Table of Contents...Tl FLORIDA AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES 2020 xxi 3-1:4 Use of Material or Evidence...

FLORIDA AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES 2020 xix

Table of Contents Chapter 1: Foundations for Legal and Affirmative Defenses ....................11-1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................1

1-1:1 Purpose of Book ...........................................................11-2 NATURE OF AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES ............................2

1-2:1 Affirmative Defenses Confess and Avoid the Claims .....21-3 DEFENSES ARE PERMITTED IN CERTAIN

PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS ................................................51-3:1 The Florida Rules of Civil Procedure Permit

Defenses in Certain Pleadings .......................................51-3:2 Drafting Requirements for Affirmative Defenses ..........61-3:3 The Florida Rules of Civil Procedure Permit

Motions to Dismiss to Assert Affirmative Defenses .......................................................................7

1-4 LEGAL DEFENSES DISTINGUISHED FROM AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES .......................................71-4:1 Legal Defenses Attack the Claimant’s Prima

Facie Claims .................................................................71-5 FOUNDATIONS FOR DEFENSES .........................................9

1-5:1 Defenses and the Common Law ...................................91-5:1.1 Florida Common Law Gives Rise

to Affirmative Defenses................................91-5:1.2 No Federal Common Law to Create

Affirmative Defenses ..................................101-5:2 Civil Code and Statutory Defenses .............................11

Chapter 2: Pleading and Proving Affirmative Defenses ..........................132-1 PLEADING AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES ............................13

2-1:1 Florida’s Fact Pleading Standard ................................132-1:2 Pleading the Elements of Each Defense ......................142-1:3 Defenses Should Designate Their

Corresponding Claims ................................................152-1:4 Denials Are Not Affirmative Defenses ........................16

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2-1:5 Impact of Iqbal and Twombly in Florida .....................172-1:5.1 Pleading Florida Defenses

in Federal Actions ......................................172-1:5.2 Iqbal and Twombly Provide Persuasive,

Minimum Pleading Standards ...................182-2 HEIGHTENED PLEADING STANDARDS .........................19

2-2:1 Rule 1.140 Defenses ....................................................192-2:2 The Federal Rule Omits Florida Rule 1.140’s

Requirement to Allege With Particularity ...................212-2:3 Florida Rule 1.120 Objections ....................................22

2-2:3.1 Lack of Capacity to Sue ............................232-2:3.2 Fraud Allegations Must Be Specific ...........252-2:3.3 Allegations of Mistake Must Be

Specific.......................................................262-2:3.4 Conditions Precedent .................................272-2:3.5 Special Damage .........................................31

2-3 DEALING WITH DEFICIENTLY PLEADED DEFENSES ..........................................................322-3:1 Motion for More Definite Statement ..........................322-3:2 Motions to Strike and Dismiss Defenses .....................33

2-4 BURDEN TO PROVE DEFENSES ........................................342-4:1 Defendants Bear the Burden to Prove Affirmative

Defenses .....................................................................342-4:2 Burden Shifting ...........................................................35

2-5 APPLICABLE BURDEN STANDARDS ...............................352-5:1 Preponderance of the Evidence ..................................352-5:2 Clear and Convincing .................................................36

Chapter 3: Rule 1.140(b) Legal Defenses and Objections .......................373-1 USING RULE 1.140 LEGAL DEFENSES

AND OBJECTIONS ................................................................373-1:1 Asserting Defenses by Pre-Answer Motion .................38

3-1:1.1 Waiver of Defenses Not Joined in Initial Motion ........................................38

3-1:1.2 Using the Proper Motion for Each Defense and Objection ...............................40

3-1:2 Incorporating Rule 1.140 Defenses into Responsive Pleading ......................................................................413-1:2.1 Preservation of Defenses Joined

in Responsive Pleading ..............................423-1:3 Pleading Rule 1.140 Defenses With Particularity ........42


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3-1:4 Use of Material or Evidence Outside the Four Corners of the Prior Pleading .......................42

3-1:5 Using Affirmative Defenses in Rule 1.140 Motions .....453-2 LACK OF JURISDICTION OVER

THE SUBJECT MATTER ......................................................463-2:1 Governing Rule: 1.140(b)(1) .......................................463-2:2 Bases for Defense ........................................................46

3-2:2.1 Exclusive and Original Jurisdiction of the Florida Courts .................................48

3-2:2.2 Separation of Powers Doctrine May Bar Subject Matter Jurisdiction .................49

3-2:2.3 Arbitration Clauses Do Not Deprive Court of Subject Matter Jurisdiction .........50

3-2:2.4 Federal Preemption....................................503-2:2.5 Statutes of Repose or Nonclaim and

Subject Matter Jurisdiction ........................513-2:2.6 Failure to Exhaust Administrative

Remedies ...................................................523-2:2.7 Local Action Rule ......................................533-2:2.8 Res Judicata as an Affirmative Defense ......533-2:2.9 Lack of Standing as an

Affirmative Defense ...................................543-3 LACK OF JURISDICTION OVER THE PERSON ...............55

3-3:1 Jurisdiction Over the Person .......................................553-3:2 Governing Rule and Statutes ......................................55

3-3:2.1 Rule 1.140(b)(2) – Lack of Personal Jurisdiction ................................................55

3-3:2.2 Insufficient Process and Service Undermines Personal Jurisdiction .............56

3-3:2.3 Florida’s Long-Arm Statute, Section 48.193, Florida Statutes .................57

3-3:3 Bases for Personal Jurisdiction....................................573-3:3.1 Overview of Personal Jurisdiction Defense ....573-3:3.2 Strict Construction of Florida’s

Long-Arm Statute .....................................593-3:3.3 Specific and General Jurisdiction-Florida’s

Long-Arm Statute .....................................603-3:4 Specific Jurisdiction ....................................................63

3-3:4.1 Specific Jurisdiction’s Connexity Requirement ..............................................63

3-3:4.2 Requirement of Personal Action/Inaction .....63


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3-3:4.3 Long-Arm Statute and Operation of a Business in Florida .............................65

3-3:4.4 Corporate Shield Doctrine .........................683-3:4.5 Breach of a Contract in Florida .................693-3:4.6 Committing a Tortious Act Within

Florida .......................................................713-3:5 General Jurisdiction ....................................................723-3:6 Sufficient Minimum Contacts to Satisfy

Procedural Due Process ..............................................743-3:7 Waiver of Personal Jurisdiction Defense .....................76

3-3:7.1 Waiver If Not Timely Asserted ..................763-3:7.2 Waiver If Defendant Seeks

Affirmative Relief ......................................763-3:8 Procedure for Invoking Defense of Lack

of Personal Jurisdiction ..............................................783-3:8.1 Evidentiary Submissions and

Burden-Shifting .........................................783-3:9 Using Discovery to Test Lack of Jurisdiction

Defense .......................................................................793-4 IMPROPER VENUE ...............................................................80

3-4:1 Governing Rules and Statutes .....................................803-4:1.1 Rule 1.140(b)(3) .........................................803-4:1.2 Rule 1.060 ..................................................813-4:1.3 Chapter 47, Florida Statutes ......................813-4:1.4 Motion to Dismiss for Forum

Non Conveniens ........................................833-4:2 Bases for Defense and Motion

to Abate and Transfer .................................................833-4:2.1 Improper Venue Motion and Procedure .....833-4:2.2 Forum Selection Clauses or Arbitration

Clauses ......................................................843-4:2.3 Home Venue Privilege ................................85

3-4:3 Forum Non Conveniens and Motions to Dismiss .......853-5 INSUFFICIENCY OF PROCESS ...........................................86

3-5:1 Defense or Objection for Insufficiency of Process .......863-5:2 Bases for Defense ........................................................86

3-6 INSUFFICIENCY OF SERVICE OF PROCESS ...................883-6:1 Governing Rule and Statutes ......................................88

3-6:1.1 Rule 1.140(b)(5) .........................................883-6:1.2 Florida Statutes Governing Service

of Process ..................................................883-6:2 Bases for Objection and Defense .................................92


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3-6:2.1 Lack of Compliance With Service of Process Rules .........................................92

3-6:3 Burden in Moving to Quash or Dismiss for Insufficient Service of Process ...............................92

3-7 FAILURE TO STATE A CAUSE OF ACTION ......................923-7:1 Failure to State a Claim ..............................................92

3-7:1.2 Opportunities to Assert Failure to State a Claim or Defense ....................................93

3-7:2 Bases for Defense ........................................................933-7:2.1 Failure to Allege Elements

or Ultimate Facts .......................................933-7:2.2 Failure to Allege Claims With Requisite

Particularity ...............................................943-7:2.3 Motion to Dismiss Based on

an Affirmative Defense ..............................943-7:2.4 Claim or Defense Barred, Precluded,

or Estopped by Doctrine or Rule ...............943-7:2.5 Failure to Attach Necessary Exhibit ..........953-7:2.6 Improper Commingling of Claims ............963-7:2.7 Improper Damages Do Not Invalidate

an Otherwise Cognizable Claim .................963-7:3 Failure to State a Claim Defenses After the

Pleading Stage and Through Trial ...............................973-7:4 Failure to State a Defense, as Opposed to a Claim ......993-7:5 Plaintiff Must Timely Amend .....................................99

3-8 FAILURE TO JOIN INDISPENSABLE PARTIES ..................993-8:1 Pre-Answer Motion or Responsive Pleading Defense ..... 993-8:2 Bases for Defense .....................................................1003-8:3 Opportunities to Raise Defense ................................101

Chapter 4: Motions Useful to the Defense ...........................................1034-1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................1034-2 MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS ........104

4-2:1 Basis for Motion .......................................................1044-2:2 Burden for Movant ...................................................1044-2:3 Partial Judgment on the Pleadings

Might Not Be Permitted ...........................................1054-3 MOTION FOR MORE DEFINITE STATEMENT .............106

4-3:1 Basis for Motion .......................................................1064-4 MOTION TO STRIKE MATTER FROM PLEADING .......107

4-4:1 Basis for Motion .......................................................1074-4:2 Burden for Movant ...................................................109


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4-5 MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FORUM NON CONVENIENS ............................................................1094-5:1 Basis for Motion .......................................................1094-5:2 Burden for Movant ...................................................109

4-6 MOTION TO STRIKE SHAM PLEADINGS ......................1124-6:1 Basis for Motion .......................................................1124-6:2 Burden for Movant ...................................................113

4-7 MOTION TO COMPLY WITH FLORIDA RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE ........................................1144-7:1 Failure to Attach Instrument ...................................1154-7:2 Misjoinder of Parties ...............................................1164-7:3 Mistaken Designation of Affirmative

Defense as Counterclaim or Counterclaim as Affirmative Defense .............................................116

4-7:4 Misjoinder of Claims or Defenses ............................1174-7:5 Failure to State Short and Plain Statements

of Ultimate Facts .....................................................1174-8 MOTION TO INVOLUNTARILY DISMISS ACTION .......118

4-8:1 Basis for Motion ......................................................1184-8:2 Burden for Movant ...................................................118

4-9 MOTION TO TRANSFER ACTION ...................................1194-10 MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ..........................119

4-10:1 Summary Judgment and Affirmative Defenses .........1194-10:2 Governing Rule in State Court ..................................1204-10:3 Motions for Partial Summary Judgment ...................1204-10:4 Movant’s Burden With Regard to Defenses ..............1214-10:5 Effect of Pending Discovery and Summary

Judgment ..................................................................1254-10:6 Finality of Summary Judgment and Strategy ...........126

Chapter 5: Reply Pleading ..................................................................1295-1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................129

5-1:1 Function of the Reply ...............................................1295-1:2 Form and Timing ......................................................1305-1:3 Mandatory Reply to Assert Legal Excuse or

Justification to Adverse Affirmative Defenses ...........1315-2 CONTENTS OF A REPLY ...................................................131

5-2:1 Defenses to the Defenses ...........................................1315-2:2 Factual Allegations ...................................................1325-2:3 Exclude Mere Factual Denials of Defenses ...............132

5-3 WAIVER OF DEFENSES NOT ASSERTED IN REPLY ....1335-4 THERE IS NO REPLY TO A REPLY ...................................133


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Chapter 6: Affirmative Defenses .........................................................1356-1 ABANDONMENT ................................................................135

6-1:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1356-1:2 Elements of Abandonment .......................................135

6-1:3 Notable Authority on Abandonment ........................1356-1:4 Application of Abandonment ...................................136

6-1:4.1 Causes of Action or Defenses ..................1366-1:4.2 Nature of Defense ...................................1366-1:4.3 Notes on Trial by Jury .............................136

6-1:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................1376-1:5.1 Form Defense of Abandonment ..............137

6-2 ABSTENTION ......................................................................1376-2:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1376-2:2 Elements of Abstention ...........................................139

6-2:2.1 Pullman Abstention Doctrine ..................1396-2:2.2 Burford Abstention Doctrine ...................1396-2:2.3 Younger Abstention Doctrine ..................139

6-2:3 Notable Authority on Abstention .............................1396-2:4 Application of Abstention ........................................140

6-2:4.1 Applicable Causes of Action or Defenses ..............................................140

6-2:4.2 Nature of Defense ...................................1406-2:4.3 Notes on Trial by Jury .............................140

6-2:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................1416-2:5.1 Form Defense of Abstention

(Pullman Abstention Doctrine) ................1416-2:5.2 Form Defense of Abstention

(Burford Abstention Doctrine) .................1416-2:5.3 Form Defense of Abstention

(Younger Abstention Doctrine) ................1426-3 ACCORD AND SATISFACTION ........................................142

6-3:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1426-3:2 Elements of Accord and Satisfaction ........................1426-3:3 Notable Authority on Accord and Satisfaction .........1436-3:4 Application of Accord and Satisfaction ...................144



6-3:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................1446-3:5.1 Statutory Forms .......................................144


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6-3:5.2 Form Defense of Accord and Satisfaction – Form 1.967, Fla. R. Civ. P. .....145

6-4 ACQUIESCENCE; BOUNDARY-BY-ACQUIESCENCE ....1456-4:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1456-4:2 Elements of Acquiescence ........................................1466-4:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................1466-4:4 Application of Acquiescence ....................................146


6-4:4.2 Nature of Defense ...................................1466-4:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................147

6-4:5.1 Form Defense of Waiver (Written) ..........1476-5 ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE ...............................................147

6-5:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1476-5:2 Elements of Act of State Doctrine ............................1476-5:3 Notable Authority on Act of State Doctrine .............1476-5:4 Application of Act of State Doctrine ........................148


6-5:4.2 Notes on Trial by Jury .............................1486-5:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................148

6-5:5.1 Form Defense of Act of State Doctrine ...1486-6 ADHESION CONTRACTS

(CONTRACTS OF ADHESION) .........................................1496-6:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................149

6-7 ADVERSE INFERENCE EXCEPTION ..............................1496-7:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1496-7:2 Elements of Adverse Inference Exception .................1496-7:3 Notable Authority on Adverse Inference Exception ... 1496-7:4 Application of Adverse Inference Exception .............150

6-7:4.1 Applicable Causes of Action or Defenses ....1506-7:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................150

6-7:5.1 Form Defense of Adverse Inference Exception .................................................150

6-8 ADVICE OF COUNSEL .......................................................1516-8:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1516-8:2 Elements of Advice of Counsel ................................1516-8:3 Notable Authority on Advice of Counsel .................1516-8:4 Application of Advice of Counsel ............................152


6-8:4.2 Notes on Trial by Jury .............................152


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6-8:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................1526-8:5.1 Form Defense of Advice of Counsel ........152

6-9 ALTERATION OF INSTRUMENT .....................................1536-9:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1536-9:2 Elements of Alteration of Instrument.......................1546-9:3 Notable Authority on Alteration of Instrument .......1546-9:4 Application of Alteration of Instrument ..................155



6-9:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................1556-9:5.1 Statutory Bases: Sections 673.4061

and 673.4071 ............................................1556-9:5.2 Form Defense of Alteration

of Instrument ..........................................1576-9:5.2a Alteration of Instrument

(§ 673.4061, Fla. Stat.) ............1576-9:5.2b Alteration of Instrument

(§ 673.4071, Fla. Stat.) ............1576-10 ANTICIPATORY REPUDIATION ......................................158

6-10:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1586-10:2 Elements of Defense .................................................1596-10:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................1596-10:4 Application of Defense .............................................159



6-10:5.1 Jury Instructions ......................................1606-10:5.2 Form Defense ..........................................160

6-11 ARBITRATION AND AWARD ...........................................1616-11:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1616-11:2 Elements of Arbitration and Award .........................1616-11:3 Notable Authority on Arbitration and Award ..........1616-11:4 Application of Arbitration and Award .....................162


6-11:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................1626-11:5.1 Statutory Basis .........................................1626-11:5.2 Form Defense ..........................................162

6-11:5.2a Arbitration and Award ...........162


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6-12 ASSUMPTION OF RISK .....................................................1636-12:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1636-12:2 Elements of Assumption of Risk ..............................1636-12:3 Notable Authority on Assumption of Risk ...............1646-12:4 Application of Assumption of Risk ..........................164



6-12:5.1 Statutory Forms .......................................1646-12:5.2 Jury Instructions ......................................1646-12:5.3 Form Defense of Assumption of Risk –

Fla. R. Civ. P. Form 1.972 ........................1656-13 AVOIDABLE CONSEQUENCES .........................................165

6-13:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1656-14 BONA FIDE ERROR ............................................................166



6-14:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................1676-14:5.1 Form Defense ..........................................167

6-15 BONA FIDE PURCHASER FOR VALUE ...........................1686-15:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1686-15:2 Elements of Defense .................................................1686-15:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................1696-15:4 Application of Defense .............................................170



6-15:5.1 Form Defense ..........................................1706-16 BUSINESS COMPULSION ..................................................170



6-16:4.2 Notes on Trial by Jury .............................173


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6-17 BUSINESS JUDGMENT RULE ..........................................1746-17:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1746-17:2 Elements of Business Judgment Rule ........................1756-17:3 Notable Authority on Business

Judgment Rule ..........................................................1756-17:4 Application of Business Judgment Rule ....................183


6-17:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................1836-17:5.1 Form Defense of Business

Judgment Rule .........................................1836-18 CESSATION OF BUSINESS—§ 542.335, FLA. STAT. .........184



6-18:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................1856-18:5.1 Statutory Forms .......................................1856-18:5.2 Form Defense ..........................................185

6-19 COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL – ISSUE PRECLUSION .........1866-19:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1866-19:2 Elements of Defense .................................................1866-19:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................1876-19:4 Application of Defense .............................................189



6-20 COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE ........................................1906-20:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1906-20:2 Elements of Defense .................................................1916-20:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................1916-20:4 Application of Defense .............................................192



6-20:5.1 Statutory Forms .......................................193


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6-21 CONDITION PRECEDENT ................................................1946-21:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................194

6-21:1.1 Distinguishing Conditions Precedent to Formation and Conditions Precedent to Performance ......195

6-21:1.2 Specific Denial Pleading Burden ..............1966-21:2 Elements of Defense .................................................1966-21:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................1976-21:4 Application of Defense .............................................199


6-21:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................1996-21:5.1 Jury Instructions ......................................1996-21:5.2 Form Defense ..........................................199

6-22 CORPORATE SHIELD DOCTRINE ...................................1996-22:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................1996-22:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2006-22:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................2016-22:4 Application of Defense .............................................202



6-23 DEAD AND BURIED DOCTRINE – DISSOLVED ENTITY ..........................................................2026-23:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2026-23:2 Elements of Defense .................................................204

6-23:2.1 Dissolution of a Florida Corporation ......2056-23:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................2106-23:4 Application of Defense .............................................210




6-24 DISCHARGE IN BANKRUPTCY .......................................2116-24:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2116-24:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2126-24:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................212


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6-24:4 Application of Defense .............................................2136-24:4.1 Applicable Causes of Action

or Defenses ..............................................2136-24:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................213

6-24:5.1 Form Defense ..........................................2136-25 DOOR CLOSING STATUTES .............................................214




6-25:5.1 Form Defense ..........................................2176-26 DURESS ................................................................................218




6-27 ECONOMIC LOSS RULE ....................................................2216-27:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2216-27:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2226-27:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................2236-27:4 Application of Defense .............................................223



6-28 ELECTION OF REMEDIES ................................................2246-28:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2246-28:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2256-28:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................2256-28:4 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................226

6-28:4.1 Form Defense ..........................................2266-29 EQUITABLE ESTOPPEL .....................................................227

6-29:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2276-29:2 Elements of Equitable Estoppel ................................227


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6-29:3 Notable Authority on Estoppel .................................2286-29:4 Application of Estoppel ............................................229

6-29:4.1 Applications to Claims and Defenses .......2296-29:4.2 Nature of Defense ...................................2306-29:4.3 Notes on Trial by Jury .............................230


6-30 FAILURE OF CONSIDERATION AND WANT OF CONSIDERATION ...............................................................2316-30:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2316-30:2 Elements of Defenses ................................................2316-30:3 Notable Authority on Defenses .................................2326-30:4 Application of Defense .............................................233


6-30:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................2336-30:5.1 Statutory Forms .......................................2336-30:5.2 Note on Jury Trial....................................2336-30:5.3 Jury Instructions ......................................2346-30:5.4 Form Defense – Failure of Consideration ...2346-30:5.5 Form Defense – Want of Consideration .... 234

6-31 FAILURE TO EXHAUST ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDIES ...........................................................................2356-31:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2356-31:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2356-31:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................2356-31:4 Application of Defense .............................................238




6-32 FARAGHER/ELLERTH VICARIOUS LIABILITY DEFENSES ...........................................................................2396-32:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2396-32:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2406-32:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................2406-32:4 Application of Defense .............................................241

6-32:4.1 Applicable Causes of Action or Defenses ....2416-32:4.2 Notes on Trial by Jury .................................241


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6-33 FORFEITURE ......................................................................2426-33:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2426-33:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2436-33:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................2436-33:4 Application of Defense .............................................244



6-34 FRAUD ..................................................................................2456-34:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2456-34:2 Elements of Fraud ....................................................2466-34:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................2466-34:4 Application of Defense .............................................248

6-34:4.1 Applicable Causes of Action and Defenses ............................................248


6-35 FRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE ...........................................2506-35:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2506-35:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2506-35:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................2516-35:4 Application of Defense .............................................252



6-35:5.1 Form Defense ..........................................2526-36 GOOD FAITH .......................................................................253




6-36:5.1 Jury Instructions ......................................258


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6-36:5.2 Form Defense ..........................................2596-36:5.2a Form Defense (Civil

Rights Violation, 42 U.S.C. § 1983) .....................259

6-36:5.2b Form Defense (§ 673.419, Fla. Stat., Good Faith and Commercial Reasonableness) ......................259

6-37 ILLEGALITY ........................................................................2606-37:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2606-37:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2606-37:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................2616-37:4 Application of Defense .............................................262



6-38 IMMUNITY ..........................................................................2636-38:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2636-38:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2636-38:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................2636-38:4 Application of Defense .............................................268




6-39 IMPOSSIBILITY OF PERFORMANCE .............................2706-39:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2706-39:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2706-39:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................2716-39:4 Application of Defense .............................................273

6-39:4.1 Applicable Causes of Action or Defenses ...2736-39:4.2 Notes on Trial by Jury .............................273


6-40 IMPRACTICABILITY OF PERFORMANCE (COMMERCIAL IMPRACTICABILITY) ...........................2746-40:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2746-40:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2766-40:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................276


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6-40:4 Application of Defense .............................................2786-40:4.1 Applicable Causes of Action or Defenses ....2786-40:4.2 Notes on Trial by Jury .............................278


6-41 IN PARI DELICTO ...............................................................2796-41:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2796-41:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2796-41:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................2796-41:4 Application of Defense .............................................280




6-42 INDEPENDENT TORT DOCTRINE ..................................2826-42:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2826-42:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2836-42:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................2836-42:4 Application of Defense .............................................286




6-43 INJURY BY FELLOW SERVANT ........................................2876-43:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2876-43:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2886-43:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................2896-43:4 Application of Defense .............................................292

6-43:4.1 Applicable Causes of Action or Defenses ...2926-43:4.2 Notes on Trial by Jury .............................292


6-44 INTERVENING CAUSE.......................................................2936-44:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2936-44:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2936-44:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................294


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6-44:4 Application of Defense .............................................2956-44:4.1 Applicable Causes of Action

or Defenses ..............................................2956-44:4.2 Notes on Trial by Jury .............................295


6-45 INTRACORPORATE CONSPIRACY DOCTRINE ...........................................................................2966-45:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................2966-45:2 Elements of Defense .................................................2976-45:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................2976-45:4 Application of Defense .............................................298



6-45:5.1 Form Defense ..........................................2996-46 JUDICIAL ESTOPPEL .........................................................299





6-47 JUSTIFICATION ..................................................................3036-47:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3036-47:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3036-47:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3046-47:4 Application of Defense .............................................304




6-48 LACHES ................................................................................3066-48:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................306


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6-48:2 Elements of Laches ...................................................3066-48:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3066-48:4 Application of Defense .............................................309



6-48:5 Drafting Authorities .................................................3106-48:5.1 Form Defense ..........................................310

6-49 LACK OF CAPACITY ..........................................................3106-49:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3106-49:2 Elements of Lack of Capacity ..................................3126-49:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3126-49:4 Application of Defense .............................................312



6-49:5.1a Form Defense – Mental Incapacity ...................313

6-49:5.1b Form Defense – Legal Incapacity (Other) .........313

6-50 LICENSE ...............................................................................3146-50:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3146-50:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3146-50:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3146-50:4 Application of Defense .............................................315



6-50:5.1 Form Defense ..........................................3156-51 LITIGATION PRIVILEGE ..................................................316




6-51:5.1 Form Defense ..........................................319


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6-52 MERE CONDUIT (COMMERCIAL CONDUIT) ...............3206-52:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3206-52:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3216-52:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3216-52:4 Application of Defense .............................................323




6-53 MERGER AND INTEGRATION ........................................3246-53:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3246-53:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3266-53:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3276-53:4 Application of Defense .............................................328



6-54 MISTAKE ..............................................................................3296-54:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3296-54:2 Elements of Defense .................................................331

6-54:2.1 Mutual Mistake of Fact ...........................3316-54:2.2 Unilateral Mistake of Fact .......................3316-54:2.3 Mutual Mistake of Law ...........................332

6-54:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3326-54:4 Application of Defense .............................................334



6-54:5.1 Jury Instructions ......................................3356-54:5.2 Form Defenses .........................................335

6-54:5.2a Form Defense – Mutual Mistake of Fact ......................335

6-54:5.2b Form Defense – Unilateral Mistake of Fact ......................336

6-54:5.2c Form Defense – Mistake of Law .......................336

6-55 MITIGATION OF DAMAGES ............................................3376-55:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................337


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6-55:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3386-55:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3386-55:4 Application of Defense .............................................340

6-55:4.1 Applicable Causes of Action or Defenses ....3406-55:4.2 Nature of Rule .........................................3406-55:4.3 Notes on Trial by Jury .............................340


6-56 MODIFICATION ..................................................................3416-56:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3416-56:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3416-56:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3426-56:4 Application of Defense .............................................342




6-57 NECESSITY OR BUSINESS NECESSITY ..........................3446-57:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3446-57:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3466-57:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3466-57:4 Application of Defense .............................................348

6-57:4.1 Applicable Causes of Action or Defenses .............................................348

6-57:4.2 Notes on Trial by Jury .............................3486-57:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ..............349

6-57:5.1 Jury Instructions .....................3496-57:5.2 Form Defense .........................349

6-58 NEGLIGENCE OF NON-PARTY (FABRE DEFENDANTS) .....................................................3496-58:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3496-58:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3516-58:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3516-58:4 Application of Defense .............................................353



6-58:5.1 Jury Instructions ......................................353


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6-58:5.2 Form Defense ..........................................3536-59 NEGLIGENT MISREPRESENTATION .............................354





6-60 NOVATION ...........................................................................3566-60:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3566-60:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3576-60:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3576-60:4 Application of Defense .............................................358




6-61 PART PERFORMANCE OR PARTIAL PERFORMANCE .................................................................3596-61:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3596-61:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3616-61:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3616-61:4 Application of Defense .............................................362




6-62 PAYMENT .............................................................................3636-62:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3636-62:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3646-62:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3646-62:4 Application of Defense .............................................365



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6-62:5.1 Statutory Forms .......................................3666-62:5.2 Form Defense ..........................................366

6-63 PREEMPTION ......................................................................3666-63:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3666-63:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3686-63:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3696-63:4 Application of Defense .............................................371




6-64 PRIOR BREACH / FIRST BREACH DOCTRINE .............3726-64:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3726-64:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3746-64:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3746-64:4 Application of Defense .............................................375



6-64:5.1 Form Defense ..........................................3766-65 PRIVILEGE ..........................................................................376



6-65:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................3786-65:5.1 Form Defenses .........................................378

6-65:5.1a Form Defense – Absolute Privilege ...................378

6-65:5.1b Form Defense – Qualified Privilege ...................378

6-66 PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL ...................................................3796-66:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3796-66:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3806-66:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................380


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6-66:4 Application of Defense .............................................3816-66:4.1 Applicable Causes of Action or Defenses ....3816-66:4.2 Notes on Trial by Jury .............................381


6-67 RATIFICATION ...................................................................3826-67:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3826-67:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3836-67:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3836-67:4 Application of Defense .............................................385




6-68 RECOUPMENT ....................................................................3866-68:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3866-68:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3876-68:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3886-68:4 Application of Defense .............................................388

6-68:4.1 Applicable Causes of Action or Defenses ....3886-68:4.2 Nature of Defense ...................................3886-68:4.3 Notes on Trial by Jury .............................389


6-69 RELEASE ..............................................................................3896-69:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3896-69:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3906-69:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3906-69:4 Application of Defense .............................................392



6-69:5.1 Statutory Forms .......................................3926-69:5.2 Form Defense ..........................................392

6-69:5.2a Form Defense – Written Release .......................392

6-69:5.2b Form Defense – Oral Release ............................393


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6-70 RES JUDICATA—CLAIM PRECLUSION .........................3936-70:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3936-70:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3946-70:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3946-70:4 Application of Defense .............................................396



6-71 RESCISSION .........................................................................3976-71:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................3976-71:2 Elements of Defense .................................................3976-71:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................3986-71:4 Application of Defense .............................................399

6-71:4.1 Causes of Action or Defenses ..................3996-71:4.2 Nature of Defense ...................................3996-71:4.3 Notes on Trial by Jury .............................399


6-72 ROOKER-FELDMAN DOCTRINE .....................................4006-72:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................4006-72:2 Elements of Defense .................................................4016-72:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................4026-72:4 Application of Defense .............................................402




6-73 SET-OFF ................................................................................4046-73:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................4046-73:2 Elements of Defense .................................................4046-73:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................4056-73:4 Application of Defense .............................................406




6-74 SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY ..................................................407


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6-74:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................4076-74:2 Elements of Defenses ................................................4086-74:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................4086-74:4 Application of Defense .............................................417




6-75 SPLITTING CAUSE OF ACTION (RULE AGAINST) .......4186-75:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................4186-75:2 Elements of Defense .................................................4196-75:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................4196-75:4 Application of Defense .............................................420



6-76 STANDING ...........................................................................4216-76:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................4216-76:2 Elements of Defense .................................................423

6-76:2.1 Standing at Commencement of Action and at Judgment ...........................423





6-77 STATUTE OF FRAUDS .......................................................4286-77:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................4286-77:2 Elements of Defense .................................................4296-77:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................4296-77:4 Application of Defense .............................................434



6-77:5.1 Statutory Forms .......................................435


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6-77:5.2 Form Defense ..........................................4356-78 STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS .............................................435

6-78:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................4356-78:1.1 Statutory Bases for Limitations Defenses ....4366-78:1.2 Accrual of Claims ....................................437

6-78:1.2a Delayed Discovery Doctrine ...4386-78:1.2b Accrual of Fraud Claims ........4386-78:1.2c Accrual of Product

Liability Claims ......................4396-78:1.3 Tolling of Claims .....................................4416-78:1.4 Equitable Tolling of Claims .....................4436-78:1.5 Continuing Violation Doctrine ................4436-78:1.6 Continuing Tort Doctrine ........................4446-78:1.7 Waiver of the Statute of Limitations

Defense ....................................................4446-78:1.8 Laches and the Statute of Limitations

(Statutory Laches) ...................................4456-78:1.9 Statutes of Repose or Nonclaim Statutes

Distinguished ...........................................4456-78:1.10 The Relation-Back Doctrine ....................447

6-78:2 Elements of Defense .................................................4486-78:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................4486-78:4 Application of Defense .............................................450



6-78:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................4506-78:5.1 Statutory Forms .......................................4506-78:5.2 Jury Instructions ......................................4506-78:5.3 Form Defense ..........................................451

6-78:5.3a Form Defense (Form 1.965, Fla. R. Civ. P.) .........................451

6-78:5.3b Form Defense (Expanded; Breach of Contract) ................451

6-79 STATUTE OF REPOSE ........................................................4516-79:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................451

6-79:1.1 Statutes of Limitation Distinguished .......4536-79:2 Elements of Defense .................................................4536-79:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................4546-79:4 Application of Defense .............................................456

6-79:4.1 Applicable Causes of Action or Defenses ....456


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6-80 UNCLEAN HANDS .............................................................4586-80:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................4586-80:2 Elements of Defense .................................................4586-80:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................4596-80:4 Application of Defense .............................................459




6-81 UNCONSCIONABILITY .....................................................4616-81:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................4616-81:2 Elements of Defense .................................................4636-81:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................4636-81:4 Application of Defense .............................................465



6-81:5.1 Form Defense ..........................................4656-82 UNDUE INFLUENCE .........................................................466





6-83 UNJUST ENRICHMENT ....................................................4706-83:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................4706-83:2 Elements of Defense .................................................4716-83:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................4716-83:4 Application of Defense .............................................472


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6-84 USURY ..................................................................................4746-84:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................4746-84:2 Elements of Defense .................................................4746-84:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................4756-84:4 Application of Defense .............................................476



6-84:5.1 Form Defense ..........................................4776-85 VICARIOUS LIABILITY .....................................................477





6-86 VOLUNTARY PAYMENT ....................................................4826-86:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................4826-86:2 Elements of Defense .................................................4836-86:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................4836-86:4 Application of Defense .............................................484




6-87 WAIVER ................................................................................4856-87:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................485

6-87:1.1 Implied Waiver ........................................4866-87:2 Elements of Defense .................................................486


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6-87:5 Drafting Authorities and Forms ...............................4886-87:5.1 Statutory Forms .......................................4886-87:5.2 Jury Instructions ......................................4896-87:5.3 Form Defense ..........................................489

6-87:5.3a Form Defense of Waiver (Written) .................................489

6-87:5.3b Form Defense of Waiver (Oral) ......................................489

6-88 WAY OF NECESSITY ..........................................................4906-88:1 Explanation of Defense ............................................4906-88:2 Elements of Defense .................................................4906-88:3 Notable Authority on Defense ..................................4926-88:4 Application of Defense .............................................494




Appendix ............................................................................................4971-001 MOTION TO STRIKE IMPROPER REPLY PLEADING ...5011-002 MOTION TO STRIKE AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES .........5031-003 MOTION TO STRIKE AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES,

INCLUDING FOR WAIVER OF DEFENSES BY DEFENDANTS .....................................................................507

1-004 MOTION TO DISMISS FOR LACK OF SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION (NONCLAIM STATUTE) .......513

1-005 MOTION TO DISMISS FOR LACK OF SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION (DOOR CLOSING STATUTE WITH EXTRINSIC EVIDENCE) ......................516

1-006 MOTION TO DISMISS FOR LACK OF SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION (JURISDICTIONAL STATUTE) .............................................................................519

1-007 MOTION TO DISMISS FOR LACK OF PERSONAL JURISDICTION ....................................................................522


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1-008 AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF MOTION TO DISMISS FOR LACK OF PERSONAL JURISDICTION ...................526

1-009 MOTION TO ABATE OR TRANSFER FOR IMPROPER VENUE FOR INDIVIDUAL DEFENDANT .......................................................................529

1-010 MOTION TO ABATE OR TRANSFER FOR IMPROPER VENUE FOR DOMESTIC CORPORATE DEFENDANT WITH EXTRINSIC EVIDENCE ................531

1-011 AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF MOTION TO ABATE OR TRANSFER FOR IMPROPER VENUE FOR DOMESTIC CORPORATE DEFENDANT .........................534

1-012 MOTION TO ABATE OR TRANSFER FOR IMPROPER VENUE FOR FOREIGN CORPORATE DEFENDANT WITH EXTRINSIC EVIDENCE ................537

1-013 MOTION TO QUASH FOR INSUFFICIENCY OF PROCESS ........................................................................540

1-014 MOTION TO QUASH FOR INSUFFICIENCY OF SERVICE OF PROCESS (NO PERSONAL SERVICE) ........543

1-015 MOTION TO QUASH FOR INSUFFICIENCY OF SERVICE OF PROCESS (IMPROPER SERVICE ON MINOR) .........................................................546

1-016 MOTION TO QUASH FOR INSUFFICIENCY OF SERVICE OF PROCESS (DOMESTIC CORPORATION) ....550

1-017 MOTION TO QUASH FOR INSUFFICIENCY OF SERVICE OF PROCESS (FOREIGN CORPORATION) ..................................................................554

1-018 MOTION TO QUASH FOR INSUFFICIENCY OF SERVICE OF PROCESS (DOMESTIC PARTNERSHIP) ...................................................................558

1-019 MOTION TO QUASH FOR INSUFFICIENCY OF SERVICE OF PROCESS (DOMESTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP) ...................................................................562

1-020 MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM ..................................................................................566

1-021 MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM (INCLUDING NEGATION OF CLAIM BY EXHIBIT TO PLEADING UNDER FLA. R. CIV. P. 1.130) ............................................................573

1-022 MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM (FAILURE TO ALLEGE FRAUD WITH PARTICULARITY REQUIRED BY FLA. R. CIV. P. 1.120(B)) .................................................579


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1-023 MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM (FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH FLA. R. CIV. P. 1.110) ............................................................584

1-024 MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM (MISJOINDER OF CLAIMS—FLA. R. CIV. P. 1.110) .........................................587

1-025 MOTION TO ABATE AND DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO JOIN INDISPENSABLE PARTY .................591

1-026 MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS ........5941-027 MOTION FOR MORE DEFINITE STATEMENT .............5981-028 MOTION TO STRIKE MATTER FROM PLEADING .......6031-029 MOTION FOR LEAVE TO AMEND

AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES ...............................................6061-030 INTERROGATORIES FOR PLAINTIFF’S

JURISDICTIONAL DISCOVERY FROM DEFENDANT PERTAINING TO BUSINESS’S MINIMUM CONTACTS WITH FLORIDA ........................609

1-031 REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS FOR PLAINTIFF’S JURISDICTIONAL DISCOVERY FROM DEFENDANT PERTAINING TO BUSINESS’S MINIMUM CONTACTS WITH FLORIDA ........................621

1-032 MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND TO STRIKE AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES BY DEFENDANT .................................................................630

1-033 RESPONSE IN OPPOSITION TO MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT BY DEFENDANT ....................638

1-034 GENERAL REPLY ...............................................................644

Table of Cases ....................................................................................655

Index ..................................................................................................709


Table of Contents...Tl FLORIDA AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES 2020 xxi 3-1:4 Use of Material or Evidence...

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