from frequent operation. They were also used for the tips of phonograph styli during the late 78 rpm and early "LP" and "45" record era, circa 1945 to 1955. Although very durable compared to steel and chromium needle points, osmium alloy tips wore out far more rapidly than competing but costlier sapphire and diamond tips and were discontinued.Osmium tetroxide has been used in fingerprint detection and in staining fatty tissue for optical and electron microscopy.

Osmium has no known biological role. The metal is not toxic, but its oxide is volatile and very toxic, causing lung, skin and eye damage.The only known clinical use of osmium appears to be for synovectomy in arthritic patients in Scandinavia. It involves the local administration of osmium tetroxide (OsO4) which is a highly toxic compound. The lack of reports of long-term side effects suggest that osmium itself can be biocompatible, although this depends on the osmium compound administered. In 2011, osmium(VI) and osmium(II) compounds were reported to show anticancer activity in vivo, it indicated a promising future for using osmium compounds as anticancer drugs.

Osmium has only a few uses. It is used to produce very hard alloys for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, needles and electrical contacts. It is also used in the chemical industry as a catalyst.Because of the volatility and extreme toxicity of its oxide, osmium is rarely used in its pure state, and is instead often alloyed with other metals. Those alloys are utilized in high-wear applications. Osmium alloys such as osmiridium are very hard and, along with other platinum group metals, are used in the tips of fountain pens, instrument pivots, and electrical contacts, as they can resist wear from frequent operation. They were also used for the tips of phonograph styli during the late 78 rpm and early "LP" and "45" record era, circa 1945 to 1955. Although very durable compared to steel and chromium needle points, osmium alloy tips wore out far more rapidly than competing but costlier sapphire and diamond tips and were discontinued.Osmium tetroxide has been used in fingerprint detection and in staining fatty tissue for optical and electron microscopy.

Osmium has no known biological role. The metal is not toxic, but its oxide is volatile and very toxic, causing lung, skin and eye damage.The only known clinical use of osmium appears to be for synovectomy in arthritic patients in Scandinavia. It involves the local administration of osmium tetroxide (OsO4) which is a highly toxic compound. The lack of reports of long-term side effects suggest that osmium itself can be biocompatible, although this depends on the osmium compound administered. In 2011, osmium(VI) and osmium(II) compounds were reported to show anticancer activity in vivo, it indicated a promising future for using osmium compounds as anticancer drugs.



Hassium (Hs)

Phase: SolidMelting pointBoiling pointDensity near r.t.:40.7g/cm3 when liquid, at m.p.Heat of fusionHeat of vaporizationMolar heat capacity

USES OF ELEMENTS


Since only small amounts of hassium have been made, it has no commercial use. Its current use is for scientific study only.

Hassium has no known biological role.



Cobalt (Co)

Phase: SolidMelting point: 1768K (1495C, 2723F)Boiling point: 3200K (2927C, 5301F)Density near r.t.:8.9g/cm3 when liquid, at m.p.: 8.86g/cm3 Heat of fusion : 16.06kJ/molHeat of vaporization: 377kJ/molMolar heat capacity:24.81J/(molK)

USES OF ELEMENTS


Cobalt, like iron, can be magnetised and so is used to make magnets. It is alloyed with aluminium and nickel to make particularly powerful magnets.Other alloys of cobalt are used in jet turbines and gas turbine generators, where high-temperature strength is important.Cobalt metal is sometimes used in electroplating because of its attractive appearance, hardness and resistance to corrosion.Cobalt salts have been used for centuries to produce brilliant blue colours in paint, porcelain, glass, pottery and enamels.Radioactive cobalt-60 is used to treat cancer and, in some countries, to irradiate food to preserve it.

Cobalt is an essential trace element, and forms part of the active site of vitamin B12. The amount we need is very small, and the body contains only about 1 milligram. Cobalt salts can be given to certain animals in small doses to correct mineral deficiencies. In large doses cobalt is carcinogenic.

Cobalt-60 is a radioactive isotope. It is an important source of gamma-rays. It is widely used in cancer treatment, as a tracer and for radiotherapy.

Cobalt is an essential trace element, and forms part of the active site of vitamin B12. The amount we need is very small, and the body contains only about 1 milligram. Cobalt salts can be given to certain animals in small doses to correct mineral deficiencies. In large doses cobalt is carcinogenic.

Cobalt-60 is a radioactive isotope. It is an important source of gamma-rays. It is widely used in cancer treatment, as a tracer and for radiotherapy.



Rhodium (Rh)

Phase: SolidMelting point: 2237K (1495C, 2723F)Boiling point: 3968K (2927C, 5301F)Density near r.t.:12.41g/cm3 when liquid, at m.p.: 10.7g/cm3 Heat of fusion : 26.59kJ/molHeat of vaporization: 493kJ/molMolar heat capacity:24.98J/(molK)

USES OF ELEMENTS


The major use of rhodium is in catalytic converters for cars (80%). It reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.Rhodium is also used as catalysts in the chemical industry, for making nitric acid, acetic acid and hydrogenation reactions.

It is used to coat optic fibres and optical mirrors, and for crucibles, thermocouple elements and headlight reflectors. It is used as an electrical contact material as it has a low electrical resistance and is highly resistant to corrosion.

Rhodium finds use in jewelry and for decorations. It is electroplated on white gold and platinum to give it a reflective white surface at time of sale, after which the thin layer wears away with use. This is known as rhodium flashing in the jewelry business.

Rhodium has no known biological role. It is a suspected carcinogen.Rhodium has also been used for honors or to signify elite status, when more commonly used metals such as silver, gold or platinum were deemed insufficient. In 1979 the Guinness Book of World Records gave Paul McCartney a rhodium-plated disc for being history's all-time best-selling songwriter and recording artist.

Rhodium has no known biological role. It is a suspected carcinogen.Rhodium has also been used for honors or to signify elite status, when more commonly used metals such as silver, gold or platinum were deemed insufficient. In 1979 the Guinness Book of World Records gave Paul McCartney a rhodium-plated disc for being history's all-time best-selling songwriter and recording artist.



Iridium (Ir)

Phase: SolidMelting point : 2719K (1495C, 2723F)Boiling point : 4403K (2927C, 5301F)Density near r.t.:22.56g/cm3 when liquid, at m.p.: 19g/cm3 Heat of fusion : 41.12kJ/molHeat of vaporization : 564kJ/molMolar heat capacity : 25.10J/(molK)

USES OF ELEMENTS


Iridium is the most corrosion-resistant material known. It is used in special alloys and forms an alloy with osmium, which is used for pen tips and compass bearings. It was used in making the standard metre bar, which is an alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium. It is also used for the contacts in spark plugs because of its high melting point and low reactivity.Iridium and especially iridiumplatinum alloys or osmiumiridium alloys have a low wear and are used. Osmiumiridium is used for compass bearings and for balances.Their resistance to arc erosion makes iridium alloys ideal for electrical contacts for spark plugs, and iridium-based spark plugs are particularly used in aviation.Pure iridium is extremely brittle, to the point of being hard to weld because the heat-affected zone cracks, but it can be made more ductile by addition of small quantities of titanium and zirconium (0.2% of each apparently works well).

Iridium has no known biological role, and has low toxicity.Iridium has been used in the radioisotope thermoelectric generators of unmanned spacecraft such as the Voyager, Viking, Pioneer, Cassini, Galileo, and New Horizons. Iridium was chosen to encapsulate the plutonium-238 fuel in the generator because it can withstand the operating temperatures of up to 2000 C and for its great strength.Another use concerns X-ray optics, especially X-ray telescopes. The mirrors of the Chandra X-ray Observatory are coated with a layer of iridium 60 nm thick.

Iridium has no known biological role, and has low toxicity.Iridium has been used in the radioisotope thermoelectric generators of unmanned spacecraft such as the Voyager, Viking, Pioneer, Cassini, Galileo, and New Horizons. Iridium was chosen to encapsulate the plutonium-238 fuel in the generator because it can withstand the operating temperatures of up to 2000 C and for its great strength.Another use concerns X-ray optics, especially X-ray telescopes. The mirrors of the Chandra X-ray Observatory are coated with a layer of iridium 60 nm thick.



Meitnerium (Mt)

Phase: SolidMelting point:

Boiling point:Density near r.t.:37.4g/cmwhen liquid, at m.p.:Heat of fusion :Heat of vaporization:Molar heat capacity:

USES OF ELEMENTS


At present it is only used in research.

Meitnerium has no known biological role.

Meitnerium has no known biological role.



Nickel (Ni)

Phase: SolidMelting point: 1728K (1455C, 2651F)Boiling point: 3003K (2730C, 4946F)Density near r.t.:8.908g/cmwhen liquid, at m.p.: 7.81g/cmHeat of fusion : 17.48kJ/molHeat of vaporization: 379kJ/molMolar heat capacity:26.07J/(molK)

USES OF ELEMENTS


Nickel resists corrosion and is used to plate other metals to protect them. It is, however, mainly used in making alloys such as stainless steel. Nichrome is an alloy of nickel and chromium with small amounts of silicon, manganese and iron. It resists corrosion, even when red hot, so is used in toasters and electric ovens. A copper-nickel alloy is commonly used in desalination plants, which convert seawater into fresh water. Nickel steel is used for armour plating. Other alloys of nickel are used in boat propeller shafts and turbine blades.Nickel is used in batteries, including rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries used in hybrid vehicles.Nickel has a long history of being used in coins. The US five-cent piece (known as a nickel) is 25% nickel and 75% copper. Finely divided nickel is used as a catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils. Adding nickel to glass gives it a green colour. The biological role of nickel is uncertain. It can affect the growth of plants and has been shown to be essential to some species.

Some nickel compounds can cause cancer if the dust is inhaled, and some people are allergic to contact with the metal.

Nickel cannot be avoided completely. We take in nickel compounds with our diet. It is an essential element for some beans, such as the navy bean that is used for baked beans.

The biological role of nickel is uncertain. It can affect the growth of plants and has been shown to be essential to some species.

Some nickel compounds can cause cancer if the dust is inhaled, and some people are allergic to contact with the metal.

Nickel cannot be avoided completely. We take in nickel compounds with our diet. It is an essential element for some beans, such as the navy bean that is used for baked beans.



Palladium (Pd)

Phase: SolidMelting point: 1828.05K (1554.9C, 2830.82F)Boiling point: 3236K (2963C, 5365F)Density near r.t.:12.023g/cmwhen liquid, at m.p.: 10.38g/cmHeat of fusion : 16.74kJ/molHeat of vaporization: 358kJ/molMolar heat capacity:25.98J/(molK)

USES OF ELEMENTS


Most palladium is used in catalytic converters for cars. It is also used in jewellery and some dental fillings and crowns. White gold is an alloy of gold that has been decolourised by alloying with another metal, sometimes palladium.

It is used in the electronics industry in ceramic capacitors, found in laptop computers and mobile phones. These consist of layers of palladium sandwiched between layers of ceramic.

Finely divided palladium is a good catalyst and is used for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. Hydrogen easily diffuses through heated palladium and this provides a way of separating and purifying the gas.

Palladium has no known biological role. It is non-toxic. Hydrogen easily diffuses through heated palladium; thus, it provides a means of purifying the gas. Membrane reactors with Pd membranes are therefore used for the production of high purity hydrogen. Palladium is a part of the palladium-hydrogen electrode in electrochemical studies. Palladium(II) chloride can oxidize large amounts of carbon monoxide gas, and is used in carbon monoxide detectors.

Palladium has no known biological role. It is non-toxic. Hydrogen easily diffuses through heated palladium; thus, it provides a means of purifying the gas. Membrane reactors with Pd membranes are therefore used for the production of high purity hydrogen. Palladium is a part of the palladium-hydrogen electrode in electrochemical studies. Palladium(II) chloride can oxidize large amounts of carbon monoxide gas, and is used in carbon monoxide detectors.



Platinum (Pt)


USES OF ELEMENTS


Platinum is used extensively for jewellery. Its main use, however, is in catalytic converters for cars, trucks and buses. This accounts for about 50% of demand each year. Platinum is very effective at converting emissions from the vehicles engine into less harmful waste products. Platinum is used in the chemicals industry as a catalyst for the production of nitric acid, silicone and benzene. It is also used as a catalyst to improve the efficiency of fuel cells.The electronics industry uses platinum for computer hard disks and thermocouples. Platinum is also used to make optical fibres and LCDs, turbine blades, spark plugs, pacemakers and dental fillings.Platinum compounds are important chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancers.Platinum has no known biological role. It is non-toxic. In the laboratory, platinum wire is used for electrodes; platinum pans and supports are used in thermogravimetric analysis because of the stringent requirements of chemical inertness. Platinum is used as an alloying agent for various metal products, including fine wires, noncorrosive laboratory containers, medical instruments, dental prostheses, electrical contacts, and thermocouples.

Platinum has no known biological role. It is non-toxic. In the laboratory, platinum wire is used for electrodes; platinum pans and supports are used in thermogravimetric analysis because of the stringent requirements of chemical inertness. Platinum is used as an alloying agent for various metal products, including fine wires, noncorrosive laboratory containers, medical instruments, dental prostheses, electrical contacts, and thermocouples.



Darmstadtium (Ds)


USES OF ELEMENTS


At present, it is only used in research.

Darmstadtium has no known biological role.

Darmstadtium has no known biological role.



Copper (Cu)

Phase: SolidMelting point: 1357.77K (1084.62C,

1984.32F)Boiling point: 2835K (2562C, 4643F)Density near r.t.:8.96g/cmwhen liquid, at m.p.: 8.02g/cmHeat of fusion : 13.26kJ/molHeat of vaporization: 300.4kJ/molMolar heat capacity:24.440J/(molK)

USES OF ELEMENTS


Historically, copper was the first metal to be worked by people. The discovery that it could be hardened with a little tin to form the alloy bronze gave the name to the Bronze Age. Traditionally it has been one of the metals used to make coins, along with silver and gold. However, it is the most common of the three and therefore the least valued. All US coins are now copper alloys, and gun metals also contain copper. Most copper is used in electrical equipment such as wiring and motors. This is because it conducts both heat and electricity very well, and can be drawn into wires. It also has uses in construction (for example roofing and plumbing), and industrial machinery (such as heat exchangers).Copper sulfate is used widely as an agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification. Copper compounds, such as Fehlings solution, are used in chemical tests for sugar detection

Copper is an essential element. An adult human needs around 1.2 milligrams of copper a day, to help enzymes transfer energy in cells. Excess copper is toxic.

Genetic diseases, such as Wilsons disease and Menkes disease, can affect the bodys ability to use copper properly.

Unlike mammals, which use iron (in haemoglobin) to transport oxygen around their bodies, some crustaceans use copper complexes.

Historically, copper was the first metal to be worked by people. The discovery that it could be hardened with a little tin to form the alloy bronze gave the name to the Bronze Age. Traditionally it has been one of the metals used to make coins, along with silver and gold. However, it is the most common of the three and therefore the least valued. All US coins are now copper alloys, and gun metals also contain copper. Most copper is used in electrical equipment such as wiring and motors. This is because it conducts both heat and electricity very well, and can be drawn into wires. It also has uses in construction (for example roofing and plumbing), and industrial machinery (such as heat exchangers).Copper sulfate is used widely as an agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification. Copper compounds, such as Fehlings solution, are used in chemical tests for sugar detection

Copper is an essential element. An adult human needs around 1.2 milligrams of copper a day, to help enzymes transfer energy in cells. Excess copper is toxic.

Genetic diseases, such as Wilsons disease and Menkes disease, can affect the bodys ability to use copper properly.

Unlike mammals, which use iron (in haemoglobin) to transport oxygen around their bodies, some crustaceans use copper complexes.



Silver (Ag)

Phase: SolidMelting point: 1234.93K (961.78C,

1763.2F)Boiling point: 2435K (2162C, 3924F)Density near r.t.:10.49g/cmwhen liquid, at m.p.: 9.320g/cmHeat of fusion : 11.28kJ/molHeat of vaporization: 254kJ/molMolar heat capacity:25.35J/(molK)

USES OF ELEMENTS


Sterling silver contains 92.5% silver. The rest is copper or some other metal. It is used for jewellery and silver tableware, where appearance is important. Silver is used to make mirrors, as it is the best reflector of visible light known, although it does tarnish with time. It is also used in dental alloys, solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts and batteries. Silver paints are used for making printed circuits. Silver bromide and iodide were important in the history of photography, because of their sensitivity to light. Even with the rise of digital photography, silver salts are still important in producing high-quality images and protecting against illegal copying. Light-sensitive glass photochromic lenses) works on similar principles. It darkens in bright sunlight and becomes transparent in low sunlight.

Silver has no known biological role. Chronic ingestion or inhalation of silver compounds can lead to a condition known as argyria, which results in a greyish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. Silver has antibacterial properties and can kill lower organisms quite effectively. Silver stains are used in biology to increase the contrast and visibility of cells and organelles in microscopy. Camillo Golgi used silver stains to study cells of the nervous system and the Golgi apparatus.

Silver has no known biological role. Chronic ingestion or inhalation of silver compounds can lead to a condition known as argyria, which results in a greyish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. Silver has antibacterial properties and can kill lower organisms quite effectively. Silver stains are used in biology to increase the contrast and visibility of cells and organelles in microscopy. Camillo Golgi used silver stains to study cells of the nervous system and the Golgi apparatus.



Gold (Au)

Phase: SolidMelting point: 1337.33K (1064C,


USES OF ELEMENTS


Most mined gold is stored as bullion. It is also, however, used extensively in jewellery, either in its pure form or as an alloy. The term carat indicates the amount of gold present in an alloy. 24-carat is pure gold, but it is very soft. 18- and 9-carat gold alloys are commonly used because they are more durable. The metal is also used for coinage, and has been used as standard for monetary systems in some countries. Dentists sometimes use gold alloys in fillings, and a gold compound is used to treat some cases of arthritis.

Gold nanoparticles are increasingly being used as industrial catalysts. Vinyl acetate, which is used to make PVA (for glue, paint and resin), is made using a gold catalyst.Gold has no known biological role, and is non-toxic. Metallic and gold compounds have been used for medicinal purposes historically and are still in use. The apparent paradox of the actual toxicology of the substance suggests the possibility of serious gaps in the understanding of the action of gold in physiology.Gold (usually as the metal) is perhaps the most anciently administered medicine (apparently by shamanic practitioners) and known to Dioscorides.

Gold has no known biological role, and is non-toxic. Metallic and gold compounds have been used for medicinal purposes historically and are still in use. The apparent paradox of the actual toxicology of the substance suggests the possibility of serious gaps in the understanding of the action of gold in physiology.Gold (usually as the metal) is perhaps the most anciently administered medicine (apparently by shamanic practitioners) and known to Dioscorides.



Roentgenium (Rg)

Phase: SolidMelting point: 1337.33K (1064C,


USES OF ELEMENTS


At present, it is only used in research.

Roentgenium has no known biological role.

Roentgenium has no known biological role.

FeRuOsHsCoRhIrMtNiPdPtDsCuAgAuRg

table of elements uses

Documents

Transcript of table of elements uses