Table of Contents - World Bank · 2016. 3. 9. · EEP/ KETRACO Ethiopia and Kenya Power Systems...

Ethiopian Electric Power

EASTERN ELECTRICITY HIGHWAY

ETHIOPIA-KENYA POWER SYSTEMS

INTERCONNECTION PROJECT RAP

EEP Ethiopian Electric Power

KETRACO Kenya Electricity Transmission Company

Limited

CONVERTER STATION, GROUND ELECTRODE AND MVTL

Land Acquisition Plan ETHIOPIA

Feburary,2016

SFG1924

EEP/ KETRACO Ethiopia and Kenya Power Systems Interconnection Project 1747-E-ES-0003Rev.A

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Final RAP ET-KY Document 2016.docx

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... 9

Introduction 15 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT, PROJECT AREA AND AREA OF

INFLUENCE ................................................................................................... 16

1.1 General Description ofthe Ethiopia-Kenya Interconnection Project ................ 16 1.2 Converter Station .................................................................................................... 17 1.3 Ground Electrode .................................................................................................... 17 1.4 Medium Voltage Transmission Line ..................................................................... 18 2 POTENTIAL IMPACTS .................................................................................. 19

2.1 Converter Station .................................................................................................... 19 2.1.1 Loss of residential Land - Displacement ............................................................. 19 2.1.2 Permanent Loss of Agricultural and Grazing Land ............................................ 20 2.1.3 Permanent Loss of Crops and Trees ................................................................... 22 2.1.4 Loss of graveyards ................................................................................................. 23 2.1.5 Impacts on female-headed households .............................................................. 23 2.1.6 Impacts during construction .................................................................................. 23 2.1.7 Impact during operation ......................................................................................... 24

2.2 Ground Electrode .................................................................................................... 24 2.2.1 Loss of residential Land - Displacement ............................................................. 24 2.2.2 Permanent Loss of Agricultural Land .................................................................. 25 2.2.3 Permanent Loss of Crops and Trees ................................................................... 26 2.2.4 Impacts on female-headed households .............................................................. 26 2.2.5 Impact during construction .................................................................................... 26 2.2.6 Impact during operation ......................................................................................... 26 2.2.6.1 Effects on Metallic Structures ............................................................................... 26

2.2.6.2 Effects on Electrical Infrastructure ....................................................................... 27 2.2.6.3 Effects on Humans and Animals .......................................................................... 27

3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE AFFECTED AREAS ......................... 28

3.1 Socio-Economic Conditions of affected Kebeles ............................................... 28 3.1.1 Project Location and administrative boundaries ................................................ 28 3.1.2 Demographic conditions and Ethnic groups ....................................................... 28 3.1.3 Converter Station - Socio economic Study of the affected PAPS ................... 28


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3.2 Ground Electrode - Socio economic Study of the affected PAPS ................... 33 4 LEGAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................. 39

4.1 Constitution of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ................................. 39 4.2 FDRE Legislation on Acquisition of Land Holdings ........................................... 39 4.3 FDRE Council of Ministers Regulation No. 135/2007 ....................................... 40 4.4 Rural Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation ................................... 41 4.5 African Development Bank Policy and Guidelines on Involuntary Resettlement

................................................................................................................................... 41

4.6 World Bank Policy and Regulations on Involuntary Resettlement .................. 42 4.7 Gaps between Ethiopian Legislation, AfDB and WB Policies .......................... 42 4.8 Gender issues and AfDB Gender Policies .......................................................... 49 5 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................... 51

5.1 Ethiopian Electric Power ........................................................................................ 51 5.2 Environmental and Social Management Unit of EEP ........................................ 51 5.3 Ethio-Kenya Joint Project Coordination Unit (JPCU) ........................................ 51 5.4 Project Implementation Unit (PIU)........................................................................ 52 5.5 Resettlement / Implementation Committee ........................................................ 52 5.6 Property Valuation Committee .............................................................................. 53 5.7 Grievance Redress Committee. ........................................................................... 54 5.8 PAPs Representatives ........................................................................................... 55 6 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, PUBLIC CONSULTATION, INFORMATION

DISCLOSURE and DISSEMINATION ........................................................... 56

6.1 Stakeholder analysis .............................................................................................. 56 6.2 Converter Station .................................................................................................... 57 6.3 Ground Electrode .................................................................................................... 61 7 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ........................................................ 64

8 VALUATION and COMPENSATION OF LOSSES ...................................... 67

8.1 Compensation Procedures and Approach .......................................................... 67 8.2 Income Restoration ................................................................................................ 67 8.3 Methodology in Valuing Losses ............................................................................ 69 8.4 Basis for Valuation .................................................................................................. 70 8.5 Valuation for Loss of Houses and Fences .......................................................... 70 8.6 Valuation for Permanent Loss of Agricultural Land / Crop Loss ..................... 71 8.7 Valuation for Temporary Dispossession of Agricultural Land .......................... 73 8.8 Valuation Compensation for Burial Grounds and Tombstones. ...................... 73 8.9 Valuation for Grazing Land ................................................................................... 73 9 ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS ......................... 75

9.1 Entitlement Matrix ................................................................................................... 76


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9.2 Delivery of Entitlements ......................................................................................... 82 10 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE .................................................................. 83

11 BUDGET ......................................................................................................... 84

11.1 Compensation payment ......................................................................................... 84 11.2 Rehabilitation Support ............................................................................................ 84 11.3 Project Management & Running costs ................................................................ 85 12 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting ....................................................... 86

12.1 General ..................................................................................................................... 86 12.2 Internal Monitoring .................................................................................................. 86 12.3 External Monitoring................................................................................................. 86 12.4 Monitoring Plan ....................................................................................................... 87


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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1-1 LIST OF HOUSEHOLDS TO BE DISPLACED – CONVERTER STATION ........ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. TABLE 2.1-2 CONVERTER STATION - LIST OF HOUSEHOLDS AFFECTED BY LOSS OF FARM LAND ................................ 21 TABLE 2.1-3 ESTIMATION OF AFFECTED GRAVEYARD ............................................................................................. 23 TABLE 2.2-1 LIST OF HOUSEHOLDS TO BE DISPLACED – GROUND ELECTRODE ........................................................ 25 TABLE 2.2-2 GROUND ELECTRODE – ESTIMATED LOSS OF FARM LAND .................................................................... 25 TABLE 3.1-1 POPULATION OF THE SODDO ZURIYA AND HUMBO WOREDAS .............................................................. 28 TABLE 3.1-2 POPULATION OF THE WAJAKERO AND ELA KEBELES............................................................................ 28 TABLE 3.1-3 ETHNIC GROUPS IN WAJAKERO AND ELA KEBELES .............................................................................. 28 TABLE 3.1-4 CS POPULATION ............................................................................................................................... 29 TABLE 3.1-5 CS ETHNICITY BY GENDER ................................................................................................................ 29 TABLE 3.1-6 CS EDUCATIONAL LEVELS BY GENDER OF THE POPULATION ............................................................... 29 TABLE 3.1-7 CS OCCUPATION OF POPULATION BY GENDER ................................................................................... 29 TABLE 3.1-8 CS TYPES OF LANDHOLDINGS AND WITH LAND CERTIFICATES ............................................................ 30 TABLE 3.1-9 CS AFFECTED TREES AND CROPS ..................................................................................................... 31 TABLE 3.1-10 CS ESTIMATED INCOME FROM AFFECTED DRY SEASON CROPS ........................................................ 31 TABLE 3.1-11 CS ESTIMATED INCOME FORM AFFECTED WET SEASON CROPS ....................................................... 31 TABLE 3.1-12 CS ESTIMATED INCOME FROM AFFECTED TREES .............................................................................. 32 TABLE 3.2-1 GE POPULATION BY AGE AND GENDER .............................................................................................. 33 TABLE 3.2-2 GE ETHNICITY BY GENDER ................................................................................................................ 34 TABLE 3.2-3 GE EDUCATIONAL LEVELS BY GENDER OF THE POPULATION ............................................................... 34 TABLE 3.2-4 GE OCCUPATION OF POPULATION BY GENDER ................................................................................... 34 TABLE 3.2-5 GE TYPES OF LANDHOLDINGS AND WITH LAND CERTIFICATES ............................................................ 34 TABLE 3.2-6 GE NON-IRRIGATED AFFECTED CROPS .............................................................................................. 35 TABLE 3.2-7 GE AFFECTED IRRIGATED CROPS ..................................................................................................... 36 TABLE 3.2-8 GE AFFECTED TREES ....................................................................................................................... 36 TABLE 3.2-9 GE AFFECTED DRY SEASON CROP INCOME ....................................................................................... 36 TABLE 3.2-10 GE AFFECTED WET SEASON CROP INCOME ..................................................................................... 36 TABLE 3.2-11 GE ESTIMATED INCOME FROM TREES .............................................................................................. 37 TABLE 3.2-12 GE ESTIMATED INCOME FROM LIVESTOCK........................................................................................ 37 TABLE 4.7-1 COMPARISON OF ETHIOPIAN LEGISLATION AND WORLD BANK’S OPERATIONAL POLICY ......................... 44 TABLE 5.5-1 MEMBERS OF THE RESETTLEMENT COMMITTEE BY INSTITUTION .......................................................... 53 TABLE 5.5-2 MEMBERS OF RESETTLEMENT COMMITTEES BY WOREDA - 2015 ......................................................... 53 TABLE 5.6-1 LIST OF VALUATION COMMITTEES MEMBERS BY INSTITUTION .............................................................. 54 TABLE 5.6-2 MEMBERS OF VALUATION COMMITTEES BY WOREDA – 2015 ............................................................... 54 TABLE 5.7-1 MEMBERS OF GRIEVANCE REDRESS COMMITTEES BY WOREDA - 2015 ............................................... 55 TABLE 6.4-1 PROJECT AREA AFFECTED PEOPLE .................................................................................................... 56 TABLE 2.5-1 CONSULTATION METHOD AND SCHEDULE ........................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. TABLE 6.5-1 CONVERTER STATION - SUMMARY OF QUERIES/OBSERVATION AND THE RESPONSE GIVEN TO THE

STAKEHOLDERS ............................................................................................................................................ 60 TABLE 6.6-1 GROUND ELECTRODE -SUMMARY OF QUERIES/OBSERVATION AND THE RESPONSE GIVEN TO THE

STAKEHOLDERS ............................................................................................................................................ 63 TABLE 6.6-1 PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS (PAPS) GRIEVANCE RESOLUTION CHANNEL ......................................... 65 TABLE 8.3-1 REPLACEMENT COST ........................................................................................................................ 70 TABLE 8.6-1 FORMULA FOR CALCULATING COMPENSATION FOR CROPS, UNRIPE AND RIPE PERENNIAL CROPS ........... 71 TABLE 8.6-2 CATEGORY AND TYPES OF LOSSES FROM AGRICULTURAL LAND .......................................................... 72 TABLE 9.1-1 ENTITLEMENT MATRIX – ETHIOPIAN MINISTRY OF FINANCE ................................................................. 77 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1.1-1 ETHIOPIA - HVDCL LINE, CONVERTER STATION AND GROUND ELECTRODE ....................................... 16 FIGURE 1.2-1 CONVERTER STATION PROJECT AREA. .............................................................................................. 17 FIGURE 1.4-1 MVTL PROJECT MAP (ANNEX 3) ....................................................................................................... 19


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FIGURE 2.1-1 CONVERTER STATION - PROJECT MAP – HH TO BE DISPLACED – (ANNEX 1) ..................................... 20 FIGURE 2.1-2 FEED PROCESSING PLAN VIEW EXTRACTED FROM ANNEX 10 ............................................................. 22 FIGURE 2.2-1 GROUND ELECTRODE - PROJECT MAP – AFFECTED HH– ANNEX 2 .................................................... 24 FIGURE 3.1-1 CS ESTIMATED RESIDENTIAL AFFECTED AREA ................................................................................. 30 FIGURE 3.1-2 CS ESTIMATED FARMLAND AFFECTED AREA .................................................................................... 30 FIGURE 3.1-3 CS ESTIMATED ANNUAL INCOME OF 21 AFFECTED HOUSEHOLD ....................................................... 33 FIGURE 3.2-1 GE ESTIMATED AFFECTED RESIDENTIAL AREA ................................................................................. 35 FIGURE 3.2-2 GE ESTIMATED AFFECTED FARMLAND AREA .................................................................................... 35 FIGURE 3.2-3 GE ESTIMATED ANNUAL INCOME OF AFFECTED 21 HOUSEHOLDS ..................................................... 38


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LIST OF ANNEXES

ANNEX 1 Converter Station – Project Map

ANNEX 2 Ground Electrode – Project Map

ANNEX 3MVTL – Project Map

ANNEX 4 List of Households to Be Displaced

ANNEX 5 Converter Station – Assets Evaluation

ANNEX 6 Public Consultations Records

ANNEX 7 Rap Implementation Schedule

ANNEX 8 Cut-Off Date Letters

ANNEX 9 Socio economic Questionnaire

ANNEX 10 Livestock Feed Processing Plant


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ABBREVATION AND ACRONYMS AC Alternate Current AfDB African Development Bank CBO Community Based Organization CIS Corrugated Iron Sheet CSA Central Statistical Authority CS Converter Station EEP Ethiopian Electric Power EHS Environmental Health Standard EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Authority ERA Ethiopian Road Authority ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESAP Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures ESMU Environment and Social Management Unit FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FHH Female Headed Households GE Ground Electrode GDP Gross Domestic Product GPS Global Positioning System HH Household Head HIV/AIDS Human Immuno Virus / Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome HVAC High Voltage Alternate Current HDVC High Voltage Direct Current IFC International Finance Corporation ILCA International Livestock Center Africa JPCU Joint Project Coordination Unit JSC Joint Steering Committee KETRACO Kenya Electricity Transmission Company kV kilo Volt LS Lump Sum Km Kilometer M meter MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development MVTL Medium Voltage Transmission Line NGO Non Governmental Organization OH Over Head PAP Project Affected Persons


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PIC Public Information Center PIU Project Implementation Unit RAP Resettlement Action Plan ROW Right of Way SNNPRS South Nations, Nationalities and People’s Regional State STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases TV Television WB World Bank USD United States Dollar


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Executive Summary

A. General

The Ethio-kenya interconnection project is planned to provide reliable power supply to Kenya from Ethiopia’s National Grid System. The transmission line to be constructed is a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) having ±500 kV double pole line which starts from Sodo substation in Southern Ethiopia, some 382 km from Addis Ababa. The total length of the project is 1066 km and of which 433 km is located inside Ethiopia. The project includes the construction of a Converter Station (CS) in Welayta Sodo Woreda, a Ground Electrode (GE) in Humbo Woreda along with 6km of Medium Voltage Transmission Line (MVTL) 30 kV to connect the GE with the HVDC line. An ESIA and RAP for the main line were conducted in 2009 by Fichtner and revised by Tropics in 2012. At the time of that review the project did not include the RAP and ESIA study for the Converter Station and the Ground Electrode. Therefore, the objective of this assignment is to produce a land acquisition plan for the above mentioned components. The main objective of preparing this land acquisit ion plan is to ensure that people living in the project area are not impoverished due the implementation of the project. The implementation of the project has to be carried out without making much negative impacts on the livelihood of the population and the environment. Appropriate mitigation and compensation measures have to be taken to ensure that the impacts from the construction of the transmission line are minimal. The RAP establishes the basis for the design of relocation and resettlement of the project affected persons. It is prepared to avoid the impoverishment of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) due to devel-opment projects; it is gender sensitive, takes care of vulnerable groups, puts emphasis on com-munity participation, and considers providing support to host communities.

A Socio economic survey has been conducted in the Converter Station and Ground Electrode areas in order to map the affected households and define their socio economic profile. Aim of the study is to determine the magnitude of the impacts on PAPs livelihood and set guidelines for the compensation and alternative source of livelihood procedure so as to avoid risk of impover-ishment of PAPs.

B. Description of the project

The transmission line inside Ethiopia traverses through nine Woredas (or districts) located in two Regional states, namely Southern Nations, Nationalities’ and People’s Regional State (SNNPRS) and Oromia. The ESIA has studied four alternative routes for the construction of the transmission line. Among the four alternative routes, the one known as A/C has been identified as the preferred option from environmental, social and technical point of view (Figure 1.1-1).The line enters into the Kenyan territory at acoordinatepointof421519(E) and 397867 (N). In Ethiopia, the transmission line could be divided into two main parts. The first section, which is located from km 00 to km 204, crosses a number of rural villages having highly cultivated farmlands and densely populated areas. The second section, which starts from km 204 to km 433 up to the Kenyan border, has less cultivated fields and low population density.


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The line require 65 angle towers and 995 suspension towers. The Right of Way (ROW) is 50 m wide in not habited areas and 65 m wide adjacent to settlements. The project includes ancillary services for camp constructions, permanent and temporary access roads. Moreover a Converter Station and a Ground Electrode are planned to be built in the first section of the line in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region. The new 400 kV Converter Station switchyard is located in Wajakero Kebele, Wolayta Soddo Woreda, about 315 km of road distance from Addis Ababa and approximately 20 km north of the Northern end of Lake Abaya(WGS84 UTM 37N. X= 369,278 ; Y= 744,320). The proposed ground electrode site (SDn400) is located in Ela Kebele, Humbo Woreda, it is close to station 404 and located about 22km from the Converter Station. The area is flat, domi-nated by thorny bushes and acacias, indicating shallow water table heading towards Lake Abaya. The soil is of volcanic origin and the near surface soil appears dry and drained. The elevation is 1,555m above sea level and the coordinates are WGS84 UTM 37N X= 358,846, Y= 763,762 (ANNEX 2 Ground Electrode – Project Map). C. Summarized Project Impacts The project will require permanent land acquisition causing the displacement of 21hh (141 peo-ple) in the Converter Station area and 6 hh (45 people) in the Ground Electrode area. The table below presents the number of PAPs and type of impact per project components. Furthermore, the project will cause loss of structures, crops, tress and graveyards and the . Con-verter Station also will affect the communal grazing land. The socio-economic survey has also identified 28 vulnerable households which constitute elderly , women heads of households and people with disability.

Project Compo-nents

Total n. of af-fected HH

Total n. of PAPS

Total N. of HH who will lose residential land

Total N. of PAPs who will lose residential land

Total N. of HH who will lose farm land

Total N. of PAPs who will lose farmland

Total N. of HH who will lose trees and crops

Total N. of PAPs who will lose trees and crops

Kind of Impact

PERAMANENT PERAMANENT PERAMANENT PERAMANENT

Con-verter Station

52 345 21 141 53 345 53 345

Ground Elec-trode

12 86 6 45 12 86 12 86

D. Legal Framework

The section on policy and legal framework discusses those policies and legal issues that are pertinent in the preparation and implementation of RAP. Since loss of land is one of the major impacts observed in the construction of the Converter Station and Ground Electrode, FDRE pol-icy on land ownership and expropriation and compensation is discussed in detail. As per the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, land is a public property and that no individual person has the legal right to ownership. Since there is no private ownership of land in Ethiopia, and hence, rural or urban land could not be sold or mortgaged or transferred; citizens


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have only usufruct right only over land. A usufruct right gives the user of the land the right to use and the right to benefit from the fruits of her/his labour which may be crops, trees, etc. found on the land or any permanent works such as buildings etc.

In the expropriation of land for public use, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) has issued two proclamations. Proclamation No. 455/2005, which deals with the expropriation of land holdings for public purposes and payment of compensation and the Council of Ministers Regulation No.135/2007, which details the basis regarding payment of compensation for property situated on land holdings expropriated for public purposes.

E. Institutional Framework

The preparation of RAP for Interconnection project and its implementation, the Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP) is responsible and has the legal mandate. EEP has extensive experience in the preparation and implementation of a number of RAPs that have been implemented under its power projects. In EEP, the Environmental and Social Man-agement Unit is responsible for the monitoring and evaluation of Environmental and Social Im-pact Assessment (ESIA) and RAP documents prepared for power projects and its implementa-tion. Within the Ethio – Kenya Interconnection project the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) is the main responsible body for the coordination, facilitation and implementation of this RAP. PIU is also responsible to monitor the restoration of services/utilities affected by the construction works. Resettlement, property valuation and grievance redress committees has been formed at the worda level and working with the PIU. It is the responsibility of the PIU to provide all necessary technical support to the committees and facilitate budget and resource allocation required by each Woreda level committee. E Public Consultation The Public Consultations for the Converter Station Construction project took place on May 17, 2015 in the project area which is located in Wajakero Kebele. The meeting was facilitated by two Woreda Compensation Committees Members Mr Mulugeta Futato and Mr Ephrem Yakos, the head of Wajakero Kebele Mr Daniel Dawana, EEP Representative and EEP’s Consultant. The discussion was moderated by Mr Areka Abate, PAPs representative (ANNEX 6 Public Consul-tations Records) The Public Consultations for the Ground Electrode Construction project took place on May 16, 2015 at the Woreda office and on May 17 in the project area which is located in Ela Kebele. The meeting was facilitated by Woreda Compensation Committees Member, EEP Representative and EEP’s Consultant (ANNEX 6 Public Consultations Records). During the public consultation the participants have agreed to cooperate and to take actions that will contribute to the speedy implementation of the project construction works and implementation of this RAP. Similarly, woreda authorities have also agreed and committed to facilitate the imple-mentation of the RAP. A cut-off date has been established and agreed during the public consultation with PAPs, com-munities, Woreda authorities and resettlement committees. June 23, 2013 is the cutoff date for the converter station and May 24,2015 is for the Ground Electrode, which is established fol-lowing the final inventory of assets and properties located within the Right of Way. The established cut-off date is expected to prevent encroachment into the ROW and thereby posing a risk to the project implementation

F Grievance Redress Mechanism


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In case dispute arises between the RAP Committees and PAPs the preferred option to settle the dispute will be through amicable means using traditional and cultural methods as well. This will save time and resources as opposed to taking the matter to court. To ensure that the PAP have avenues for redressing grievances related to land acquisition and resettlement, procedures for the redress of grievances has been established for the project. The objective of establishing the grievance redress committees is to respond to the complaints of the PAP promptly and in a transparent manner. The mechanism is designed to be easily accessible, transparent and fair; and that grievances and appeals are to be addressed through arbitrational procedures. Arbitral tribunals will settle disputes arising in the respective kebeles. The arbitral tribunals will be established from the outset instead of leaving the appointment of the arbitrators to the dispu-tants. This is the preferable option since it might take a lot of time to appoint arbitrators if left to the disputing parties. If any of the parties disagree, the aggrieved party has the right to appeal to the ordinary courts. G Budget Requirement for Land acquisition An itemized budget is required for the implementation of this RAP including compensation pay-ment for PAPs. An indicative cost and budget is prepared for compensation payment of affected properties and also budget for the implementation of the RAP including an estimated 10% con-tingency. The RAP budget specifies the mechanisms for transferring and channeling funds to responsible organizations and agencies, for disbursement to PAPs. Hence, the total estimated cost and budget will be a total of Birr 19,179,560.15. EEP will be responsible to disburse, administer and oversee the overall budget. At Woreda level, the Woreda resettlement/implementation committee in collaboration with the PIU will be respon-sible for compensation payment and relocation activities. The details of the budget preparation and justifications are summarized below for each category; namely, compensation payment for affected properties and assets, rehabilitation support for PAPs, and project running and man-agement cost.

A. Compensation Costs Estimated Cost ETB Compensation Costs for Houses 1,119,846.10

Compensation Costs for Crops 11,821,477.74

Compensation Costs for Trees 2,198,139.93

Sub Total 15,139,463.78

B. Rehabilitation Measures 0.00 Vulnerable Households Assistance 140,000.00

Livelihood and Income Restoration 640,000.00

Removal of Graveyards and Reburial Process 60,000.00

Relocation and Rehabilitation Assistance 202,500.00

Legal and Administrative Costs 250,000.00

Sub Total 1,292,500.00

C. Project Management and Other Costs 0.00 Cost for Resettlement and Compensation Commit-tees 504,000.00

Monitoring and Evaluation Cost 500,000.00


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Sub total 1,004,000.00

Total (A+B+C) 17,435,963.78

Contingency 10% 1,743,596.38

Grand Total 19,179,560.15


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H. Monitoring and evaluation In order to successfully complete the resettlement action plan as per the implementation schedule and the entitlement matrix and in compliance with the World Bank policy on invol-untary resettlement, monitoring and evaluation of the RAP implementation is mandatory. A Monitoring and Evaluation Program that includes internal and external monitoring that has to be regarded as a continuously evolving process has been proposed as part of this RAP. The Project Implementation Unit shall play key roles in reporting the progress of implemen-tation as well as monitoring compliance with this RAP. A lump sum cost estimate of Birr 500,000.00 has been budgeted for such purpose. Disclosure This RAP shall be disclosed in-country to the general public for review and comment be-fore it is approved by the Bank at designated locations and in World Bank Info Shop.


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Introduction The Ethio-kenya interconnection project is planned to provide reliable power supply to Kenya by taking it from Ethiopia’s National Grid System. The transmission line to be constructed is a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) having ±500 kV double pole line which starts from Sodo substation in Southern Ethiopia, some 382 km from Addis Ababa. The total length of the project is 1066 km and of which 433 km is located inside Ethiopia. The project includes the construction of a Converter Station (CS) in Welayta Sodo Woreda, a Ground Electrode(GE) in Humbo Woreda along with 6km of Medium Voltage Transmission Line (MVTL) 30 kV to connect the GE with the HVDC line. An ESIA and RAP for the main line were conducted in 2009 by Fichtner and revised by Tropics in 2102. At the time of that review the project did not include the RAP and ESIA study for the Converter Station and the Ground Electrode. The two new components require permanent land acquisition affecting 64 households (431 PAPs), among whom 27(186 PAPs) will lose residential land. A land acquisition plan is needed in order to provide displacement and compensation assistance as per WB and AfDB standards. Objective of this assignment is to define a land acquisition plan for the above mentioned components. A Socio economic survey has been conducted in the Converter Station and Ground Electrode areas in order to map the affected households and define their socio economic profile. Aim of the study is to determine the magnitude of the impacts on PAPs livelihood and set guidelines for the compensa-tion and alternative source of livelihood procedure so as to avoid risk of impoverishment of PAPs. The survey took place during the month of May 2015 after a round of public consultation with local communities and Woreda Committees. Socioeconomic questionnaire has been prepared and tested in the project area and submitted to 100% of affected households. The questionnaire has been struc-tured in order to get information on: household profile, land holdings, economic profile of the house-hold, and perception about the proposed project. The study has been conducted following AfDB and WB procedures.


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1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT, PROJECT AREA AND AREA OF IN-FLUENCE

1.1 General Description ofthe Ethiopia-Kenya Interconnection Project The transmission line inside Ethiopia traverses through nine Woredas (or districts) located in two Regional states, namely Southern Nations, Nationalities’ and People’s Regional State (SNNPRS) and Oromia. The ESIA has studied four alternative routes for the construction of the transmission line. Among the four alternative routes, the one known as A/C has been identified as the preferred option from environmental, so-cial and technical point of view (Figure 1.1-1).The line enters into the Kenyan territory at a coordinate point of421519(E) and 397867 (N). In Ethiopia, the transmission line could be divided into two main parts. The first section, which is located from km 00 to km 204, crosses a num-ber of rural villages having highly cultivated farmlands and densely pop-ulated areas. The second section, which starts from km 204 to km 433 up to the Kenyan border, has less cultivated fields and low population density. The line require 65 angle towers and 995 suspension towers. The Right of Way (ROW)is 50 m wide in not habited areas and 65 m wide adjacent to settlements. The project includes ancillary services for camp constructions, permanent and temporary access roads. Moreover a Converter Station and a Ground Electrode are planned to be built in the first section of the line in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region.

Figure 1.1-1 Ethiopia - HVDCL line, Converter Station and Ground Electrode


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1.2 Converter Station The new 400 kV Converter Station switchyard is located in Wajakero Kebele, WolaytaSoddo Woreda, about 315 km of road distance from Addis Ababa and approximately 20 km north of the Northern end of Lake Abaya(WGS84 UTM 37N. X= 369,278 ; Y= 744,320) It is directly opposite to the WolaytaSoddo 400/132/15 kV substation for the Gilgel Gibe III HP project (ANNEX 1 Converter Station – Project Map); it will be linked by four short OHL connections to the existing substation from which it will take the 2000 MW capacity to be delivered in Kenya through the HVDC line. The necessary area for the Converter Station construction will be in the range of 800 m x 600 m and it is close to Wajakero Kebele. The site selection is due to the presence of the existing Substa-tion. The project area is flat and dominated mainly by communal grazing land and partially by farm land, trees, scrubs, and 52 houses. The project will trigger displacement of 141 people (21 hh) and loss of farmland and trees for 345 people (52 hh). The communal grazing land is used by three surrounding Kebeles (Wajakero, Damo Tuwaja and Wareza Lasho). Around 200 households (1000 PAPs) have been counted to use this area for grazing purposes. The contractor will use the existing access road, if any enlargement or new access road will be necessary, the study shall be treated under the guidelines of this RAP and in compliance with national and international standards.

Figure 1.2-1 Converter Station project area.

1.3 Ground Electrode The proposed ground electrode site (SDn400) is located in Ela Kebele, Humbo Woreda, it is close to station 404 and located about 22km from the Converter Station. The area is flat, dominated by thorny bushes and acacias, indicating shallow water table heading towards Lake Abaya. The soil is of volcanic origin and the near surface soil appears dry and drained. The elevation is 1,555m above sea level and the coordinates are WGS84 UTM 37N X= 358,846, Y= 763,762 (ANNEX 2 Ground Electrode – Project Map). The project area is surrounded by three unpaved roads, the land is scarcely habited, though in the proximity the area is habited and used for farming purposes. This site in fact, in spite of being occupied by 86 people (12 households), among whom there are 6 hh (45 people) who reside and cultivate land and 6 hh (41 people) are only cultivate land, project affected persons participated during consultation have supported the construction of the electrode, as it is reasonably far from Soddo (12 km) and from the HVDC transmission line (6 km), and presents low-resistivities for the shallow, near-surface and deep ground layers. The ground electrode will be designed by the Contractor respecting the following limits:

step voltage - 8V;


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200V for touch potential on wooden fences; 35V for touch potential on long insulated structures, electrical fences or non-buried metallic

ducts; 10V for transformers saturation; and 4V for buried metallic pipelines corrosion (with length > 20 km).

The proposed preliminary geometry for this electrode is a vertical single ring design with a 672m diameter ring, with 64m wells (0,35m diameter). Each sub-electrode will have a 33m long active part, starting 31m deep, composed of an array of SiCrFe anodes inside a carbon coke backfill. The ring of ground electrode will be fenced at it will be consider the project area boundaries. Ac-cording to this, the land to be acquired and fenced will have a radius of 336 m and an area of 35.5 ha. All houses and structures inside this area shall be relocated and any activities inside the area will be forbidden.

1.4 Medium Voltage Transmission Line The Medium Voltage Line is made by two bundles, each one with two Pheasant conductors, erected on special towers of ±500kV on the first 10 km from the converting station. The remaining section of about 6 km length, up to the ground electrode station, will run on 30 kV MVDC line with self-supporting steel towers. The alignment here presented is tentative and free of houses, though land acquisition for tower location will be necessary (Figure 1.4-1). The final line route shall be selected by the contractor by taking into consideration the prevailing site condition and avoiding the resettlement of any house as per the criteria set in ESIA Towers location can be defined only at the moment of line confirma-tion by the contractor. The technical characteristics of the line allow avoiding resettlement and minimizing land acquisi-tion. Notably, the MVTL has a row of 15 m, therefore it can be designed in order to avoid settle-ments and any displacement. Land taking is limited to the area of tower erection which is 4 m² for each tower and 6.25 m² for angle towers. Towers can be located in non-invasive areas as far as possible, such as next to the roads, in free land or in between two fields so as to minimize the impacts. According to Environmental and social standards the following principle shall be applied to the MVTL implementation:

1 The ROW shall be free of settlements 2 Final alignment and tower location shall be define by the contractor 3 Land acquisition for the tower erection shall be compensated by EEP as per Ethiopian and

World Bank Standards prior the commencement of the works 4 The accidental loss of trees and crops due to line stringing shall be compensated (compen-

sation at the time of erection and in case of damage)


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Figure 1.4-1 MVTL project map (Annex 3)

2 POTENTIAL IMPACTS

2.1 Converter Station 2.1.1 Loss of residential Land - Displacement The construction of the Converter Station will affect twenty one households (141 PAPs) (ANNEX 4 List of Households to Be Displaced). Out of these 21 hh, 15 (101 PAPs) have extra land near to the project area and are willing to move their house in the remaining plot. Some of the affected houses (5HHs) that do not have sufficient land for construction of new houses will be provided land for construction of houses within their existing villages without losing their socio-economic ties and family network. Currently, the Woreda Administration in consultation with the PAPs is working to find alternative relocation sites for these households prior the payment for compensation. The Compensation Committee estimated the compensation cost for each affected assets including houses and structures based on current market price at replacement cost. The total estimated amount for the loss of 21 houses is 769,846.1 ETB (details on the type of structures are included in ANNEX 5 Converter Station – Assets Evaluation).


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Figure 2.1-1 Converter Station - Project Map – HH to be displaced – (Annex 1)

shows the impacts on estimated landholding of people to be displaced, relevant data come from the survey with PAPs, picture of PAPS and structures are include inANNEX 4.

Figure 2.1-1 Converter Station - Project Map – HH to be displaced – (Annex 1)

2.1.2 Permanent Loss of Agricultural and Grazing Land The area identified for the construction of the substation is partially used for agricultural purpose by 45 households and partially it is used as a community grazing land by three surrounding Kebeles (Wajakero, Damo Tuwaja and Wareza Lasho). Around 200 households use this area for grazing purposes. Table 2.1-1shows the impact on estimated farmland of the 45 households who cultivate within the project boundaries. Relevant socioeconomic profile is included in chapter 3.


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Table 2.1-1 Converter Station - List of households affected by loss of farm land

N Name N. of

Family members

Total household landholding

HH to be displaced

Residential land inside the project

area

Farmland in-side the project

area

Extra land out-side the pro-

ject area

Permanent loss No loss Ha Ha Ha 1 FASCALA ALTAYE 5 0.05 0.7 0 X 2 DADEBO DANA 10 0.25 0.75 0.125 X 3 MERIKIN TOSHETA 8 1 2 1 X 4 LASSARO KASSA 3 0.3 1 0.125 X 5 GELONE GATA 9 0.03 1.02 - X 6 UTALO URKA 6 0.5 1 0.125 X 7 LEBANA DANA 6 0.5 1 0.25 X 8 LORISO DANA 6 0.5 1 0.25 X 9 KASSECH JOMOLE 4 0.2 0.5 0.5 X 10 DAKITU ZAZA 6 1 1 0.25 X 11 MENGIURA WOTANGO 9 0.05 1 0 X 12 MATERE BORKO 2 0.25 0.5 0.25 X 13 ABERA ABATE 7 0.5 1 0.5 X 14 REKA ABATE 4 0.25 0.75 0.5 X 15 CHEKOL GANEMO 5 0.25 0.75 - X 16 MALME MORKA 4 1 1 0.5 X 17 CHUCHU CHEKOL 4 0.1 0.4 0 X 18 SALATO SAGAGO 13 0.1 0.4 -0 X 19 ODYIO OLOLO 12 0.5 1 0.5 X 20 MUNTASSE ASSUNG 10 0.5 1 0.5 X 21 MUNTASSE ARGENA 8 0.5 1 0.25 X 22 AWEL ABATE 9 - 0.5 0.5 - 23 AYELECH CHAMA 5 - 0.75 0.25 - 24 ASAVE ADEMA 7 - 1 0.5 - 25 BOLOSHE BARATA 6 - 0.55 - - 26 CHUTA CHAMO 13 - 0.5 0.5 - 27 DOBOCH CHAMO 7 - 0.5 0.5 - 28 ENARIYAS MUTASE 1 - 1 0.5 - 29 ERASMO ABATE 7 - 1 0.5 - 30 FELEEKCH FONZA 2 - 0.5 - - 31 GETU ABERA 1 - 0.5 0.5 - 32 GOSALO YOTA 13 - 0.5 0.5 - 33 HALISA HALYE 9 - 2.1 0- - 34 KACHIKA HONTA 8 - 1 -0 - 35 MARTA BADE 4 - 0.5 -0 - 36 MEYA ERGABO 11 - 0.5 0.5 - 37 MLR NLMARIME KOLASSO 11 - 1 0.5 - 38 MOYES UKE 10 - 3 0.5 - 39 SALATO SAGAGO 9 - 1 0.3 - 40 TAMIRU MORKA 11 - 2.45 0.5 - 41 TANTU CHALEBO 11 - 0.7 0- - 42 TATES ADEMA 5 - 1 0.5 - 43 TEREFE MORKA 5 - 1 0.4 - 44 WODALO WATANGO 7 - 0.5 0- - 45 WOYSHA WOTANGO 5 - 0.5 -0 - Tot 307

Assets valuation has been conducted by Soddo Property Evaluation Committee. The total estimated compensation cost for loss of cereal crops from farmland will be B i r r 3,994,376 ETB (ANNEX 5)


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The 20 hectares of communal grazing w h i c h i s u s e d b y a r o u n d 2 0 0 h o u s e h o l d s w i l l b e a f f e c t e d a s a r e s u l t o f the construction of a substation in Wolyta Sodo area. The communal grazing land is a public land which is used as grazing by residents of three kebeles. In order to compensate the loss for communal grazing land, livelihood restoration plan has been developed by Sodo Development Committee. According to this plan PAPs will be organized in as-sociation and will have a livestock feed production plant. Figure 2.1-2 Feed processing plan view from Annex 10). This helps PAPs to change their livelihood style from extensive to intensive livestock production. The proposed plant will have a feed grinding mill and mixer with a production capacity of 3,000 tons per year and it will require a total area of 2ha. The total estimated cost to implement the plan is 2,316,454 ETB. The proposed project is identified in consultation with PAPs and the community. Copy of the proposal with detail information which has been submitted to EEP is included in ANNEX 10 Livestock Feed Processing Plant.

Figure 2.1-2 Feed processing plan view extracted from Annex 10

2.1.3 Permanent Loss of Crops and Trees As stated above, the affected project land is partially used for grazing and partially for subsistence agricultural purposes by 45 Households (345 PAPS) who will lose crops (Maize, Teff, Beans, Potato) and trees (Eucalyptus, Enset, Banana, Avocado, Mango, Cordia Africana). Seven (7) households will lose only trees, mainly Eucalyptus. Most of the residential lands are naturally fenced with euca-lyptus trees. Trees found at the backyard of the residences are mostly fruit trees and Enset. Crops are essential for all affected households since this is the primary source of food for the house-hold, for their animals and as source of cash. Crops are planted twice in a year: dry season and wet season. The total estimated income from the loss of crops is 1,823,444 ( Table 3.1-10 and Table 3.1-11). The total estimated income from trees is 3,560,242 ETB, ( Table 3.1-12).


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2.1.4 Loss of graveyards According to Soddo Property Evaluation Committee 4 households will be affected with loss of graves. The cost for the compensation is 60,000 ETB and it includes the cost for their moving to the near Amanuel Church, reconstruction and ceremony. The table below shows the list of affected grave-yards.

Table 2.1-2 Estimation of Affected Graveyard

No. Name of deceased fam-ily close relative

Relation-ship

Name of deceased type of Graves

ETB Household Name

1 Manjura Wetango Welancho

Brother Welka Wetango 1990 7500 Muntas Ergena

2 Muntase Argena Dangore

Brother Yasin Ergena Dangore

1966 7500 Manjura Wetango

Sister Askale Ergena Dangore

1960 7500 Awel Abari

3 Gelan Gata Gatiso Wife Cousin

Sale Welancho Semago

1958 7500 Mentasena Manjura

4 Tafese Adema Amajo Grand Magejo Mana 1945 7500 Mentasena Manjura

uncle Meshesha Mana 1945 7500 Chekol Ganamo

uncle Meshesha Mana 1950 7500 Kachica Honja

Sister Tsedale Adema 1955 7500 Muntase Ergena

2.1.5 Impacts on female-headed households Female-headed households are considered as a vulnerable group and would require special atten-tion and sup-port. Most female-headed households are single parents, either widowed or separated from their husbands. Relocation will be more tough and difficult for them, such as rebuilding a new house, developing a new agricultural land requires a lot of hard physical work. Among the 52 house-holds affected by the Converter Station project, 8 households are female headed.

2.1.6 Impacts during construction Potential temporary inconveniences as result of the construction activities are to be considered. This could be in the form of accumulation of wastes (both construction and domestic waste in the con-struction areas, associated odor, air emissions, especially dust as a result of excavation). These impacts are of temporary nature and will be of very limited level of severity, particularly since the construction activities will be in not populated areas. The construction activities will be limited to the project area and to access road from the main road to the project boundaries. A camp site will be constructed inside the acquired land; therefore no additional land will be required for workers accommodation. Nevertheless the access road may re-quire enlargement or additional land acquisition, hence affected assets and land (if any) shall be evaluated by the Compensation Committee and compensated accordingly by EEP. The construction of the Converter Station will require influx of workers which may cause disturbance to local communities and rising in the number of sex workers in the area. Appropriate measure such as Community consultation and communication plan with surrounding kebeles shall be implemented in order to rise awareness regarding traffic time and rules previously agreed by the woreda and HIV prevention methods.


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2.1.7 Impact during operation The only impact during operational phase is related to noise emission. The audible noise emitted from the Converter Station may be high and exceed beyond the buffer zone limit and acceptable National and International Standards. Particularly referring to the Converter Station the Contractor (once defined the characteristics of the station) shall prepare a sound propagation simulation in order to understand if the house located in the vicinity of the Converter Station will be affected or not. In case the audible noise will exceed the (daytime and nighttime) IFC’s standards the Contractor shall apply proper mitigation measures (soundproofing of the Converter Station building, construction of noise barriers, etc), to reduce the audible noise in the houses close to the Converter Substation to the International threshold values.

2.2 Ground Electrode The electric field around the electrode can cause stray current influence on buried or immersed me-tallic structures. The main concern is the risk of increased corrosion but also other forms of interfer-ence have to be considered such as transformer saturation and disturbances in the telephone net-work. The electrical field in the vicinity of the electrode may also have an impact on humans and animals. The primary method to avoid interference is to provide sufficient distance between the location of the earth electrode and critical structures. It is only in the close vicinity of the electrode that the design of the electrode influences the magnitude of the electric field. For this reason ground electrode location has been selected far from metallic structures and tele-phone network. Moreover, it will be fenced so as to guarantee the safety distance for people and animals. The ground electrode will be designed as central pole from which a radius of 336 m, the ring will be fenced and nor settlement neither activities are allowed within. The ground electrode construction will require 35.2 ha of land which partially habited and partially use for subsistence agriculture.

2.2.1 Loss of residential Land - Displacement The proposed project will affect 6 households (45 PAPs) located within project boundaries (Figure 2.2-1). According to the socio economic survey, 6 households (45 people) shall be displaced (AN-NEX 4 List of Households to Be Displaced). The affected households will lose residential land, farmland, and structures within the land, crops and trees. The estimated compensation cost for the loss of houses is equivalent to the cost for reconstruction of the same houses based on current mar-ket price at replacement cost. The estimated total amount of compensation cost is 350,000 ETB.

Figure 2.2-1 Ground Electrode - Project Map – Affected HH– Annex 2


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Table 2.2-1 List of Households to be displaced – Ground Electrode

Question-naire code

Name N. of Family members

Total HH landholding Loss of Residential land inside the pro-

ject area

Loss of Farm land inside the project

area

Extra land out-side the project

area Permanent loss No loss

Ha Ha ha GA-1 AWRARIS TEFERA 8 0.06 2 - GA-4 ZENEBECH

SETANA 9 0.08 3 -

GA-6 EYASU DAN 9 0.1 2 - SO-1 TEFERA MEZGEBU 10 0.08 4 - SO-4 ESHETU MEN-

GISTU 5 0.05 1.5 -

SO-5 EYASU EYASU 4 0.05 1 - TOT 45

2.2.2 Permanent Loss of Agricultural Land The estimated loss of farmland in hectares is 19.7. The project area will requires permanent land acquisition which is used for farming and residence. A total of 12 Households (86 people) will be affected by this project activity among which 6 hh (45 people) have residential and farmland while the remaining 6 hh (41 people) have only farmland.

Table 2.2-2 Ground Electrode – Estimated loss of farm land


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N Name N. of Family

members

Total household landholding HH to be displaced Residential land in-

side the project area Farmland inside the project area

Extra land outside the project area

Permanent loss No loss Ha ha Ha

1 AWRARIS TEFERA 8 0.06 2 - X 2 ZENEBECH

SETANA 9 0.08 3 - X

3 EYASU DAN 9 0.1 2 - X 4 TEFERA MEZGEBU 10 0.08 2 - X 5 ESHETU MEN-

GISTU 5 0.05 1.5 - X

6 EYASU EYASU 4 0.05 1 - X 7 MARTHA SHAMO 10 - 1.5 - - 8 MISIRACH CHEMO 7 - 1.5 - - 9 TAMENECH

CHEMO 5 - 1.25 - -

10 TARICAU SHEMU 3 - 1.5 - - 11 NIGUSE MUNUNE 10 - 0.1 1.5 - 12 PWOLOS GIZAW 6 - 0.1 1 - Tot 86

2.2.3 Permanent Loss of Crops and Trees Crops are essential for all affected households since this is the primary source of food for the house-hold, for their animals and it is a source of cash. PAP’s will lose crops (maize, beans, potato, pepper and teff) and trees, mainly eucalyptus, avo-cado, enset, banana, cordia africana and mango. People in the project area produced crops twice in a year, dry season and wet season. .

2.2.4 Impacts on female-headed households Female-headed households are considered a vulnerable group and would require special attention and sup-port. Most female-headed households are single parents, either widowed or separated from their husbands. Relocation will be more tough and difficult for them, such as rebuilding a new house, developing a new agricultural land requires a lot of hard physical work. Among 12 households af-fected by the ground electrode construction project 2 are female headed.

2.2.5 Impact during construction The construction will be limited to the project boundaries and it will consist mainly in drilling works. These activities will not require any camp installation, workers and track will come from Converter Station Camp daily. Contractors will use the existing roads as much as possible, if enlargement of existing roads will be necessary and this will acquire land. The major impacts during construction will be due to heavy vehicle traffic along the access road which crosses rural settlements increasing dust noise and accident risk. Proper traffic management plan provided as per ESIA indication.

2.2.6 Impact during operation Operation will be exceptional. The ground Electrode will operate only in case one pole of HVDC will be out of order.

2.2.6.1 Effects on Metallic Structures Stray current corrosion occurs in spots where the DC current leaves the metallic construction. In principle all buried metallic structures can be exposed to stray current corrosion from HVDC elec-trodes. The extent of the structure, the longitudinal resistance, the quality of the coating system and the local top soil resistivity are the most important factors determining the magnitude of impact in each case. The structures most vulnerable to be attacked are pipelines having a good coating sys-tem.


30.05.2015 Page 27


For smaller items especially if poorly coated, the field strength is more important. Depending on the resistivity of the soil surrounding the structure different magnitudes of potential differences can be accepted.

2.2.6.2 Effects on Electrical Infrastructure If a DC potential difference exists between the transformer neutrals in two transformer stations, a DC current will pass in parallel of the transformer to the remote transformer neutral and thus have an effect on the transformer saturation. In general, banks of single-phase and 5 limbed transformers are seriously affected by DC currents in the transformer neutrals. Transformer with 3 limbs can tolerate much higher DC currents due to a low magnetic resistance. Voltage differences above 10 V will cause problems.

2.2.6.3 Effects on Humans and Animals The highest field strength and therefore the greatest risk for humans and animals is in the direct vicinity of the electrode. Current entering the body must not exceed 5 mA. The body resistance can be set to 1000 . Maximum acceptable step voltage is influenced by the soil resistivity (). Ustep = 5 + 0.03* (V). Assuming very low soil resistivity, the step voltage should not exceed 5V/m.


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3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE AFFECTED AREAS

3.1 Socio-Economic Conditions of affected Kebeles 3.1.1 Project Location and administrative boundaries The project location is in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Wolayta Zone. Converter Station is located in Soddo Woreda, Wajakero Kebele, while the ground Electrode is located in Humbo Woreda, Ela Kebele.

3.1.2 Demographic conditions and Ethnic groups Wajakero kebele has total number of 960 household, among whom 850 are headed by males while 110 households are administrated by females. The Ela kebele has a total number of 700 households that include 525 male heads and 175 female heads. According to the information of survey from the Converter Station and Ground Electrode, the people affected by the project are only Wolayta and Amhara communities.

Table 3.1-1 Population of the Soddo Zuriya and Humbo Woredas

Woreda Male Female Total Area (km2) Population den-sity

Soddo Zuriya 99,781 103,131 202,912 404.30 501.88

Humbo 79,150 78,522 157,672 859.20 168.2

Table 3.1-2 Population of the Wajakero and Ela Kebeles

Table 3.1-3 Ethnic groups in Wajakero and Ela Kebeles

Woreda Ethnic Group Language

Soddo Zuriya Wolaita Welayitigna

Soddo Zuriya Amhara Amharic

Humbo Wolaita Welayitigna

Humbo Amhara Amharic

Humbo Sidama Sidamigna

Humbo Oromo Oromifa

3.1.3 Converter Station - Socio economic Study of the affected PAPS A household socio-economic survey was conducted around the affected area in May 2015. Fifty-two households were included in the socio-economic survey. The results of the survey cover 52 households which include the 21 hh (141 people) to be displaced. Of these 52 households, 8 are female-headed and 44 are male-headed. The Tables below shows the profile of the population at the project affected area.

Woreda Kebele Male Female Total

Soddo Zuriya Wajakero 3,527 3,753 7,280

Humbo Ela Kebele 1924 1710 3,634


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Table 3.1-4 CS Population

Age Range No of PAPs Female

No of PAPs Male Forty-two percent (42%) of the population for both female and male in the project area are 15 years old children and below and 55 % of the pop-ulation for both female and male are still in their productive years which

is between 16-50 years old. Below 1 year old

1-5 22 16

6-10 30 13

11-15 19 27

16-20 35 26

21-25 11 24

26-30 26 12

31-35 16 11

36-40 6 9

41-45 3 7

46-50 6 3

51-55 3 1

56-60 3 10

61 and above 0 3

Table 3.1-5 CS Ethnicity by Gender

Ethnic Group Female Male The ethnic group in the project area is Wolayta. Wolayta 183 162

Table 3.1-6 CS Educational Levels by Gender of the Population

Education Level Female Male Thirty-eight percent (38%) of female and 23 % of males have no educa-tion; 52% for both female and male have attended primary education. As the level of education goes higher, few female pursue higher education

compared to the male.

No education 70 37

Primary 95 85

Secondary 12 22

Preparatory 5 14

College 0 3

Table 3.1-7 CS Occupation of Population by Gender

Occupation Female Male The main occupation contributing to the household income is farming. Majority are farmers. There is also a big number of students making al-most 40-45% of the population surveyed. Female roles are confined to

tasks related to house work such as housewife, trading (selling) and waiting. Unemployment can also be attributed to the lack of education of

the population where 23-38% is not educated.

Not Employed 42 15

Daily Laborer 0 2

Driver 0 1

Employee 0 1

Farmer 22 47

Guard 0 1

Housewife 29 0


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Social Worker 1 0

Student 82 95

Trader 5 0

Waiter 2 0

Table 3.1-8 CS Types of Landholdings and With Land Certificates

Landholdings Number of House-holds

With Cer-tificates

Of the 52 hh affected by the Converter Station construction, only 15 have landholding certificates. For the 21 households that will be relocated, 6

of them do not have a landholding certificate as evidence for legally own-ing the land, Wjakero Keble will issue a letter as evidence for compensa-tion eligibility for hh with no land holding certificate and entitled for com-

pensation. Household’s residential lands should be replaced also with land as

much as possible within the kebele where they are currently residing. Fifty percent (50%) of these households’ landholding certificates have

been issued 6-10 years ago.

Farmland inside the project af-fected area

40 15

Farmland outside the project affected area

12 0

Grazing land inside the project affected area

38 12

Grazing land outside the pro-ject affected area

1 0

Residential land inside the pro-ject affected area

21 15

Figure 3.1-1 CS Estimated Residential AffectedArea

Figure 3.1-2 CS Estimated Farmland Af-fected Area

Number of households

0 Below 5,000 5,001-10,000

Number of Households

Below 1.0

1.1-1.5

1.6-2.0

2.1-2.5

2.6-3.0


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Most of the affected residential land has an area less than 0.5 hectares and for farmlands, below 1.0 hectares.

Table 3.1-9CS AffectedTrees and Crops

Trees /Crops Estimated Num-ber of Trees

Number of House-holds

Large number of trees are enset and eucalyptus. Enset is a staple food for the household and also for the livestock. The eucalyptus is a fast growing tree which is used by the household in building the local houses and is also sold as

a source of cash for the household.

Albizia 2 2

Avocado 190 30

Banana 549 20

Cassava 38 3

Chat 57 2

Cipressus 13 2

Coffee 1483 19

Cordia Africana 343 20

Croton 4 1

Enset 16110 25

Eucalyptus 37603 50

Gesho 650 2

Gravilia 9 2

Juniper 207 6

Mango 155 23

Orange 4 1

Podocarpus 39 5

Table 3.1-10 CS Estimated Income from Affected Dry Season Crops

Dry Season Crop Total Estimated Income ETB Total estimated income from dry season crops affected by the project is Birr 602,100.

Bean 143500

Chat 20000

Grain Rain 13200

Green Pepper 13200

Pepper 4400

Potato 323800

Sweet Potato 70000

Teff 14000

Table 3.1-11 CS Estimated Income form Affected Wet Season Crops

Wet Season Crop Total Estimated Income ETB The estimated income from wet season crops that will be affected by the power Converter Station is Birr 1,221,344.

Banana 4284

Beans 148000


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Cabbage 1600

Chat 7000

Enset 4000

Grain rain 17600

Green Pepper 13200

Maize 324000

Pepper 4400

Potato 307800

Sugarcane 17700

Sweet Potato 77000

Teff 286160

Teti 8400

Vegetables 200

Table 3.1-12 CS Estimated Income from Affected Trees

Trees /Crops Estimated Income ETB The estimated income from trees is around Birr 3,157,118. These trees, except for banana, enset and chat, would take at least 5 years before they start bearing fruits or

could be sold for the wood.

Albizia 600

Avocado 50380

Banana 191760

Cassava 518

Chat 3700

Cipressus 0

Coffee 873360

Cordia Africana 70600

Croton 0

Enset 1503700

Eucalyptus 336000

Gesho 32500

Gravilia 0

Juniper 0

Mango 94000

Orange 0

Podocarpus 0


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Figure 3.1-3CS Estimated Annual Income of 21 Affected Household

Total estimated annual income of 21 affected households is presented in the pie-chart above: 5 households have an income range of 10,000-15,000 ETB, 6 households have an income range of 15,000-25,000 ETB, 5 households have an annual income of above Birr 30,000 ETB.

3.2 Ground Electrode - Socio economic Study of the affected PAPS A household socio-economic survey of the potentially affected households in the area where the ground electrode will be located were conducted on May 2015. Around 12 households were included in the household survey. Of these 12, six (6) will be relocated. These 6 households will lose their residential land and all structures inside the land including their houses; trees, crops and farmlands will likewise be lost. Below is a profile of the affected households.

Table 3.2-1 GE Population by Age and Gender

Age Female Male The age of the population in this area shows that 82% of the female popula-tion are below 30 years old and that 87% of the male population are also be-

low 30 years old.

Below 1 year old 2 2

1-5 6 8

6-10 4 13

11-15 5 6

16-20 9 5

21-25 6 3

26-30 4 3

31-35 2 1

36-40 2 1

41-45 2 1

46-50 1 1

51-55 2 1


1,001-5,000

5,001-10,000

10,001-15,000

15,001-25,000

25,001-30,000


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56-60 0 1

Above 60 1 1

Total 93

Table 3.2-2 GE Ethnicity by Gender

Ethnic Group Female Male The main ethnic group in Humbo is Wolayta. Wolayta 37 32

Amhara 5 12

Table 3.2-3 GE Educational Levels by Gender of the Population

Education Level Female Male Around 50% for both female and male have attended primary education and only 13% pursued higher education. No education 10 11

Primary 26 24

Secondary 3 6

Preparatory 3 2

College 0 1

Table 3.2-4 GE Occupation of Population by Gender

Occupation Female Male There are more dependents in this population because 67% of the females and 90% of the males are not employed and many are still attending school.

Not Employed 7 8

Government Employee 0 1

Student 20 28

Farmer 5 7

Housewife 7 0

Waiter 1 0

Worker 2 0

Table 3.2-5 GE Types of Landholdings and With Land Certificates

Landholdings Number of House-holds

With Certifi-cates

Only 4 of the 12 households have landholding certificates. Of these 12 households, 6 will need to be relocated because of the ground electrode construction. Their residential and farmlands that will be loss because of relocation should be replaced with land of the same size and quality even if they don’t have landholding certificates. The 4 landholding certificates, 2 are below 1 year old and the other 2 are between 6-10 years old.

Farmland inside the project affected area

12

2

Farmland outside the project affected area

0

0

Grazing land inside the project affected are

0

0

Grazing land outside the project affected area

0

0

Residential land inside the project affected area

6

2


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Figure 3.2-1 GE Estimated Affected Residential Area

Figure 3.2-2 GE Estimated Affected Farmland Area

Six (6) households have residential lands less than 0.5 hectares. For the farmland out of 12 affected households, 4 households have farmlands between 1-1.5 hec-tares; and 3 households below 1 hectare.

Table 3.2-6 GE Non-Irrigated Affected Crops

Affected Non-Irrigated Crops

Planted Area (ha)


Beans 3.9 13

Boyna Potato 0.25 1

Maize 9.9 11

Milet 0.45 2

Potato 1.25 3

Sorghum 1.25 2

Teff 4.25 7


0 Below 5,000


Below 1.0

1.1-1.5

1.6-2.0

2.6-3.0

3.6-4.0


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Table 3.2-7 GE Affected Irrigated Crops

Affected Irrigated Crops

Planted Area (ha) Number of Households

Beans 0.5 1

Maize 1 1

Table 3.2-8 GE Affected Trees

Trees Estimated Number of Trees


Avocado 19 3

Banana 356 5

Coffee 286 4

Cordia Africana 7 1

Enset 108 4

Eucalyptus 76 5

Gravilia 268 3

Mango 39 4

Oil Tree 2 1

Orange 1 1

Table 3.2-9 GE Affected Dry Season Crop Income

Dry Season Crop Estimated Income ETB

Beans 107800

Boyna 17500

Maize 30000

Potato 30950

tot 186250

Table 3.2-10 GE Affected Wet Season Crop Income

Wet Season Crop Estimated Income ETB

Beans 125400

Maize 297000

Millet 18900

Potato 46000

Sorghum 9800

Teff 157500

tot 654600


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Table 3.2-11 GE Estimated Income from Trees

Trees Estimated Income ETB

Avocado 8400

Banana 77760

Coffee 106400

Cordia Africana 0

Enset 86400

Eucalyptus 22000

Gravilia 0

Mango 78000

Oil Tree 0

Orange 0

tot 378960

Table 3.2-12 GE Estimated Income from Livestock

Livestock Number of Heads

Income ETB

Bull 1

Chicken 27 5260

Cow 18 179100

Dog 1 0

Donkey 1 19200

Goat 7 0

Oxen 21 0

Lamb/Sheep 7 0

tot 203560


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Figure 3.2-3GE Estimated Annual Income of Affected 21 Households

Fifty percent (50%) of the surveyed households have an annual income above Birr 30,000. In term of poverty, based on the World Bank poverty rate, a USD 1.5 per day per person, a household of 4 household members should at least have an annual income of Birr 43,800. Based on the household survey conducted for both Soddo and Humbo, 50% of the population is living below the poverty line. And it is essential that all losses caused by the project be properly valuated and compensated.

Number of affected households

Below 1,000

1,001-5,000

5,001-10,000

10,001-15,000

15,001-25,000


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4 LEGAL FRAMEWORK The section discusses the legal frame work for land acquisition, acquisition and compensation pay-ment; and also the conflict resolution mechanism for Ethiopia.

4.1 Constitution of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia The Constitution of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is the legal basis for land acquisition and resettlement. FDRE Constitution lays down the basis for the property to be compensated in case of acquisition as a result of State programs or projects in both rural and urban areas. In Ethiopia, rural or urban land could not be sold or mortgaged, citizens have only usufructuary right over land. A usufructuary right gives the user of the land, the right to use the land and the right to benefit from the fruits of her/his labour which may be crops, trees, etc. found on the land or any permanent works such as buildings etc. Persons who have lost their land as a result of public projects are entitled to be compensated to a similar land plus the related costs arising from relocation; assets such as buildings, crops or fruit trees that are part of the land etc. According to the Constitution of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) article 40.3, land is a public property that no individual person has the legal right of ownership. There is no private ownership of land in Ethiopia, as per FDRE constitution Article 40 (the Right to property) No.2, “Land is a common property of the Ethiopian Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not be subject to sale or to other means of exchange”. Hence, Article 40 No.7 FDRE Constitution states the right of citizens to develop the land and to have immov-able property and make permanent improvements. “Every Ethiopian shall have the full right to the immovable property he builds and to the permanent improvements he brings about on the land by his labour or capital. This right shall include the right to alienate, to bequeath, and, where the right use expires, to remove his property, transfer his title, or claim compensation for it. Particulars shall be determined by law”. Article 40, No. 8 of the Constitution, states that if the land that is used by an individual is expropriated for public use, the person is entitled for compensation. “… the Government has the right to expropriate private property for public purposes subject to pay-ment in advance of compensation commensurate to the value of property”. Regarding displacement of the public due to development projects, the FDRE Constitution of Article 44 (Environmental Rights) No.2 states that: “All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected as a result of state programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance”.

4.2 FDRE Legislation on Acquisition of Land Holdings The Government of FDRE has issued legislation in July 2005 for the Acquisition of Landholdings, which is known as “Acquisition of Land Holdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation (Proclamation No. 455/2005).” The objectives of the proclamation are to minimize and mitigate the impacts due to the acquisition of landholdings for public purposes. The proclamation clarifies and defines who has the power to expropriate landholdings either in urban or rural sections of the country. As per the proclamation, the power of acquisition of landholdings mainly rests on Woreda or urban administration authorities. Article 3 No.1 of the proclamation states that: “A Woreda or an urban administration shall, upon payment in advance of compensation in accordance with this proclamation, have the power to expropriate rural or urban landholdings for public purpose where it believes that it should be used for a better development project to be


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carried out by public entities, private investors, cooperative societies or other organs, or where such acquisition has been decided by the appropriate higher regional or federal government organ for the same purpose.” A land holder whose land has been expropriated for public use by the concerned government authorities is entitled for compensation for his property situated on the land and for the permanent improvements he made on the land. The amount compensation to be paid for the property situated on the expropriated land will be de-termined or calculated on the basis of full replacement cost. For houses in urban areas, the amount of compensation will not be less than the current market value of construction. Woreda or urban administration has to notify in writing to the entity (which is either an individual or an organization) to be expropriated indicating the time not less than 90 days when the land has to be vacated and the amount of compensation to be paid. A rural land holder, where his land does not have any crop or other property on the expropriated land should hand over within 30 days. The proclamation also clarifies how utility lines that are owned and provided by Federal or Regional government offices, or by a public enterprise should be treated and compensated. Utility lines could only be removed from expropriated land by payment of compensation. The project owner has the responsibility to inform the utility provider in writing by indicating the exact location of the lines that will be removed. The utility provider is responsible in determining the amount of compensation which is required for replacing the lines within 30 days of notice; and the body which requested the removal of utility line has also to pay compensation within 30 days from the date of the receipt of the valuation. Any expropriated property, in addition to the amount of compensation payment, will also receive a provision for cost of removal, transportation and erection. Concerning displacement compensation for rural land holdings, a rural landholder whose land hold-ing has been permanently expropriated shall also be paid displacement compensation equivalent to ten times the average annual income he secured during the five years preceding the acquisition of the land (Part 3, article 8). The above proclamation also states that the valuation of property shall be determined on the basis of valuation formula to be adopted at national level by the Ministry of Federal Affairs. However, until such time valuation of properties will be carried out by property valuation committees to be estab-lished both in rural and urban areas as stated in article 10 of the proclamation.

4.3 FDRE Council of Ministers Regulation No. 135/2007 FDRE Council of ministers issued a regulation on July 2007, regarding the payment of compensation for property situated on land holdings expropriated for public purposes. The regulation provides the basis for compensation of affected properties and to assist the displaced or affected persons to re-store their livelihood. The regulation sets the methods for the assessment of compensation, provision of land for land replacement and payment of displacement compensation. The methodology followed by the regulation for the assessment of compensation establishes the basis and formula for compensation that will be made for the different types of assets and categorizes into ten parts. Compensation for buildings Compensation for fences Compensation for crops Compensation for perennial crops Compensation for trees


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Compensation for protected Grass Compensation for permanent improvement on rural land Compensation for relocated property Compensation to mining license Compensation to burial ground

The regulation recognizes that land replacement should be made for urban and rural lands. In rural areas if land replacement is not possible for permanently affected land, PAPs will be compensated for the affected perennial crops ten times of the annual production. For temporary impact the amount of compensation will be calculated by the number of years the land is occupied by the project. In both permanent and temporary loses of land, the Council of Ministers’ Regulation fails to assess and provide compensation for income restoration. It also does not recognize squatters or those per-sons who can’t provide evidence of possession for the land they have been cultivating or have built houses.

4.4 Rural Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation FDRE has also issued a proclamation on rural land administration and land use (proclamation 456/2005). The proclamation mainly states the right to hold and

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