Table of contents - DC/ConfOrg - Accélérateur de Congrès · PDF...

Abstract book Acoustics 2012 Nantes 1

Table of contentsAuthor speaker is underlined.

Monday 23 april 2012

Plenary lecture: Pr. Kirill HoroshenkovRoom: Marin MERSENNEChair Person (s): K. Attenborough

16:40 Acoustical monitoring of water infrastructure 57K. V. Horoshenkov

Monday 23 april 2012

Plenary lecture: Pr. Noureddine AtallaRoom: Marin MERSENNEChair Person (s): C. Pezerat

17:10 Practical modeling of the vibroacoustics response of structures with attachednoise control materials

57

N. Atalla

Tuesday 24 april 2012 - Friday 27 april 2012

AA - Architectural and building acoustics (Poster session)Room: Grande Halle

000120 An efficient time domain solver for the acoustic wave equation 57R. Mehra, N. Raghuvanshi, L. Savioja, M. Lin and D. Manocha

000223 Correction of computational artifacts in numerical solving of diffusion equationfor room acoustics

58

J. Kraszewski and A. Dobrucki

000367 I-Simpa, a graphical user interface devoted to host 3D sound propagation nu-merical codes

58

J. Picaut and N. Fortin

000613 Investigation on the effects of source directivity on Chinese speech intelligibilitybased on auralization

58

J. Peng, T. Wang and S. Wu


AB - Animal bioacoustics (Poster session)Room: Grande Halle

000070 Time and frequency cues used by bottlenose dolphins for target discrimination 59G. Zaslavski

000218 Stability and change in short songs of yellow-rumped and red-rumped caciques(Cacicus cela and Cacicus haemorrhous)

59

H. Thieltges, L. Henry and P. Deleporte


EA - Electroacoustics (Poster session)Room: Grande Halle

2 Acoustics 2012 Nantes Abstract book

000343 Electrodynamic loudspeakers suspensions nonlinearities, study and measure-ments

59

B. Maillou, A. Novak, J. Blondeau, B. Brouard, J.-M. Genevaux, P. Lotton and L. Simon

000494 Optimization of electric shunt resonant circuits for electroacoustic absorbers 60H. Lissek, R. Boulandet and E. Rivet

000527 UWB SAW sensors and tags 60M. Lamothe, V. Plessky, J.-M. Friedt and S. Ballandras


EN - Environmental noise (Poster session)Room: Grande Halle

000112 Problematique de bouchons d’oreilles en aeronautique militaire 60D. Sarafian and G. Andeol

000146 Use of textile nanofibers to improve the sound absorption coefficient of drilledpanels for acoustic applications

61

J. Alba, R. Del Rey, L. Berto and C. Hervas

000562 Wind turbine environmental noise certification: a comparison of one local reg-ulatory/planning process in California and the European Union

61

J. C. Bennett

000663 Le bruit dans les jardins familiaux d’ˆle de France 61L.-A. Gille and G. Autret

000694 The efficiency of environmental impact assessments relating to noise issues 62Z. Krukle

000830 Analysis of in situ acoustical performance of concrete noise barriers 62F. Leccese, F. Fantozzi and G. Salvadori


HS - Hearing and speech (Poster session)Room: Grande Halle

000026 Behavior of speech acoustics parameters and compensatory strategies adoptedin noised environment

62

L. Falek, H. Teffahi and A. Djeradi

000027 Labial constraint effects on the speech signal acoustic parameters 63L. Falek, H. Teffahi and A. Djeradi

000061 Amplitude modulation of vowel glottal pulses: application to sleep inertia 63R. Ruiz, P. Plantin De Hugues and C. Legros

000075 Mechanisms of vowel epenthesis in consonant clusters: an EMA study 64S. Funatsu and M. Fujimoto

000110 Discrimination of Chinese pronunciations of aspirated dental and retroflex syl-lables according to breathing power and its frequency dependency during VOT

64

H. Akemi and A. Yasuda

000221 Child DiaPix: development of a child friendly speech elicitation task 64L. K. Kuhn

000455 Multiple description coding in MELP coder for voice over IP 65M. Saidi



MA - Musical acoustics (Poster session)Room: Grande Halle

000379 The acoustical effect of the pad resonator in the saxophone 65P. Eveno, M. Curtit, J.-P. Dalmont and R. Causse

000441 Nonlinearities in recorder tone holes: effect of undercutting 65M. Curtit, J.-P. Dalmont and P. Bolton

000467 Measurement of attack transients in a clarinet driven by a ramp-like varyingpressure

66

B. Bergeot, A. Almeida, C. Vergez and B. Gazengel

000525 Active control applied to string instruments 66S. Benacchio, A. Mamou-Mani, B. Chomette and R. Causse

000536 An aid to innovation in instrument-making: a collaborative approach betweenworkshops and research laboratories

66

V. Doutaut

000537 Experimental analysis of the vibroacoustics of a trombone bell 67M. Secail-Geraud, F. Gautier and J. Gilbert

000551 A Laboratory TOOL for the strings instrument makers 67S. F. Pakzad and T. Jeandroz

000590 A non optimization-based method for reconstructing wind instruments boreshape

67

G. Le Vey

000640 DROPIC: A tool for the study of string instruments in playing conditions 68J.-L. Le Carrou, D. Chadefaux, M.-A. Vitrani, S. Billout and L. Quartier

000833 Independent features for content-based music genre classifiaction 68L. Fergani


MI - Measurement and instrumentation (Poster session)Room: Grande Halle

000067 Concentrated Spectrogram of audio acoustic signals - a comparative study 68K. Czarnecki, M. Moszynski and M. Rojewski

000272 Micro-embolic signatures detection through GARCH parameters 69J.-M. Girault, S. Menigot, K. Addakiri and B. Guibert

000277 Rotary inertia effects on the propagation of elastic waves in thin FGM plates 69M. Mehrkash, M. Azhari and H.R. Mirdamadi

000278 Elastic wave propagation in FGM plates with in-plane forces 69M. Mehrkash, M. Azhari and H.R. Mirdamadi

000294 Intonation des phrases interrogatives et affirmatives en langue Berbere 70H. Teffahi and R. Halimouche

000315 Cramer-Rao bounds for acoustic emission events localization in a flat plate 70A. Le Duff, S.E. Hamdi, G. Plantier, A. Sourice and R. Feron

000354 Seismic imaging of transmission overhead line structure foundations 70D. Vautrin, M. Voorons, J. Idier, Y. Goussard and N. Paul


000388 Source localization using a sparse representation of sensor measurements 71J. Lardies, H. Ma and M. Berthillier

000646 Quantitative ultrasonic tomography of high acoustic impedance contrast targets 71R. Guillermin, P. Lasaygues and G. Rabau

000802 Adipose tissue imaging using ultrasound pulse subtraction cancellation ratio 71R.A. Fowler, J.-M. Mari, E. Canet-Soulas and C. Lafon

000823 Acoustic sources joint localization and characterization using compressive sam-pling

72

A. Peillot, F. Ollivier, G. Chardon and L. Daudet

000827 Ultrasonic characterization of yogurt fermentation process 72D. Izbaim, B. Faiz, A. Moudden, M. Malainine and I. Aboudaoud

000844 Begining of fish defrosting by using non-destructive ultrasonic technique 72M. Malainine, B. Faiz, A. Moudden, D. Izbaim, G. Maze and I. Aboudaoud


NV - Noise and vibration engineering (Poster session)Room: Grande Halle

000213 Effect of pavement temperature on the macrotexture of a semidense asphaltsurface

73

J. Luong, M. Bueno, V.F. Vazquez, U. Vinuela and S.E. Paje

000231 Using a genetic algorithm on the concept of an active anechoic multicellularlayer

73

T. Nicolas

000234 Influence of texture spectra on CPX noise of SMA pavements 73J. Luong, V.F. Vazquez, M. Bueno, F. Teran and S.E. Paje

000235 Mechanical impedance and CPX noise of SMA pavements 74V.F. Vazquez and S.E. Paje

000254 Railway equivalent noise sources definition: ESM implementation and optimiza-tion

74

E. Bongini and H. Marcus

000333 In Car rattle noise management 74F. Amadu and A. Fenieres

000438 Inverse parametric optimization method for the characterization of the acousticfield radiated by a rail with a microphone array - Experimental validation witha modal shaker

75

B. Faure, O. Chiello, M.-A. Pallas and C. Serviere

000476 Porous air inlet ducts: acoustic power radiated along the duct compared tonozzle noise

75

M. Baudry

000660 Modeling of cylindrical baffle mufflers for low frequency sound propagation 75R. Binois, N. Dauchez, J.-M. Ville, E. Perrey-Debain and G. Beillard


PU - Physical acoustics and underwater acoustics (Poster session)Room: Grande Halle

000006 Shock wave emission from ultrasound-induced cavitation bubbles 76E.-A. Brujan


000033 Developpement de capteurs interdigites sur substrat piezoelectrique de typePZT pour la generation des ondes de surface en haute frequence

76

M. Duquennoy, O. Rigo, S. Hocquet, C. Courtois, J. Deboucq, M. Rguiti, L. Seronveaux,M. Ouaftouh, D. Vandormael, F. Jenot and V. Lardot

000099 Picosecond acoustics in diamond anvils cells: the combination of extrems 76S. Ayrinhac, F. Decremps, L. Belliard, M. Gauthier and B. Perrin

000164 Recovering the weak and lost sources in the Sea Acoustic 77S. F. Pakzad and T. Jeandroz

000189 Lamb waves propagation in functionally graded piezoelectric materials with ex-ponential variation

77

M. Ben Amor and M.H. Ben Ghozlen

000232 Characterisation of vanadia doped titania nano thin film using acoustical andother techniques

77

J. Irudayaraj

000281 A portative celerimeter for measurement and analysis of compressional speedand attenuation in marine sediments: description and first results

78

X. J. Demoulin, L. Guillon, R. Bourdon, L. Dufrechou, P. Guyomard and T. Garlan

000285 In vivo assessment of corneal shear anisotropy using supersonic shear wave imag-ing

78

T.-M. Nguyen, J.-F. Aubry, D. Touboul, J. Bercoff and M. Tanter

000352 Structural Health Monitoring of Smart Composite Material by Acoustic Emis-sion

78

S. Masmoudi, A. El Mahi, S. Turki and R. El Guerjouma

000360 Direct and inverse scattering of transient acoustic waves by a double-layeredporous materials having an elastic frame

79

M. Sadouki, M. Fellah, Z.E.A. Fellah, E. Ogam and C. Depollier

000370 Acoustic properties of perforated plates and screens 79H.L. Ruiz Villamil, P. Cobo, T. Dupont and P. Leclaire

000405 Ultrasonic transducers based on curved lead-free piezoelectric thick films forhigh resolution medical imaging

80

F. Levassort, K. Astafiev, R. Lou-Moeller, J.-M. Gregoire, L. Nielsen, W.W. Wolny and M.Lethiecq

000499 Fast simulation of nonlinear radio frequency ultrasound images in inhomoge-neous nonlinear media: CREANUIS

80

F. Varray, M. Toulemonde, O. Basset and C. Cachard

000509 Theoretical study and numerical simulation of pulsed ultrasonic field emittedby a phased-array transducer and reflected by a fluid-fluid interface

80

A. Oudina, H. Djelouah and N. Maghlaoui

000538 Peculiarities of photon-phonon interaction in femtosecond delay lines using phe-nomenon of strong elastic anisotropy in crystals

81

V. Molchanov, S. Chizhikov, O. Makarov and K. Yushkov

000543 Characterization by laser-ultrasonics of thin film/substrate structure: applica-tion to the detection of microcracks

81

S. Fourez, F. Jenot, M. Ouaftouh, M. Duquennoy and M. Ourak

000557 Temperature dependence of elasticity of poro-elastic layer 81C. Glorieux, J. Descheemaeker, J.-P. Groby, L. Boeckx and P. Khurana

000594 Ultrasonic monitoring of the in-situ polymerization of carbon fiber based ther-moplastic composite materials

82

C. Mechri, R. El Guerjouma and M. Bentahar


000596 The measurement of complex intensity near the open end of a flanged cylindricalpipe

82

J. Prisutova and K. V. Horoshenkov

000628 Bubbly liquid with multi-size bubble population 82S. Kovinskaya

000631 Ultrafast plane wave imaging: application to spectral Doppler 83B.-F. Osmanski, G. Montaldo and M. Tanter

000650 Semi-analytical characterisation of a homogeneous rigid frame porous materialusing P-P probes

83

B. Brouard, J.-P. Groby, D. Parmentier, O. Dazel, L. Kelders and M. Henry

000704 Determination of the Boltzmann constant with an acoustic quasi-spherical res-onator filled with argon

83

A. Guillou, L. Pitre, F. Sparasci, D. Truong, L. Risegari and M. E. Himbert

000732 Modelling tools for the simulation of microgenerators based on piezo-semiconducting nanowires

84

O. Graton, G. Poulin-Vittrant, L.-P. Tran Huu Hue and M. Lethiecq

000738 Using a boundary element method to validate the concept of an active anechoicmulticellular layer

84

T. Nicolas

000782 Now casting Anthropogenic Ocean Noise in High Pressure Areas 84T. Folegot, C. Gervaise, Y. Stephan, D. Clorennec and B. Kinda

000790 Interaction of elastic waves with a cylindrical nano-inclusion 85S. Sodagar

000798 Scattering of complex geometries by Finite Element Method 85N. Gonzalez-Salido, A. Islas-Cital, F. Camarena, R. Pico and P.R. Atkins

000801 Attenuation of acoustic waves in Lithium Niobate crystals with impurities 85F. R. Akhmedzhanov and F. N. Juraev


PU-S01: Non linear acoustic phenomena (Poster session)Room: Grande Halle

000283 Speckle reduction with multitaper approach to improve B/A imaging 86M. Toulemonde, F. Varray, P. Tortoli, C. Cachard and O. Basset

000421 Evolution of intensive acoustical noise pulses (the numerical simulation withFast Legendre Transform Algorithm)

86

I. Demin, S. Gurbatov and N. Pronchatov-Rubtsov

000548 Selective acoustic destruction of lipid shell microbubbles 87A. Karampatzakis, C. Sennoga, R. Eckersley and M.-X. Tang

000735 The parametric propagation in underwater acoustics: experimental results 87E. Bouttard, V. Labat, O. Bou Matar and T. Chonavel

000808 Nonlinear elastodynamic simulations using a Discontinuous Galerkin method ongraphics processors

87

O. Bou Matar and P.-Y. Guerder


PU-S03: Phononic crystal and metamaterials (Poster session)Room: Grande Halle


000044 Matryoshka locally resonant sonic crystal 88D. P. Elford, L. Chalmers, G. M. Swallowe and F. Kusmartsev

000060 Elastic waves in phononic granular membranes 88H. Pichard, A. Duclos, J.-P. Groby, V. Tournat and V. Gusev

000177 Experimental study of water wave carpet cloak 88A. A. Maurel, C. Palacios, V. Pagneux and P. Petitjeans

000186 Propagation of elastic waves in 1D periodic waveguides with symmetric stubs 89A.-C. Hladky-Hennion, C. Granger, J. Vasseur and M. De Billy

000241 Acoustic process of second harmonic generation in a one-dimensional diatomicgranular chain

89

J. Cabaret, V. Tournat and P. Bequin

000341 Effects of a default on the reflectivity of plane periodic media 89O. Lenoir, A. Khaled, P. Marechal and D. Chenouni

000400 Numerical and experimental characterization of pre-fractal anisotropic stacks 90M.-F. Ponge, X. Jacob and V. Gibiat

000452 Design of wideband attenuation devices based on Sonic Crystals made of multi-phenomena scatterers

90

V. Romero-Garcia, S. Castineira-Ibanez, J.V. Sanchez-Perez and L.M. Garcia-Raffi

000453 Non-radiative complete SAW bandgap of 2D phononic crystals on semi-infiniteLiNbO3 substrate

90

D. Yudistira, Y. Pennec, B. Djafari-Rouhani, S. Dupont and V. Laude


PU-S04: Non destructive testing and evaluation (Poster session)Room: Grande Halle

000169 New approach for the damage mechanisms identification in the glass-epoxy com-posites

91

A. Satour, S. Montresor, M. Bentahar, F. Boubenider and R. Elguerjouma

000383 Characterization of a parametric loudspeaker and its application in NDT 91S. De Simone, L. Di Marcoberardino, P. Calicchia and J. Marchal

000385 Inspection problem of composite materials using an ultrasonic signal processing 91A. Benammar, R. Drai and A. Guessoum

000524 Ultrasonic characterization of mechanical properties of metal powders 92L. Barguet, M. Bentahar, C. Pezerat and R. El Guerjouma

000530 Modelling tools for ultrasonic inspection of bimetallic welds 92A. Gardahaut, K. Jezzine and D. Cassereau

000575 On the comparison of absorbing regions methods 92W. Ke, S. Yaacoubi and P. McKeon

000580 Validation of a thermal compensation technique for Coda Wave Interferometry(CWI) analysis of acousto-elastic effect

93

Y. Zhang, O. Abraham, V. Tournat, A. Le Duff, B. Lascoup, A. Loukili, F. Grondin and O.Durand

000588 Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI) for monitoring early-age cementitious mortar 93Y. Zhang, O. Abraham, P. Mounanga, A.-N. Leklou, V. Tournat, A. Le Duff, B. Lascoupand O. Durand


000804 Acoustic emission analysis of a laminate under a different loading rate 93I. Ben Ammar, A. El Mahi, C. Karra, R. El Guerjouma and M. El Haddar

000853 Non linear acoustic applied to the concrete study 94A. Quiviger, J.-P. Zardan, V. Garnier, C. Payan, J.-F. Chaix and J. Salin

000854 Studying the ultrasonic characterization of industrial plasters 94J.-F. Chaix, V. Garnier, A. Sadikaly, I. Berline and G. Counil


PU-S08: Bones and ultrasound (Poster session)Room: Grande Halle

000082 Children cortical bone characterisation: the ultrasonic issue 94J.-P. Berteau, C. Baron, M. Pithioux, P. Chabrand and P. Lasaygues

000257 Comparative study of nonlinear ultrasonic methods applied to experimentalmodels of prostheses osseointegration

95

J. Riviere, S. Haupert, P. A. Johnson and P. Laugier

000347 Finite Element modelling of the measurement of guided wave propagation in atransverse isotropic material with an ultrasonic array

95

L. Moreau, J.-G. Minonzio, J. Foiret, M. Talmant and P. Laugier

000479 Characterization of a bone mimicking phantom by means of circumferentialguided waves dispersion curves

96

P. Nauleau, E. Cochard, J.-G. Minonzio, Q. Grimal, C. Prada and P. Laugier

000620 Bone properties determination from guided wave velocities: an in vitro test casestudy

96

J. Foiret, J.-G. Minonzio, M. Talmant and P. Laugier

000765 Investigation on influencing factors of ultrasonic long bone image quality andreconstruction error

96

R. Zheng


PU-S09: Biomedical and biological ultrasounds (Poster session)Room: Grande Halle

000256 Tracking biopsy needle using Kalman filter and RANSAC algorithm with 3Dultrasound

97

Y. Zhao, H. Liebgott and C. Cachard

000393 Frequency and concentration dependence of the ultrasonic backscatter coeffi-cient in a soft tissue mimicking material

97

N. Houhat and T. Boutkedjirt

000422 Acoustical method and device for determination of lipid and protein spectra ofblood serum

97

I. Demin, A. Klemina, S. Gurbatov and V. Klemin

000515 Nonlinear tissue mimicking phantoms characterization using the Nakagami sta-tistical model: simulations and measurements

98

N. Bahbah, H. Djelouah and A. Bouakaz

000770 Novel ultrasound contrast agents with a liquid core 98K. Astafyeva, W. Urbach, N. Tsapis, E. Fattal, C. Contino-Pepin and N. Taulier



SP - Sound perception (Poster session)Room: Grande Halle

000101 Subjective assessments of spherical microphone arrays - Paired comparisons oftwo arrays designed using different microphone models

99

V. Koehl, M. Paquier and S. Delikaris-Manias

000130 Spatial localization of sounds with hearing protection devices allowing speechcommunication

99

V. Zimpfer, D. Sarafian, K. Buck and P. Hamery

000214 Efficiency of loudness models for the evaluation of airplane cockpit noise comfort 99E. Parizet, Y. Padayashi and O. Collery

000313 COST short term scientific mission: training course on soundscape analysis:soundwalk, recordings, analysis and listening tests

100

P. N. Dokmeci, F. Aletta, M. Frost, I. Garcia, M. Galuszka, J. Kocinski, H. Lin, A. Mundt,M. Tomas, K. Genuit and B. Schulte-Fortkamp

000327 On the variations of inter-aural time differences (ITDs) with frequency 100V. Benichoux, M. Rebillat and R. Brette

000371 Noise/Signal: two different listening experiences for deterministic and non de-terministic sound stimulus

100

R. C. Borges

000374 A laboratory study on the evaluation of soundscape 101A. Ozcevik and Z. Yuksel Can

000502 Spatial audio quality in regard to 3D video 101S. Moulin, R. Nicol and L. Gros

000598 Motor noise influence on acceleration perception in a dynamic driving simulator 101J.-F. Sciabica, V. Roussarie, S. Ystad and R. Kronland-Martinet

000642 Discrimination thresholds of the reverberation in large volumes by naıve listen-ers

102

A. Billon and J.-J. Embrechts

000659 Distance perception of recorded instruments in virtual monitoring environments 102F. Georgiou and B. Fazenda

000742 Timbre description of the sound of air-treatment systems for predicting acousticcomfort

102

A. Minard, A. Billon, B. Goujard, B. Robin, F. Fournier, J.-J. Embrechts and A. Sakout

000773 Perceptual differences between sounds produced by different continuous inter-actions

103

S. Conan, M. Aramaki, R. Kronland-Martinet, E. Thoret and S. Ystad

Tuesday 24 april 2012

Keynote lecture: Pr. Daniel JuveRoom: Lord RAYLEIGHChair Person (s): P. Lafon

8:00 Aeroacoustics: convergence between direct computations and experiments 103D. Juve


Keynote lecture: Pr. Yiu Wai LamRoom: Paul LANGEVINChair Person (s): W. Davies


8:00 Time domain modelling of room acoustics 103Y.W. Lam and J. Hargreaves


EN-S05: Wind turbine noiseRoom: Ray STEPHENSChair Person (s): D. Ecotiere

9:00 Wind turbine amplitude modulation: research to improve understanding as toits cause & effect

104

M. M. Cand, A. J. Bullmore, M. Smith, S. Von-Hunerbein and R. Davis

9:20 Estimation of uncertainties due to the wind-induced noise in a screened micro-phone

104

D. Ecotiere

9:40 Mechanisms of amplitude modulation in wind turbine noise 104M. Smith, A. J. Bullmore, M. M. Cand and R. Davis


MI-S01: Signal processing for nonlinear NDT and biomedical imagingRoom: Pierre CHAVASSEChair Person (s): S. Dos Santos, B. Drinkwater

9:00 Nonlinear ultrasound parameter measurement for clay suspended particles char-acterization

105

H. Jakjoud, A. Chitnalah, N. Aouzale and H. Soucrati

9:20 The application of the factor analysis to the studies of the nonlinear dynamicelasticity

105

V. Tsaplev and P. Grushevsky

9:40 Signal processing for the detection and quantification of the noncollinear non-linear interaction

105

A. J. Croxford, J. N. Potter and B. Drinkwater

10:40 Application of coded transmission technique to Ultrasonic Computed Tomogra-phy of soft tissues

106

P. Lasaygues, J. Rouyer and S. Mensah

11:00 Non contact acoustic exploration method for concrete using SLDV and LRAD 106T. Sugimoto, R. Akamatsu, N. Utagawa and S. Tsujino

11:20 Small calcification depiction in ultrasonography using correlation technique forbreast cancer screening

106

H. Taki, T. Sakamoto, M. Yamakawa, T. Shiina and T. Sato

11:40 Research & Medical Doppler platform 107M. Lewandowski, M. Walczak, P. Karwat, B. Witek, A. Nowicki and P. KarÃlowicz


NV-S11: Numerical methods in vibroacousticsRoom: Paul LANGEVINChair Person (s): C. Pezerat

9:00 Numerical simulation of noise generated by multi asperity contact betweenrough surfaces

107

V.H. Dang, A. Le Bot and J. Perret Liaudet


9:20 Static correction of acoustic models with application to vibro-acoustic coupling 107J.-M. Lagache and S. Assaf

9:40 Prediction of acoustic pressure in an enclosed space by numerical means 108O. Demirkan and M. Calıskan

10:40 Transmission Loss trim FEM simulation of lightweight automotive dashboardinsulators with consideration of the instrument panel

108

L. Dejaeger, J.-F. Rondeau, P. Chanudet and B. Auffray

11:00 Recent developments in Code Aster to compute FRF and modes of VEM withfrequency dependent properties

108

N. Merlette, E. Pagnacco and A. Ladier

11:20 Reduced order model for noise and vibration attenuation of water immersedviscoelastic sandwich structures

109

L. Rouleau, J.-F. Deu, A. Legay, J.-F. Sigrist and P. Marin-Curtoud

11:40 Numerical transmission loss calculations for perforated dissipative mufflers con-taining heterogeneous material and mean flow

109

A. G. Antebas, F. D. Denia, E. M. Sanchez-Orgaz and F. J. Fuenmayor


PU-S11: Geophysics and seismicsRoom: Francois CANACChair Person (s): P. Roux, S. Catheline

9:00 Laboratory benchmarks vs. Synthetic modeling of seismic wave propagation incomplex environments (BENCHIE Project)

109

N. Favretto-Cristini, P. Cristini, D. Komatitsch, B. Ursin, A. Tantsereva and A. M. Aizen-berg

9:20 Surface-wave retrieval from ambient-noise observations using crosscorrelationand multidimensional deconvolution

110

K. Van Dalen, E. Ruigrok and K. Wapenaar

9:40 Passive spatio-temporal inverse filter 110T. Gallot, S. Catheline, P. Roux and M. Campillo

10:00 Feasibility modeling of time-lapse seismic noise interferometry for CO2-monitoring

111

A. R. Verdel, J. W. Thorbecke and D. S. Draganov

10:40 Friction experiments with elastography: the slow slip and the super-shearregimes

111

S. Catheline, S. Latour, T. Gallot, C. Voisin, F. Renard, E. Larose and M. Campillo

11:00 Wandering of the modal parameters in existing building: application to struc-tural health monitoring

111

P. Gueguen

11:20 Benefits of the horizontal component in quantitative imaging of near-surfaceinterfaces with lateral variations: synthetic model inversion and reduced scalemodeling

112

R. Valensi, D. Leparoux, O. Durand, F. Bretaudeau, R. Brossier and P. Cote

11:40 Ground motion prediction in los angeles of large M7+ earthquakes on the SanAndreas fault using the virtual source approach

112

M. Denolle, G. C. Beroza, E. M. Dunham and G. A. Prieto

12:00 Extracting dispersion curve and filtering of acoustic data with wavelet transform 112H.-P. Valero, B. Bose and S. Aeron



SP-S02: Sound spatialisation: from the transducer to the listenerRoom: Peter BARNETTChair Person (s): R. Nicol, A. Tew

9:00 Representation of sound fields for audio recording and reproduction 113F. M. Fazi, M. Noisternig and O. Warusfel

9:20 Morphoacoustic perturbation analysis: principles and validation 113A. I. Tew, C. T. Hetherington and J. B. Thorpe

9:40 Assessment of spatial audio quality based on sound attributes 113S. Le Bagousse, M. Paquier and C. Colomes

10:00 Auditory localization and reaching movements in the peripersonal space 114G. Parseihian and B. F. Katz

10:40 On loudspeaker rendering of auditory distance in higher order Ambisonics 114G. Kearney, M. Gorzel and F. Boland

11:00 Perceptual assessment of binaural decoding of first-order ambisonics 115J. Palacino, R. Nicol, M. Emerit and L. Gros

11:20 From vibration to perception: using Large Multi-Actuator Panels (LaMAPs) tocreate coherent audio-visual environments

115

M. Rebillat, E. Corteel, B. F. Katz and X. Boutillon

11:40 Practical 3 dimensional sound reproduction using Wave Field Synthesis, theoryand perceptual validation

115

E. Corteel, L. Rohr, X. Falourd, K.-V. Nguyen and H. Lissek


NV-S08: Passive control in vibroacousticsRoom: Yves ROCARDChair Person (s): N. Dauchez, K. Horoshenkov

10:20 A wave-based approach to estimate porous material properties 116M. Ichchou, O. Bareille and A. Chettah

10:40 On the modelling of the acoustical properties of hemp concrete 116P. Gle, K. V. Horoshenkov, E. Gourdon and L. Arnaud

11:00 Vibroacoustics of thin micro-perforated sound absorbers 116C. Maury, T. Bravo and C. Pinhede

11:20 Assessment of the validity of statistical energy analysis and transfer matrixmethod for the prediction of sound transmission loss through aircraft double-walls

117

B. Campolina, N. Atalla and N. Dauchez

11:40 The use of ray-tracing method for the prediction of the insertion loss of enclo-sures

117

N. Trompette and J. Chatillon


EN-S06: Manufactured noise reducing devices (noise barriers)Room: Ray STEPHENSChair Person (s): J. Defrance, R. Kirby


10:40 Holistic optimisation of noise reducing devices 117T. Leissing, F. Grannec, J. Defrance, P. Jean, D. Lutgendorf, C. Heinkele and J.-P. Clairbois

11:00 Influence of ground reflections and loudspeaker directivity on measurements ofin-situ sound absorption

118

M. Conter, R. Wehr, M. Haider and S. Gasparoni

11:20 Prediction of scattering effects by sonic crystal noise barriers in 2d and 3d finitedifference simulations

118

S. H. Hoare and D. T. Murphy

11:40 Transport noise reduction by low height sonic crystal noise barriers 118F. Koussa, J. Defrance, P. Jean and P. Blanc-Benon

12:00 Influence of partial disorder on the insertion loss of sonic crystals with low fillingfractions

119

S. Taherzadeh, K. Attenborough and I. Bashir


AA-S06: Computational room acousticsRoom: Philip DOAKChair Person (s): I. Schmich, M. Hodgson

13:40 Wave based modelling of enclosed spaces by a sequence of matrix multiplications 119R. C. Opdam, D. De Vries and M. Vorlander

14:00 Comparison of radiosity and ray-tracing methods for coupled rooms 119J. Dondaine, A. Le Bot, J. Rech and S. Mussa Peretto

14:20 Modeling and simulation of the sound propagation by the FDTD method 120A. Gramez, J.-L. Guyader and F. Boubenider

14:40 An hybrid beam and particle tracing with time dependant radiosity for accurateimpulse response of rooms prediction

120

N. Noe, C. Rougier, J. Rouch and I. Schmich

15:00 SPPS, a particle-tracing numerical code for indoor and outdoor sound propaga-tion prediction

120

J. Picaut and N. Fortin

15:20 Energy- and wave-based beam-tracing prediction of room-acoustical parametersusing different boundary conditions

121

M. Hodgson and B. Yousefzadeh

15:40 A method for predicting the reverberation time and decay curves of rectan-gular rooms with non-uniform absorption distribution using Statistical EnergyAnalysis

121

L. I. Wilmshurst and D. J. Thompson

16:00 Precomputed acoustic radiance transfer for interactive higher-order reflectionsin dynamic scenes

121

L. Antani, A. Chandak, L. Savioja and D. Manocha


AH-S05: Numerical methods in aeroacousticsRoom: Ray STEPHENSChair Person (s): X. Gloerfelt, G. Gabard

13:40 Investigation of a turbulent channel flow using large eddy simulation 122F. Kremer, C. Bogey and C. Bailly


14:00 3D FEM-BEM coupled resolution for acoustic waves propagation in potentialflow

122

N. Balin, G. Sylvand and F. Casenave

14:20 The perturbed low Mach number approximation for the aeroacoustic computa-tion of anisothermal flows

123

C. Nana, D. Marx, C. Prax and V. Fortune

14:40 Numerical analysis of an aeroacoustic field using Complex Variable Method 123E. Gaudard, R. Marchiano, P. Druault and F. A. Van Herpe

15:00 Lattice Boltzmann aero-acoustics modelling of flow around obstacles 123H. Machrouki, D. Ricot and O. Coste

15:20 CABARET scheme with conservation-flux asynchronous time-stepping for com-putational aero-acoustics

124

V. A. Semiletov and S. A. Karabasov

15:40 Time-harmonic acoustic scattering in a complex flow 124J.F. Mercier, A.-S. Bonnet-Bendhia, F. Millot, S. Pernet and E. Peynaud

16:40 Overview of CAA techniques applied to various propulsion and cooling systems 124S. Moreau

17:00 Jet noise prediction using a sweeping based turbulence generation process 125A. Lafitte, E. Laurendeau, T. Le Garrec and C. Bailly

17:20 Finite element simulation of noise radiation through shear layers 125A. Prinn, G. Gabard and H. Beriot

17:40 Transparent boundary condition for acoustic propagation in duct with bulk-reacting liner

125

E. E. Redon, B. Ouedraogo and P. Leclaire

18:00 Numerical prediction of absorbing materials via Computational AeroAcoustics 126M. Escouflaire and S. Redonnet

18:20 Numerical study of the aeroacoustic behavior of a subsonic confined cavity 126P. Lafon, J. Berland, F. Crouzet, F. Daude and C. Bailly

18:40 Numerical study of low Reynolds number airfoil flows 126O. Marsden and T. Charrel


MA-S06: Nonlinear aspects of musical instrumentsRoom: John TYNDALLChair Person (s): T. Helie, S. Bilbao

13:40 Numerical tools for musical instruments acoustics: analysing nonlinear physicalmodels using continuation of periodic solutions

127

S. Karkar, C. Vergez and B. Cochelin

14:20 Choice of algorithms for reed instruments oscillations: how to solve the equationfor the nonlinear characteristics?

127

J. Kergomard, P. Guillemain and F. Silva

14:40 Influence of the reed flow on the intonation of the clarinet 127J.-P. Dalmont, P. Guillemain and P.-A. Taillard

15:00 Numerical resolution of a physical model of flute-like instruments: comparisonbetween different approaches

128

S. Terrien, R. Auvray, B. Fabre, P.-Y. Lagree and C. Vergez


15:20 Proposition of a Green-Volterra formalism to solve dynamics of a nonlinearstring

128

D. Roze and T. Helie

15:40 Measures and models of real triodes, for the simulation of guitar amplifiers 128I. Cohen and T. Helie

16:40 What can we learn about the wolf phenomenon from a linearized analysis? 129V. Debut, J. Antunes and O. Inacio

17:20 Differential geometry applied to acoustics: non linear propagation in Reissnerbeams

129

J. Bensoam

17:40 Nonlinear plate vibrations: A modal approach with application to cymbals andgongs

129

M. Ducceschi, C. Touze and S. Bilbao

18:00 Estimations of non-linearities in structural vibrations of string musical instru-ments

130

K. Ege, M. Rebillat and X. Boutillon

18:20 Analysis of the nonlinear effect of the capo bar-string interaction in grand piano 130A. Stulov

18:40 Modeling of the part-pedaling effect in the piano 130A. Stulov, V. Valimaki and H.-M. Lehtonen


MI-S05: Inversion methods for acoustic imagingRoom: Pierre CHAVASSEChair Person (s): J. Idier, F. Fazi

13:40 Comparison of inverse methods and particle velocity based techniques for trans-fer path analysis

131

D. Fernandez Comesana, K. Holland, J. Wind and H.-E. De Bree

14:00 Nearfield acoustic holography in wind tunnel by means of velocity LDV mea-surements

131

H. Parisot-Dupuis, F. Simon and E. Piot

14:20 CAA-based acoustic beamforming for noise identification in complex media 131Y. Pene, V. Fleury, D. C. Mincu and C. Polacsek

14:40 Acoustical inverse problems regularization: direct definition of filter factors us-ing Signal-to-Noise Ratio

132

P. A. Gauthier, A. Gerard, C. Camier and A. Berry

15:00 Identification of vibration excitation using a regularized Finite Element operatorand a deconvolution post-process

132

C. Renzi, C. Pezerat and J.-L. Guyader

15:20 Full-field reconstruction from scanned measurements without references: thelatent variable approach

132

J. Antoni

15:40 Bayesian sparse regularization in near-field wideband aeroacoustic imaging forwind tunnel test

133

N. Chu, J. Picheral and A. Djafari


PU-S01: Non linear acoustic phenomenaRoom: Paul LANGEVIN


Chair Person (s): O. Bou Matar, R. Cleveland

13:40 Cavitation bubble structure generated by an ultrasonic horn: experimental ev-idence of energy pumping

133

B. Dubus and C. Granger

14:00 First insight into mechanisms involved in cavitation enhancement by the use ofbifrequency excitation

134

B. Gilles, C. Inserra, I. Saletes, H. Shambsborhan and J.-C. Bera

14:20 PIV measurements of 3-dimensional acoustic Rayleigh streaming in a squarecross-section standing wave resonator

134

I. Reyt, Y. Rafat, L. Mongeau, R. Taher and H. Bailliet

14:40 Different regimes for water wave turbulence 134A. Przadka, M. Sobkowiak, P. Petitjeans, A. A. Maurel and V. Pagneux

15:00 Interaction of weak shocks leading to Mach stem formation in focused beamsand reflections from a rigid surface: numerical modeling and experiment

135

M. Karzova, E. Salze, S. Ollivier, T. Castelain, B. Andre, P. V. Yuldashev, V. Khokhlova,O. Sapozhnikov and P. Blanc-Benon

15:20 Development and analysis of non-linearity in the pressure waves resulting fromthermoacoustic heat engines

135

A. H. Ibrahim, A. A. Elbeltagy, M. M. Emam and E. Abdel-Rahman

15:40 Nonlinear tube waves 135C. Klieber and D. L. Johnson

16:40 Acoustic characterization of slow compaction dynamics in noncohesive disor-dered granular media

136

J.-B. Legland, V. Tournat and V. Gusev

17:00 Experimental study of nonlinear acoustic waves in a granular chain 136J. Cabaret, V. Tournat, P. Bequin, V. Andreev and V. Gusev

17:20 Revealing highly complex elastic nonlinear behavior of Earth materials applyingdynamic acousto-elastic testing (DAET)

136

G. Renaud, P.-Y. Le Bas and P. A. Johnson

17:40 Nonlinear contactless optoacoustic technique for crack detection and evaluation 137S. Mezil, N. Chigarev, V. Tournat and V. Gusev

18:00 Nonlinear guided waves to characterize damage in glass fiber reinforced plastics(FRPC)

137

Y. Baccouche, M. Bentahar, R. El Guerjouma and M.H. Ben Ghozlen

18:20 Comparaison of temporal and frequency methods applied to ultrasonic nonlinearsignals

138

S. Idjimarene, M. Bentahar, M. Scalerandi and R. El Guerjouma

18:40 Molecular simulation of sound for development of nanoacoustics 138T. Yano


PU-S12: Ultrasound and lasersRoom: Francois CANACChair Person (s): B. Audoin

13:40 Zero Group Velocity and backward Lamb modes 138C. Prada, F. D. Philippe, D. Clorennec, M. Ces and D. Royer


14:00 Non contact measurement of thin layer thickness by zero group velocity Lambmodes

139

M. Ces, D. Clorennec, D. Royer and C. Prada

14:20 Evaluation of sub-micrometer thick multilayered colloidal films by the methodof resonant hypersound spectroscopy

139

A. Ayouch, P. Ruello, V. Gusev, G. Vaudel, X. Dieudonnee, H. Piombini, P. Belleville andK. Valle

14:40 Flaws detection using laser-ultrasound and mode conversion 139F. Faese, F. Jenot, M. Ouaftouh and M. Duquennoy

15:00 Evaluation of transverse elastic properties of fibers used in composite materialsby laser resonant ultrasound spectroscopy

140

D. Mounier, C. Poilane, C. Bucher and P. Picart

15:20 Experimental observation of acoustic streaming in cavitation bubble fields 140T. Nowak and R. Mettin

15:40 Peculiarities of acoustooptic interaction in media with strong acoustic anisotropy 140S. N. Mantsevich and V. I. Balakshy

16:40 Photoacoustics to guide and monitor ultrasound therapy 141A. Prost, M. Pernot, J.-M. Chassot and E. Bossy

17:00 Development of an acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscope 141O. Simandoux, J.-M. Chassot, E. Fort and E. Bossy

17:20 Semi-analytical time-reversal imaging of a volume source in solids 141S. Raetz, T. Dehoux and B. Audoin

17:40 Generation and detection of sinusoidal ultrasonic waves in the GHz-THz fre-quency range

142

D. Mounier, T. Nowak, J.-M. Breteau, G. Vaudel, T. Pezeril, P. Picart, P. Ruello and V.Gusev

18:00 Heterodyne ultrafast pump-probe experiments, towards acoustic imaging with1 GHz to 100 GHz spectral range

142

A. Abbas, Y. Guillet, B. Audoin, J.-M. Rampnoux, S. Dilhaire, J. Carlier, P. Rigail and E.Mottay

18:20 Versatile ultrafast pump-probe imaging with high sensitivity CCD camera 143T. Pezeril, C. Klieber, V. Temnov, J.-R. Huntzinger and A. Anane

18:40 Ultrasonic signal synthesis for acousto-optical white light filtering with arbitraryspectral transmission function

143

K. Yushkov, V. Molchanov and S. Chizhikov


MI-S04: Wave propagation in heterogeneous media: modeling and simulationRoom: Yves ROCARDChair Person (s): S. Naili, V.-H. Nguyen, W. Parnell

14:00 How to use disorder for guiding a broadband acoustic wave ? 143A. Bretagne and A. Tourin

14:20 Propagation of guided waves in a non-uniform acoustic waveguide 144J.F. Mercier and A. A. Maurel

14:40 Propagation of guided waves through weak penetrable scatterers 144A. A. Maurel and J.F. Mercier

15:00 Hyperelastic cloaking theory: Transformation elasticity with prestressed solids 144W. J. Parnell and A. N. Norris


15:20 Efficient acoustic filtering for oilfield technology 145T. Kinoshita and N. Sakiyama

15:40 Modelling the emergence of the coherent field for cavities in a solid matrix 145V. J. Pinfield and R. E. Challis

16:40 Ultrasonic wave propagation in heterogeneous media 145L. Cunningham, A. J. Mulholland, G. Harvey and C. Bird

17:00 Discussion on various model of multiple scattering in acoustics and elastic het-erogeneous media

146

L. Le Marrec and G. Futhazar

17:20 Studies of acoustic wave propagation in water-filled piping: wall thickness effect 146A. Mokhtari and V. Chatoorgoon

17:40 Using the MFS for the analysis of the sound absorption by a porous plate con-taining a periodic array of inclusions

146

E. Perrey-Debain and B. Nennig

18:00 Coherent phonons scattering by interstitial impurities in a quantum wire 147M.-S. Rabia

18:20 Finite size effect for the effective propagation in a periodic structure with dis-order

147

V. Pagneux, A. A. Maurel and P. P. Martin


EN-S08: Engineering models for noise mappingRoom: Philip DOAKChair Person (s): G. Dutilleux

16:40 Comparison of engineering models of outdoor sound propagation: NMPB2008and Harmonoise-Imagine

147

D. Ecotiere, C. Foy and G. Dutilleux

17:00 A simple approach for making noise maps within a GIS software 148N. Fortin, J. Picaut, E. Bocher, G. Petit, A. Gueganno and G. Dutilleux

17:20 Sound speed profiles linearisation for engineering methods 148F. Junker

17:40 Optimized 3D ray tracing algorithm for environmental acoustic studies 148M. Dreher, G. Dutilleux and F. Junker

18:00 A general approach for extending the range of application of standard noisemapping methods

149

D. Van Maercke, T. Leissing and P. Jean

18:20 Exploring the use of mobile sensors for noise and black carbon measurementsin an urban environment

149

A. Can, T. Van Renterghem and D. Botteldooren


MI-S02: Time reversal and optimization for sonic and ultrasonic imagingRoom: Pierre CHAVASSEChair Person (s): S. Dos Santos, V. Gibiat

16:40 Experimental time reversal of water waves 150A. Przadka, S. Feat, P. Petitjeans, V. Pagneux, A. A. Maurel and M. Fink


17:00 Sonic Time Reversal Imaging optimization in reverberating, confined or noisyenvironments

150

E. Bavu, M. Melon, C. Auzou, S. Lobreau, C. Langrenne and A. Garcia

17:20 Optimal Spatiotemporal Focusing Through Multiple Scattering Media 150J. Aulbach, A. Bretagne, M. Tanter, M. Fink and A. Tourin

17:40 One channel spatio-temporal inversion of acoustic wave in reverberant cavities 151S. Catheline, M. Rupin and P. Roux

18:00 MIMO feedback and application to detection 151J. De Rosny and M. Carron

18:20 Spatial resolution of time-reversal mirrors in two-dimensional and three-dimensional free space environments

151

I. Rakotoarisoa, D. Marx, C. Prax and V. Valeau

18:40 Ultrasonic imaging based on frequency-domain optimization form 152S. Rodriguez, P. Sahuguet, X. Jacob and V. Gibiat


AA-G01: Room acousticsRoom: Philip DOAKChair Person (s): I. Schmich, M. Hodgson

9:00 Acoustical design for rehearsal halls of Guangdong Xing Hai Orchestra 152Y. Zhao and S. Wu

9:20 Statistical analysis of a set of Parisian Concert Halls and Theatres 152J.-D. Polack, F. Leao Figueiredo and S. Liu

9:40 Room acoustic auralization with Ambisonics 153J.-D. Polack and F. Leao Figueiredo

10:00 Recent acoustic upgrades in Verizon Hall at the Kimmel Performing Arts Center 153D. Schuette

10:40 Acoustic solid angle criteria in practice: transforming the Chapelle Corneille inRouen into a concert hall

153

Y. Jurkiewicz, E. Kahle and T. Wulfrank

11:00 Influence of audience on propagation of sound at low frequencies 154E. Shabalina and M. Vorlander

11:20 Analysis of acoustic requirements of a small hall of a theatre according to thecoupling factor with the stage tower

154

F. Leccese, G. Salvadori and M. Francesconi

11:40 The acoustics of performance spaces (theatres and stadiums): a case study 154M. Boeck, M. Navvab, G. Heilmann and F. Bisegna

12:00 The acoustical performance of mosques’ main prayer hall geometry in the easternprovince, Saudi arabia

155

H. Hossam Eldien and H. Al Qahtani


MA-G01: Musical acousticsRoom: John TYNDALLChair Person (s): C. Vergez, D. Sharp

9:00 Touring a singing sculpture to promote acoustics 155I. Drumm and A. Belantara


9:20 Creating new musical rules for listeners with a cochlear implant 155J. Marozeau and H. Innes-Brown

9:40 Edge tone in an organ pipe foot model 156I. Vaik and G. Paal

10:40 A comparative study of the maximum vocal levels of classical singers for thetwo main laryngeal mechanisms

156

S. Lamesch, B. Doval and M. Castellengo

11:00 Measurements of musical instruments with surrounding spherical arrays 156G. K. Behler, M. Pollow and M. Vorlander

11:20 Post-processing and center adjustment of measured directivity data of musicalinstruments

157

M. Pollow, G. K. Behler and M. Vorlander

11:40 Modeling the radiation characteristics of woodwind instruments 157R. Causse, M. Noisternig, V. Le Piouffle and N. Misdariis


PU-G01: Physical acousticsRoom: Lord RAYLEIGHChair Person (s): C. Potel, O. Poncelet, N. Wilkie-Chancellier

9:00 Measured and predicted of the longitudinal and transverse velocities of tubematerial using the Wigner-Ville and fuzzy logic techniques

157

R. Latif, Y. Nahraoui, E.H. Aassif and G. Maze

9:20 How upgoing and downgoing energy fluxes contribute to the establishment oflamb waves in an immersed elastic plate

158

E. Ducasse and M. Deschamps

9:40 Three-dimensional Acoustic Radiation Force on an Arbitrary Located ElasticSphere

158

D. Baresch, J.-L. Thomas and R. Marchiano

10:40 Acoustic properties of emulsions with locally resonant scatterers 158T. Brunet, B. Mascaro, S. Raffy, O. Mondain-Monval, J. Leng, O. Poncelet and C. Aristegui

11:00 Acoustic field in cavities filled with thermo-viscous binary gas mixtures, deter-mination of gas mixtures thermophysical properties

159

C. Guianvarc’h and M. Bruneau

11:20 Experimental investigation of the acoustic properties of liquids foams 159J. Pierre, F. Elias, C. Gay, C. Derec and V. Leroy

11:40 Recovery of the effective wavenumber and dynamical mass density for materialswith inclusions

159

G. Lepert, C. Aristegui, O. Poncelet, T. Brunet, C. Audoly and P. Parneix

14:00 Wave-quasi-particle dualism for surface acoustic waves: theory and applications 160G. A. Maugin and M. Rousseau

14:20 Experimental determination of the diffusion constant for ultrasonic waves in 2-Dmultiple scattering media with focused beamforming

160

N. Viard and A. Derode

14:40 Electrodes geometry and surface waves generation on a quartz disk: experimen-tal study

160

Y. Wang, N. Wilkie-Chancellier, L. Martinez and S. Serfaty


15:00 Pure shear-waves attenuation evaluation in anisotropic materials from planewave’s angular spectrum decomposition of the transmitted beam in an immer-sion tank

161

P. Guy, T. Monnier and B. Chassignole

15:20 Ultrasonic wave transport in weakly confined granular media in the intermediatefrequency regime

161

S. Job, A. Strybulevych and J.H. Page

15:40 On the use of a SAFE-PML technique for modeling two-dimensional open elasticwaveguides

161

F. Treyssede, K.-L. Nguyen, A.-S. Bonnet-Bendhia and C. Hazard

16:40 Beat phenomenon at the arrival of a guided mode in a semi-infinite acousticduct

162

P. Gatignol, M. Bruneau, P. Lanceleur and C. Potel

17:00 Statistical model of the impulse response of a reverberant plate: application toparameter estimation and correlation analysis

162

E. Moulin, H. Achdjian, J. Assaad, F. Benmeddour, K. Hourany and Y. Zaatar

17:20 The sound power output of a monopole source in a cylindrical pipe containingarea discontinuities

163

W. Duan and R. Kirby

17:40 A comparison between measured and predicted complex intensity in a flangedcylindrical pipe

163

W. Duan, J. Prisutova, K. V. Horoshenkov and R. Kirby

18:00 Elasticity of transverse isotropic soft tissues 163D. Royer, J.-L. Gennisson, T. Deffieux and M. Tanter


SP-G01: Sound perceptionRoom: Peter BARNETTChair Person (s): R. Nicol, S. Meunier, P. Susini

13:20 Effect of the ISI on the asymmetry in global loudness between upramp anddownramp sounds in a paired comparison experiment

164

E. Ponsot, P. Susini and S. Meunier

13:40 Perceptual asymmetry in the subjective duration of ramped and damped sounds 164M. Vannier, S. Meunier, P. Susini and J. Chatron

14:00 Smoothing head-related transfer functions for a virtual artificial head 164E. Rasumow, M. Blau, M. Hansen, S. Doclo, S. Van De Par, D. Puschel and V. Mellert

14:20 A spectral-envelope synthesis model to study perceptual blend between windinstruments

165

S.-A. Lembke and S. McAdams

14:40 Perception of musical timbre by cochlear-implant listeners 165O. Macherey and A. Delpierre

15:00 Diesel knock noise from combustion phenomenon to perceived signals 165O. Sauvage, A. Laurac, M.-C. Bezat, V. Roussarie and P. Guillemain

15:20 Do electric cars have to make noise? An emblematic opportunity for designingsounds and soundscapes

166

N. Misdariis, A. Cera, E. Levallois and C. Locqueteau

15:40 EVADER: Electric Vehicle Alert for Detection and Emergency Response 166F. Dubois, G. Baudet and J.-C. Chamard


16:00 Perceptual evaluation of the influence of the estimation of Wiener filters appliedto engine noise

166

J. Drouet, Q. Leclere and E. Parizet

16:40 How does interior car noise alter driver’s perception of motion? Multisensoryintegration in speed perception

167

S. Denjean, V. Roussarie, R. Kronland-Martinet, S. Ystad and J.-L. Velay

17:00 Ventriloquism effect on distance auditory cues 167N. Cote, V. Koehl and M. Paquier

17:20 Effect of whole body vibrations on sound localization 168I. Frissen and C. Guastavino

17:40 Masking effects in vertical whole body vibrations 168C.R. Hernandez and E. Parizet

18:00 Perceptual influence of the vibratory component on the audio component ofalarms produced by rumble strips, by measuring reaction times

168

O. Houix, S. Bonnot, F. Vienne, B. Vericel, L.-F. Pardo, N. Misdariis and P. Susini

18:20 Sonifying drawings: characterization of perceptual attributes of sounds pro-duced by human gestures

169

E. Thoret, M. Aramaki, R. Kronland-Martinet, J.-L. Velay and S. Ystad

18:40 Tribute to Bertram Scharf 169S. Meunier

Wednesday 25 april 2012

Keynote lecture: Dr. Carl HopkinsRoom: Paul LANGEVINChair Person (s): Y.W. Lam

8:00 Sound insulation in buildings: linking theory and practice 169C. Hopkins


Keynote: Pr. Daniel PressnitzerRoom: Lord RAYLEIGHChair Person (s): R. Nicol

8:00 The adaptive auditory mind 170D. Pressnitzer


AH-S01: Wall pressure fluctuationsRoom: Philip DOAKChair Person (s): D. Ricot

9:00 Sensing wall-pressure fluctuations by particle image velocimetry 170F. Scarano and S. Ghaemi

9:20 Identification of the acoustic component in the turbulent boundary layer exci-tation by the Force Analysis Technique

170

D. Lecoq, C. Pezerat, J.-H. Thomas and W. Bi

9:40 Vibration and noise radiation from a panel excited by a turbulent flow 171M. Smith and E. Latorre Iglesias


10:00 Wavenumber-frequency analysis of the wall pressure fluctuations in the wake ofa rear view mirror using a lattice Boltzmann model

171

F. A. Van Herpe, S. Vergne and E. Gaudard

10:40 Pressure spectra along cylinder computed from RANS simulations 171S. M. Monte

11:00 Laboratory synthesis of turbulent boundary layer wall-pressures and the inducedvibro-acoustic response

172

C. Maury and T. Bravo

11:20 Experimental investigation of the vibration of a slotted plate and the acousticfield in a plane impinging jet

172

H.H. Assoum, A. Sakout, M. El Hassan, J. Vetel, A. Alia and K. Abed-Meraım

11:40 Analysis of the vibracoustic behavior of a plate excited by synthetized aeroa-coustic pressure fields

173

D. Ricot, A. Hekmati and P. Druault


EN-S02: Transportation and industrial noiseRoom: Ray STEPHENSChair Person (s): J. Lelong, R. Mackenzie

9:00 Evaluation of the acoustical performance and behaviour of a hybrid truck inurban use

173

M.-A. Pallas, R. Chatagnon and J. Lelong

9:20 Simplified model of a harmonic point source moving above an impedance ground 173F. Golay, G. Dutilleux, L. Simon, C. Ayrault and F. Poisson

9:40 Two algorithms for the sorting of unknown train vibration signals into freightand passenger train categories

174

C. J. Sharp, D. Waddington, J. Woodcock, G. Sica, E. Peris and A. Moorhouse

10:40 Physical and perceptual characterization of road traffic noises in urban areas fora better noise annoyance assessment

174

J. Morel, C. Marquis-Favre, M. Pierrette and L.-A. Gille

11:00 Design of Electric or Hybrid vehicle alert sound system for pedestrian 174J.-C. Chamard and V. Roussarie

11:20 The French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) is workingto prevent and reduce environmental noise

175

E. Thibier

11:40 Improving existing facade insulation against railway noise 175J. A.E. Paris-Newton, D. Chapman, C. Luciani and R. G. Mackenzie


MA-S03: Interaction between a musician and his/her instrumentRoom: John TYNDALLChair Person (s): J.-L. Le Carrou, B. Richardson

9:00 Influence of the fluctuations of the control pressure on the sound production influte-like instruments

175

R. Auvray, B. Fabre, P.-Y. Lagree, S. Terrien and C. Vergez

9:20 Experimental study of the musician / instrument interaction in the case of theconcert harp

176

D. Chadefaux, M. Wanderley, J.-L. Le Carrou, B. Fabre and L. Daudet



MA-S09: Measurement techniques for studying musical instruments and speech (co-organisedwith ’Hearing and Speech’)Room: Peter BARNETTChair Person (s): C. Vergez, D. Sharp

9:00 Examples of the use of anemometry and flow visualisation for experimentalstudies of physical speech production mechanisms

176

A. Van Hirtum

9:20 A comparison of vibration analysis techniques applied to the Persian setar 176H. Mansour and G. P. Scavone

9:40 Objective and subjective characterization of saxophone reeds 177B. Gazengel, J.-F. Petiot and M. Soltes

10:40 An experimental replica of the vocal folds to study normal and pathologicalvoice

177

X. Pelorson and X. Laval

11:00 Time-Reversal Imaging and Field-Separation-Method applied to the study ofthe Steelpan radiation

178

E. Bavu, C. Auzou, M. Monteil, M. Melon, C. Langrenne and A. Garcia

11:20 Measuring the effect of the reflection of sound from the lips in brass musicalinstruments

178

J. A. Kemp and R. A. Smith

11:40 Investigation of bassoon embouchures with an artificial mouth 178T. Grothe


MI-S04: Wave propagation in heterogeneous media: modeling and simulationRoom: Pierre CHAVASSEChair Person (s): S. Naili, V.-H. Nguyen, W. Parnell

9:00 Absorbing boundary conditions for anisotropic elastodynamic media 179H. Barucq, L. Boillot, H. Calandra and J. Diaz

9:20 Simulation of wave propagation in anisotropic poroelastic bone plate immersedin fluid

179

V.-H. Nguyen and S. Naili

9:40 Experimental identification of a prior tensor-valued random field for the elastic-ity properties of cortical bones using in vivo ultrasonic measurements

179

C. Desceliers, C. Soize, S. Naili and G. Haiat

10:00 Ultrasonic guided waves in cortical bone modeled as a functionally gradedanisotropic tube

180

C. Baron

10:20 Investigation of the Plate Theories Accuracy for the Elastic Wave PropagationAnalysis of FGM Plates

180

M. Mehrkash, M. Azhari and H.R. Mirdamadi

10:40 Using quantitative ultrasound for the assessment of the stability of an implant:a numerical study

180

V. Mathieu, F. Anagnostou, E. Soffer and G. Haiat



NV-S09: Acoustic holographyRoom: Yves ROCARDChair Person (s): J.-H. Thomas

9:00 Noise source identification techniques: simple to advanced applications 181K.B. Ginn and K. Haddad

9:20 Recovery of the free field using the spherical wave superposition method 181C.-X. Bi, D.-Y. Hu, L. Xu and Y.-B. Zhang

9:40 Source identification in small spaces using field separation method: applicationto a car trunk

181

A. Garcia, Y. Braikia, C. Langrenne, E. Bavu and M. Melon

10:40 Data completion method for the characterization of sound source in confineddomain

182

A. Garcia and C. Langrenne

11:00 Characterization of non-stationary sources using three imaging techniques 182M.-H. Moulet, M. Melon, J.-H. Thomas and E. Bavu

11:20 Reconstruction of nonstationary sound fields based on time domain plane wavesuperposition method

182

X.-Z. Zhang, J.-H. Thomas, C.-X. Bi and J.-C. Pascal

11:40 Enhancing Sound Source Localization with Noise Separation Methods 183L. Lamotte, S. Paillasseur, K. Janssens and J. Lanslots

12:00 Reproduction of random acoustic pressure fields on plane surfaces using wavefield synthesis and planar holography

183

O. Robin, A. Berry, S. Moreau and R. Dia


PU-S06: Ultrasonic imagingRoom: Paul LANGEVINChair Person (s): M. Tanter

9:00 Quantitative assessment of myocardial viscoelastic properties using shear waveimaging

183

M. Pernot, M. Couade, W.-N. Lee, M. Fink and M. Tanter

9:20 Detection of electrical conductivity interfaces with ultrasonically-inducedLorentz force

184

P. Grasland-Mongrain, J.-M. Mari, J.-Y. Chapelon and C. Lafon

9:40 Effect of contact with an elastic wall on the spectral characteristics of the scat-tered echo of a contrast microbubble

184

A. A. Doinikov, L. Aired and A. Bouakaz

10:40 In vivo monitoring of the corneal collagen cross-linking using supersonic shearwave imaging: feasibility study on porcine corneas

185

T.-M. Nguyen, J.-F. Aubry, D. Touboul, J. Bercoff and M. Tanter

11:00 Sparse array techniques for 2D array ultrasound imaging 185B. Diarra, H. Liebgott, P. Tortoli and C. Cachard

11:20 Back-propagation based beamformer design for Transverse Oscillations inEchocardiography

185

X. Guo, D. Friboulet and H. Liebgott

11:40 Shear elasticity quantification of cancerous tumors in mice, pre and postchemotherapy treatment

186

H. Latorre Ossa, J.-L. Gennisson, F. Chamming’s, L. Fournier, M.A. Lefevre-Belda, O.Clement and M. Tanter


13:40 Two Dimension (2D) elasticity maps of coagulation of blood using SuperSonicShearwave Imaging

186

M. Bernal, J.-L. Gennisson, P. Flaud and M. Tanter

14:00 Investigation into the effectiveness of ultrasound SHI imaging according to staticand dynamic parameters of contrast agents

186

F. Lin, F. Varray, C. Cachard and O. Basset

14:20 Sparse reconstruction techniques for near-field underwater acoustic imaging 187N. Stefanakis, J. Marchal, V. Emiya, N. Bertin, R. Gribonval and P. Cervenka

14:40 Tissue strain rate estimator using ultrafast IQ complex data 187R. Ternifi, M. Elkateb Hachemi and J.-P. Remenieras

15:00 Effect of an elastic wall on the behavior of encapsulated microbubbles 188L. Aired, A. A. Doinikov and A. Bouakaz

15:20 Ultrafast imaging of blood flow dynamics in the myocardium 188B.-F. Osmanski, M. Pernot, G. Montaldo and M. Tanter

15:40 A beamforming strategy dedicated to post lens ultrasound imaging and ocularbiometry using a 20 MHz multi-element probe

188

T. Mateo, Y. Mofid, J.-M. Gregoire and F. Ossant


PU-S10: Health assessment of natural media and foodRoom: Lord RAYLEIGHChair Person (s): E. Leclezio

9:00 Numerical modeling in quantitative ultrasonic tomography of standing trees 189A. Arciniegas, L. Brancheriau, P. Gallet and P. Lasaygues

9:20 Kramers-Kronig relationships application on master curves obtained on Honeyfrom a few Hz to GHz: major interest of high frequency ultrasonic methods

189

D. Laux, V. Cereser Camara, J.-Y. Ferrandis, G. Leveque and H. Blasco

9:40 Full elastic caracterization of wood materials by Resonant Ultrasound Spec-troscopy

189

T. Delaunay, D. Laux, O. Arnould and T. Almeras

10:00 Air detection in an oyster 190Y. Y. Mevel


PU-S12: Ultrasound and lasersRoom: Francois CANACChair Person (s): B. Audoin

9:00 Scanned laser beam generation of Lamb waves for surface defect detection 190S. Dixon, S. E. Burrows, B. Dutton and Y. Fan

9:20 Sub-nanosecond laser ultrasonics in micro-layers of liquids 190N. Chigarev, V. Tournat and V. Gusev

9:40 Characterization of the contact between solids by laser-generated interface waves 191T. Valier-Brasier, T. Dehoux and B. Audoin

10:00 Combined laser-Doppler vibrometer and needle-hydrophone detection of inter-face waves

191

K. Van Dalen, G. Drijkoningen and C. Glorieux


11:00 Ultrafast inverse magnetostriction effect in Ni/Co ferromagnet 191T. Pezeril, V. Temnov, S. Andrieu, V. Gusev, T. Hauet and C. Klieber

11:20 Photo-acoustic terahertz phonon detection and generation within a semiconduc-tor superlattice

192

R. Legrand, A. Huynh and B. Perrin

11:40 Nanoacoustical strains in metal films generated by a few cycle femtosecond laserpulses

192

I. Tzianaki, E. Kaselouris, Y. Orphanos, E. Bakarezos, D. Zacharioudakis, A. Lyras, M.Tatarakis, C. Kosmidis and N. Papadogiannis

12:00 Superlattice ultrasonic generation 193T. E. Wilson, M. Oehme, E. Kasper, H.-J. L. Gossmann and J. Schulze


MA-S02: Transients in self-sustained musical instrumentsRoom: John TYNDALLChair Person (s): A. Almeida

10:40 How mechanical pipe organ actions work against transient control 193A. Woolley

11:00 Decay transients in single reed wind instruments 193P. Guillemain and C. Vergez

11:20 Attack transients in a clarinet model with time-varying blowing pressure 194B. Bergeot, A. Almeida, C. Vergez and B. Gazengel

11:40 A hybrid reed instrument: an acoustical resonator with a numerically simulatedmouthpiece

194

K. Buys and C. Vergez

12:00 Study of the extinction of a note in reed instruments 194A. Almeida


PU-S02: Sound absorbing materials and porous media (In Memory of Walter Lauriks)Room: Lord RAYLEIGHChair Person (s): J.-P. Groby, C. Glorieux, K. Horoshenkov, O. Umnova

10:40 Slow waves, surface waves and their applications 195K. Attenborough, I. Bashir, H.-C. Shin and S. Taherzadeh

11:00 Characterization of porous absorbent materials 195P. Leclaire

11:20 Acoustic characterization of air saturated porous materials at audible frequen-cies

195

M. Sadouki, M. Fellah, Z.E.A. Fellah, E. Ogam and C. Depollier

11:40 Large scale modulation of high frequency acoustics fields in porous media 196C. Boutin, A. Rallu and S. Hans

13:40 Broadband acoustical characterization in a horn shaped impedance tube 196J.-M. Coulon, F. Chevillotte, F.-X. Becot and L. Jaouen

14:00 Nonlocal macroscopic theory of sound propagation in rigid-framed porous ma-terials

196

D. Lafarge, N. Nemati and A. Duclos


14:20 Phase velocity and attenuation of leaky interface waves at the fluid/porous-medium interface

197

K. Van Dalen, G. Drijkoningen and D. Smeulders

14:40 Wave propagation in Porous Piezoelectric Layer immersed in fluid 197P. Khurana and C. Glorieux

15:00 Ultrasonic investigation on water-saturated porous scatterers under differentboundary conditions

197

S. Derible and H. Franklin

15:20 Biot-JKD model: simulation of 1D transient poroelastic waves 198E. Blanc, G. Chiavassa and B. Lombard

15:40 Parametric study of a metaporous made of solid inclusions embedded in a rigidframe porous material

198

C. Lagarrigue, O. Dazel, J.-P. Groby and V. Tournat

16:40 On the use of periodic inclusions embedded in porous lining to enhanced atten-uation in waveguides

198

B. Nennig, Y. Renou and Y. Auregan

17:00 Enhancement of the absorption of a backed rigid frame porous layer using a2-dimensional periodic multi-irregularities rigid backing

199

B. Brouard, J.-P. Groby, O. Dazel, B. Nennig and L. Kelders

17:20 Acoustical properties of macroscopically inhomogeneous porous medium 199K. V. Horoshenkov, S. Masaharanon, K. Khan, A. Geslain, J.-P. Groby and O. Dazel

17:40 A semi-empirical model to predict the acoustic behaviour of fully and partiallyreticulated polyurethane foams based on microstructure properties

199

O. Doutres and N. Atalla

18:00 Inverse method for porous material characterization using the constraint satis-faction problem approach

200

N. Dauchez and P.-A. Yvars

18:20 Estimation of acoustic and elastic properties of plastic foam using acoustic-to-frame coupling

200

H.-C. Shin, S. Taherzadeh and K. Attenborough

18:40 A direct link between microstructure and acoustical macro-behaviour of realdouble porosity foams

200

F. Chevillotte, C. Perrot, L. Jaouen, F.-X. Becot, E. Guillon and G. Houvenaghel


NV-S02: Acoustic black hole and applicationsRoom: Yves ROCARDChair Person (s): F. Gautier, V. Krylov

13:20 Potentialities of the acoustic black hole effect for damping plate vibrations 201A. Pelat, J. Cuenca, F. Gautier and L. Barguet

13:40 Analytical solution of parabolically tapered rod flexural vibration equation 201M. Mironov

14:00 Improving the acoustic black hole effect for vibration damping in one-dimensional structures

202

J. Cuenca, A. Pelat, F. Gautier and N. S. Ferguson

14:20 Damping of flexural vibrations in rectangular plates by slots of power-law profile 202E. P. Bowyer, V. V. Krylov and D. J. O’Boy


15:20 Damping of flexural vibrations in composite plates and panels containing one-and two-dimensional acoustic black holes

202

E. P. Bowyer, D. J. O’Boy and V. V. Krylov

15:40 Simulation of vibrations of a 2D acoustic black hole placed in an infinite plateusing the Finite Difference Time Domain method

203

V. Denis, A. Pelat and F. Gautier

16:00 Experimental study of damping flexural vibrations in tapered turbofan blades 203E. P. Bowyer, J. M. Lister, V. V. Krylov and D. J. O’Boy

16:20 Immersed acoustic black hole as a travelling wave absorber: understanding ar-tificial cochlear mechanics

203

S. Foucaud, G. Michon, Y. Gourinat, A. Pelat and F. Gautier


SP-S01: SoundscapeRoom: Peter BARNETTChair Person (s): C. Lavandier, W. Davies

13:20 From soundscape documentation to soundscape composition 204B. Truax

13:40 A listener-centred approach to soundscape evaluation 204K. Foale and W. J. Davies

14:00 Listening strategies in a soundscape annotation task 204R. Van Der Linden and T. A. Andringa

14:20 A field study on the subjective evaluation of soundscape 205A. Ozcevik and Z. Yuksel Can

15:00 Prediction and explanation of sound quality indicators by multiple linear regres-sions and artificial neural networks

205

L. Brocolini, C. Lavandier, C. Marquis-Favre, M. Quoy and M. Lavandier

15:20 Meaning of quiet areas in urban context through people viewpoints 205P. Delaitre, C. Lavandier, R. Dedieu and N. Gey

15:40 The soundscape of nature areas: assessment and review of research approaches 206M. Weber

16:00 The sonic atmosphere as a historical object? 206O. Balay

16:40 Reporting physical parameters in soundscape studies 206T. Gjestland

17:00 Perceptual assessment of water sounds for road traffic noise masking 207L. Galbrun and T. T. Ali

17:20 Evaluation of noise barriers for soundscape perception through laboratory ex-periments

207

J.Y. Hong, H.S. Jang and J.Y. Jeon

17:40 Constructing ideal soundscapes: a practical study on closing the gaps betweensoundscape studies and urban design

207

D. Steele, N. Luka and C. Guastavino

18:00 How some sounds impact on lives 208T. A. Andringa and J. J. Lanser


18:20 A comparative case study of indoor soundscape approach on objective analysesand subjective evaluations of libraries

208

P. N. Dokmeci and J. Kang

18:40 Plural perception of urban soundscapes in public transportation 208C. Semidor and C. Sallenave


MA-S07: Physical modelling of brass/reed instruments and human voice (co-organised with’Hearing and Speech’)Room: John TYNDALLChair Person (s): X. Pelorson

13:40 Aeroacoustic characterisation of single and dual tooth-shaped obstacle replicasin relation to the study of unvoiced fricative speech production

209

Y. Fujiso and A. Van Hirtum

14:00 Analytical solution for pressure driven viscid flow in ducts of different shape:application to human upper airways

209

B. Wu, A. Van Hirtum and X. Luo

14:20 Investigation of the effect of upstream airways impedance on regeneration of liposcillations in trombone performance

209

V. Freour and G. P. Scavone

14:40 Acoustical coupling in self-oscillating computational vocal fold models 210S. L. Thomson

15:00 Dynamic mechanical modelling of speech 210A. Barney

15:20 The effect of wall vibrations on the air column inside trumpet bells 210V. Chatziioannou, W. Kausel and T. Moore

16:40 Higher order modes propagation in the human vocal tract 211R. Laboissiere, H. C. Yehia and X. Pelorson

17:00 Considerations on travelling waves in the horn equation and energetic aspects 211T. Helie, T. Hezard, L. Delebecque and R. Mignot

17:20 Physical modeling of vowel-bilabial plosive sound production 212L. Delebecque, X. Pelorson, D. Beautemps, C. Savariaux and X. Laval

17:40 Description of differences between the sound of trumpets, played by a musicianor simulated by physical modelling

212

J.-F. Petiot and J. Gilbert

18:00 Analysis-synthesis of vocal sounds based on a voice production model driven bythe glottal area

212

T. Hezard, T. Helie, R. Causse and B. Doval


AA-S07: Variable room acoustics - DiffusionRoom: Francois CANACChair Person (s): I. Schmich, M. Hodgson

14:00 Modelling of reverberation enhancement systems 213J. Rouch, I. Schmich and M.-A. Galland

14:20 Auralization of a virtual orchestra using directivities of measured symphonicinstruments

213

S. Pelzer, M. Pollow and M. Vorlander


14:40 Scattering sound field prediction over periodic facing walls containing rectangu-lar cavities

213

A. Khanfir, A. Faiz, J. Ducourneau and J. Chatillon

15:00 Ray-tracing modelling of the diffraction by half-planes and slits based on theenergy flow lines concept

214

A. Billon and J.-J. Embrechts

15:20 Measurement of sound diffusion coefficients of scattering furnishing volumespresent in workplaces

214

A. Faiz, J. Ducourneau, A. Khanfir and J. Chatillon

15:40 Searching for a theoretical relation between reverberation and the scatteringcoefficients of surfaces in a room

214

J.-J. Embrechts


PU-S05: Structural health monitoringRoom: Paul LANGEVINChair Person (s): R. El Guerjouma

16:40 Structural health monitoring using acoustic pressure response 215V. Arora, Y.H. Wijnant and A.D. Boer

17:00 Damping analysis in flexural vibration of sandwich beams with debonding 215I.M. Moustapha, A. El Mahi, R. El Guerjouma and O. Dazel

17:20 Hilbert-Huang Transform versus Fourier based analysis for diffused ultrasonicwaves structural health monitoring in polymer based composite materials

216

S.E. Hamdi, A. Le Duff, G. Plantier, L. Simon, R. El Guerjouma and M.H. Ben Ghozlen

17:40 Interaction of fundamental Lamb modes with a point impact damaged zone incomposite plates

216

D. Singh, R. El Guerjouma and M. Bentahar

18:00 Carbon nanotubes and graphene-based microsonar for embedded monitoring ofmicroporosity

216

B. Lebental, N. Sridi, F. Bouanis, C.-S. Cojocaru, F. Bourquin and A. Ghis

18:20 Creep-rupture prediction by naive bayes classifiers 217M. Darwiche, G. Bousaleh, M. Feuilloy, D. Schang and R. El Guerjouma

18:40 Non Destructive Evaluation and Structural Health Monitoring of structural ma-terials by means of nonlinear acoustics and acoustic emission

217

R. El Guerjouma, M. Bentahar, J.-H. Thomas and A. El Mahi


AA-S01: Acoustics of officesRoom: Francois CANACChair Person (s): Y. Le Muet

17:00 Acoustic of open spaces - Overview of standardization work 217Y. Le Muet

17:20 Efficiency of an acoustic table screen between two work stations in open planoffices

218

I. Schmich, C. Rougier, P. Jean and P. Chevret

17:40 Objective and subjective assessment of disturbance by office noise - Relevanceof the use of the speech transmission index

218

A. Ebissou, P. Chevret and E. Parizet


18:00 Sound level prediction in open-spaces: implementation of diffraction in RAY-PLUS software

219

P. Chevret and J. Chatillon

18:20 Prediction of sound pressure levels at workplaces 219F. Probst


NV-S07: Mid-FrequencyRoom: Yves ROCARDChair Person (s): J.-L. Guyader, R.S. Langley

17:00 Automatic recognition of the components of a Hybrid FE-SEA model 219L. Kovalevsky and R.S. Langley

17:20 On the usefulness of entropy in statistical energy analysis 220A. Le Bot, A. Carbonelli and J. Perret Liaudet

17:40 High-frequency acoustic modelling: complex envelope applications to industrialcases

220

A. Carcaterra, T. Svaton, O. Giannini and A. Sestieri

18:00 The Variational Theory of Complex Rays: a predictive computational tool forcomplex 3-D mid-frequency acoustic problems

220

H. Riou, P. Ladeveze and L. Kovalevsky

18:20 Wave decomposition method for identification of structural parameters 221M. Ruzek, J.-L. Guyader and C. Pezerat


MI-G01: Measurement and instrumentationRoom: Pierre CHAVASSEChair Person (s): A. Le Duff, J. Shelton

11:20 Quantitative analysis by the ultrasonic method of the effect of fluid of quenchingon elastic and acoustical properties of hardened steel

221

A. Markou, H. Nounah, M. Ezzaidi and I. Aboudaoud

11:40 Sound characteristics of a pipe with dynamically rough boundary 221A. Romanova, K. V. Horoshenkov and S. J. Tait

12:00 Development of a sonic boom measurement system at JAXA 222K. Veggeberg

13:40 Water distribution measurement in sand using sound vibration and SLDV 222T. Sugimoto, Y. Nakagawa, T. Shirakawa, M. Sano, M. Ohaba and S. Shibusawa

14:00 An additional configuration to standard ASTM E2611-09 for measuring thenormal incidence sound transmission loss in a modified impedance tube

222

O. Doutres, R. Panneton and Y. Salissou

14:20 An automatic method to detect defaults in the measurement chain of a soundlevel meter, used for unattended noise measurements

223

E. Aflalo, F. Dupont, P. Cellard and J.-N. Durocher

14:40 Designing ultrasound generator for induced crystallization 223J. Irudayaraj and B. Kanickai Raj

15:00 Damage mechanisms identification of polymer based composite materials: time-frequency investigation of acoustic emission data based on Hilbert-Huang trans-form

223

S.E. Hamdi, A. Le Duff, G. Plantier, A. Sourice, L. Simon and R. Feron


15:20 Self-calibrating method for sound reflection index measurements 224C. Glorieux and M. Rychtarikova

15:40 Visualization and analysis of the vibrations of a human face induced by a boneconduction device using high speed digital holography

224

M. Leclercq, M. Karray, V. Isnard, F. Gautier and P. Picart

16:40 A new acoustic three dimensional intensity and energy density probe 224F. Ayme, C. Cariou, M. Ichchou and D. Juve

17:00 Sound level meter directional response measurement in a simulated free-field 225G. I. Goulamhoussen and R. A. Wright

17:20 Estimation of the primary stability of a dental implant using an ultrasonic device:an in vitro study

225

R. Vayron, V. Mathieu and G. Haiat

17:40 On the effects of derivation method on statistical data in environmental noisemeasurement

225

R. A. Wright and G. I. Goulamhoussen

18:00 Distributed noise monitoring in intensive care units 226G. Memoli, D. Dawson, R. Barham and M. Grounds

18:20 Distributed wireless environmental noise monitoring systems 226K. Veggeberg

18:40 0 and 90 Reference Directions for a Sound Level Meter 226E. Aflalo, M.R. Vaaben, P. Pourtau, D. Vaucher and P. Pischedda


AB-G01: Animal bioacousticsRoom: Ray STEPHENSChair Person (s): T. Aubin, P. Lepper

13:40 Crista acustica in insect ears modeled by an inhomogenous granular chain 227E. Delevoye and V. Tournat

14:00 Sound reception and radiation in a small insect 227N. Mhatre, F. Montealgre-Z, R. Balakrishnan and D. Robert

14:20 Acoustic communication in crocodiles 227N. Mathevon

14:40 Skylarks (Alauda arvensis) increase their duty cycle in a territorial context 228N. Geberzahn and T. Aubin

15:00 Mother-pup vocal recognition in Australian sea lion: individual signatures andenvironmental constraints

228

I. Charrier, B. J. Pitcher and R. G. Harcourt

15:20 Do dolphins rehearse shows when at rest? Evidence from vocal copying 228D. Kremers, M. Briseno Jaramillo, M. Boye, A. Lemasson and M. Hausberger

15:40 Anthropogenic outdoor sound and wildlife: it’s not just bioacoustics! 229G. Dutilleux


AH-G01: AeroacouticsRoom: Philip DOAKChair Person (s): C. Bailly


13:40 In memory of Phil Doak 229J.S. Bolton

14:00 Jet noise: a perspective on recent developments and future directions 229P. J. Morris

14:40 Indirect Combustion Noise: Experimental Investigation of the Vortex SoundGeneration in a Choked Convergent-divergent Nozzle

230

N. Kings, L. Enghardt and F. Bake

15:00 Modeling of combustion noise spectrum from turbulent premixed flames 230Y. Liu, A. P. Dowling, T. D. Dunstan and N. Swaminathan

15:20 Estimation of whistling of an orifice in a reverberating duct at low Mach number 230R. Lacombe, P. Moussou and Y. Auregan

15:40 Mathematical definition of noise sources: the basic problem in aeroacoustics 231A. Fedorchenko

16:40 Experimental investigation of the aerodynamic noise radiated by a three-dimensional bluff body

231

J. Fischer, L.-E. Brizzi, J. Laumonier and V. Valeau

17:00 Stochastic prediction of broadband shock-associated noise including propagationeffects

231

C. Henry, C. Bailly and G. Bodard

17:20 Experimental study of flight effects on underexpanded supersonic jet noise 232B. Andre, T. Castelain and C. Bailly

17:40 Time reversal method for localization of sources of sound generated in viscousflows

232

R. Marchiano, P. Druault and P. Sagaut

18:00 Scattering of wavepacket by a flat plate in the vicinity of a turbulent jet 233A. V. Cavalieri, P. Jordan and Y. Gervais

18:20 Aeroacoustic study of a simplified wing-flap system in generic configurations 233B. Lemoine and M. Roger

18:40 Acoustic-vorticity coupling in linear flows using Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin(WKB) method

233

G. Favraud and V. Pagneux


AB-G01: Animal bioacousticsRoom: Ray STEPHENSChair Person (s): G. Alcuri, G. Dutilleux

16:40 Hidden Markov Modeling for humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) callclassification

233

F. Pace, P. R. White and O. Adam

17:00 A new optimization method of the geometric distance in an automatic recogni-tion system for bird vocalisations

234

M. Jinnai, N. Boucher, M. Fukumi and H. Taylor

17:20 Improvements in an automatic sound recognition system using multiple param-eters to permit recognition with noisy and complex signals such as the dawnchorus

234

N. Boucher, M. Jinnai and A. Smolders

17:40 A fully automatic wildlife acoustic monitor and survey system 235N. Boucher, M. Jinnai and A. Smolders


18:00 The effects of antioxidants on metabolic changes under conditions of noise action 235M. Melkonyan, A. Manukyan, S. Karapetyan, T. Meliqyan and K. Kocharyan

18:20 Metabolic changes in the tissues of experimental animals in the conditions ofhigh level noise action

235

M. Melkonyan, L. Hunanyan, G. Zaqaryan, A. Manukyan and L. Ayvazyan

Thursday 26 april 2012

Keynote lecture: Dr. Marc DeschampsRoom: Lord RAYLEIGHChair Person (s): P. Lasaygues

8:00 Multi-scale characterisations of materials and structures by ultrasonic methods 236M. Deschamps


Keynote lecture: Pr. Stuart BoltonRoom: Paul LANGEVINChair Person (s): M. Smith

8:00 The influence of boundary conditions and internal constraints on the perfor-mance of noise control materials

236

J.S. Bolton


Invited Conference and Concert: Pr. Barry TruaxRoom: Lord RAYLEIGHChair Person (s): C. Lavandier

19:00 A soundscape composition concert: real and imaginary spaces 236B. Truax


AH-S06: Thermoacoustic refrigeratorsRoom: Peter BARNETTChair Person (s): D. Marx, A. Morgans

9:00 Synchronization of a standing wave thermoacoustic prime-mover by an externalsound source

237

G. Penelet and T. Biwa

9:20 The influence of stack temperature gradient on the acoustic power 237M. Abidat, M.Z. Dar Ramdane, M. Hamel, L. Merahi and O. Hireche

9:40 Weakly nonlinear acoustic oscillations in gas columns in the presence of tem-perature gradients

237

G. Penelet, T. Chareyre and J. Gilbert

10:40 Investigation on streaming sources in thermoacoustic prime mover 238R. Paridaens, S. Kouidri and F. Jebali Jerbi

11:00 Measurements of temperature and velocity fluctuations in oscillating flows usingthermal anemometry - application to thermoacoustic refrigerators

238

A. Berson, G. Poignand, E. Jondeau, P. Blanc-Benon and G. Comte-Bellot

11:20 Low Mach number simulation of a loaded standing-wave thermoacoustic engine 238L. Ma, C. I. Weisman, D. G. Baltean Carles, P. Le Quere and L. Bauwens


11:40 Numerical simulation of a thermoacoustic engine startup 239M. Abidat, M.Z. Dar Ramdane, L. Merahi, M. Hamel and O. Hireche

13:40 Experimental and theoretical analysis of a small scale thermoacoustic coolerdriven by two sources

239

P. Lotton, G. Poignand, A. Podkovskiy, G. Penelet and M. Bruneau

14:00 Development of a thermoacoustic travelling-wave refrigerator 239M. Pierens, J.-P. Thermeau, T. Le Polles and P. Duthil

14:20 Sensitivity of ultra high frequency pulse tube cryocooler from acoustic viewpoint 240W. Dai, L. Yu, G. Yu, X. Wang and E. Luo

14:40 Numerical simulation of a thermoacoustic couple 240A. I. Abd El-Rahman and E. Abdel-Rahman

15:00 Methods for transfer matrix evaluation applied to thermoacoustics 240F. Bannwart, G. Penelet, P. Lotton and J.-P. Dalmont

15:20 Amplification and saturation of the thermoacoustic instability in a standing-wave prime mover

241

M. Guedra, T. Devaux, G. Penelet and P. Lotton


EA-S05: Electroacoustics for room acousticsRoom: Ray STEPHENSChair Person (s): X. Meynial, E. Start, V. Adam

9:00 Simulation and application of beam-shaped subwoofer arrays 241E. W. Start

9:20 A method steering a null toward a point in high reverberate non-minimum phaseacoustic space

241

K. Fujii, T. Yoshioka, Y. Kuwahara, M. Muneyasu and M. Morimoto

9:40 Influence of model parameter variability on the directivity filters of compactloudspeaker arrays

242

A. Mattioli Pasqual, M. Pachebat and P. Herzog

10:00 Study on room modal equalization at low frequencies with electroacoustic ab-sorbers

242

E. Rivet, R. Boulandet, H. Lissek and I. Rigas


MA-S05: Instrument making and acousticsRoom: John TYNDALLChair Person (s): J. Gilbert, A. Mamou-Mani

9:00 Mutual benefits of collaborations between instrument makers, musicians andacousticians

243

D. Sharp

9:20 Physical and perceptual differences between two trumpets of the same modeltype

243

A. Mamou-Mani, L. Placido and D. Sharp

9:40 Dense and hard woods in musical instrument making: comparison of mechanicalproperties and perceptual ”qualityı grading

243

E. Fouilhe, A. Houssay and I. Bremaud


10:00 Towards a steelpan making model - Residual stress field effects on dynamicalproperties

244

M. Monteil, O. Thomas, J. Frelat, C. Touze and W. Seiler

11:00 Quantitative evaluation of the curvature induced mistuning in long wind instru-ments

244

S. Felix, J.-P. Dalmont and C. J. Nederveen

11:20 Correlating differences in the playing properties of five student model clarinetswith physical differences between them

244

P. M. Kowal, D. Sharp and S. Taherzadeh

11:40 A vibro-acoustical and perceptive Study of the neck-to-body Junction of a solid-body electric Guitar

245

A. Pate, J.-L. Le Carrou, B. Navarret, D. Dubois and B. Fabre

13:40 About the electric guitar: a cross-disciplinary context for an acoustical study 245A. Pate, B. Navarret, R. Dumoulin, J.-L. Le Carrou, B. Fabre and V. Doutaut

14:00 How far can the resonance frequencies give informations about the playing fre-quencies? The trumpet example

245

P. Eveno, B. Kieffer, J. Gilbert, J.-F. Petiot and R. Causse

14:20 Scraping technique for clarinet reeds derived from a static bending simulation 246P.-A. Taillard and J.-P. Dalmont

14:40 An optimization algorithm for the design of woodwind instruments 246A. Lefebvre and G. P. Scavone

15:00 Modal analysis comparison of two violins made by A. Stradivari 246S. Le Conte, S. Le Moyne and F. Ollivier

15:20 Comparison of the vibroacoustical characteristics of different pianos 247X. Boutillon, K. Ege and S. Paulello

15:40 Analysis of mechanical admittance of violins in the mid- frequency range 247B. Elie, M. Curtit, B. David and F. Gautier

16:40 Analysis of dead tones of classical guitars 247H. Ricateau, B. Elie, M. Curtit, J.-C. Valiere, B. David and F. Gautier

17:00 What do we know on “ resonance wood ”” properties? Selective review andongoing research

248

I. Bremaud

17:20 Measuring leakages in flute pads 248B. Fabre, R. Auvray, M. Curtit and J.-Y. Roosen

17:40 Characterization and modelling tools for bow making 248F. Ablitzer, J.-P. Dalmont and N. Dauchez

18:00 The three-mass model for the classical guitar revisited 249B. E. Richardson, H. R. Johnson, A. D. Joslin and I. A. Perry

18:20 Spectral enrichment and wall losses in trombones played at high dynamic levels 249J. P. Chick, S. M. Logie, M. Campbell and J. Gilbert

18:40 Flue organ pipe operating regimes and voicing practices 250D. Steenbrugge


MI-S03: Signal processingRoom: Pierre CHAVASSEChair Person (s): J.-M. Girault


9:00 Ultrasound material backscattered noise analysis by a duo wavelet-regressionanalysis

250

F. Bettayeb

9:20 Audio convolution by the mean of GPU: CUDA and OpenCL implementations 250D.A. Mauro

9:40 Optimal control by transmit frequency in tissue harmonic imaging 251S. Menigot and J.-M. Girault

10:40 Ultrasound contrast agents modeling using an extended Volterra model 251F. Sbeity, J.-M. Girault, S. Menigot and J. Charara

11:00 The maturity characterization of orange fruit by using high frequency ultrasonicecho pulse method

251

I. Aboudaoud, B. Faiz, E.H. Aassif, A. Moudden, D. Izbaim, D. El Abassi and M. Malainine

11:20 Quadratic approximation in focusing with linear arrays 252P. Cervenka

13:40 Empirical optimization of frequency parameters in chirp inversion imaging 252A. Zaylaa, S. Menigot, J.-M. Girault and J. Charara

14:00 Random excitation by optimized pulse inversion in contrast harmonic imaging 252S. Menigot and J.-M. Girault

14:20 Multi-scale sample entropy and recurrence plots distinguish healthy from suf-fering foetus

253

I. Voicu and J.-M. Girault

14:40 Ultrasound medical image deconvolution using CLEAN algorithm 253L.-T. Chira, J.-M. Girault, T. Mateo, S. Menigot and C. Rusu

15:00 Power estimation of acoustical sources by an array of microphones 253J. Lardies, H. Ma and M. Berthillier

15:20 Choi-Williams time-frequency representation of acoustic signals 253A. Elhanaoui, E.H. Aassif and G. Maze

15:40 Source localisation in an unknown reverberant environment using compressivesampling in the frequency domain

254

G. Chardon and L. Daudet

16:40 A UAV motor denoising technique to improve localization of surrounding noisyaircrafts: proof of concept for anti-collision systems

254

P. Marmaroli, X. Falourd and H. Lissek

17:00 Interpolation of room impulse responses in 3d using compressed sensing 254R. Mignot, L. Daudet and F. Ollivier

17:20 A normalization method for life-time prediction of composite materials 255M. Darwiche, G. Bousaleh, M. Feuilloy, D. Schang and R. El Guerjouma

17:40 Identification of circumferential acoustic waves propagating around the tube bymultiresolution analysis and time-frequency representation

255

M. Laaboubi, E.H. Aassif, R. Latif, G. Maze, A. Dliou, A. Elhanaoui and Y. Nahraoui

18:00 Noise-robust speech recognition system based on power spectral subtractionwith a geometric approach

255

J. Cardenas, E. Castillo and J. Meng

18:20 Alleviation of uniform ambient noise in underwater acoustic communicationreceivers using spectral subtraction

256

S. Kamal, S. Menonkattil Hariharan and S. P.R. Pillai

18:40 High-resolution deconvolution applied to non destructive testing 256E. Carcreff, S. Bourguignon, J. Idier and L. Simon



NV-S01: Smart vibroacousticsRoom: Yves ROCARDChair Person (s): M. Ouisse, F. Scarpa

9:00 Design and optimization of a semi-active metacomposite for the control of acous-tic interaction

257

M. Collet, M. Ouisse, R. Ohayon and M. Ichchou

9:20 A reduced global semi-active vibroacoustic control strategy, statement and pre-liminary validations:

257

T. Loukil, O. Bareille and M. Ichchou

9:40 Auxetic transverse isotropic foams: from experimental efficiency to model cor-relation

257

M. Gravade, M. Ouisse, M. Collet, F. Scarpa, M. Bianchi and M. Ichchou


PU-S04: Non destructive testing and evaluationRoom: Paul LANGEVINChair Person (s): C. Potel, S. Dixon

9:00 Non contact surface wave measurements for the evaluation of concrete submittedto tidal solicitation

258

O. Abraham, F. Benmeddour, G. Villain, M. Choinska and O. Durand

9:20 Polymer concrete damage characterization using coda wave interferometry(CWI) and linear resonance

258

S. Toumi, M. Bentahar, C. Mechri, F. Boubenider and R. El Guerjouma

9:40 Probing materials damage at various depths by use of Time Reversal ElasticNonlinearity Diagnostic: Application to concrete

258

C. Payan, T.J. Ulrich, P.-Y. Le Bas and M. Guimaraes

10:40 Quantitative linear and nonlinear resonant inspection techniques for character-izing thermal damage in concrete

259

C. Payan, T.J. Ulrich, P.-Y. Le Bas and M. Guimaraes

11:00 Locating weak changes in a multiple scattering environment 259T. Planes, E. Larose and V. Rossetto

11:20 Flaw detection on Inconel600 R© using separation of single and multiple scatteringcontributions

259

S. Shahjahan, A. Aubry, F. Rupin, B. Chassignole and A. Derode

11:40 Ultrasonic imaging of bubble motion in a fiber preform 260N. Samet, P. Marechal and H. Duflo

12:00 Comparison of ultrasonic reflectometry and FTIR analysis for thermal ageingeffect detection for paint films on steel plates

260

F. Augereau, X. Zhang, D. Laux, G. Despaux, E. Leclezio, B. Fayolle, Y. Zahra and M.Kuntz

13:40 Ultrasonic modeling of a viscoelastic homogeneous plate 260A. El Mouhtadi, J. Duclos and H. Duflo

14:00 Non-destructive characterization of stiffness profile in a solid material 261T. Tonteri, A. Salmi and E. Haeggstrom

14:20 Compared performances of Levenberg-Marquardt-like methods vs Genetic Al-gorithm ones for elastic constants evaluation of orthotropic materials in a nonprincipal coordinate-system

261

P. Guy, T. Monnier, P.-A. Bodian and B. Chassignole


14:40 Modelling of the ultrasonic propagation in polycrystalline materials 261L. Ganjehi, V. Dorval and F. Jenson

15:00 An analytical model for the scattering of guided waves by partly through-thickness cavities with irregular shapes in 3D

262

L. Moreau, M. Caleap, A. Velichko and P.D. Wilcox

15:20 3D modelling of Rayleigh wave acoustic emission from a crack under stress 262W. Ben Khalifa, K. Jezzine and S. Grondel

15:40 Modeling of the interaction of an acoustic wave with immersed targets fortelemetry of complex structures

262

B. Lu, M. Darmon, C. Potel, L. Fradkin and S. Chatillon

16:40 Structural noise and coherent backscattering modelled with the ATHENA 2Dfinite elements code

263

S. Shahjahan, F. Rupin, T. Fouquet, A. Aubry and A. Derode

17:00 A complete FE simulation tools for NDT inspections with piezoelectric trans-ducers

263

S. Imperiale, S. Marmorat, N. Leymarie and S. Chatillon

17:20 Investigation of ultrasonic phased array inspection of a planar crack using finiteelement method

263

M. Mardani Kharat, S. Sodagar and G.R. Rashed

17:40 Non Destructive Testing of sandwich composites: adhesion defects evaluation;Experimental and Finite Element Method simulation comparison

264

E.B. Ndiaye and H. Duflo

18:00 Comparison of different approaches in characterization of impact defects of com-posite plates

264

J. Liu and N. F. Declercq

18:20 Issues concerning using mode conversion of guided waves to size defects in plates 264P. McKeon, S. Yaacoubi, N. F. Declercq and S. Ramadan

18:40 Porosity evaluation of PoSi wafer using a nondestructive ultrasonic technic 265J. Bustillo, J. Fortineau, M. Capelle, F. Vander Meulen, L. Haumesser, G. Gautier and M.Lethiecq


PU-S07: Therapeutic ultrasoundRoom: Lord RAYLEIGHChair Person (s): C. Lafon, R. Cleveland

9:00 Ultrasound contrast agents: from imaging to therapy 265A. Bouakaz

9:20 Ultrasound Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Nanometric ContrastAgents with PLGA Shell in Suspension

265

F. Coulouvrat, K. Astafyeva, J.-L. Thomas, N. Taulier, J.-M. Conoir and W. Urbach

9:40 Ultrasonic neuromodulation in a rat model: in vivo determination of the acousticpressure threshold and spatial distribution in the brain

266

Y. Younan, T. Deffieux, B. Larrat, M. Fink, J.-F. Aubry and M. Tanter

10:40 In-vitro and in-vivo siRNA transfection by an ultrasonic confocal device 266J.-L. Mestas, N. Grandjean, L. Reslan, J.-C. Bera, C. Dumontet and C. Lafon

11:00 Blood-brain barrier disruption with focused ultrasound enhances delivery ofdopamine transporter tracer (PE2I) into the brain

267

J.-M. Escoffre, S. Serriere, S. Bodard, A. Novell, S. Chalon and A. Bouakaz


11:20 Cavitation level-acoustic intensity hysteresis: experimental and numerical char-acterization

267

P. Labelle, C. Inserra and J.-C. Bera

11:40 Doxorubicin-liposomes loaded microbubbles for ultrasound-triggered doxoru-bicin delivery

267

J.-M. Escoffre, A. Novell, B. Geers, I. Lentacker and A. Bouakaz

12:40 Noninvasive temperature measurement during High Intensity Focused Utra-sound (HIFU) treatments; What are the problems, and is it really necessary?

268

G. Ter Haar, V. Bull, J. Civale and I. Rivens

13:00 Treatment of liver metastases using High Intensity Focused Ultrasound: clinicalresults

268

D. Melodelima

13:20 High amplitude ultrasound pulse generation using time-reversal through a mul-tiple scattering medium

269

B. Arnal, M. Pernot, M. Fink and M. Tanter

13:40 a multi-element MR-guided interstitial ultrasound probe for the thermal abla-tion of brain tumors: initial testing in a canine model

269

M. S. Canney, K. Beccaria, R. Souchon, F. Chavrier, P. Merlet, C. Lafon, J.-Y. Chapelonand A. Carpentier

14:00 Todoidal transducer with two large focal zones for increasing the coagulatedvolume

269

J. Vincenot, D. Melodelima, A. Vignot, F. Chavrier and J.-Y. Chapelon

14:20 Study of the emissive properties of ultrasound systems for physiotherapy andaesthetic treatments

270

C. Giliberti, P. Calicchia, A. Bedini, R. Palomba and S. De Simone

14:40 Ellipsoid fitting for movement tracking and HIFU lesion simulation on mobileorgans

270

E. Constanciel, J.-M. Mari, S. Pichardo, F. Chavrier and C. Lafon


EA-S06: Miniature transducers (MEMS loudspeakers, digital loudspeakers, hearing aids tech-nologies...)Room: Ray STEPHENSChair Person (s): S. Durand, R. Barham

10:40 Potential of MEMS technologies for manufacturing of high-fidelity microspeak-ers

270

E. Lefeuvre, I. Shahosseini, J. Moulin, M. Woytasik, E. Martincic, G. Lemarquand, E.Sturtzer and G. Pillonnet

11:00 Efficiency optimization of an electrodynamic MEMS microspeaker 271I. Shahosseini, E. Lefeuvre, J. Moulin, M. Woytasik, E. Martincic and G. Lemarquand

11:20 High overtone Bulk Acoustic Resonators: application to resonators, filters andsensors

271

S. Ballandras, T. Baron, E. Lebrasseur, G. Martin, D. Gachon, A. Reinhardt, P.-P. Lassagne,J.-M. Friedt, L. Chommeloux and D. Rabus

11:40 New electrostatically excited Silicon resonator vibrating in a thickness exten-sional mode

272

S. Ballandras, M. Evan, B. Dulmet, G. Martin and T. Baron

13:00 Comparison of various models to compute the vibro-acoustic response of largeCMUT arrays

272

M. Berthillier, P. Le Moal and J. Lardies


13:20 Phononic crystal slabs: fundamentals and applications 272A. Khelif

13:40 A model to predict baffle effects in linear array of cMUTs 273A. Boulme, N. Senegond, F. Teston and D. Certon


AA-S02: Practical aspects of room or building acoustics (feedback, regulatory aspects...)Room: Francois CANACChair Person (s): M. Asselineau

13:40 Offices and dwellings: what building acoustics for sustainable development? 273M. Asselineau, A. Gaulupeau and M. Serra

14:00 Acoustical standards and criteria documentation of sustainability in hospitaldesign and construction

273

J. B. Evans and C. N. Himmel

14:20 Facade sound isolation: a few questions 274A. Gaulupeau

14:40 Solid borne noise in buildings: how does one cope? 274M. Serra and M. Asselineau

15:00 Architects and Acousticians: are they able to understand each other? 274A. Muckenhirn

15:20 Acoustic treatments for building curved surfaces: practical applications 274G. Beillard and C. Ramauge

15:40 Micro-perforated sound absorbers in stretched materials 275C. Nocke, C. Hilge and J.-M. Scherrer


EN-S01: Outdoor sound propagation: meteorological and ground effects, uncertainties, nu-merical or experimental aspectsRoom: Philip DOAKChair Person (s): P. Blanc-Benon, K. Attenborough

13:40 Time-domain simulations of outdoor sound propagation: experimental valida-tion on a complex site

275

D. Dragna, P. Blanc-Benon and F. Poisson

14:00 Time-domain numerical modeling of acoustical propagation in the presence ofboundary irregularities

275

O. Faure, B. Gauvreau, F. Junker and P. Lafon

14:20 TLM OpenCL multi-GPUs implementation 276G. Guillaume, N. Fortin, B. Gauvreau and J. Picaut

14:40 Numerical predictions for environmental acoustics: simulation of atmosphericfields and integration in a propagation model

276

P. Aumond, B. Gauvreau, C. Lac, V. Masson and M. Berengier

15:00 Long distance propagation of high level impulsive noises 276P. Naz, M. Portafax and S. Cheinet

15:20 Propagation of spherically diverging N-waves in a turbulent atmosphere: exper-iment

277

P. V. Yuldashev, E. Salze, S. Ollivier, M. Averiyanov, V. Khokhlova and P. Blanc-Benon


15:40 Laboratory-scale experiment for the propagation of N -waves in a turbulent andrefracting medium with ground effects

277

E. Salze, S. Ollivier, P. V. Yuldashev and P. Blanc-Benon

16:40 Diffraction-assisted rough ground effects 277I. Bashir, S. Taherzadeh, T.J. Hill and K. Attenborough

17:00 Use of short range outdoor sound propagation and acoustic-to-seismic seismiccoupling to deduce soil state

278

H.-C. Shin, S. Taherzadeh, K. Attenborough and W.R. Whalley

17:20 Guided inversion procedure thanks to a sensitivity analysis on porous road sur-faces

278

G. Benoit, E. Gourdon and C. Heinkele

17:40 A new design procedure of a half-plane noise barrier with a non-straight topedge

278

T. Hidaka

18:00 Use of vegetation for abatement of road traffic noise in a 1:10 scale street model 279J.Y. Jeon, H.S. Jang and T.H. Park


PU-S13: Sensors, transducers and acoustics microsystemsRoom: Ray STEPHENSChair Person (s): G. Feuillard

14:40 Dual mode transducers based on cMUTs technology 279D. Gross, A. Boulme, N. Senegond, G. Ferin, M. Legros, B. Roman, F. Teston and D. Certon

15:00 Sensor design methodology for downhole sonic measurements 279H. Hori and Y. Wada

15:20 Displacement field of the membrane of condenser microphones at high frequen-cies: Improvement of analytical solution

280

T. Lavergne, S. Durand, M. Bruneau and N. Joly

15:40 Modelling of the electrical admittance of a piezoceramic cube using UltrasonicResonance Spectroscopy

280

O. Diallo, E. Leclezio and G. Feuillard

16:00 Integration of high frequency piezoelectric transducer for Lab-On-Chip 280J. Gao, J. Carlier, S. Wang, P. Campistron, D. Callens, S. Guo, X. Zhao and B. Nongaillard

16:40 Modeling of pseudo-periodic 1-3 piezo-composites for ultrasonic transducers 281R. Rouffaud, A.-C. Hladky-Hennion, M. Pham Thi, E. Leveugle and F. Levassort

17:00 Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process for lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thickfilms fabrication and high frequency medical imaging

281

A.-P. Abellard, F. Levassort, D. Kuscer, J. Holc, J.-M. Gregoire, O. Noshchenko, M. Kosecand M. Lethiecq

17:20 High-frequency acoustic imaging with focused transducer for rapid micro echog-raphy of interfaces through buried structures non-perfectly planar

282

G. Despaux and C. De Mello

17:40 Development of Love Wave devices based on delay line configuration for thehigh detection and monitoring of carbon monoxide

282

M. Vanotti, V. Blondeau-Patissier and S. Ballandras

18:00 A new spice-like modeling tool for bio- and electroacoustic systems includingthermoviscous effects

282

E. Delevoye, P. Honzik, N. Delorme and Y. Arthaud


18:20 Design and fabrication of an acoustic bragg mirror for miniaturized quartz res-onators

283

E. Lebrasseur, T. Baron, S. Alzuaga, J.-J. Boy, L. Couteleau and S. Ballandras

18:40 Modelling of wide frequency range silicon microphone for acoustic measurement 283D. Ekeom and L. Rufer


PU-S08: Bones and ultrasoundRoom: Lord RAYLEIGHChair Person (s): P. Lasaygues, K. Raum, M. Muller

16:20 Measurement of bone elasticity in the lab with ultrasound: problems, methodsand open questions

284

Q. Grimal and P. Laugier

17:00 Nonlinear ultrasound monitoring of single microcrack propagation in corticalbone

284

S. Haupert, S. Guerard, D. Mitton, F. Peyrin and P. Laugier

17:20 Measurement of anisotropic elasticity of cortical bone with resonant ultrasoundspectroscopy

284

S. Bernard, Q. Grimal, S. Haupert and P. Laugier

17:40 Improvement of the precision of Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) measurementsat the calcaneus by tilting of the beam incidence angle

285

R. Barkmann, M. Daugschies, K. Rohde and C.-C. Gluer

18:00 Modeling ultrasound interaction with cancellous bone: investigation on the na-ture of the two compressional waves

285

F. Meziere, M. Muller, E. Bossy and A. Derode

18:20 Efficacy of bisphosphonate zoledronic acid is substantially improved by low in-tensity ultrasound in the treatment of breast cancer bone metastases in animals

285

S. Tardoski, D. Melodelima, J. Ngo, D. Goehrig and P. Clezardin

18:40 Echographic response of the bone-implant interface: dependence on healing time 286V. Mathieu, R. Vayron, E. Soffer, F. Anagnostou and G. Haiat


AH-S04: Impedance conditions with flowRoom: Peter BARNETTChair Person (s): P. Lafon

16:40 A review of time domain impedance boundary conditions 286C. Richter

17:00 Review of acoustic liner models with flow 286E. J. Brambley

17:20 Boundary condition at the interface between air duct and porous material withrigid frame for the lined ducts with a grazed flow

287

Y. Renou and Y. Auregan

17:40 Theoretical and numerical investigation of optimal impedance in lined ductswith flow

287

J. Rodrıguez Sanchez, E. Piot and G. Casalis

18:00 Evaluation of an adjoint-based liner impedance eduction technique 287J. Primus, E. Piot and F. Simon


18:20 Sound absorption by perforated walls with bias / grazing flow: experimentalstudy of the influence of perforation angle

288

E. M.T. Moers, D. Tonon and A. Hirschberg


NV-S04: Structure-borne noise source identificationRoom: Yves ROCARDChair Person (s): C. Pezerat, F. Fazi

16:40 Prediction of structure-borne vibration for an assembly of three structures inseries

288

M.-H. Moulet and V. Martin

17:00 Operational transfer path analysis: theoretical aspects and experimental valida-tion

289

C. Sandier, Q. Leclere and N.B. Roozen

17:20 Operational transfer path analysis applied to a small gearbox test set-up 289N.B. Roozen, Q. Leclere and C. Sandier

17:40 A new technical standard as a reference NVH method for dynamic forces eval-uation and prediction at the interface of an active component and a passivestructure

289

J.-P. J. Roux and D. D. Scouarnec


PU-S03: Phononic crystal and metamaterialsRoom: Francois CANACChair Person (s): B. Morvan, O. Poncelet, D. Elford

16:40 Effects of evanescent waves in phononic crystals with linear defects 290V. Romero-Garcia, R. Pico, J. Vasseur, A.-C. Hladky-Hennion, V. Sanchez-Morcillo andL.M. Garcia-Raffi

17:00 Tunability of one-dimensional piezoelectric or piezomagnetic phononic crystals 290S. Degraeve, C. Granger, B. Dubus, J. Vasseur, A.-C. Hladky-Hennion and M. Pham Thi

17:20 Directional asymmetry of the nonlinear wave phenomena in a 3-dimensionalphononic granular crystal under gravity

290

A. Merkel, V. Tournat and V. Gusev

17:40 Transmittivity of 2D graded phononic crystals in the frequency and time do-mains

291

O. Lenoir, K. Zong, H. Franklin and M. Predoı

18:00 Acousto-optic interaction in 2D LiNbO3 phoxonic crystal 291Q. Rolland, S. Dupont, J. Gazalet, J.-C. Kastelik and Y. Pennec

18:20 Multifonctional solid/solid phononic crystal 291J. Vasseur, N. Swinteck, S. Bringuier, A.-C. Hladky-Hennion and P. Deymier

18:40 Phase shift and group delay in phononic crystals of pillars on a surface 292Y. Achaoui, M. Addouche, V. Laude, S. Benchabane and A. Khelif


AA-G02: Building acousticsRoom: Philip DOAKChair Person (s): M. Asselineau


9:00 The acoustical flows of the hydrophobic and anticeptic liquids in porous media 292V. Tsaplev

9:20 BEM for the prediction of standardized scattering and diffusion coefficients ofdiffusers

292

A. Randrianoelina, M. Hornikx, R. Van Luxemburg, S. Van Eijndhoven and A. Dastouri

9:40 Sound absorption coefficient of a porous material covered with a low open areaperforated plate under high sound excitation

293

R. Tayong, T. Dupont and P. Leclaire

10:00 Study of the effect of finite extent on sound transmission loss of single panelusing a waveguide model

293

I. Prasetiyo and D. J. Thompson

10:40 Elements for an acoustic classification of dwellings and apartment buildings inFrance

293

C. Guigou-Carter, R. Wetta, R. Foret and J.-B. Chene

11:00 Characterization of metallic studs used in gypsum board single frame walls 294C. Guigou-Carter, R. Foret, A. Igeleke and S. Bailhache

11:20 An alternative for intensity measurement at low frequency in small reverberantrooms

294

E. A. Duarte, A. Moorhouse and E. B. Viveiros

11:40 Analysis and noise control strategies of rolling noise due to delivery trolley 294F.-X. Becot, F. Chevillotte, W. Wasmine and D. Bozzetto

12:00 Lieux de divertissement ouverts 24 heures aux centres des villes helleniques :degradation du confort acoustique et lacunes legislatives

295

N. Barkas


PU-G02: Underwater acousticsRoom: Francois CANACChair Person (s): J.-P. Sessarego, N. Chotiros

9:00 Shear wave speed and attenuation in water-saturated glass beads and sand 295N. P. Chotiros and M. J. Isakson

9:20 Seafloor characterization by means of nonlinear multi-frequency generation 296L. Di Marcoberardino, J. Marchal and P. Cervenka

9:40 Geometric decorrelation in acoustic tools for surveying the seafloor 296P. Cervenka

10:40 Geoacoustic characterization by the image source method: a sensitivity study 296S. Pinson, L. Guillon and P. Cervenka

11:00 Mathematical modeling of the acoustic radiation by submerged elastic structures 296S. Iakovlev, J.-F. Sigrist, C. Leblond, H. A.F.A. Santos, A. Lefieux and K. Williston

11:20 Analysis of a sandwich elastic plate structure by means of its transition terms 297S. Derible, F. Coulouvrat, M. Rousseau, J.-L. Izbicki and A. Tinel

11:40 Is received level average sufficient to describe ambient noise in heavy trafficareas?

297

T. Folegot, C. Gervaise, Y. Stephan, D. Clorennec and B. Kinda



NV-G01: Noise and vibration engineeringRoom: Yves ROCARDChair Person (s): C. Pezerat, M. Smith

10:40 Dependence of friction noise of rough surfaces with contact area 298A. Le Bot, V.H. Dang and E. Bou Chakra

11:00 Automotive friction-induced noises 298A. Elmaian, J.-M. Duffal, F. Gautier, C. Pezerat and J. Gilbert

11:20 Tribological origin of squeal noise in lubricated elastomer/glass contact 298A. Rusanov, D. Mazuyer, J. Perret Liaudet, A. Le Bot, M. Guibert and J. Le Rouzic

11:40 Vibro-acoustic simulation of a car window 299C. Barras

12:00 Noise Transmission through a Glass Window excited by Low-Speed TurbulentFlow

299

R. Bessis, Y. Gervais, L.-E. Brizzi and J. Laumonier

13:40 Numeric and experimental study on several rattle noises from a generic system 299T. Gardin, F. Gautier and C. Pezerat

14:00 Simulation of the dynamic behaviour of a geared transmission on hydrodynamicjournal bearings

300

R. Fargere, J.-F. Sigrist, R. Bosio, C. Menard and P. Velex

14:20 Enhancing targeted energy transfer by using several nonlinear membrane ab-sorbers

300

P.-O. Mattei, R. Bellet, B. Cochelin and R. Cote

14:40 Propagation of vibrations induced on track: implementation of previsional mod-els for low and high speed trains and comparison with experimental measure-ments

300

G. Marsico, E. Monaco, F. Amoroso, V. Limone, S. Curcuruto, D. Atzori and R. Betti

15:00 Laboratory investigations of low frequency sound attenuation over combustionflat perforated wall sheet

301

Q. Qin, P. Rubini, C. Jayatunga and V. Sanderson

15:20 A comparison between the performance of different silencer designs for gas tur-bine exhaust systems

301

R. Kirby, P. Williams and J. Hill

15:40 Determination of efficiency of anechoic or decoupling hull coatings using watertank acoustic measurements

301

C. Audoly

Friday 27 april 2012

Keynote lecture: Pr. Robin ClevelandRoom: Paul LANGEVINChair Person (s): V. Humphrey

8:00 Shock waves in medicine 302R. O. Cleveland


Keynote: Pr. Murray CampbellRoom: Lord RAYLEIGHChair Person (s): C. Vergez


8:00 An acoustical history of lip-excited musical wind instruments 302M. Campbell


AA-S04: Global approaches of building acoustics (including thermal, accessibility and sustain-ability performance)Room: Yves ROCARDChair Person (s): J.-B. Chene, A. Krasnic

9:00 Noise reduction of a double-skin facade considering opening for natural ventila-tion

302

J.-P. Migneron and A. Potvin

9:20 Lightweight ventilated facade prototype: acoustic performance evaluation whenthe ventilation surface of the air chamber varies

303

A. Niampira Daza and J.L. Zamora I Mestre

9:40 Natural ventilation and acoustic comfort 303A. Chilton, P. Novo, N. McBride, A. Lewis-Nunes, I. Johnston and J. Rene

10:00 Impact of floor drain on floating floor acoustic performance 303J.-B. Chene and P. Kerdudou

10:20 An update on acoustics designs for HVAC (Engineering) 304K. Marriott


AH-S02: Fan and turbomachinery noiseRoom: Peter BARNETTChair Person (s): M. Lebrun, P. Joseph

9:00 Simulations on Active Fan Noise Control 304H. Fischer

9:20 Numerical simulation of turbulence interaction noise applied to a serrated airfoil 304V. Clair, C. Polacsek, G. Reboul and T. Le Garrec

9:40 A high-resolution preserving sliding-mesh approach based on meshless methods:application to acoustic propagation in presence of rotor/stator features

305

S. Khelladi, X. Nogueira, M. Solis, F. Bakir, I. Colominas and J. Mardjono

10:40 An optimization loop for aero-acoustics fan blade design 305C. Sensiau, B. Fayard, J.-M. Roux and M. Lebrun

11:00 Acoustic modulation effect of rotating stator/rotor interaction noise 305A. Gerard, S. Moreau, A. Berry and P. Masson

11:20 Acoustic analogy in an annular duct with swirling mean flow 306H. Posson and N. Peake

11:40 Reduction of self-noise effects in onboard acoustic receivers of vessels usingspectral subtraction

306

S. Menonkattil Hariharan, S. Kamal and S. P.R. Pillai


EA-S01: Advanced techniques for transducer characterizationRoom: Lord RAYLEIGHChair Person (s): M. Melon, P. Lotton


9:00 Nonlinear losses in electro-acoustical transducers 306W. Klippel

9:40 Modeling load-induced aging of loudspeaker suspension 307W. Klippel

10:20 Measurement of subwoofers with the field separation method: comparison of p-p and p-v formulations

307

M. Melon, C. Langrenne and A. Garcia

10:40 A new impedance sensor for industrial applications 307J.C. Le Roux, M. Pachebat and J.-P. Dalmont

11:00 Calibration method for high frequency microphones 308S. Ollivier, E. Salze, M. Averiyanov, P. V. Yuldashev, V. Khokhlova and P. Blanc-Benon

11:20 Magnet-only loudspeaker motors: linear behavior theory vs. Nonlinear mea-surements

308

A. Novak and B. Merit

11:40 Simulation and measurement of loudspeaker nonlinearity with a broad-bandnoise excitation

308

A. Dobrucki and R. Siczek

12:00 Coupled lumped and boundary element simulation for electro-acoustics 309J. Panzer


EN-S03: Urban acousticsRoom: Paul LANGEVINChair Person (s): S. Felix, J. Kang

9:00 On the diversity of urban waterscape 309J. Kang

9:20 Intelligent system for data quality assurance in extensive urban noise monitoringnetworks

309

D. Oldoni, R. Muthuraman, B. De Coensel, S. Dauwe, M. Boes, T. Van Renterghem and D.Botteldooren

9:40 Supporting acoustic environment design in spatial planning of urban areas 310W. Paszkowski

10:40 Sound absorption mapping of highway noise barrier 310A. Grosso

11:00 Sparse representations for modeling environmental acoustic scenes, applicationto train stations soundscapes

310

B. Cauchi, M. Lagrange, N. Misdariis and A. Cont

11:20 Characteristics of a spark discharge as an adjustable acoustic source for scalemodel measurements

311

C. Ayrault, P. Bequin and S. Baudin

11:40 One-way approximation of the sound propagation in a urban canyon with non-flat boundaries

311

J.-B. Doc, B. Lihoreau and S. Felix

13:40 Sound propagation in periodic urban areas 311M. Moleron, S. Felix, V. Pagneux, O. Richoux and J. Picaut

14:00 Construction of an average indicator of potential noise exposure, and its sensi-tivity analysis in Marseilles city (France)

312

A. Bigot, C. Boutin, A. David, A. Bocquier, S. Cortaredona and P. Verger


14:20 Indoor noise exposure assessment of primary school children living in a frenchurban area

312

S. Pujol, M. Berthillier, J. Defrance, J. Lardies, R. Petit, J.-P. Levain, H. Houot, C. Masselotand F. Mauny

14:40 Some problems of elaboration and utilization of strategic noise maps in UpperSilesian Conurbation

312

M. Komoniewski


MA-S01: Violin-like instruments: from acoustics to perceptionRoom: John TYNDALLChair Person (s): C. Fritz

9:00 Simulated and experimental force analyses in the bridge-soundboard contact ofstring instruments

313

E. Ravina

9:20 An extended geometric model for analysis of string crossings in bowed-stringinstrument performance

313

E. Schoonderwaldt and M. Demoucron

9:40 A real-time acoustic violin emulator for electric violins 313P. Gaydecki

10:00 Finite element modelling of the violin with pre-stresses 314F. Ollivier, A. Rodrigue, C. Besnainou and J. Frelat

10:40 Bowed strings and sympathy, from violins to indian sarangis 314M. Demoucron and S. Weisser

11:00 Violins characterization through vibro-acoustic experiments 314E. Ravina

11:20 Bridge admittance measurements of 10 preference-rated violins 315C. Saitis, C. Fritz, B. L. Giordano and G. P. Scavone

11:40 Vibrotactile feedback in the left hand of violinists 315I. Wollman, C. Fritz and J. Frelat

12:00 Old violins or new: which do players prefer? 315C. Fritz, J. Curtin, J. Poitevineau and F.-C. Tao


MA-S04: Sound synthesis and controlRoom: Philip DOAKChair Person (s): F. Blanc, I. Drumm

9:00 An acoustic model to control an experimental slide flute 316B. D’Andrea-Novel, B. Fabre and J.-M. Coron

9:20 Active control applied to wind instruments 316T. Meurisse, A. Mamou-Mani, R. Causse and D. Sharp

9:40 A modal method adapted to the active control of a xylophone bar 317H. Boutin and C. Besnainou

10:40 Towards a real-time mapping of Finger Gesture to Sound 317V. Matsoukas, S. Manitsaris and A. Manitsaris

11:00 Extracting the angle of release from guitar tones: preliminary results 317B. Scherrer and P. Depalle


11:20 ”Listen to the Picture!ı. The StatSon Sound Sonification System, using VSTand DSP

318

M. D. Heath and G. Hunter


NV-S05: Railway noiseRoom: Pierre CHAVASSEChair Person (s): F. Poisson, D. Thomson

9:00 Wheelflat impact noise prediction using detailed contact model 318J. Yang and D. J. Thompson

9:20 Experimental assessment of wheel/rail interaction force with rolling noise anal-ysis

318

P.-E. Chartrain, P.-O. Mattei and E. Bongini

9:40 Assessment of the efficiency of railway wheel dampers using laboratory methodswithin the STARDAMP project

319

B. Betgen, P. Bouvet, D. J. Thompson, F. Demilly and T. Gerlach

10:40 Laboratory methods for testing the performance of acoustic rail dampers 319M. Toward and D. J. Thompson

11:00 Identification of the rail radiation using beamforming and a 2 D array 319F. Le Courtois, J.-H. Thomas, F. Poisson and J.-C. Pascal

11:20 BRAINS - the concepts behind a quick and efficient tool for prediction of exte-rior and interior railway vehicle noise

320

A. Frid, U. Orrenius, T. Kohrs and S. Leth

11:40 Investigation of the influence of non-acoustical factors on the estimation of rail-way induced vibration annoyance using artificial neural networks

320

R. Venegas, E. Peris, J. Woodcock, G. Sica, A. Moorhouse and D. Waddington


PU-S03: Phononic crystal and metamaterialsRoom: Francois CANACChair Person (s): B. Morvan, O. Poncelet, D. Elford

9:00 Effective wave numbers for media sustaining the propagation of three types ofbulk waves and hosting a random configuration of scatterers

320

F. Luppe, J.-M. Conoir and A. N. Norris

9:20 Upper and lower bounds of low-frequency band gaps 321A. Krynkin

9:40 A metamaterial superacoustic absorber: the bubble raft 321A. Bretagne, V. Leroy and A. Tourin

10:40 Omnidirectional graded index sound absorber 321O. Umnova and B. Zajamsek

11:00 Discrete breathers and intrinsic energy localization in one-dimensional diatomicgranular crystals

322

S. Job, N. Boechler, G. Theocharis, P.G. Kevrekidis, M.A. Porter and C. Daraio

11:20 Effective speed of shear waves in phononic crystals 322A. A. Kutsenko, A. L. Shuvalov and A. N. Norris

11:40 Band structure and transmission of 3D chiral sonic crystals 322R. Pico, V. Romero-Garcia, V. Sanchez-Morcillo, A. Cebrecos and L.M. Garcia-Raffi


13:40 Phononic band gaps and waveguide effects of surface acoustic waves in locallyresonant structures phononic crystals

323

A. Khelif

14:00 Propagation in a periodic succession of slabs with mixed negative/positive index 323A. A. Maurel, A. A. Ourir, J.F. Mercier and V. Pagneux

14:20 Anisotropic metamaterials for full control of acoustic waves 323J. Christensen and J. Garcia De Abajo

14:40 Negative refraction of waves in an elastic phononic crystal matching density andindex of water

324

A.-C. Hladky-Hennion, C. Croenne, J. Vasseur, B. Dubus, B. Morvan and A. N. Norris

15:00 Flat lens for Lamb waves focusing 324M. Dubois, N. Etaix, M. Farhat, S. Enoch, S. Guenneau, R.-K. Ing and P. Sebbah

15:20 A multiple-scales perturbation approach to mode coupling in periodic plates 324O. Asfar, M. Hawwa, M. Bavencoffe, B. Morvan and J.-L. Izbicki

15:40 Scholte-Stoneley waves on corrugated surfaces and on phononic crystal gratings 325R. P. Moiseyenko, J. Liu, S. Benchabane, N. F. Declercq and V. Laude


AA-S03: Acoustics of light frame buildings (wooden building...)Room: Yves ROCARDChair Person (s): C. Guigou-Carter, C. Hopkins

10:40 Predicting and measuring the acoustic performances of lightweight based build-ings

325

M. Perez Abendano, M. Fuente De Tecnalia and C. Guigou-Carter

11:00 First in-situ experience with impact ball on wood construction 325N. Balanant

11:20 Geometric simplification of a wooden building connector in dynamic finite ele-ment model

326

A. Tribaleau, N. Tahani, B. Brouard, J.-M. Genevaux and O. Dazel

11:40 Prediction of structure-borne noise generated by a water evacuation duct inheavyweight and lightweight frame constructions

326

S. Bailhache and M. Villot

12:00 On the measurement and prediction of the sound absorption coefficient of air-cavity backed perforated plates considering the holes interaction effect underlow sound excitation

326

R. Tayong and P. Leclaire


PU-S09: Biomedical and biological ultrasoundsRoom: Pierre CHAVASSEChair Person (s): E. Franceschini

13:20 Quantification of freshly-excised human lymph node tissue using high-frequencyultrasound

327

J. Mamou, A. Coron, E. Saegusa-Beecroft, M. Hata, M. L. Oelze, E. Yanagihara, T. Yam-aguchi, P. Laugier, J. Machi and E. J. Feleppa

14:00 Experimental ultrasound characterization of tissue-mimicking phantoms withhigh scatterer volume fractions

327

E. Franceschini


14:20 An acoustical camera for in vitro characterization of contrast agent microbubbles 328G. Renaud, J.G. Bosch, A.F.W. Van Der Steen and N. De Jong

14:40 Pulsed bi-frequency method for characterization of microbubbles in the contextof decompression sickness

328

D. Fouan, T. Goursolle, P. Lasaygues and S. Mensah

15:00 Contrast enhanced intravascular ultrasound chirp imaging 328D. Maresca, G. Renaud, N. De Jong and T. Van Der Steen

15:20 Repeatability of a protocol to evaluate the effect of storage on the mechanicalproperties of the kidney in-vitro

329

R. Ternifi, J.-L. Gennisson, M. Tanter and P. Beillas

15:40 Spatially broad opening of the blood-brain barrier with an unfocused ultrasoundtransducer in rabbits

329

K. Beccaria, M. S. Canney, L. Goldwirt, C. Fernandez, C. Adam, G. Autret, O. Clement,P. Menasche, C. Lafon, J.-Y. Chapelon and A. Carpentier


AH-S03: Infrasound: generation, propagation and applications to remote sensingRoom: Peter BARNETTChair Person (s): P. Blanc-Benon

13:40 Infrasound transmission of non porous windscreens 329N. Dauchez, M. Hayot and S. Denis

14:00 Explosion energy scaling laws for infrasound propagation analysed using nonlin-ear ray theory

330

O. Gainville, P. Blanc-Benon and J. Scott

14:20 Nonlinear effects in infrasound propagation simulations 330O. Gainville and O. Marsden

14:40 A new magnet and coil digital microbarometer: DMB1 330G. Nief, P. Millier and N. Brebion

15:00 Transfer function of the atmosphere over long distances 331P. Delorme

15:20 Computational method for evaluating meteorites as sources of sonic boom 331M. Henneton, P. Delorme, O. Gainville, C. Millet and F. Coulouvrat

15:40 Sonic boom and infrasound emission from Concorde airliner 331J. Varnier, G. Menexiadis and I. Le Griffon


EA-S07: Active noise: transducers and metamaterialsRoom: Ray STEPHENSChair Person (s): R. Boulandet, M. Collet, P. Darlington, S. Daley

13:40 Advanced control for modifying the acoustic impedance at the diaphragm of aloudspeaker

332

R. Boulandet, H. Lissek and E. Rivet

14:00 Active Absorbers 332M. Rousseau and J. Vanderkooy

14:20 Active electroacoustic resonators with negative acoustic properties 332H. Lissek and R. Boulandet


14:40 Adaptive piezoelectric metacomposite: a new integrated technology to controlvibroacoustic power flow

333

M. Collet, M. Ouisse, M. Ichchou, F. Tateo and T. Huang

15:00 Active elastic metamaterials with applications in acoustics 333S. A. Pope, H. Laalej and S. Daley

15:20 Controller architectures for optimum performance in practical active acousticmetamaterials

334

M. Reynolds, S. Daley, Y. Gao, V. Humphrey and S. A. Pope


EN-S07: Acoustical properties of natural materials and greening for noise controlRoom: Yves ROCARDChair Person (s): J. Defrance, K. Horoshenkov

13:40 Scattering of a cylinder covered with an arbitrary distribution of admittanceand application to the design of a tramway noise abatement system

334

A. Jolibois, D. Duhamel, V. W. Sparrow, J. Defrance and P. Jean

14:00 Reuse of textile powder remainders for acoustic applications using the Wet-Laidtechnology

334

L. Berto, R. Del Rey, J. Alba and V. Sanchis

14:20 Sound attenuation by crops and hedges 335S. Taherzadeh, K. Attenborough and I. Bashir

14:40 A stated preference experiment to value access to quiet areas and other localenvironmental factors

335

A. L. Bristow, M. Wardman, J. D. Shires, P. K. Chintakayala and J. Nellthorp

15:00 Acoustical performance of complex-shaped earth berms 335J. Defrance, S. Lallement, P. Jean and F. Koussa

15:20 Diffusion coefficient of vegetation: measurements and simulation 336Y. Smyrnova, J. Kang, C. Blackford and C. Cheal

15:40 Field investigation of the effects of vegetation on the performance of roadsidenoise barriers

336

M. Hodgson and S. Daltrop


MA-S08: Acoustics of historical and archaeological musical instrumentsRoom: John TYNDALLChair Person (s): X. Boutillon, M. Campbell

13:40 Acoustical evaluation of the Carnyx of Tintignac 336J. Gilbert, E. Brasseur, J.-P. Dalmont and C. Maniquet

14:00 Acoustical and musical properties of the Deskford carnyx reconstruction 337M. Campbell and J. Kenny

14:20 16th-century trombone mouthpieces and their acoustical significance 337H. Vereecke

14:40 Spectral characteristics of the baroque trumpet: a case study 337H. Daffern and D. M. Howard

15:00 In-depth acoustic modeling and temperament studies of 18th and early 19thcentury baroque bassoons comparing originals and reproductions by maker, timeperiod, and region

338

B. Hichwa and D. Rachor


15:20 Acoustics radiation and modal analysis of a piano forte and its fac-simile 338F. Ollivier, S. Le Moyne and S. Leconte


NV-S06: Rolling and tyre-road noiseRoom: Philip DOAKChair Person (s): L. Gagliardini

13:40 Low frequency road noise decomposition at wheel center on an roller bench 338A. Gaudin and J.F. Beniguel

14:00 Tire-Wheel-Cavity dynamic model for Structure-borne road noise simulation 339J.F. Beniguel, A. Gaudin, Z. Abbadi and D. Le Pen

14:20 A fast algorithm for computing dynamic tyre road contact forces 339D. Duhamel, R. Meftah, J. Cesbron and H.-P. Yin

14:40 Influence of the road texture anisotropy on the noise radiated by a slick tyre 339P. Klein

15:00 Low frequency statistical estimation of rolling noise from numerical tyre/roadcontact pressures

340

G. Dubois, J. Cesbron, F. Anfosso-Ledee and H.-P. Yin

15:20 A comparative study of time delay estimation techniques for road vehicle track-ing

340

P. Marmaroli, X. Falourd and H. Lissek


ED-G01: Education in acousticsRoom: Ray STEPHENSChair Person (s): C. Potel, S. Dance

9:00 Cheap acoustics as a learning methodology 340S. Dance

9:20 Masters course in Acoustics at London South Bank University - A route on toour PhD programme

341

S. Dance

9:40 Collaborative learning in an University 341J.-M. Genevaux and A. Pelat

11:00 The IOA diploma in acoustics and noise control 341B. Peters

11:20 Two examples of education in Acoustics for undergraduate and young postgrad-uate students

342

B. Gazengel and C. Ayrault

11:40 Electroacoustic lectures on the web 342P. Lotton, H. Lissek, M. Melon, P. Herzog and D. Mazzoni

12:00 Introducing acoustics to classical musicians 342G. Zepidou and S. Dance


HS-G01: Hearing and speechRoom: Lord RAYLEIGH


Chair Person (s): X. Pelorson, G. Hunter

13:40 Fixed sound source localization in reverberant environments using a multi-microphone set

343

H. Meraoubi and B. Boudraa

14:00 Formant frequencies of British English vowels produced by native speakers ofFarsi

343

G. Hunter and H. Kebede

14:20 Prediction of the sound pressure at the ear drum for open fittings 343T. Sankowsky-Rothe, M. Blau, H. Mojallal, M. Teschner and C. Thiele

14:40 Influence of headphone position in pure-tone audiometry 344M. Paquier, V. Koehl and B. Jantzem

15:00 The impact of vibrato usage on the perception of pitch in early music comparedto grand opera

344

H. Daffern, J. Brereton and D. M. Howard

15:20 A-M I S-P-EA-K-I-NG C- L- E- AR- L- Y E-N-OU-GH?: An investigation ofthe possible role of vowel hyperarticulation in speech communication

344

J. Kangatharan, M. Uther, L. K. Kuhn and F. Gobet

15:40 An open source speech synthesis module for a visual-speech recognition system 345S. Manitsaris, B. Denby, F. Xavier, J. Cai, M. Stone, P. Roussel and G. Dreyfus


Abstracts

Mon 16:40 Marin MERSENNE Plenary lecture: Pr. Kirill Horoshenkov

Acoustical monitoring of water infrastructure – (000606)

K. V. HoroshenkovUniversity of Bradford, Great Horton Road, BD7 1DP Bradford, UK

Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Accurate data on the boundary conditions and hydraulicflows in urban water infrastructure are required to predictaccurately the probability of flooding, structural damage,ground subsidence incidents and to optimise the rehabili-tation work. Airborne acoustic waves can provide reliablemeans to measure remotely the hydraulic, operational andstructural characteristics of this infrastructure. This talkfocuses on a new acoustical technology developed at theUniversity of Bradford which can be used to detect andlocate damage, blockages, sediment deposition, water level

variations and hydraulic energy losses in underground net-works of pipes. It explains how various pattern recognitionmethods can be applied to discriminate between the acous-tic signatures recorded for a range of conditions in a real-istic pipe and to detect a change. The talk also presentssome field work results proving that the proposed acous-tical technology allows for a very rapid, remote inspectionof urban underground water infrastructure. It is arguedthat in the future this technology will partly replace moreconventional and slower CCTV inspection methods.

Mon 17:10 Marin MERSENNE Plenary lecture: Pr. Noureddine Atalla

Practical modeling of the vibroacoustics response of structures with attached noise control materials –(000863)

N. AtallaGroupe d’Acoustique de l’Universite de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l’Universite, Faculte de Genie, Sherbrooke, Canada J1K2R1

QC


This paper presents a review of vibroacoustics models ofporous elastic materials. In particular the practical mod-eling of the vibration and acoustic responses of panels withattached sound packages is discussed using both analyti-cal and numerical methods. Special attention will be de-voted to the modeling, using simple methods, of varioustypes of porous materials (rigid, limp, porous elastic...) invarious mounting conditions (single wall and double wall)

together with the calculation of various vibroacoustics in-dicators (vibration response, radiated power, transmissionloss, added damping, air-borne insertion loss, Structure-borne insertion loss...) under various excitations (acous-tical, mechanical, TBL...). In particular, examples illus-trating the practicality and usefulness of these methodswill be discussed.

Tue-Frid Grande Halle AA - Architectural and building acoustics (Poster session)

An efficient time domain solver for the acoustic wave equation – (Contributed, 000120)

R. Mehraa, N. Raghuvanshib, L. Saviojac, M. Lina and D. Manochaa

aDepartment of Computer Science [Chapel Hill], Campus Box 3175, Brooks Computer Science Building 201 South Columbia Street

UNC-Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3175 USA; bMicrosoft Research, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052, USA; cAalto

University School of Science, PO Box 15400, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland


An efficient numerical solver for time domain solution ofthe wave equation for the purpose of propagation in smalland large acoustic spaces is presented. It is based on theadaptive rectangular decomposition technique that subdi-vides a space into rectangular partitions and within eachpartition utilizes the analytical solution of the wave equa-tion. This technique allows numerical computations inkilohertz range for auralization and visualization purposes.This can help engineers to quickly locate geometric fea-

tures responsible for acoustical defects in practical engi-neering applications like noise control. It is demonstratedthat by carefully mapping all the components of the tech-nique on the GPU architecture, significant improvementin performance can be achieved while maintaining accu-racy comparable to a high-order finite difference time do-main (FDTD) solver. It is an order of magnitude fasterthan corresponding CPU-based solver and three orders ofmagnitude faster than the CPU-based FDTD solver. This


technique can perform a 1 s long simulation on complex- shaped 3D scenes of air volume 7500 m3 till 1650 Hz within18 min on a desktop machine.


Correction of computational artifacts in numerical solving of diffusion equation for room acoustics –(Contributed, 000223)

J. Kraszewski and A. DobruckiWroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland


In the paper a numerical algorithm for solving of diffusionequation in application for room acoustics is presented.The 1D, 2D and 3D models are considered. It has beenobserved that using simple FTCS algorithm for solvingthe diffusion equation, an additional energy is generatedwhen the acoustic wave is reflected from the walls. Theenergy is doubled when the wave reflects from the sur-face, it is multiplied by 4 when the wave achieves an edge,

and it is multiplied by 8 for reflection from the corner.This numerical phenomenon influences the calculated re-verberation time. In 3D model the reverberation time isinconsistent with Sabine and Eyring formulae. The differ-ence is about 50%. A heuristic modification of algorithmis proposed. Using this modified algorithm the additionalenergy is not generated and computed reverberation timediffers from Sabine and Eyring formulas 6 - 10%.


I-Simpa, a graphical user interface devoted to host 3D sound propagation numerical codes – (Contributed,

000367)

J. Picaut and N. FortinDepartement Infrastructures et Mobilite (IFSTTAR/IM), Route de Bouaye, CS4, 44344 Bouguenais Cedex


Whatever for indoor noise applications (room acoustics,noise in vehicles...) or sound propagation in the en-vironment (open field, urban areas...), many numericalcodes have been developed by researchers. Most of themhave many common aspects, like the definition of the do-main geometry and the materials (boundary conditions,impedance...), the definition of sound sources and of re-ceivers (position, spectrum, directivity...). Moreover, theyall have the same objective that is to predict the soundfield within the domain, with several acoustics indicators,like acoustic pressure or sound levels, and through sev-eral representations (impulse response, spectrum...). In

order to make easier the use of such codes (pre and post-processing of data), as well as for facilitating compar-isons between models, a specific graphical user interface(I-Simpa) was developed specifically. In addition to pre-viously cited facilities, this tool allows users to implementtheir own numerical models, as well as to manipulate theinterface and to develop specific treatments by creatingbuilt-in Python(TM) scripts. As example, the paper willpresent the implementation of an energetic model for roomacoustics predictions. The final objective is to create acommunity around this tool in order to exchange numeri-cal codes, scripts... and information.


Investigation on the effects of source directivity on Chinese speech intelligibility based on auralization– (Contributed, 000613)

J. Penga, T. Wangb and S. Wub

aDepartment of Physics, School of Science, South China University of Technology,381 Wushan Road, 510640 Guangzhou, China;bState Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, 510640 Guangzhou,

China


Subjective Chinese speech intelligibility was evaluated byusing an omnidirectional source,i.e., a source with theapproximate directivity of human speaker and a humanspeaker source in both real and simulated rectangularrooms with different reverberation time. The result shows

that subjective Chinese speech intelligibility scores havestatistical differences under different source conditions .Speech intelligibility scores obtained by using omnidirec-tional source are lower than those obtained by using theother two sources. Therefore, it will underestimate the


speech intelligibility in rooms. Subject Chinese speechintelligibility obtained from auralization is basically thesame as that which obtained in actual rooms under dif-ferent source directivity conditions. By using auralization

technique one can properly evaluate the subjective Chi-nese speech intelligibility even with different directionalsources.

Tue-Frid Grande Halle AB - Animal bioacoustics (Poster session)

Time and frequency cues used by bottlenose dolphins for target discrimination – (Contributed, 000070)

G. ZaslavskiRAMOT Tel-Aviv University, Gordon, app 7, 42442 Netanya, Israel


Dolphins echolocate by emitting very short clicks and pro-cessing the echoes returned by underwater objects. Al-though the ability of dolphins to detect and discriminateamong underwater objects is well documented, the contro-versy over acoustic features of object echoes processed bythe dolphins remains heated, as ever. Most of the targetdiscrimination models in dolphins are based on frequencyanalysis of the target echoes. Furthermore, a long ago re-jected notion about dolphins’ ability to modify spectralcontent of outgoing click to fit specific echolocation taskand target characteristics is becoming popular again. The

biggest obstacle for the frequency domain models is dol-phins’ ability to discriminate between brief time-reversedsignals having identical frequency spectra. To overcomethis problem a short time-frequency analysis of targetechoes in dolphins was suggested. However in order tofit existing behavioral experimental results with dolphinsinto the time-frequency model, an extremely high auditorytime resolution has to be assumed in the first place. Somebehavioral results indicating the bottlenose dolphin’s audi-tory time resolution as high as about twenty microsecondswill be discussed.

Tue-Frid Grande Halle AB - Animal bioacoustics (Poster session)

Stability and change in short songs of yellow-rumped and red-rumped caciques (Cacicus cela andCacicus haemorrhous) – (Contributed, 000218)

H. Thieltges, L. Henry and P. DeleporteUMR 6552 Ethos Universite de Rennes 1, Bt 25, campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du General Leclerc CS 74205, 35042 Rennes,

France


Functional analysis of bird song dialects have been the ob-ject of extensive researches. Several hypotheses emergedfrom these investigations, among which the esocial adapta-tion hypothesis’: using the same dialectal variant as socialpartners would facilitate the integration of newcomers intoa social group. The social dialect could also constitute alocal population or group marker. The social adaptationmodel predicts changes in bird vocalizations in response tosocial changes. In a previous study, we found local dialec-tical variants in French Guyanian populations of yellow-

rumped and red-rumped caciques, two congeneric speciesof Icterid birds, both living in large multi-males / multi-females groups. We found dialects characterized by timeand frequency parameters in male eshort songs’ involved insocial communication. The social adaptation hypothesispredicts a progressive change in local dialectal vocalizationtypes. In the present study, we analyze the temporal evo-lution of timing and frequency parameters of male shortsongs in these two species, over five years at the samelocalities.

Tue-Frid Grande Halle EA - Electroacoustics (Poster session)

Electrodynamic loudspeakers suspensions nonlinearities, study and measurements – (Contributed, 000343)

B. Maillou, A. Novak, J. Blondeau, B. Brouard, J.-M. Genevaux, P. Lotton and L. SimonLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


Nonlinearities characterization and identification of acous-tical systems is an active research field, notably in thearea of electroacoustics. An innovative characterizationand identification method, based on the nonlinear convo-

lution and the use of a synchronized swept-sine excitationsignal, has recently been developped. In this paper, thismethod is applied to the study of the nonlinearities exhib-ited by the mechanical suspensions of an electrodynamic


loudspeaker. Nonlinear behaviours are specially studiedas function of the amplitude of the displacement of themembrane of the loudspeaker. In this context, we developan experimental setup from the signal generator to themobile part of the tested component, specially designedin order to obtain a great harmonic distortion measure-

ment dynamic range and, thus, to allow the measurementof weak nonlinearities. Nonlinearities are estimated forboth the external and internal suspensions independently,and for several kinds of loudspeakers. Results are com-pared with those obtained by other methods available inthe literature.


Optimization of electric shunt resonant circuits for electroacoustic absorbers – (Invited, 000494)

H. Lissek, R. Boulandet and E. RivetEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IEL LEMA, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland


Sound absorption can be achieved in a relatively simplemanner with passive or active electroacoustic absorbers.Electroacoustic absorbers are basically loudspeakers, themembrane of which is used as an absorber/reflector ofsound, and the electric terminals of which are connectedto a dedicated electric load. This electric ”shuntı can be asimple electric resistor, or an active device employing feed-back control on acoustic and/or electric quantities (aka.direct impedance control). Whilst the latter allows sig-

nificant broadening of acoustic absorption performancesthat could not be obtained with simple passive resistors,it is also possible to find passive shunt alternatives that al-lows interesting acoustic performances without the use ofexpensive and energy consuming electric disposals. A sim-ple configuration of shunt electric resonator is proposed asan alternative to active shunt for broadening the perfor-mances of passive electroacoustic absorbers.


UWB SAW sensors and tags – (Contributed, 000527)

M. Lamothe, V. Plessky, J.-M. Friedt and S. Ballandrasfemto-st, 26 chemin de l’epitaphe, Equipe CoSyMa, 25000 Besancon, France


The radio Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology bringsmany benefits, such as extremely low power of emitted es-pecially attractive for sensors for the medical world. Forthe RFID tags wide frequency band allows to get largenumber of codes on the chip with radically reduced size.We have developed a prototype of a wide frequency bandSAW sensor operating in a frequency range from 200MHzto 400MHz. The compressed pulse is about 5ns long which

corresponds to theoretical expectations. Using LFM sig-nals allows to get record low losses in the sensor. Correla-tion between compressed peaks will be used to extract thetemperature with precision better than 0.1C, and usingthe UWB signals simplifies the post processing algorithms.The sensor can have ID function due to different positionsof reflectors and/or different dispersion of the LFM trans-ducer.

Tue-Frid Grande Halle EN - Environmental noise (Poster session)

Problematique de bouchons d’oreilles en aeronautique militaire – (Contributed, 000112)

D. Sarafian and G. AndeolInstitut de Recherche Biomedicale des Armees, BP 73, 91223 Bretigny Sur Orge, France


Dans le milieu aeronautique militaire, l’exposition del’operateur au bruit est particulierement elevee. Cetteexposition impose de proposer aux operateurs une dou-ble protection (casque plus bouchons d’oreilles). Danscette etude, nous avons evalue les aspects ergonomiques etles attenuations acoustiques de bouchons d’oreilles utilisesen double protection parmi une population d’utilisateurshabituels. Les attenuations acoustiques sont mesureesselon la norme REAT et les aspects ergonomiques sont

evalues au travers de questionnaires. Les bouchonsd’oreilles sont de type personnalises en silicone (n=15),personnalises en acrylique (n=10), generiques en mousseequipes de mini haut-parleurs (n=11), et personnalisesen silicone avec un controle qualite in situ (n=19). Lesresultats obtenus montrent que l’attenuation mesuree estdifferente des specifications indiquees par le fabricant.Selon le type de bouchon, environ un tiers des personnesne supporte pas le port. Pour le reste de la population,


la tolerance au port des bouchons ne permet pas un portpendant la duree totale de l’exposition au bruit. Cetteetude a egalement permis de mettre en evidence des re-

lations entre les attenuations acoustiques et les aspectsergonomiques. Enfin, des recommandations sont emisespour le choix de bouchons d’oreilles.


Use of textile nanofibers to improve the sound absorption coefficient of drilled panels for acousticapplications – (Contributed, 000146)

J. Alba, R. Del Rey, L. Berto and C. HervasUniversidad Politecnica de Valencia, C/ Paraninf n1, 46730 Grao De Gandia, Spain


Nowadays combinations of textile materials are commonsolutions in acoustics aplications as absorbent acousticmaterials. Researches developed previously make possibleto assert that the nanofibers textile veils combined withthe textile wools, will improve the acoustic proprieties ofthe latter. These kind of nanofibers textile veils are madewith a process known as ”electrospinning processı Fur-thermore, these kinds of combinations present an airflowresistivity value within the range established by the Tech-nical Edification Code in Spain, so that, we can use these

kinds of materials in sound insulation applications to re-duce sound waves confined between two walls in a multipartition or in many other applications such as noise re-duction in air conditioning systems or in the design of theelectroacoustic systems In this work we have studied theapplication of nanofibers as a cover of the polyester woolswhich are placed under drilled panels. We can assert thatan increase of just 1% of the absorbent material thicknesswith a nanofibers veils, is enough to improve the acousticabsorption at low frequencies, in the cases submitted.


Wind turbine environmental noise certification: a comparison of one local regulatory/planning processin California and the European Union – (Contributed, 000562)

J. C. BennettCounty of San Diego, DPLU, 5201 Ruffin Road, Suite B, San Diego, 92123, USA


The development of wind turbine noise standards in theCounty of San Diego represents a convergence of existinglocal regulations with the current imperative to developalternative energy resources. A similar, but different pro-cess has been going on in Europe where national standardsare being developed and implemented. A comparison ofthis California example with the evolving regulations inEurope is used to point out the strengths and weaknessesof each approach. One difference is how the state of Cal-ifornia had encouraged the development of general noiseregulations at the county level yielding unique results in

each locality compared to Europe where a consistent set ofregulations and development goals were considered a pri-ority. Part of this comparison will include a short reviewof community planning in California during the 1970’s aswell as the more current developments in noise planning inCalifornia and the European Union. The key underlyingtheme of this comparison will be to examine how govern-ments rely on planning and technical expertise to achieveboth economic success and sustainable quality of life fortheir communities.


Le bruit dans les jardins familiaux d’ˆle de France – (Contributed, 000663)

L.-A. Gillea and G. AutretbaCETE Ile de France, 319 avenue Georges Clemenceau, BP 505, 77015 Melun Cedex, France; bLaboratoire Regional des Ponts et

Chaussees de l’Est Parisien Melun, 319, avenue Georges Clemenceau BP 505 77015 Melun Cedex


Les jardins familiaux se situent frequemment en bordured’infrastructures de transport et en subissent les nui-sances, averees et potentielles. Cette etude sur les jardinsfamiliaux d’ˆle-de-France a ainsi comme objectif de pro-poser des solutions pour ameliorer l’ambiance sonore de

ceux existants et d’etablir les caracteristiques environ-nementales necessaires a la creation de nouveaux jardins.Les cartes de bruit des grandes infrastructures de trans-ports terrestres realisees en 2007 et celles de 2012 sontutilisees pour etablir un etat des lieux des niveaux sonores,


exprimes en Lden ou Ln, au sein de ces jardins. Plusieursbases de donnees pourront etre utilisees : infrastructuresroutieres et ferree, autres indicateurs, ICPE, sites EDF...afin de determiner si ces jardins existants sont exposesa des nuisances provenant de plus d’une source. Cetetat des lieux permet de selectionner des sites exposes adifferents niveaux sonores. Des mesures acoustiques pour-

ront y etre realisees afin de conforter le choix et de preciserl’influence des amenagements realises (merlons, cabanons,claustras...). Des entretiens avec les usagers permettrontd’evaluer si la presence des sources de bruit a conditionneleur utilisation du jardin. Enfin, l’impact de plusieursamenagements de protections sur le niveau sonore pourraetre simule numeriquement.


The efficiency of environmental impact assessments relating to noise issues – (Contributed, 000694)

Z. KrukleUniversity of Latvia, Raina Boulevard 19, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia


The environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a manage-ment tool which is used to provide acceptable and sus-tainable living space through the preemptive appraisal ofproposed schemes which have potential negative impactson the environment quality. This appraisal includes con-sideration of environment and holistic health factors andcontains methods to prevent or reduce possible harmful ef-fects. One of the factors which are considered in EIA’s isnoise emissions. The appropriate and effective assessmentof environmental noise issues via this process is especiallyimportant in countries where noise control systems are un-

derdeveloped and environmental matters are often viewedas restrictive of business activities.In order to determine whether the aim of the EIA relatingto environmental noise issues is achieved, the process andresults of an EIA for transport sector projects in Latviaare investigated. The research includes analysis of EIA re-ports, conditions and decisions of the managing institutionas well as an analysis of the projects which were the sub-ject of EIA’s and are now in operation. The results of thisstudy are a critical examination of the requirements andefficiency of the EIA process, identification of the short-comings and suggestions for improvements.


Analysis of in situ acoustical performance of concrete noise barriers – (Contributed, 000830)

F. Leccese, F. Fantozzi and G. SalvadoriUniversity of Pisa, Dept of Energy and System Engineer (DESE), Largo L. Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy


The need to enhance the people’s mobility has produced asignificant increase in the environmental pollution, includ-ing transportation noise. In order to reduce transportationnoise it is possible to act directly on transport media or onthe urban environment, by protecting sensitive receptorswith techniques for noise reduction. The noise barriersare one of the most common examples of noise reductiondevices.In this paper the authors show and discuss the results of anin situ analysis of the acoustical performance of concretenoise barriers, installed in an important highway infras-

tructure of the Central Italy. The structure of examinedbarriers is composed of 8 overlapping panels made by au-toclaved aerated concrete. The faces of the panels, facingthe noise source, can be smooth or machined with highpressure water jets. In order to increase the sound ab-sorption of the barriers, till to the higher quality class(A4) indicated in EN 1793-5, semi-cylindrical acousticalabsorbers have been designed. They are made by metal-lic micro-holed envelope with the cavity partially filled bysuitably shaped polyester fiber and they can be installedat variable distances from the face of the panel.

Tue-Frid Grande Halle HS - Hearing and speech (Poster session)

Behavior of speech acoustics parameters and compensatory strategies adopted in noised environment– (Contributed, 000026)

L. Falek, H. Teffahi and A. DjeradiUSTHB electronics en computer Faculty, BP 32 Bab Ezzouar El Alia, 16111 Algiers, Algeria



We acoustically analyzed behavior of speech signal pro-duced in noisy constraint by four speakers, when noiseis sent by a helmet to speaker and when noise is sent byhigh speaker. The goal is to find speech signal acoustic pa-rameters which are most sensitive to noise and the com-pensatory strategies adopted by the speakers to counterthis constraint. Results obtained in both cases show agreat constraint influence over timing, energy, fundamen-tal frequency F0, formants (F1, F2) of the analyzed units.They can be summarized such as: (1) In temporal field:We noted an increase in analyzed units duration. We canconclude that speaker tends to slow down his elocution

rhythm with constraint in order to better render compre-hensible itself; (2) In energy field: there is an increasein intensity. Thus the speaker speaks extremely in noiseconstraint; (3) In frequential field: (a) We noted an in-crease in formants F0 and F1 but F2 stay stable in spiteof noise constraint. It’s meaning that the speakers, whilespeaking extremely, increase their aperture but the vowelsanteriority does not change. (b) Vocalic spaces are re-duced with centralization. It’s meaning that the speakersmodify their formants to avoid constraint while remainingunderstandable.


Labial constraint effects on the speech signal acoustic parameters – (Contributed, 000027)

L. Falek, H. Teffahi and A. DjeradiUSTHB electronics en computer Faculty, BP 32 Bab Ezzouar El Alia, 16111 Algiers, Algeria


We studied in this work the influence of labial constraintin speech production. We acoustically analyzed vowelsbehavior in constraint, then the constraint influence onthe coarticulation on 4 speakers. Results obtained show agreat influence of the constraint on the acoustic parame-ters in particular on the frequential parameters which arekey parameters in synthesis, recognition and coding sys-tems of the speech and in orthophonics reeducation pro-grammes for handicapped persons. These results can besummarized such as: In the temporal field: A temporal re-duction in the analyzed units, therefore the speaker tends

to accelerate his rate/rhythm of elocution with the con-straint. In the frequential field: (1) Spaces vocalic F2(F1) are reduced but without centralization of the vow-els. Thus the speakers reach with difficulty their acoustictargets with the constraint to see not at all; (2) there isvariation of fundamental frequency according to the for-mants F0 (F1), F0 (F2) and F0 (F3). However directionof variation depends on speaker. Thus constraint variesthe intonation; (3) locus equation slope obtained increaseall with constraint. Thus labial constraint increases coar-ticulation degree.


Amplitude modulation of vowel glottal pulses: application to sleep inertia – (Contributed, 000061)

R. Ruiza, P. Plantin De Huguesb and C. LegroscaLA.boratoire de Recherche en Audiovisuel (LA.R.A), Universite Toulouse-le Mirail, 5 allees Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse

Cedex 9, France; bBureau d’Enquetes et d’Analyses (B.E.A), Aeroport du Bourget, 93352 Le Bourget Cedex, France; cLaboratoire

d’Acoustique de l’Universite Toulouse-le Mirail, Universite Toulouse-le Mirail, 5 allees Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9,

France


Human voice carries non-linguistic information aboutemotion, fatigue, stress, truth, psychological illnesses etc.The proofs of this are well-established nowadays. In real-life situations, in laboratory conditions and from a cross-cultural point of view, the speaker’s psycho-physiologicaldisorders induce vocal modifications. Many acoustic pa-rameters are measured. They belong to the dynamic andspectral planes. Phase space is also involved. Amplitudemodulation is one of them. Unlike prosody and vocal qual-ity features, this has not been widely studied. In thispaper, a method for estimation vowel glottal pulses am-plitude modulations is proposed. After pulse detection, a

sinusoidal fit is applied leading to an estimate of the am-plitude modulation frequency. This method has alreadybeen used in experiments on sleep inertia effects on thevoice. A pilot is suddenly awakened to undertake aero-nautical psychomotor tasks. Results show the existence ofan amplitude modulation. Their validity is based on de-termination coefficient measurements taking into accountthe number of pitch periods. Additionally, shimmer mea-surements show an increase after awakening. It can thusbe concluded that sleep inertia has an effect on vowelsuttered by the pilot.



Mechanisms of vowel epenthesis in consonant clusters: an EMA study – (Contributed, 000075)

S. Funatsua and M. Fujimotob

aPrefectural University of Hiroshima, 1-1-71 Ujinahigashi Minami-ku, 734-8558 Hiroshima, Japan; bNational Institute for Japanese

Language and Linguistics, 10-2 Midori-machi, 190-8561 Tachikawa, Japan


The mechanisms of vowel epenthesis in consonant clusterswere investigated using an electromagnetic articulograph(EMA). The target languages were Japanese and German.Japanese does not allow consonant clusters, while Germandoes. Two Japanese speakers and two German speakersparticipated in this experiment. For Japanese speakers,normalized tongue tip displacements from the first con-sonant to the second consonant in clusters (/bn/, /pn/)were significantly larger than those of German speakers

(p<0.001). Also, the normalized moving times of tonguetip for Japanese speakers were significantly longer thanthose for German speakers (p<0.001). These results sug-gested that the coarticulation between first and secondconsonant for Japanese speakers would be weaker thanthat for German speakers. Moreover, from the measure-ment of tongue back movement, the timing between ar-ticulatory movement and vocal fold vibration would affectthe vowel epenthesis.


Discrimination of Chinese pronunciations of aspirated dental and retroflex syllables according to breath-ing power and its frequency dependency during VOT – (Contributed, 000110)

H. Akemi and A. YasudaToyama National College of Technology, 1-2 Ebie-neriya, Imizu city, Toyama, 933-0293, JAP, 933-0293 Toyama, Japan


Retroflexing of aspirates in Chinese is generally consid-ered to be difficult for Japanese students learning pro-nunciation, because the Japanese language has no suchsounds. In particular, discriminating utterances with as-pirated dental and retroflex syllables is the most difficult.As we observed in our study, a classroom of Japanese stu-dents of Chinese uttered aspirated retroflex sounds mod-eled after examples uttered by a native Chinese instruc-tor, however, the utterances sounded like dental sylla-bles to the instructor, and many students could not pro-duce the correct sounds. Warping the tongue was not

enough to produce the correct articulation, because thereis no retroflex sounds amongst the Japanese syllables. Inthe present paper, the authors extracted the features ofthe correct pronunciation of the aspirated dental syllablesca[tsea],ci[tsei] and ce[tseγ], and the aspirated retroflexones cha[#Dea],chi[#Dei],and che[#Deγ], by analyzingbreathing power and its frequency dependency duringVOT (Voice Onset Time) of sounds uttered by nine Chi-nese native speakers and ten Japanese students. We willdevelop an automatic discrimination system by using thededuced evaluation standards.


Child DiaPix: development of a child friendly speech elicitation task – (Contributed, 000221)

L. K. KuhnBrunel University, Kingston Lane, UB8 3PH Uxbridge, UK


Increasing need for a child friendly method to elicit spon-taneous speech in children has led the researcher to cre-ate two simplified versions of the original DiaPix UK task(Hazan & Baker, 2010) in order to enhance linguistic anddevelopmental research. A child and an adult sample tookpart in this spot-the-difference task which created naturalconversations as a basis for voice recordings. The studyalso assessed altruistic tendencies of the speakers in orderto facilitate future personality research before evaluatingtask efficiency across all participants. Results suggestedthat the simplified street as well as the simplified beachDiaPix picture scenes were equally suitable for eliciting

spontaneous speech in children, although adults outper-formed children on most task efficiency measures. Espe-cially children aged 7 and below faltered in their ability tosolve the task independently. In conclusion, a simplifiedDiaPix task seems a promising new linguistic as well asinteractive research method for children aged 8 and abovefor spontaneous speech elicitation and a wider range ofapplications.Current data collection from German primary school chil-dren aims to enrich findings and to provide cross culturalaspects of using this new child friendly speech elicitationmethod across England as well as Germany.



Multiple description coding in MELP coder for voice over IP – (Contributed, 000455)

M. SaidiUSTHB, Ait El Hadj 9 Rue Boumezrag 16008 Bab El oued Alge, 16008 Alger, Algeria


In VoIP systems, CELP coders, such as G.729, are com-monly used as they offer good speech quality in the ab-sence of packet loss. However, the quality degrades inpresence of losses. This is due to the existence of long-term predictor in this coder. Otherwise, harmonic coderssuch as MELP may be a good alternative for VoIP due totheir higher resilience to packet loss. In this work, we dealthe problem of packetization scheme based on Multiple

Description Coding (MDC) applied to the MELP coder.A packet will contain information on two MELP codersoperating at 2.4 and 1.2 Kbps respectively. The packeti-zation is achieved using 135 bits in 22.5 ms correspondingto a total rate of 6 kbps. The results show that undertypical VoIP operating conditions, the method performswell and outperforms CELP coders when operating at 8kbps without MDC.

Tue-Frid Grande Halle MA - Musical acoustics (Poster session)

The acoustical effect of the pad resonator in the saxophone – (Contributed, 000379)

P. Evenoa, M. Curtitb, J.-P. Dalmontc and R. Caussea

aIRCAM, 1 place Igor Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France; bITEMM, 71 Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France; cLaboratoire

d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


The saxophone is one of the wind instruments with thelargest side holes. The pads, inserted inside the key playan important role on the acoustics of the instruments. Thefirst role of a pad is to seal the side hole when it is closed.However, a lot of musicians and instrument makers con-sider that they have an important role on the timbre ofthe instrument. Indeed, early in the history of the saxo-phone, ”resonatorsı (as they are called by both musiciansand craftsmen) appear. These are flat disks made of metalor plastic fixed in the middle of the pad. In order to un-derstand the role of these ”resonatorsı, measurements of

the input impedance of a cylinder topped by a key withinterchangeable pads (with and without resonators) areperformed. Significant differences between pads with andwithout ”resonatorsı are highlighted for small key heights.A study of the vibrations of the pads shows that thesedifferences can be explained by the high mobility of thepads without ”resonatorı which appear to be in practice”stiffenersı. Measurements on a whole saxophone showthat the consequence of such differences on a saxophoneis limited.


Nonlinearities in recorder tone holes: effect of undercutting – (Contributed, 000441)

M. Curtita, J.-P. Dalmontb and P. Boltonc

aITEMM, 71 Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR

Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; cFacteur de flute a bec, 22, Le Grand Portail, 84570 Villes-Sur-Auzon,

France


Early woodwind instruments have small tone holes thatare usually undercut. Undercutting consists in roundingoff or chamfering the holes’ edges where they meet themain bore.The consequences on the acoustics can be classified in twocategories, which are the linear and the non linear acousti-cal effects. Linear effects are induced by the modificationof the hole geometry, which can be modelled in the lin-ear theory by a cylindrical hole with a larger section anda slight change in position along the bore. It is shown

that makers use those modifications as a way of tuninginstruments during the last stages of the manufacturingprocess.The other effect of undercutting is to reduce the kineticenergy loss caused by discontinuities in the vicinity of thehole. Experimental results show the consequences on therecorder, especially modifications of the pressure thresh-olds of oscillating regimes. Other characteristics of playednotes are also studied, such as the spectral centroid or theradiated power.



Measurement of attack transients in a clarinet driven by a ramp-like varying pressure – (Contributed,

000467)

B. Bergeota, A. Almeidaa, C. Vergezb and B. GazengelaaLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bLMA - CNRS (UPR 7051), 31 chemin Joseph-Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, Cedex 20, France


We investigate the influence of a time-varying blowingpressure on the oscillation threshold and attack transientof a clarinet. In this experimental study, a clarinet isblown through an artificial mouth, which allows the timeprofile of the blowing pressure to be controlled during theexperiment. The chosen profile is a slowly increasing lin-ear ramp, until a given steady value is reached. Differentexperiments have been carried out and analyzed. Depend-ing on the slope of the ramp and on the steady value, butalso on the opening of the reed channel at rest, the steady

state (oscillating or not), the oscillation threshold and theattack transient are determined. Does the fact that theblowing pressure varies in time have a similar influenceon a real clarinet as on a simplified model ? To answerthis question, the experimental results are compared tothe conclusions presented in a companion paper where amixed numerical/analytical approach has been developedon a simplified clarinet model. Characteristics such as bi-furcation delay and dynamic bifurcation are addressed.


Active control applied to string instruments – (Contributed, 000525)

S. Benacchioa, A. Mamou-Mania, B. Chometteb and R. Caussea

aIRCAM, 1 Place Igor Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France; bInstitut d’Alembert, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France


This study aims to control the soundboard’s vibrationaleigenmodes in order to modify the timbre of string instru-ments.These structures are wooden plates of complex shapes, ex-cited by strings through a bridge. In order to apply an effi-cient control on such systems, modal parameters are givenby identification using classic algorithms on experimentalmeasurements. Then it is possible to design a digital con-troller using these parameters and classic control methods.This controller is applied in a feedback loop. Quantity, di-

mensions and positions of sensors and actuators neededfor the control are obtained from an intermediate optimi-sation step.

At first, a simplified system is studied. The experiment isconducted on a rectangular spruce plate, boundary embed-ded and excited by an only string. The method describedabove is applied on this system. This simplified case andits results in term of changes in eigenmodes are presentedhere.


An aid to innovation in instrument-making: a collaborative approach between workshops and researchlaboratories – (Contributed, 000536)

V. DoutautITEMM, 71, avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France


The economics of French instrument-making is mostlymade up of very small handicraft enterprises. But crafts-men do not always have the means to embark, by them-selves, on an innovation strategy. The idea is to try torespond to current challenges in instrument making; forexample, the reduction in costs of design times or theadaptation to customer needs. All of this necessitates thedevelopment of low cost tools for characterising and pro-totyping of instruments dedicated to their use in work-shops. Examples of collaborative approach between ins-trument makers and research laboratories are presented.Mainly,the Pafi project, for ”Instrument-making aid plat-

formı, is ambitious. It aims to develop characterisationtools more widely for all the instrument families. Theproject’s originality lies in the fact that ten ”pilot crafts-menı are associated with every stage of development. ThePafi project involves a research programme and the sup-port of the craftsmen for developing the hardware andsoftware. Bearing in mind the international economic con-text, these experiences may act as a basis for broadeningand pursuing this initiative on an international scale. Theopen and progressive nature of the work means that wecan consider such a prospect with a view to maintainingthe small-scale production of high-quality instruments.



Experimental analysis of the vibroacoustics of a trombone bell – (Contributed, 000537)

M. Secail-Geraud, F. Gautier and J. GilbertLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


The influence of wall vibrations on the sound producedby a wind instrument has engendered a long-lasting de-bate among scientists, musicians, and instrument makers.The vibrations of a sounding wind instrument can clearlybe felt and measured but the influence of these vibrationson the radiated sound is more difficult to bring to light,because the fluid-structure couplings involved are partic-ularly weak excepted when coincidence effects occur. Thecase of the trombone bell is particular because this part ofthe instrument is large and thin, which favours vibrationsof large amplitudes. An experimental study has been per-

formed using a tank of water in which the studied trom-bone is placed. The tank can be filled with water in orderto modify the mechanical modes of the system in a con-tinuous manner. Such an experiment is designed from thehistorical experiment made by D. C. Miller one centuryago for studying the acoustics of vibrating organ pipes(Science 29 (735), 161-171, 1909). The acoustic impedanceand mechanical responses of a trombone bell excited by aloudspeaker or an impact hammer are measured for dif-ferent levels of water permitting a fine analysis of the vi-broacoustics couplings.


A Laboratory TOOL for the strings instrument makers – (Contributed, 000551)

S. F. Pakzada and T. Jeandrozb

aALSF, 9 Avenue Marcel Perrin, 95540 Mery Sur Oise, France; bLTRT, 3 rue du Marolet, 95430 Auvers Sur Oise, France


The discussion that we suggest here relates directly withmultiple sessions from Instrument making to measurementtechniques. To discuss about the Acoustics of musical in-struments, we explain the mathematical form of the acous-tic function of the instruments. If we consider the acous-tics of the musical instruments as a mathematical formula,we can study it as a 4-port module with an input multi-plied in the module function and the output. The mathe-matical function of this acoustical body of the instrumentis a nonlinear Multi order complex function. The pro-duced sound is the application of the function to the input

or the mechanical vibrations of the strings. De-correlatingand de-modulating the Complex sound of the musical in-struments and studying the decomposed sound is the firstmilestone of understanding the behavior of Acoustical In-struments. The strings instrument makers who have thegolden ears too, use their very sharp sensitive hearing ca-pabilities to feel the de-correlation, which is why this do-main of acoustics remains as an art reserved to some veryfew genius artisans. To open scientifically the gates of mu-sical acoustic, our S7B module treats the complex resultsof the acoustical instruments.


A non optimization-based method for reconstructing wind instruments bore shape – (Contributed,

000590)

G. Le VeyIRCCyN/Ecole des Mines de Nantes, 4, rue A. Kastler, BP 20722, 44307 Nantes, France


The presented work is concerned with a prospectivemethod towards the reconstruction of the bore shape ofwind instruments. One contemplated application is to thestudy of ancient wind instruments.The so-called ’horn equation’ is well-known for modellingpropagation in variable section bores of wind instruments.Apart from strict modelling purposes, it has been usedtogether with several optimization methods for the recon-struction of bore shapes of wind instruments. This workinvestigates properties of a quadratic invariant of secondorder linear differential equations of the Sturm-Liouvilletype. The question of reconstructing the potential ap-

pearing in such an equation thanks to this invariant is thenapplied to the horn wave equation, amounting to the boreshape reconstruction from external measurements that atthis stage, are supposed to be feasible. Contrary to mostof the approaches known to the author, the method pre-sented here does not rely on optimization. On anotherside, one pending question, thus critical to the method, isthat of the measurements that should be made in order tomake this approach effective in practice. This should mo-tivate discussions within the conference audience. As thisresearch is prospective, no case study will be presented.



DROPIC: A tool for the study of string instruments in playing conditions – (Contributed, 000640)

J.-L. Le Carroua, D. Chadefauxa, M.-A. Vitranib, S. Billouta and L. QuartieraaEquipe LAM - d’Alembert, 11, rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France; bInstitut des Systemes Intelligents et Robotique, Universite

Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI Boite courrier 173 4 Place Jussieu 75252 Paris cedex 05

Corresponding author E-mail: jean-loic.le [email protected]

The study of musical instruments in playing conditionsrequires a highly controllable and repeatable excitatorymechanism. This mechanism has to be able to reproduceas closely as possible the human gesture in order to berepresentative of a playing technique. In the paper, wedescribe the development of a new string plucking devicefor the concert harp. This system, called DROPIC (DoigtRObotise PInceur de Cordes), is a position-controlled two-degrees of freedom robot with a configurable silicone fin-gertip. In order to compare the plucking performed byDROPIC and by a harpist, trajectories are captured by

a high-speed camera and the soundboard’s vibrations aremeasured with an accelerometer. A set of features ex-tracted from these data shows that the DROPIC pluckingis comparable to the harpist one with a better repeatabil-ity. In addition to classical vibration and acoustic sensors,DROPIC can now be used to pluck a string and allows usto measure temporal features as well as spectro-temporalfeatures in a repeatable and controllable playing context,thus creating an alternative to classical frequency-domainmeasurements of string instruments.


Independent features for content-based music genre classifiaction – (Contributed, 000833)

L. FerganiUniversity of Sciences and Technology, BP14, El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers,Algeria, 16111 Algiers, Algeria


In this paper, we propose a new feature approach for genreclassification of musical signals based on IndependentComponent Analysis. This approach take account of thefact that the redundancy of information between featuresmay decrease the music genre classification rates. We thusintroduce Independent Component Analysis to achieve in-dependency of the features components. The new in-dependent features are then used for genre classificationthrough Support Vector Machine (SVM) or artificial neu-ral network (ANN) classifiers. We will show through dif-

ferent experiments that this approach gives better accu-racy rates than classical feature sets such as wavelet based,spectral, temporal or MFCC feature sets associated withdifferent classifiers such as Multiclass SVM, MultilabelSVM and also ANN. These results are obtained with adatabase of 800 songs issued from the database of the Al-gerian radio. We thus obtain scores of 83% to 92% foreight genres. Interesting comparative results are reportedand commented.

Tue-Frid Grande Halle MI - Measurement and instrumentation (Poster session)

Concentrated Spectrogram of audio acoustic signals - a comparative study – (Contributed, 000067)

K. Czarnecki, M. Moszynski and M. RojewskiGdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland


The paper presents new results of time-frequency (TF)analysis of audio acoustic discrete-time signals. As amethod of the analysis the authors propose to use theenergy concentrating spectrograph also known as ”Re-assignment method” or ”Cross- spectral method”. Thisapproach involves signal’s local group delay (LGD) andchannelized instantaneous frequency (CIF) to purposely

redistribute in TF plain all Short-time Fourier transform(STFT) lines. Some comparisons of classical and concen-trated spectrograms of various musical instruments includ-ing violin, flute, piano and guitar are presented. Variousfeatures of signals especially instantaneous frequency (IF)and amplitude modulation (vibrato) of their componentsand sound onsets are illustrated and discused.



Micro-embolic signatures detection through GARCH parameters – (Contributed, 000272)

J.-M. Giraulta, S. Menigota, K. Addakiria and B. GuibertbaImagerie et cerveau, Hopital Bretonneau 1 Bd Tonnelle 37044 Tours; bAtys Medical, 17, Parc d’Arbora, 69510 Soucieu En Jarrest,

France


Detection of micro-emboli is of great clinical importanceto prevent cerebro-vascular events. Standard detectiontechniques implemented in the most commonly used sys-tems are generally based on the comparison between adecision information (energy) and a threshold. The valueof this threshold can be set just above the statisticallyhighest detected energy of a blood Doppler signal. Thischoice of threshold consequently prevents all detection ofmicro-emboli events whose energy might be lower than thesystolic energy. In this study three detectors were testedand compared: i) a standard energy detector, ii) a de-tector based on AR parameters and iii) a detector based

on GARCH parameters. From in vivo signals and for adetection rate set to 100%, the false alarm rates were of33%, 5% and 3% for the standard energy detector, for thedetector based on a AR(2) model and for the proposeddetector based on the GARCH(1,1) model, respectively.This study demonstrates that GARCH technique detectsmicro-emboli which did not identified by classical meth-ods. Large micro-emboli are all detected, but small micro-emboli are only detected with parametric techniques. Thenew detector opens up new prospects to detect small em-boli, despite the need for further studies to incorporatetechnique ”on line”.


Rotary inertia effects on the propagation of elastic waves in thin FGM plates – (Contributed, 000277)

M. Mehrkash, M. Azhari and H.R. MirdamadiDepartment of Civil Engineering-Isfahan University of Technology, Imam Khomeini Street-University Square-University Street, 8415683111

Isfahan, Iran


For the study of mechanical behaviour of thin functionallygraded material plates, the classical plates theory (CPT)might be used. In this simple and approximate theory, therotary inertia term is often neglected. When the problemregards the dynamical analysis of plates, such as acous-tic wave propagation, especially at high frequencies, therewould be some concerns whether this term may be ig-nored or not. The present paper discusses how the rotaryinertia can affect the transient wave motion due to im-pulsive loading in thin inhomogeneous FGM plates. It isassumed that the plate material properties variations fol-

low a simple power law distribution function in terms ofthe volume fractions of the constituents in the thicknessdirection. Based on the classical theory of plates and em-ploying Fourier transform technique and modal analysis,elastic wave responses of the FGM plate are obtained. Theanalysis is carried out for several volume fraction indicesand the models of which the inertia term would be con-sidered or not, then, the results are compared with thehomogeneous ones. Moreover, influences of the mentionedterm on dispersion curves of thin FGM plates are shown.


Elastic wave propagation in FGM plates with in-plane forces – (Contributed, 000278)


Isfahan, Iran


The major function of plates refers to their bending be-haviour. This flexural performance, normally regards theout of plane loadings and displacements. Nevertheless,especially in non-homogeneous plates because of bendingand stretching coupling, due to their heterogeneity, in-plane forces may interfere in the plate flexural behaviour.In this study, the effects of in-plane forces on the propaga-tion of elastic waves in thin and thick functionally gradedmaterial plates are investigated. Material properties of

the plate are assumed to be graded in the thickness di-rection according to a power law distribution in terms ofthe volume fractions of the constituents. The source ofthe transient acoustic waves could be an impulsive line orpoint load. Based on the classical, Mindlin’s as well asReddy’s third order shear deformation plate theories, thedisplacement responses of FGM plates, in the presence ofin-plane forces, are obtained. For this purpose, Fouriertransform and modal analysis are used. The results are


illustrated for FGM plates with different volume fractionindices. The sensitivity of FGM plates’ dispersion curvesto the in-plane forces will also be discussed.


Intonation des phrases interrogatives et affirmatives en langue Berbere – (Contributed, 000294)

H. Teffahi and R. HalimoucheUSTHB electronics en computer Faculty, BP 32 Bab Ezzouar El Alia, 16111 Algiers, Algeria


This work is at the frontier between multimedia informa-tion retrieval and automatic speech processing. Duringthe last years, a new task emerged in speech processing:the rich transcription of an audio document. An impor-tant meta-data for rich transcription is the information onsentence type (i.e. sentence of interrogative or affirmativetype). The study on the prosodic differences between thesetwo types of sentences, the detection and classification ofsentence type in Berber language is the main subject ofthis research work.

Our departure is a study on French language. We’verealized a system for segmentation and automatic de-tection of sentence type based on both prosodic. Afterthis first study on French, we’ve extended our research inBerber language, a language where all studies until nowon prosodic system are still preliminary. We’ve carrieda study on the prosodic differences between interrogativeand affirmative sentences. A classification motor has beenbuilt.


Cramer-Rao bounds for acoustic emission events localization in a flat plate – (Contributed, 000315)

A. Le Duff, S.E. Hamdi, G. Plantier, A. Sourice and R. FeronGroupe ESEO, rue Merlet de la Boulaye, 49009 Angers, France

Corresponding author E-mail: alain.le [email protected]

This article addresses the problem of 2D localization ofacoustics source in a plate. This localization is based onTime Difference of Arrival (TDOA) measurements thanksto an array of three sensors arbitrary distributed on the2D plane. Some previous works proposed approximatedsolutions or maximum likelihood methods.In order to obtain a fast, but robust and accuracy, al-gorithm, allowing an online estimation of the locationof hits or Acoustic Emission (AE) events in a compos-ite plate for example, the authors propose an exact solu-

tion of the TDOA problem by solving a nonlinear systemof coupled equations. The exact analytical Cramer-RaoBounds (CRBs) on the variance of the estimations is thenpresented. Moreover, the statistical performances of themethod are illustrated by means of Monte-Carlo simula-tions and are compared to the CRBs. These last expres-sions can be very useful in order to justify the accuracyof TDOA measurements and for guiding the choice of thesensors position.


Seismic imaging of transmission overhead line structure foundations – (Contributed, 000354)

D. Vautrina, M. Vooronsb, J. Idiera, Y. Goussardb and N. PaulcaIRCCyN, 1 rue de la Noe, 44321 Nantes, France; bEcole Polytechnique de Montreal, Campus de l’Universite de Montreal 2500,

chemin de Polytechnique Montreal (Quebec) H3T 1J4; cEDF R&D, departement STEP, 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou, France


This work deals with the nondestructive testing of foun-dations by means of a seismic imaging procedure. Ourgoal is to propose an inversion scheme that determinesthe shape of the foundations from the measured data withan acceptable computational effort. The inversion proce-dure was defined from a model based on the linear elasticwave equations in two dimensions. The inverse problemis particularly difficult to solve for several reasons: the

distribution of numerous physical characteristics must beestimated, the relation between the underground charac-teristics and the measured data is highly nonlinear, andthis is a large scale and ill conditioned problem. Three in-version techniques are proposed. They minimize a regular-ized least-square criterion iteratively. The first circumventthe difficulties of the problem by means of algorithmicaland mathematical techniques. It favours the reconstruc-


tion of smooth areas separated by sharp boundaries. Twoadditional methods were developed. They take into ac-count more specific characteristics of the problem. Testswere performed on synthetic data. The results show that

the first method leads to satisfying results. The additionof more specific priors leads to more precise and fasterreconstructions.


Source localization using a sparse representation of sensor measurements – (Contributed, 000388)

J. Lardies, H. Ma and M. BerthillierFEMTO-ST, Departement de Mecanique Appliquee, 24 rue de l’Epitaphe, 25000 Besancon, France


We propose a non-parametric technique for source local-ization with passive sensor arrays, using the concept ofa sparse representation of sensor measurements. We givean interpretation of sensor data by sparsely representingthese data in an overcomplete basis, stressing the factthat the source position is usually sparse relative to en-tire spatial domain. In this way, the estimation problemis put in a model-fitting framework in which source po-sition is achieved by finding the sparsest representationof the data. The approach presented in the communica-tion is based on the singular value decomposition (SVD)of multiple samples of the array output and the use of a

second-order cone programming for optimization of a re-sulting objective function. We formulate the problem ina variational framework, where we minimize a regularizedobjective function for finding an estimate of the signal en-ergy as a function of acoustical source position. The keyis to use an appropriate non-quadratic regularizing func-tional which leads to sparsity constraints and superreso-lution. The acoustical sources can be correlated or uncor-related, wideband or narrowband, in nearfield or farfield.Numerical and experimental results in an anechoic roomare presented. Our algorithm is compared to traditionalalgorithms such as beamforming, Capon and MUSIC.


Quantitative ultrasonic tomography of high acoustic impedance contrast targets – (Contributed, 000646)

R. Guillermin, P. Lasaygues and G. RabauLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France


This study is concerned whith the ultrasonic imagery ofelastic materials like cylinders or tubes by a diffractiontomography technic. Green’s representaton is used to ob-tain an integral representation of the scattered field, anda discrete formulation of the inverse problem is obtainedusing a moment method. An iterative non-linear algo-rithm minimizing the discrepancy between the measured

and computed scattered fields is used to reconstruct thesound speed profile in the target area. The minimizationprocess is performed using a conjugated-gradient method.An experimental study with elastic targets immersed inwater was performed. Cylindrical targets of various cross-sections have been selected. Inversions of both numericaland experimental data are presented and compared.


Adipose tissue imaging using ultrasound pulse subtraction cancellation ratio – (Contributed, 000802)

R.A. Fowlera, J.-M. Maria, E. Canet-Soulasb and C. Lafona

aApplication des ultrasons a la therapie, Pole sante Lyon est, 151 cours Albert Thomas 69424 Lyon cedex 03; bLaboratoire de

recherche en cardiovasculaire, metabolisme, diabetologie et nutrition, Faculte de Medecine Lyon Sud - BP 12 - 165 Chemin du Grand

Revoyet - 69921 Oullins cedex INSA, Bat. IMBL, La Doua - 11 Avenue Jean Capelle - 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex


Non-linear Ultrasound imaging has been used extensivelyfor enhancing the visualization of the accumulation ofmicro-bubble contrast agents. The goal of this study is toapply this approach to adipose tissue, a tissue type with ahigh non-linear coefficient, in order to enhance the visibil-ity of visceral adipose tissue depots using ultrasound. The

technique used in this study was pulse subtraction. Thistechnique, implemented on an Ultrasonix RP 500 scannerwith a 5 MHz centre frequency probe, is based on takinga single pulse Bb-mode image, then constructing a virtualimage for a two pulse b-mode image, then subtractingthis virtual image from an actual two-pulse b-mode im-


age. The imaging parameters were first optimized usingboth oil-based, and aqueous gel phantoms. The parame-ters were tested ex vivo using a section of pork belly, thenthe protocol was used in vivo to image the retroperitoneal

fat depot on a healthy wistar rat. The ratio of cancella-tion for each pixel was then calculated and mapped. Itwas found that tissues with higher non-linear coefficientshad a lower cancellation ratio.


Acoustic sources joint localization and characterization using compressive sampling – (Contributed,

000823)

A. Peillota, F. Olliviera, G. Chardonb and L. DaudetbaUPMC - Institut Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, 2 place de la gare de ceinture, 78210 Saint Cyr L’Ecole, France; bInstitut Langevin, 10

rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France


In this work, a Compressive Sampling (CS) strategy isdeveloped in order to jointly achieve two complementarytasks regarding sound sources: localization and identifica-tion. Here, the sources are assumed sparse in the spatialdomain, and greedy techniques are used for their local-ization. The case of coherent sources located in a planeis studied both numerically and experimentally at differ-ent frequencies. Results show that, in this framework, CSsource localization is reliable using a significantly smallernumber of microphones than classical techniques (stan-dard or high resolution beamforming techniques), while

overcoming some of their pitfalls. We then use a simi-lar technique for the identification of the source nature,i.e. its radiation pattern, and here the sparsity domainis extended to a basis of elementary radiating functions.We present simulation and experimental results using cali-brated sources and measurements performed with a 3D ar-ray of 80 randomly distributed microphones. This studyinvestigates the limitations of Compressive Sampling interms of resolution and reliability of the identification,with respect to the number of sensors, the signal to noiseratio and the density of the reconstruction region.


Ultrasonic characterization of yogurt fermentation process – (Contributed, 000827)

D. Izbaima, B. Faiza, A. Mouddenb, M. Malaininea and I. Aboudaouda

aFaculte des sciences d’Agadir - Universite Ibn Zohr, Departement de physique,Faculte des sciences d’Agadir, B.P 8106 Agadir, Maroc,

80000 Agadir, Morocco; bEcole Superieure de Technologie d’Agadir, B.P 33/S Agadir, Maroc, 80000 Agadir, Morocco


The objective of this work is to characterize the fermenta-tion of yogurt based on an ultrasonic technique. Conven-tionally, the acidity of the yogurt is measured by a pH me-ter to determine the progress of fermentation. However,the pH meter should be cleaned and calibrated for eachmeasurement and, therefore, this method is not practical.In this regard, ultrasonic techniques are fast, non-invasiveand inexpensive. The measurement of ultrasonic param-

eters such as amplitude and time-of-flight of the echoesbackscattered by samples of yogurt were able to providinformation on the phases of the fermentation and so onthe state of yogurt over time. The major contributionof this work is the detection with high precision the mo-ment when the fermentation process should end to stopthe growth of bacteria.


Begining of fish defrosting by using non-destructive ultrasonic technique – (Contributed, 000844)

M. Malaininea, B. Faiza, A. Mouddenb, D. Izbaima, G. Mazec and I. Aboudaouda

aFaculte des sciences d’Agadir - Universite Ibn Zohr, B.P 8106 Agadir, Maroc, 80000 Agadir, Morocco; bEcole Superieure de

Technologie d’Agadir, B.P 33/S Agadir, Maroc, 80000 Agadir, Morocco; cLOMC, IUT, Universite du Havre, Place Robert Schuman,

Place Robert Schuman, 76610 Le Havre, France


During the experiments carried out in the laboratory onthe monitoring and study of fish thawing by ultrasonictechnique. We had difficulties in detecting the beginingof the thawing which is the main criterion of fish quality

control. To correct the problem we use the singular valuedecomposition (s.v.d.) method which is a mathematicaltool.This allowed us to show by the ultrasonic techniquethe thawing start for cod which is a fish that had an aver-


age fat content. The results were good with a central fre-quency transducer equal to 500 kHz. However for salmonwhich is a fish that had a high content of fat; and for cen-

trals frequencies transducers above 500 kHz the observedresults were not very good.

Tue-Frid Grande Halle NV - Noise and vibration engineering (Poster session)

Effect of pavement temperature on the macrotexture of a semidense asphalt surface – (Contributed,

000213)

J. Luong, M. Bueno, V.F. Vazquez, U. Vinuela and S.E. PajeUCLM-LA2IC, Av Camilo Jose Cela, s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain


The temperature of the softening point of most bitumen isabove 35C. Increasing the pavement temperature couldchange the texture surface of the pavement. The aim ofthis work is to analyze the influence of the surface temper-ature on the macrotexture of a semidense asphalt pave-ment located in an urban area and a semidense asphaltsample in laboratory. The superficial macrotexture pro-files at different surface temperatures were measured withthe LaserStaticPG-LA2IC and a texture scanner. Themean profile depth (MPD) and the texture spectra have

been used for the macrotexture analysis. The analysis ofthe results shows that increasing pavement temperaturedoes not necessary leads to a variation in the MPD indexbut a change of texture level has been observed for temper-ature superior to 40C. Moreover this study has allowedobserving the repeatability of the measurements realizedwith the new LaserStaticPG-LA2IC and ensure anothertechnique of road texture auscultation associating MPDand texture spectrum analysis to be used.


Using a genetic algorithm on the concept of an active anechoic multicellular layer – (Contributed, 000231)

T. NicolasUniversite Saint-Joseph, Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Faculte D’Ingenierie - ESIB, 11072050 Beyrouth, Lebanon


In previous paper we propose the concept of an activeanechoic multicellular layer. This layer wraps the bodyof a submarine and the animation of this layer with anadequate algorithm makes the submarine anechoic to in-cidental sonar plane waves. The electronic architecture ofthis multicellular layer is based on a systolic model, moreprecisely on the architecture of a SIMD parallel computer(Single Instruction Multiple Data). Each cell of the layeracts independently and communicates by direct electronic

links with its neighbors. All the cells do the same controlalgorithm on local data. The key of the anechoıcity of thelayer is based on a parallel linear real time algorithm forthe detection of the incident plane waves. In this article,we propose a new approach for detection of incident planewaves based on the evolutionary (genetic) algorithms. Wealso present a set of results that illustrate the improvementof the anechoicity of the layer.


Influence of texture spectra on CPX noise of SMA pavements – (Contributed, 000234)

J. Luong, V.F. Vazquez, M. Bueno, F. Teran and S.E. PajeUCLM-LA2IC, Av Camilo Jose Cela, s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain


This work presents an experimental study of the influ-ence of road texture profiles on the close proximity (CPX)noise of road surface courses type Stone Mastic Asphalt(SMA), which were used for rehabilitation of a road sec-tion. Acoustical field characterization has been performedthrough the measurement of CPX noise spectra withTiresonicMk4-LA2IC. Road profiles along the test sectionshave been measured with a static profiling laser device.These profiles have enabled us to obtain, by numerical

calculations, results of the Mean Profile Depth (MPD)calculated over a certain profile distance (baseline), andthe Texture Profile Level (Lt) as a function of wavelength.One of the aims of this study was to analyse the rela-tionship between texture spectra and the noise emitted bythe tyre/pavement interaction. In addition, normal inci-dence sound absorption spectra of compacted SMA samplecores also have been measured using the two-microphoneimpedance tube.



Mechanical impedance and CPX noise of SMA pavements – (Contributed, 000235)

V.F. Vazquez and S.E. PajeUCLM-LA2IC, Av Camilo Jose Cela, s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain


CPX noise is the sound measured in close proximity tothe tyre/pavement contact patch when a vehicle is rolling.The mechanical impedance or dynamic stiffness of thepavement is one of the factors involved in the generationof this type of noise. The reduction of the impact noisegeneration mechanism can be achieved with the construc-tion of mixtures with lower dynamic stiffness. On theother hand, SMA mixtures, widely used in Europe, havecome into use recently in Spain as a surface layer. Theaim of this work, carried out by the Laboratory of Acous-tic Applied to Civil Engineering (LA2IC), is to establish

a stiffness indicator of the bituminous mixtures accord-ing to European Standards. Thus, the dynamic stiffnesshas been studied in different samples, and the results havebeen compared with test made on different SMA core sam-ples, which have been taken from an experimental roadsection. Dynamic stiffness was measured with an impacthammer, an accelerometer and a data acquisition system.Laboratory results have been analyzed in order to estab-lish the accuracy of the method and the relationship withthe CPX noise.


Railway equivalent noise sources definition: ESM implementation and optimization – (Contributed,

000254)

E. Bonginia and H. MarcusbaInnovation & Recherche SNCF, 40 Avenue des terroirs de France, 75012 Paris, France; bInstitut d’Alembert - Universite Pierre et

Marie Curie, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France


Within the scope of a better integration of railway sys-tem in environment, prediction of trains pass-by noiseis a growing concern for railway operators. SNCF hastherefore developed the software VAMPPASS dedicatedto pass-by noise simulation. The synthesis method imple-mented in VAMPPASS requires the definition of equiva-lent noise sources representative to real noise sources onthe train. Equivalent sources definition is mainly basedon experimental characterization. Measurement methodsbased on 1D-array devices have been optimized on a realtrain and post-processing methods have been developedfor identifying mono-multipole equivalent sources, definedwith the spherical harmonics formalism. This kind of

method needs a heavy optimization process, applied onseveral parameters. It can imply large error coefficientson the radiated pressure field.The present study aims to investigate the potential ofEquivalent Source Method (ESM, a transfer matrix basedmethod) to fulfil the requirements of VAMPPASS. In thefirst chapter, the ESM basis is presented. The secondchapter is dedicated to the ESM implementation on a trainscale model, with multi-monopoles or multi-dipoles equiv-alent sources. In the third chapter, improvements of theESM for VAMPPASS requirements are discussed: geneticalgorithm method has been used to optimize the equiva-lent noise sources locations.


In Car rattle noise management – (Contributed, 000333)

F. Amadu and A. Fenieresarkamys, 31 rue pouchett, 75017 Paris, France


Rattling is an audible and unwanted noise radiated bystructures and objects mechanically or acoustically linkedto the loudspeakers.The study presents a system of digital processes to preventrattling that suppresses or reduces rattling whilst retain-ing the original perception of low frequency energy.The principle is to generate low frequency harmonicswhich are subsequently added to the original signal.The loudspeakers are able to reproduce the harmonics

correctly, before the erattling frequencies’ are removed.Thanks to the psychoacoustic effect known as the emissingfundamental’ theory, the listener perceives a good low fre-quency rendering without being disturbed by the rattles.

The tasks are carried out in the following order: (1) Iden-tify the frequency bands at which rattling occurs, (2) Usea low-frequency band to generate harmonics (including therattling frequencies), (3) Add the harmonics to the origi-


nal signal, (4) Remove the energy at the frequencies whichare causing the rattling.By using this method, the bass rendering can be improvedby avoiding rattle noise and pushing the loudspeaker into

the low frequencies that the speaker or the doors cannothandle.


Inverse parametric optimization method for the characterization of the acoustic field radiated by a railwith a microphone array - Experimental validation with a modal shaker – (Contributed, 000438)

B. Faurea, O. Chiellob, M.-A. Pallasb and C. Servierec

aSNCF, Direction de l’Innovation et de la Recherche, 40, avenue des Terroirs de France, 75611 Paris Cedex 12, France; bIFSTTAR,

25 avenue F. Mitterrand, case 24, 69675 Bron Cedex, France; cGrenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique, Gipsa-lab 961 rue de la

Houille Blanche BP 46 F - 38402 Grenoble Cedex


For speeds up to 300 km/h, rolling noise is the main rail-way noise source. It arises from the acoustic radiation ofvarious elements such as wheels, rails or sleepers. Therail, which mainly contributes to rolling noise at mid-frequencies and dominates from 500 Hz to 1000 Hz approx-imately, is an extended coherent source for which classicalarray processing methods are inappropriate to noise sourceidentification. The properties of the acoustic field radi-ated by the rail are heterogeneous with regard to spaceand frequency, and depend on the vibration waves thatpropagate along the rail through the structural wavenum-bers. In this paper, an inverse parametric optimization

method is proposed to characterize the acoustic field radi-ated by a rail from microphone array measurements. Theunknown parameters of a vibro-acoustical model (ampli-tudes and complex wavenumbers) are estimated throughthe minimization of a least squares criterion applied tothe measured and modelled spectral matrices of the array.First, simulations are performed in order to appraise theperformance of the method, in the case of vertical pointexcitations on the rail. This simple case is then validatedexperimentally for a single vertical point excitation usinga modal shaker and a horizontal linear array.


Porous air inlet ducts: acoustic power radiated along the duct compared to nozzle noise – (Contributed,

000476)

M. BaudryTristone Flowtech Solutions, 1 rue du Tertre, ZI Nantes-Carquefou, 44300 Nantes, France, Metropolitan


The air intake systems of internal combustion engines arecomprised of ducts and air boxes (e.g. air cleaner). Thelengths of the ducts induce resonances that may be excitedby the air pulsations generated by the air intake valves ofthe engine.In cases of loud air intake noise, when acoustic devicescannot be used to counteract resonances, a common so-lution is to use porous ducts: non woven ducts, or ductswith slits (considered as local porosities). Such a solutionhas an important drawbacks: (1) Dust can fill the pores,

leading to loss of effectiveness; (2) The acoustic power ra-diated along the duct increases.The last issue is addressed here with measurements: theacoustic power radiated along the duct is compared to theacoustic power radiated by the nozzle, in different condi-tions (with or without porosity, homogeneous or discreteporosity, various airflow velocities).The aim is to validate that porosities give a good balancebetween the decrease of nozzle noise resonances and theincrease of radiated noise along the duct.


Modeling of cylindrical baffle mufflers for low frequency sound propagation – (Contributed, 000660)

R. Binoisa, N. Dauchezb, J.-M. Villec, E. Perrey-Debainc and G. Beillarda

aALHYANGE Acoustique, 60 rue du Faubourg Poissonniere, 75010 Paris, France; bSUPMECA, 3, rue Fernand Hainaut, 93407 Saint

Ouen Cedex, France; cLaboratoire Roberval, Rue Personne de Roberval, BP 20529 F-60205 Compiegne Cedex



Baffle mufflers are widely used in building airflow systems.These mufflers are made up of diaphragms and porous ma-terials inserted in constant section ducts. This work isfocus on the low frequency range [63-500] Hz and consid-ers a cylindrical geometry. The aim of this study is topredict the acoustic transmission loss of such silencer inorder to improve its efficiency. The first step presented inthis paper deals with the muffler insertion into an air-freeflow networks using the transfer matrix method. Indeedan analytical low frequency approach computes the global

transfer matrix of one cylindrical muffler, analogous totwo diaphragms in series with porous material in-between.The first transverse mode is taking into account in thetwo discontinuities as well as a pseudo plane wave in theporous-air section [Journal of Sound and Vibration (2001)243(3), 461-473]. Results are then compared with expe-riments and simulation by finite element method. Theeffect of the porous material thickness, the baffle lengthand geometry are finally highlighted.

Tue-Frid Grande Halle PU - Physical acoustics and underwater acoustics (Poster session)

Shock wave emission from ultrasound-induced cavitation bubbles – (Contributed, 000006)

E.-A. BrujanUniversity Politehnica Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania


The final stage of the collapse of individual bubbles andhemispherical cloud of bubbles attached to a rigid bound-ary was investigated by ultra high-speed photography withup to 200 million frames/s. In the case of individual bub-bles the shock pressure is as large as 8 GPa. In the case ofan hemispherical cloud of bubbles two types of secondaryshock wave emission were observed during cloud rebound.In the first case, the secondary shock wave emission is a

consequence of the free collapse of a bubble within thecloud by the ambient pressure in the fluid. In the secondcase, it is a consequence of the interaction of the cloud-collapse-induced shock wave with microbubbles situatedclose to the collapse site of the cloud. The latter can bevery powerful, resulting in a secondary shock wave emis-sion with a maximum amplitude of about 0.5 GPa.


Developpement de capteurs interdigites sur substrat piezoelectrique de type PZT pour la generationdes ondes de surface en haute frequence – (Contributed, 000033)

M. Duquennoya, O. Rigob, S. Hocquetc, C. Courtoisd, J. Deboucqa, M. Rguitid, L. Seronveauxb, M. Ouaftouha, D.Vandormaelb, F. Jenota and V. LardotcaIEMN-DOAE, Universite de Valenciennes, Le Mont Houy, 59313 Valenciennes, France; bSIRRIS, Liege Science Park, Rue du Bois

Saint-Jean 12, BE-4102 Seraing, Belgium; cCRIBC (membre d’EMRA), 4, Avenue Gouverneur Cornez, 7000 Mons, Belgium; dLMCPA,

Universite de Valenciennes, PECMA, Z.I. Champ de l’Abbesse, 59600 Maubeuge, France


Cet article porte sur la realisation de capteurs inter-digites (IDT pour Interdigital Transducer) sur des sup-ports piezoelectriques PZT. L’enjeu est de disposer decapteurs dont la frequence propre est la plus eleveepossible afin de generer des ondes de surface ou deplaque haute frequence. Dans la litterature scientifique,les frequences maximales proposees sont de l’ordre dequelques megahertz. Or pour analyser des materiauxrevetus avec des couches minces, il est necessaire de dis-poser de capteurs travaillant a plus hautes frequences pourobtenir une meilleure sensibilite des ondes ultrasonoresvis-a-vis des parametres physiques des couches permet-tant ainsi leur caracterisation. Une partie importante

cet article est consacree aux techniques permettant derealiser des electrodes interdigitees a la surface des sub-strats PZT ayant des resolutions importantes. Les tech-niques testees sont des techniques basees premierementsur l’ablation et la gravure laser et d’autre part surl’impression d’encre. Les imperatifs de realisation de cescapteurs interdigites imposent premierement des largeursd’electrodes extremement faibles et deuxiemement des’adapter aux caracteristiques intrinseques des PZT avecen particulier une porosite et une rugosite relativement im-portantes. Les etudes ont permis d’obtenir des capteursIDT adaptes a une gamme de frequences comprises entre2 et 25 MHz sur PZT.


Picosecond acoustics in diamond anvils cells: the combination of extrems – (Contributed, 000099)

S. Ayrinhaca, F. Decrempsa, L. Belliardb, M. Gauthiera and B. Perrinc

aInstitut de mineralogie et de physique des milieux condenses, Campus Boucicaut 140, rue de Lourmel 75015 - Paris; bInstitut des


Nanosciences de Paris, Campus Boucicaut 140 rue de Lourmel 75015 Paris; cINSP, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France, Metropolitan


The main objective of this communication is to demon-strate the relevancy of recent technological break-throughin hypersonic measurements under extreme conditionsthrough the circumscribed studies of metallic compounds.Sound velocity measurements under high pressure andhigh temperatures in many different samples (single-

crystalline metal and semiconductor, pure iron or liquidmercury) will illustrate the capabilities of major progresson ultrafast acoustics instrumentation and diamond anvilsdesign during the last three years [Phys. Rev. Lett. 100,3550 (2008); Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 73902 (2009); Phys.Rev. B 82, 104119 (2010)].


Recovering the weak and lost sources in the Sea Acoustic – (Contributed, 000164)

S. F. Pakzada and T. Jeandrozb

aALSF, 9 Avenue Marcel Perrin, 95540 Mery Sur Oise, France; bLTRT, 3 rue du Marolet, 95430 Auvers Sur Oise, France


Sea Acoustic is a nonlinear Function for the sound andUltrasound Perception. All types of unwanted signals areconsidered as noise. Contrary to the common believes, thenoise is never added to the information. The informationis ”correlatedı with noise. And the information is neverlost, regardless of how weak or small, even when the sig-nal level is below noise level it is never lost and can berecovered by ”de-correlationı. Two kind of Noise are pre-dominant in the sea acoustic domain: Multi path receivedsignals; Multi source received signals; These two groups ofsignals are correlated or modulated with the desired sig-

nals and will generate a reshaped signal that can be verydifferent from the original signal. As described above, evenin the case of the two known acoustical sources, their cor-relation is too complex to be analyzed theoretically byknown mathematical formulas. Now if one of the knownsources is replaced by noise (RANDOM and UKNOWN),the complexity of the equations is even higher. Our so-lution is the recognition and extraction and distinction ofall the sources included the lost or buried sources undernoise inside this concert.


Lamb waves propagation in functionally graded piezoelectric materials with exponential variation –(Contributed, 000189)

M. Ben Amora and M.H. Ben Ghozlenb

aInstitut Preparatoire aux Etudes d’Ingenieurs de Sfax, Rte Menzel Chaker km 0.5, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia; bFaculte des Sciences de Sfax,

Rte Soukra km 3.B.P. 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia

Corresponding author E-mail: morched [email protected]

Aluminum nitride (AlN) Lamb wave devices utilizing thelowest order symmetric (S0) mode have attracted inter-ests for wireless communication systems. The (S0) modehas a high phase velocity, thus being suitable for highfrequency applications. In this work, the propagation ofthe fundamental symmetric (S0) Lamb wave mode in afunctionally graded piezoelectric material is investigatedby Peano-series method. We here assume that all mate-rial properties of the piezoelectric layer have the same ex-ponential function distribution along the depth direction.

The effects of the gradient variation of material constantson the phase velocity and the coupled electromechanicalfactor are obtained. It can be seen that the gradient co-efficient has a strong influence on the electromechanicalcoupling factor. The highest value of the electromechani-cal coupling factor shifts to the high frequency zone withan increase in the magnitude of the gradient coefficient,which can be used to design different SAW sensors withhigh performance working at different frequencies by ad-justing the extent of the gradient property.


Characterisation of vanadia doped titania nano thin film using acoustical and other techniques –(Contributed, 000232)

J. IrudayarajSt. Joseph’s College, Trichy, GRACE House, 39, 4th CROSS WEST, GOKULAM NAGAR, KATTUR, 620 019 Trichy, India



The functional characteristics of a nano thin film/coatingdepends critically upon its interface characteristics andadhesion to the substrate. The acoustical and mechani-cal properties of nano thin films and multilayer assembliesare important both for technological applications of thesematerials and for basic scientific studies of their physicalbehavior. This report presents the characterisation on thesynthesised vanadia (4 mol.%) doped titania (TiO2) nano

films by acoustical and other techniques. The acoustical,optical and structural characteristics of TiO2 films on Si(100) and quartz-glass substrates have been investigated.The surface acoustic wave properties of Vanadia dopedTiO2 films were presented. Acoustical characterisationhas been done with High frequency ultrasound sensors.They have been well correlated with the X-Ray diffrac-tion, SEM, and UV- visible spectroscopy studies.


A portative celerimeter for measurement and analysis of compressional speed and attenuation in marinesediments: description and first results – (Contributed, 000281)

X. J. Demoulina, L. Guillonb, R. Bourdonc, L. Dufrechouc, P. Guyomardd and T. Garland

aMAREE, Parc technologique de Soye, Espace Crea - 15 rue Galilee, 56270 ¨ ploemeur, France; bInstitut de recherche de l’Ecole

Navale, Ecole Navale, 29240 Brest Cedex 9, France; cRTSYS, 34 ZA de Kervidanou, 29300 Mellac, France; dSHOM, CS92803, 29228

Brest Cedex 2, France


Geoacoustic parameters of the seafloor are required for ac-curate sonar prediction and analysis of seismic reflectionprofiles, especially in shallow water. They are generally es-tablished by means of empirical relations. The presentedwork is part of CARASEDIM, an experimental projectdevoted to refine these geoacoustical relations in marinesediments, including coarse sands. We focus on the re-sults of the celerimeter prototype that has been developedfor that purpose. This portative device is equipped with

two emitting probes and two receiving probes allowing totransmit signals between 40kHz and 400kHz. It is de-signed to both laboratory and in-situ measurements. Wediscuss about the processing techniques, the protocole ofmeasurement and about the first results. Some labora-tory results are presented in both real coarse sands andartificial glass beads. They are compared with theoret-ical models of sound propagation in sediments based onvarious assumptions (fluid, visco-elastic, porous...).


In vivo assessment of corneal shear anisotropy using supersonic shear wave imaging – (Contributed,

000285)

T.-M. Nguyena, J.-F. Aubrya, D. Touboulb, J. Bercoffc and M. TanteraaInstitut Langevin Ondes et Images, 10 rue Vauquelin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR7587, INSERM U979, 75005 Paris, France;bCentre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amelie Raba-Leon, 33000 Bordeaux, France; cSuperSonic Imagine, 510 Rue Rene

Descartes, Les Jardins de la Duranne - Bat E & F, 13857 Aix-En-Provence, France


The cornea is mainly composed of fibrillar collagen. Thefibers organization ensures the cornea transparency anddetermines its biomechanics. Understanding these prop-erties is a crucial issue in ophthalmology to improve themanagement of refractive surgery. Here, we propose Su-personic Shear Wave Imaging (SSI) for the in vivo assess-ment of the corneal elastic anisotropy. The tissue shearmodulus can be retrieved from the speed of a shear wavepropagating through the tissue. In the SSI technique,the shear wave is induced and tracked using an ultrafast(30000 frames/sec) ultrasonic scanner (Aixplorer, Super-

Sonic Imagine). We performed in vivo 3D scans on porcineeyes. Elasticity maps exhibited significantly higher shearwave speed along the horizontal meridian of the cornea(8.7 ± 0.3 m/s) than along the diagonal and vertical di-rections (6.6 ± 0.2 m/s). Ex vivo X-ray diffraction mea-surements [The Anat. Rec. 290, 1542-1550 (2007)] haveshown that the collagen fibers have one preferential ori-entation in porcine corneas. The elasticity maps obtainedin vivo using SSI are consistent with ex vivo results re-ported in literature, demonstrating the sensitivity of SSIto collagen fibers orientation.


Structural Health Monitoring of Smart Composite Material by Acoustic Emission – (Contributed, 000352)

S. Masmoudia, A. El Mahia, S. Turkib and R. El Guerjoumaa

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;


bFaculte des Science de Sfax, Departement physique, B.P. 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia


This paper presents a health monitoring study of compos-ites incorporating integrated piezoelectric sensors. Firstly,experimental research is focused on examining the effectsof the embedded sensors on the structural integrity ofcomposites subjected to flexural loads. A series of speci-mens of composite with and without embedded piezoelec-tric sensors were fabricated in E-glass fibre/epoxy with aunidirectional play laminate. The composite specimenswith sensors embedded in the mid-plane and without sen-sors were tested in three-point bending tests in static andcreep loading while continuously monitoring the response

by the acoustic emission (AE) technique. The AE signalswere analysed using the classification k-means method inorder to identify the different damages and to follow theevolution of these various mechanisms for both types ofmaterials (with and without sensors). The static flexuraltests indicate that the ultimate strength of the embeddedcomposites is reduced, while the elastic modulus is not sig-nificantly affected. The acoustic emission analysis showsthat the integration of the sensor presents advantages ofthe detection of the acoustic events.


Direct and inverse scattering of transient acoustic waves by a double-layered porous materials havingan elastic frame – (Contributed, 000360)

M. Sadoukia, M. Fellaha, Z.E.A. Fellahb, E. Ogamb and C. DepolliercaLaboratoire de Physique Theorique, Faculte de Physique, USTHB, BP 32 El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Bab Ezzouar, Algeria; bLMA

– CNRS (UPR 7051) / Aix-Marseille University, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, France; cLaboratoire d’acoustique de

l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


The direct and inverse scattering problems of ultrasonicwave propagation in double-layered porous materials isstudied. The inverse problem is solved using experimen-tal transmitted waves at normal incidence. The double-layered porous media consist of two slabs of homogeneousisotropic porous materials with an elastic frame. The ul-trasonic propagation in multilayered porous material is

modelled using Biot’s theory. The sensitivity of the Biotparameters with respect to the transmitted wave is stud-ied showing the e-ect on each parameter on transmittedwaveforms. The direct and inverse scattering problems arediscussed for double-layered porous samples using experi-mental transmitted waves


Acoustic properties of perforated plates and screens – (Contributed, 000370)

H.L. Ruiz Villamila, P. Coboa, T. Dupontb and P. Leclaireb

aCentro de Acustica Aplicada y Evaluacion no Destructiva, Calle Serrano 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain; bLRMA-DRIVE, ISAT, 49 rue

Mademoiselle Bourgeois - BP 31, 58027 Nevers, France


In previous works, an acoustic model for MicroperforatedInsertion Unit (MIU), was developed to determine the in-put impedance of a system composed of a thin mesh (orscreen) glued onto a perforated plate. An alternative ap-proach is proposed by means of the equivalent fluid modelof Johnson-Champoux-Allard involving five physical pa-rameters: the tortuosity, the thermal and viscous charac-teristic lengths, the porosity and the flow resistivity. Theinput impedance of a multiple layer system can then befound by use of the transfer matrix method. Since themeshes have fairly simple structures, it was possible to

model an elementary representative cell and to use calcu-lated values for the five parameters. The resistivity wasalso evaluated from absorption measurement for the screenalone in an impedance tube. For the thermal and viscouscharacteristic lengths, the calculated values were also com-pared to measurements obtained from a microscope imageof the elementary cells of the screen. A hybrid model us-ing the theory by Maa for the perforated plate and thetheory by Johnson-Champoux-Allard for the micrometricmesh was developed. This model is in very good agree-ment with experimental results.



Ultrasonic transducers based on curved lead-free piezoelectric thick films for high resolution medicalimaging – (Contributed, 000405)

F. Levassorta, K. Astafievb, R. Lou-Moellerb, J.-M. Gregoirea, L. Nielsenb, W.W. Wolnyb and M. Lethiecqc

aUniversite Francois Rabelais de Tours, UMRS Imagerie et Cerveau, 10, boulevard Tonnelle, BP 3223, 37032 Tours Cedex 01, France;bMeggitt A/S, Hejreskovvej 18A, DK-3490 Kvistgaard, Denmark; cUniversite Francois Rabelais de Tours, GREMAN, ENIVL, Rue de

la Chocolaterie BP 3410, 41034 Blois, France


KNN-based lead free ferroelectric materials are receivingmuch attention due to their high electromechanical prop-erties that make them promising candidates to replace thelead-based piezoceramics that will eventually be bannedby environmental regulations in many countries over theworld. Studies include the development of KNN thickfilms that are particularly well adapted for high frequencyapplications due to higher wave velocities and a dielectricconstant in an acceptable range for single element trans-ducers. Here, a KNN based thick film is deposited ona curved substrate by pad-printing in order to be usedin a focused high frequency transducer. This substrateis a porous lead-free KNN cylinder specifically developed

to exhibit the required acoustical properties of a backing(acoustical impedance, high attenuationoe) and is com-patible with the high sintering temperature of the KNNthick film. Electromechanical properties of the piezoelec-tric thick film in thickness mode were deduced (kt over35%). This structure was used to fabricate a transducerwhich was characterized (relative bandwidth over 90%).Finally this transducer was integrated in a high frequencyimaging system and its performance allowed skin imagesto be produced. To conclude, the replacement of lead-based high frequency transducers by ”greenı devices is aviable option.


Fast simulation of nonlinear radio frequency ultrasound images in inhomogeneous nonlinear media:CREANUIS – (Contributed, 000499)

F. Varraya, M. Toulemondea,b, O. Basseta and C. Cacharda

aCentre de recherche en applications et traitement de l’image pour la sante, 7 avenue Jean Capelle, Bat Blaise Pascal, 69621

Villeurbanne Cedex; bDepartment of Electronics and Telecommunications [Florence], Via S. Marta, 3 50139 Firenze


The simulation of ultrasound image is usually basedon two main strategies: either a linear convolutionor the use of an acoustics model. However, onlythe linear propagation of the pressure wave is con-sidered. CREANUIS is a recent simulation tool(freely available on the Internet: http://www.creatis.insa-lyon.fr/site/en/CREANUIS) which implements the non-linear propagation of the wave to create realistic ultra-sound images [Varray et al., IEEE International Ultrason-ics Symposium 201] and opens new simulations perspec-tives based on nonlinear propagation: amplitude modula-tion, pulse inversion, second harmonic inversion...The nonlinear propagation in CREANUIS is simulatedusing a generalization of the angular spectrum method

(GASM). This approach is implemented on a graphic pro-cessing unit (GPU) for a fast computation. Moreover, inGASM simulation, the possible inhomogeneity of the non-linear parameter can be considered. It directly impacts theincrease of the harmonics during propagation and conse-quently the resulting RF image. These resulting imagesperfectly translate the nonlinear parameter change in themedium. Finally, the total computation time for CRE-ANUIS (fundamental and second-harmonic image) com-pared to FieldII (fundamental image only) is reduced bya factor comprised between 2 and 4 according to the geo-metric considerations.


Theoretical study and numerical simulation of pulsed ultrasonic field emitted by a phased-array trans-ducer and reflected by a fluid-fluid interface – (Contributed, 000509)

A. Oudina, H. Djelouah and N. MaghlaouiHouari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, USTHB, BP 32, El Alia, DZ-16111 Algiers, Algeria, 16111 Algiers, Algeria



This study is devoted to the calculation in transient mode,of the acoustic field transmitted and received by an ul-trasonic linear array after a reflection at a fluid-fluid in-terface. This calculation is based on the theoretical mo-del of a spherical wave pulse emitted by a point sourcereflected from a plane interface separating two fluid me-dia, and detected by a point receiver. This model uses aFourier transform in the time space followed by a Hankeltransform on space variables. By using this method, thereflected field is expressed under the form of integrals nu-

merically evaluated by Gauss integration methods. Thesuperposition principle is then applied to calculate the re-sulting field received by a set of receiving elements of thearray and radiated by the same or by another set of thearray elements. The results obtained for different config-urations of the linear array and different delay laws, bothon transmission and reception, are interpreted by usingthe ray model and by studying the particularities of thephenomena appearing at the critical angles. Keywords:Interface, linear array, fluid, spherical wave.


Peculiarities of photon-phonon interaction in femtosecond delay lines using phenomenon of strongelastic anisotropy in crystals – (Contributed, 000538)

V. Molchanov, S. Chizhikov, O. Makarov and K. YushkovMISIS, Leninsky prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russian Federation


Acousto-optical dispersive delay lines seem to be almostthe ideal instrument for adaptive shaping of femtosecondlaser pulses. We present the main consideration to thespecific schemes of quasicollinear interaction of light andultrasound in crystals by using strong acoustic anisotropyof the media as well as acoustic wave reflection from thefacets of the crystal. The phenomena of strong acoustic

anisotropy offer novel areas in development of light disper-sive delay lines. Different experimental delay lines weredesigned and fabricated on base of paratellurite, lithiumniobate and KDP single crystals. Experimental researchwas performed on high-power ultrafast laser systems. Theobtained results were in a good agreement with theoreticalpredictions.


Characterization by laser-ultrasonics of thin film/substrate structure: application to the detection ofmicrocracks – (Contributed, 000543)

S. Fourez, F. Jenot, M. Ouaftouh, M. Duquennoy and M. OurakIEMN-DOAE, Universite de Valenciennes, Le Mont Houy, 59313 Valenciennes, France


Surface coatings are often used in electronic, microelec-tronic or optic and their characterization is usually a ma-jor issue. For example, thickness control of coated materi-als and microcracks detection are very important. In thiswork, the sample consists of a micrometric gold thin filmdeposited by evaporation on a silicon substrate. Surfaceacoustic waves generated and detected by laser are used fornon destructive testing. This method has the advantage

to be a contactless technique with a large bandwidth. In afirst part, the film thickness influence on the first Rayleighmode has been theoretically studied. Then, the effect ofa film thickness variation has been highlighted. In orderto predict the propagation of the first Rayleigh mode, afinite element method is also presented. Finally, the inter-action of this mode with microcracks is theoretically andexperimentally investigated.


Temperature dependence of elasticity of poro-elastic layer – (Contributed, 000557)

C. Glorieuxa, J. Descheemaekera, J.-P. Grobyb, L. Boeckxc and P. Khuranad

aK.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR

Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; cVK Engineering, Axxes Business Park, Guldensporenpark Building A n

4, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; dKatholieke Universtiteit Leuven, Laboratorium voor Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica, Celestijnenlaan

200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium



Besides their structural complexity, the acoustic behaviourof polymer-based poro-elastic layers is also complicateddue to their frequency dependent elasticity. In this work,we address the frequency and temperature dependence ofthe elastic behaviour in general, and the shear modulusin particular, of poro-visco-elastic materials. The analysisis based on the monitoring of mechanically excited guided

acoustic wave propagation by means of a laser Doppler vi-brometer scanning technique. The concept and practicalimplementation of the experimental method are presented,as well as the signal processing procedure and data anal-ysis. Conclusions are drawn concerning the specific visco-elastic behavior of mechanically relaxing materials in aporous morphology.


Ultrasonic monitoring of the in-situ polymerization of carbon fiber based thermoplastic compositematerials – (Contributed, 000594)

C. Mechri, R. El Guerjouma and M. BentaharLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


Composite materials have grown an increasing interest inthe last decade. They present the advantage of reduc-ing weight keeping an excellent weight to strength ratio.These materials found application in various fields such asaerospace, automobile etc. In the aeronautic field, replac-ing aluminum by carbon fiber based composite (CFC) al-lows a weight gain of 50 %. On the other hand, CFC hassome inconvenience; the relatively high production costand the process time that reaches few hours. Therefore,the in-situ monitoring of the physical properties, namelymechanical of such structure is of extreme importance. Inthis communication, we report the results of the monitor-

ing of epoxy resin polymerization during the curing pro-cess. An experimental set-up was developed in order tomeasure in real time the evolution of elastic modulus. De-pending on temperature, we could monitor the differentphases of the polymerization process from the mechani-cal point of view. In fact we could observe a three-phase-polymerization process; softening of the material, harden-ing and finally stabilization of the mechanical properties.On the other hand, acoustic absorption was studied. Thisparameter exhibit an important change during the phasetransition.


The measurement of complex intensity near the open end of a flanged cylindrical pipe – (Contributed,

000596)

J. Prisutova and K. V. HoroshenkovUniversity of Bradford, Great Horton Road, BD7 1DP Bradford, UK


The measurement of acoustic intensity assumes taking thetime average of the energy flow and treating the intensityas a real quantity. However, one may extract additionalinformation if the intensity is viewed as a complex quan-tity which contains information about the local mean en-ergy flow and local energy oscillations. In this paper ex-periments are reported using a tri-axial Microflown inten-sity probe to measure the complex instantaneous intensitynear the open end of a flanged pipe. The measurementsare then used to quantify the energy travelling out of thepipe and the energy oscillating back and forth inside the

pipe. This has a potential significance for acoustic de-tection of structural and operational conditions inside thepipe as one would expect oscillating energy to be increasedand travelling energy to be decreased in the presence ofa cross-sectional change. These experiments are carriedout in the high frequency range to show the interactionbetween a plane wave and the first circumferential mode.Here, the amplitude of the circumferential mode is foundto be strongly related to the relative position of the sourcein the pipe, and the complex intensity is seen to change intransverse as well as the axial direction.


Bubbly liquid with multi-size bubble population – (Contributed, 000628)

S. KovinskayaMechmath LLC, 14530 Bluebird Trail, Prior Lake, 55372, USA



Linear pressure waves in compressible fluids with multi-size bubble population are considered. The dispersiveequation is investigated to determine the essential fre-quency band for the each sub-population. Separation ofthe resonance frequency bands of the neighboring sub-populations as an equilibrium criterion allows for deter-mination of the bubble size distribution that matches ex-

perimental data. The energy radiated by the bubbles be-longing to each sub-population is found. A dependency ofthe radiated energy on wavenumber is found. The devel-oped model lets to understand the fundamental physicalprocesses leading to the -5/3 power law scaling of oceanicambient noise level with frequency known as the Knudsenspectrum.


Ultrafast plane wave imaging: application to spectral Doppler – (Contributed, 000631)

B.-F. Osmanski, G. Montaldo and M. TanterInstitut Langevin ESPCI ParisTech - CNRS UMR 7587 - INSERM U979, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France


Conventional ultrasound Doppler techniques are based onfocused beam to insonify the medium which leads to atradeoff between the field of view and the resolution: a lim-ited amount of 15 temporal points for 2D imaging modeor only one line for pulse wave mode. Recently, the in-troduction of ultrafast plane wave imaging has enablingacquisitions of hundreds of temporal samples over a largefield of view. This huge amount of data can be used indifferent ways than in conventional Doppler modes to ex-tract information about the flow. First, using propertiesof Doppler spectrum and calibrated data, we retrieve the

out of plane speed vector component in transverse flowacquisitions, improving a previous technique called spec-tral broadening. An experimental demonstration is per-formed in vivo on a carotid artery. Secondly, we study howultrafast plane wave acquisitions allows to withdraw thegeometric broadening on Doppler spectrums to visualizeonly the speed and its gradient. This new technique be-comes highly sensitive to the type of the flow profile andturbulences. A comparison between this technique andconventional pulse wave Doppler is performed in vivo onthe carotid artery.


Semi-analytical characterisation of a homogeneous rigid frame porous material using P-P probes –(Contributed, 000650)

B. Brouarda, J.-P. Grobya, D. Parmentierb, O. Dazela, L. Keldersc and M. Henrya

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bCentre de Transfert de Technologie du Mans, 20 rue Thales de Milet, 72000 Le Mans, France; cLaboratory of Acoustics and Thermal

Physics, KULeuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium


A new experimental set-up is presented for the character-isation of a homogeneous rigid frame porous material.Acoustical pressures are measured in front of and behinda porous plate using a P-P probe in an anechoic room.The equivalent density ρeq(ω) and bulk modulus Keq(ω)of the porous medium are then analytically recovered frommeasurements.

A numerical inversion procedure using the least squaremethod allows us to obtain a good estimation of the fivefollowing acoustical parameters: the porosity φ, the tortu-osity α∞, the flow resistivity σ, the viscous characteristiclength Λ and the thermal characteristic length Λ′.


Determination of the Boltzmann constant with an acoustic quasi-spherical resonator filled with argon– (Contributed, 000704)

A. Guillou, L. Pitre, F. Sparasci, D. Truong, L. Risegari and M. E. HimbertLaboratoire Commun de Metrologie, 61 rue du Landy, 93210 La Plaine Saint Denis, France


There is an important interest in the international metrol-ogy community for new accurate determinations of theBoltzmann constant kB, in order to redefine the unit of

thermodynamic temperature, the kelvin. The value of theBoltzmann constant is linked to the speed of sound c in anoble gas. The method described here consists in measur-


ing c inside a quasi-spherical acoustic resonator of innervolume of 0.5 l filled with argon, during an isotherm pro-cess at the temperature of the triple point of water (273.16K) from 0.05 MPa to 0.7 MPa. The determination of kB

at LNE-LCM CNAM with this technique allowed us to ob-tain the value kB = 1.380 647 74 (171)·10−23 J·K−1, i.e.

with a relative uncertainty of 1.24·10−6. In this paper,we particularly focus on the parameters of the experimentwhich have an effect on the measurement of c with thismethod (like gas purity, static pressure, etc) and how theywere carefully controlled to get the lowest uncertainty onkB up to now.


Modelling tools for the simulation of microgenerators based on piezo-semiconducting nanowires –(Contributed, 000732)

O. Gratona, G. Poulin-Vittranta, L.-P. Tran Huu Huea and M. Lethiecqb

aUniversite Francois Rabelais, ENIVL, Rue de la Chocolaterie, 41034 Blois, France; bUniversite Francois Rabelais de Tours, GREMAN,

ENIVL, Rue de la Chocolaterie BP 3410, 41034 Blois, France


Novel mechanical energy micro-harvesters using ZnOnanowire (NW) arrays as active elements have recently ap-peared. The electrical power generation process is basedon the coupling between piezoelectric and semiconductingproperties of ZnO NWs. We have developed two specificmodels to simulate the electromechanical conversion thatoccurs in mechanically activated NWs and to predict theperformance of NW-based microgenerators. These mod-els, based on two distinct approaches, take into accountboth the piezoelectric effect and semiconducting proper-ties of NWs. An original analytical numerical model isdedicated to the simulation of the intrinsic electromechan-

ical conversion that occurs in a bent NW in the presence offree charge carriers. In addition, a modelling strategy wasspecifically developed in order to establish a dynamic mo-del of NW-based microgenerators without falling into thedifferent pitfalls relative to the simulation of ZnO nano-wires. These two approaches are complementary and arehelpful for the physical understanding of the device oper-ation. Moreover, it indicates tendencies to optimise thegenerator performance. The energy conversion efficiencyis maximised for high aspect ratio NWs and an optimalconcentration of impurities, both in the case of a singledeformed NW and for a NW array microgenerator.


Using a boundary element method to validate the concept of an active anechoic multicellular layer –(Contributed, 000738)

T. NicolasUniversite Saint-Joseph, Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Faculte D’Ingenierie - ESIB, 11072050 Beyrouth, Lebanon


In previous paper we propose the concept of an activeanechoic multicellular layer. This layer wraps the bodyof a submarine and the animation of this layer with anadequate algorithm makes the submarine anechoic to in-cidental sonar plane waves. To validate this concept wesent a plane wave to a flat square layer, then we animatedthis latter with the adequate algorithm described above,and deduce the conditions that made the layer anechoic.

At this level, and based on the deduced conditions, wecalculated the field radiated in space using the boundaryfinite element method. In this article, we describe theprocess of the calculation, the formal calculation of thesingular integrals and we present the results that validatethe concept of the active anechoic multicellular layer wepropose.


Now casting Anthropogenic Ocean Noise in High Pressure Areas – (Contributed, 000782)

T. Folegota, C. Gervaiseb, Y. Stephanc, D. Clorenneca and B. Kindad

aQuiet-Oceans, 135, rue Claude Chappe, 29280 Plouzane, France; bGrenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique, Gipsa-lab 961 rue de

la Houille Blanche BP 46 F - 38402 Grenoble Cedex; cService Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine, 13 rue du Chatellier

29200 Brest; dExtraction et Exploitation de l’Information en Environnements Incertains, 2 rue Francois Verny, 29806 Brest cedex 9,

France



In order to address the issue of ambient noise monitoringunder the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, a globalanthropogenic noise prediction system called Quonops c©has been designed similarly to meteorological forecast-ing systems. Quonops c© combines real-time environmen-tal data and real-time human information and assimilatesreal-time acoustic measurements to produce the resulting3D ocean noise fields as a function of time. The systemhas been thought to cover most basins and activities. TheFrench Hydrographic Office and ENSTA Bretagne haveconducted a monitoring experiment in the West-end of theBritish Channel in the vicinity of the Ushant traffic sepa-

ration scheme. Two hydrophones were deployed at aboutmid-depth, one at the border of the south-going route, an-other 10NM off the same route. It has been observed thateven with high noise levels, the measure is likely to be af-fected by local events, inducing up to 30dB dynamics atthe scale of hours. Quonops c© has been implemented tonow-cast the low frequency noise in the same area. Thecomparison at the hydrophone locations of the predictionand measurement has shown good agreement, predictingin particular the statistical and stochastic content of theambient noise in such a high pressure area.


Interaction of elastic waves with a cylindrical nano-inclusion – (Contributed, 000790)

S. SodagarPetroleum University of Technology, Abadan Institute of Technology, North Bovardeh, Postal code 63165, 0 Abadan, Iran


At nanoscale, surface and interface have significant effectson the physical and mechanical properties of solids, dueto the increasing ratio of surface/interface area to vol-ume. The diffraction of plane compressional and shearwaves by a cylindrical nano-inclusion are investigated inthis paper. To account for the effect of surface/interfaceenergy at nanoscale, the surface/interface elasticity isadopted in analysis. The mathematical modeling shows

that surface/interface parameter has significant effect onthe diffraction of elastic waves when the radius of the in-clusion decreases to nanometers. However, the numericalresults show that beyond a critical interfacial parameter,the surface/interface effect does not affect on the diffractedwave from the nano-inclusion and the form function be-comes independent of variation of the surface/interface en-ergy.


Scattering of complex geometries by Finite Element Method – (Contributed, 000798)

N. Gonzalez-Salidoa, A. Islas-Citalb, F. Camarenaa, R. Picoa and P.R. AtkinsbaUniversidad Politecnica de Valencia, Paranimf 1, 46730 Gandia, Valencia, Spain, 46730 Gandia, Spain; bUniversity of Birmingham,

School of Electronic, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Gisbert Kapp Building, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT

Birmingham, UK


The back-scattering of complex finite geometries targetsto plane incoming waves is investigated. The informationobtained from the echoes (amplitude and phase) is usedto characterize certain properties of the scatterers as theshape, size or orientation. Simple geometries as spheres,cylinders and spheroids are often used in underwatera-coustic and medical imaging to model the different thescattering of structures, such as fish swim bladders, bloodcells, or the fibbers of heart.Theoretical models include the effects of diffraction, reflec-tion and transmission adapted to the shape, compositionand size relative to the wavelength of the different ob-

jects. In particular, there are analytical solutions derivedby Faran forsimple geometries such as sphere and cylinder,but for the other cases, numerical methods like T-matrix,or approximate simple solutions must be used.

In this work, the finite element method was used to modelthe scattering from submerged targets with these simplegeometries and elastic and rigid boundary conditions. Avibroacoustic model is used to couple the structure withthe surrounding fluid medium. Numerical results showgood agreement when compared with theoretical predic-tions and experimental data.


Attenuation of acoustic waves in Lithium Niobate crystals with impurities – (Contributed, 000801)

F. R. Akhmedzhanova and F. N. Juraevb

aSamarkand state university, 8 passage 1, Firdavsi street, 140105 Samarkand, Uzbekistan; bNavoi state mining institute, 27a, Yuzhnaya

street, 210100 Navoi, Uzbekistan



The attenuation of longitudinal and transverse acousticwaves in pure and doped by Mg, Zn, Cu and Cr impuri-ties Lithium Niobate crystals has been investigated. Theexamined samples LiNbO3 crystals were oriented alongthe crystallographic axes. Piezoelectric transducers ofLithium Niobate of appropriate cuts are used to excite thelongitudinal and the transverse acoustic waves with thefrequencies of 0.4-1.8 GHz. The attenuation of acousticwaves was determined by Bragg light diffraction methodat the temperatures of 295 and 480 K with accuracy about5%. The results of these measurements have been shownthat the influence of impurities on the attenuation of lon-

gitudinal or transversal waves is different. The impuritiesof Cu, Zn, Mg reduce the decrease of attenuation the lon-gitudinal waves in 1.5-2 times and insignificantly increaseof the attenuation of the transversal waves. The obtainedresults are interpreted in the framework of various mech-anisms of attenuation including the electron-phonon andAkhiezer mechanisms. The attenuation of the transversalwaves depends also from effective Grunaizen parameterwhich describes the anisotropy of the phonon-phonon in-teraction. Moreover the influence of dielectric losses onthe attenuation of piezo-active acoustic waves in LiNbO3crystals is discussed.

Tue-Frid Grande Halle PU-S01: Non linear acoustic phenomena (Poster session)

Speckle reduction with multitaper approach to improve B/A imaging – (Contributed, 000283)

M. Toulemondea,b, F. Varraya, P. Tortolic, C. Cacharda and O. BassetaaCentre de recherche en applications et traitement de l’image pour la sante, 7 avenue Jean Capelle, Bat Blaise Pascal, 69621

Villeurbanne Cedex; bDepartment of Electronics and Telecommunications [Florence], Via S. Marta, 3 50139 Firenze; cUniversita degli

studi di Firenze, Via S. Marta, 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy


During the propagation of an ultrasound wave, harmonicfrequencies appear due to the nonlinear property of the tis-sue. When tissue characterization is concerned, the non-linear parameter B/A can be interesting to differentiatenormal and pathological tissues.A recent paper proposes an extended comparative method(ECM) to image the B/A parameter in inhomogeneousmedia. However, the accuracy of this approach is limitedby the presence of speckle in the image. We propose toimprove the B/A parameter estimation in radio frequencyimage thanks to a speckle reduction approach based ona multitaper compounding method [Jensen et al., IEEEInternational Ultrasonics Symposium 2011].

Different orthogonal apodization functions (Slepian se-quences) in reception are used to provide orthogonal ta-pers. In spite of a reduction of the lateral and axial resolu-tion, about two to four times for the lateral resolution, thecombination of the different images results in a significantincrease of the SNR, 1,6 to 2,3 for the second harmonic,which allow a better estimation of the B/A parameter.The efficiency of the technique is validated on simulateddata provided by CREANUIS [Varray et al., IEEE In-ternational Ultrasonics Symposium 2010] simulator andexperimental results will be presented.


Evolution of intensive acoustical noise pulses (the numerical simulation with Fast Legendre TransformAlgorithm) – (Contributed, 000421)

I. Demin, S. Gurbatov and N. Pronchatov-RubtsovNizhny Novgorod State University, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation


The propagation of finite amplitude sound waves is of fun-damental interest in nonlinear acoustics. In the simplestmodel of propagation in fluids these waves are describedby the well-known Burgers’ equation (plane waves). Instudies of nonlinear wave propagation an important prob-lem is to find the waveform of the asymptotic wave atlong time after the preparation of the initial wave or atlong distance from the source emitting the wave. In caseof noise-type initial disturbance, the analytical calculationthe velocity field is very complicated mathematical prob-

lem. The Fast Legendre Transform Algorithm should beapplied to solve the problem. In the present paper weconsider the numerical simulation of evolution of complexpulses which are characterized by two scales. For suchsignals the generation of a low-frequency component or anon-zero mean field takes place. It has also been shownthat, for a pulse with random carrier, the parameters ofthe asymptotic waveform depend weakly on the fine struc-ture of the initial pulse, but that the old-age behaviour isvery sensitive to the properties of the carrier.



Selective acoustic destruction of lipid shell microbubbles – (Contributed, 000548)

A. Karampatzakis, C. Sennoga, R. Eckersley and M.-X. TangImperial College London, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ


Microbubbles (MB) combined with ultrasound are widelyused for imaging and therapeutic applications. MB sizeaffects their behaviour, and the inherit size polydispersityof MB solutions limits their performance.We propose a method of modifying bubble size distribu-tion within a population by transmitting an acoustic pulseof tailored properties, aimed to destroy MBs of certainsizes.Transmission measurements were made in bulk suspen-sions of lipid MBs. The effects of the destruction pulsewere evaluated by comparing the FFT spectra of a pre-destruction pulse to those of an identical post-destructionone, which were found to be significantly different.

For destruction pulses of 2, 2.5 and 3 MHz, the peakchange occurred at 1.73MHz (2.79dB), 1.79MHz (2.61dB)and 2.04MHz (1.73dB), respectively, indicating the de-struction and/or alteration of a sub-population of MBs.Additionally, for a constant driving frequency, graduallyincreasing the peak negative pressure from 50 to 290 kPacaused the frequency of maximum change to be shifteddownwards by 650kHz. Similarly, increasing the pulselength from 5 to 160 cycles caused a downward shift of470kHz.Our results indicate that, by adjusting the acoustic pa-rameters of the driving pulse, it is possible to selectivelydestruct MBs within a certain size range.


The parametric propagation in underwater acoustics: experimental results – (Contributed, 000735)

E. Bouttarda, V. Labata, O. Bou Matarb and T. ChonavelcaInstitut de Recherche de l’Ecole Navale (EA 3634), BCRM Brest CC 600 29240 Brest Cedex 9; bInstitut d’electronique, de mi-

croelectronique et de nanotechnologie, avenue Poincare, Cite scientifique, BP 69, 59652 Villeneuve d’Ascq cedex; cDepartement

Signal et Communications, Technopole Brest-Iroise CS 83818 29238 Brest Cedex 3


In underwater acoustics, detection of buried objects in sed-iments (cables, mines...) is a complex problem. Indeed, inorder to ensure sufficient penetration depth in marine sed-iments, low frequencies have to be used, implying a low re-solution. A solution proposed to solve this problem is theparametric emission based on the nonlinear properties ofseawater. This method can generate a low frequency wavefrom two directional high frequencies beams. The aim of

this work is to present experimental results of a paramet-ric propagation. Experiments have been carried out in awater tank in various configurations. These experimentalmeasurements are then compared with simulation resultsobtained with a numerical model based on a fractional-step method presented at the Underwater Acoustic Mea-surements conference in 2011.


Nonlinear elastodynamic simulations using a Discontinuous Galerkin method on graphics processors –(Contributed, 000808)

O. Bou Matar and P.-Y. GuerderInstitut d’electronique, de microelectronique et de nanotechnologie, avenue Poincare, Cite scientifique, BP 69, 59652 Villeneuve d’Ascq

cedex


A nodal Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method(DG-FEM) to solve the linear and nonlinear elastic waveequation, written in a conservative form, in heterogeneousmedia with arbitrary high order accuracy in space on un-structured meshes has been implemented based on thefree software Hedge. This enables nodal DG to run ona single CPU, multi CPU (MPI) or GPUs. The speedupobtained with this DG-FEM software between CPUs andGPUs varies from 14 to 65. The adopted formalism allows

the introduction of different kinds of elastic nonlinearities,such as the classical quadratic and cubic nonlinearities, orthe quadratic hysteretic nonlinearities. Absorbing layersperfectly matched to the calculation domain of the NearlyPerfectly Matched Layers type have been introduced tosimulate, when needed, semi-infinite or infinite media. Ex-amples of application in the fields of nonlinear phononiccrystals and nonlinear imaging of defects in MEMS willbe presented.


Tue-Frid Grande Halle PU-S03: Phononic crystal and metamaterials (Poster session)

Matryoshka locally resonant sonic crystal – (Contributed, 000044)

D. P. Elford, L. Chalmers, G. M. Swallowe and F. KusmartsevLoughborough University, Department of Physics, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK


The results of numerical modelling of sonic crystals withresonant array elements are reported. The investigatedresonant elements include plain slotted cylinders as wellas various their combinations, in particular, Russian dollor Matryoshka configurations. The acoustic band struc-ture and transmission characteristics of such systems havebeen computed with the use of finite element methods.The general concept of a locally resonant sonic crystal isproposed, which utilises acoustic resonances to form addi-tional band gaps that are decoupled from Bragg gaps. Anexistence of a separate attenuation mechanism associatedwith the resonant elements, which increases performance

in the lower frequency regime has been identified. Theresults show a formation of broad band gaps positionedsignificantly below the first Bragg frequency. For low fre-quency broadband attenuation a most optimal configura-tion is the Matryoshka sonic crystal, where each scatteringunit is composed of multiple concentric slotted cylinders.This system forms numerous gaps in the lower frequencyregime, below Bragg bands, whilst maintaining a reducedcrystal size viable for noise barrier technology. The findingopens new perspectives for construction of sound barriersin the low frequency range usually inaccessible by tradi-tional means including conventional sonic crystals.


Elastic waves in phononic granular membranes – (Contributed, 000060)

H. Picharda, A. Duclosa, J.-P. Grobya, V. Tournata and V. Gusevb

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bLaboratoire de physique de l’etat condense, Faculte des Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


Elastic membranes composed of a few number of inter-acting articles/nanoparticles or grains layers can be en-countered in different applications including sensors andfilters for the individual molecules. Membranes, whichare constructed through spatially periodic assembling ofparticles, exhibit phononic properties, interesting in viewof the possible nondestructive testing of these membranesor in view of their applications to control elastic wavespropagation. Some results on the elastic properties ofmultilayered phononic granular membranes, where each

particle possesses up to 3 translational and 3 rotationaldegrees of freedom, are reported. The specific feature ofgranular metamaterials is known to be an efficient interac-tion between the shear and the rotational elastic motionsof the grains, which leads to the existence of the mixedshear/rotational elastic modes [Phys. Rev. E 82, 031305(2010)]. The influence of number of granular layers, ofbending and spin rigidity of the inter-grain contacts on thephononic properties of granular membranes is analyzed.


Experimental study of water wave carpet cloak – (Contributed, 000177)

A. A. Maurela, C. Palaciosb, V. Pagneuxc and P. PetitjeansdaInstitut Langevin/LOA, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, rue de la glaciere, 75005 Paris, France; bESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris,

France; cLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex

9; dPMMH/ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France


It has been proposed by Li and Pendry ( Phys. Rev. Lett.101, 203901 2008) a so-called ”carpet cloakı able to con-ceal an object under a curved reflecting surface, imitatingthe reflection of the flat surface. Since, such cloaking hasbeen tested experimentally in the context of electromag-netic and acoustic waves. The ability of cloaking floating

structures in the context of water waves has many appli-cations, notably for coastline protection. We present anexperimental study of carpet cloaking for wave in shallowwater. The use of a space time resolved method to charac-terize the field of surface elevation allows to characterizequantitatively the efficiency of the cloaking.



Propagation of elastic waves in 1D periodic waveguides with symmetric stubs – (Contributed, 000186)

A.-C. Hladky-Henniona, C. Grangera, J. Vasseura and M. De Billyb

aIEMN departement ISEN, UMR CNRS 8520, 41 boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France; bIJLRD, UMR CNRS 7190, Universite

Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 78210 Saint Cyr L’ecole, France


The wave propagation in periodic systems has received agreat deal of attention during the last years. By analogywith the studies driven on photonic crystals, many workswere conducted on phononic crystals. In this presentation,the propagation of elastic waves through a one dimensionalchain of beads with symmetrically grafted stubs is exper-imentally as well as numerically investigated. One dimen-sional chains of beads with periodically grafted stubs areconsidered. Results on the transmission of elastic wavethrough a finite number of cells are presented and showthat one can obtain different band structures by varying

the properties of the side beads (or stubs). The existenceand the properties of gaps, pass-bands and dispersion-lessmodes in the power spectrum of the transmitted acousti-cal signal through the specimen, are strongly dependenton the material of the stubs with comparison to the one ofthe waveguide. By a proper choice of the material of theperiodic waveguide and stubs, it is possible to optimize theacoustic-phonon band structure. The presence of the stubin the chain introduces dips and peaks in the displacementplots that can have potential applications for rejective andselective filtering.


Acoustic process of second harmonic generation in a one-dimensional diatomic granular chain – (Contributed,

000241)

J. Cabaret, V. Tournat and P. BequinLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


The acoustic process of second harmonic generation in adiatomic granular chain is studied in the weakly nonlin-ear regime. The diatomic granular chain is a phononiccrystal which exhibits band gaps and two modes of prop-agation for the longitudinal elastic waves. In the limitof a much higher applied static stress on the chain thanthe dynamic perturbation of the wave, the quadratic ap-proximation for the elastic non-linearity of each constantis taken. Analytic results accounting for this quadraticnonlinearity of contacts and keeping a discrete description

of the medium (which allows to consider strong dispersiveregimes) are presented. They are compared to experimen-tal results obtained in a 1D chain made with millimeterscale grains of two different masses arranged alternatively.Different cases are analyzed depending on the propagativeor evanescent character of the fundamental on harmonicwaves and on the acoustical or optical-type propagationmodes. Finally, we observe and provide interpretations onthe nonlinear resonances of the finite diatomic chain.


Effects of a default on the reflectivity of plane periodic media – (Contributed, 000341)

O. Lenoira, A. Khaledb, P. Marechala and D. ChenounibaLaboratoire Ondes et Milieux Complexes, Universite du Havre, Place R. Schuman, 76610 Le Havre, France; bLaboratoire d’Electronique

Si gnaux Systemes et d’Informatique, Faculte des sciences Dar El Mahraz, 30000 Fes, Morocco


The influence of defect layers in a fluid-loaded plane mul-tilayer composed of N periods is highlighted by analyzingthe stop bands and pass bands of the reflection coefficient.The period is composed of two plates exhibiting a highimpedance contrast, in aluminum and polyethylene for in-stance. No attenuation is taken into account Two typesof defect layers are considered: either the thickness of aplate in one period is varied, or a layer made up of an-other material is inserted between two adjacent periods.The transmission coefficient is obtained with a numeri-cally stable transfer matrix method. The study consists

in comparing the plots of the transmission coefficient ofa structure with no defect to the ones of structures withdefects inserted at different locations. The variations ofthe resonance frequencies in the pass bands according tothe defect position, as well as the width of the stop bands,are studied. A particular attention has been paid to theresonances at low frequency, linked with the so-called ver-tical modes. In the case of a defect included between twoperiods, it may appear very narrow pass bands in the stopbands.



Numerical and experimental characterization of pre-fractal anisotropic stacks – (Contributed, 000400)

M.-F. Ponge, X. Jacob and V. GibiatLaboratoire PHASE, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France

Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected],

In this work, propagation in multi-layered anisotropic me-dia is numerically and experimentally investigated. Acous-tic properties of pre-fractal samples constituted by a suc-cession of orthotropic layers are studied. Complex me-dia (periodic, disordered or fractal) are known for theirremarkable properties as regards to acoustic wave prop-agation. Fractals appear to be between periodicity anddisorder and their intrinsic proportional transformationimpacts directly on waves propagation. Indeed, they rep-resent very well natural irregularities, but they are alsobuilt from a repetitive pattern at different scales: they areself-similar. The layers orientations in the stack follow a

self-similar sequence. It can be demonstrated that suchpre-fractal media are similar to periodic structures withdefects. The fractal type affects the introduced disorder.Bulk waves propagation in multi-layered anisotropic mediais theoretically described by the stiffness matrix method(published by Rokhlin and Wang in 2002). From the reso-lution of Christoffel equation, stresses and displacementsin each layer are connected by a matrix formalism. Pre-fractal stacks are numerically and experimentally charac-terized. They are also compared with classical fractal,periodic and disordered structures.


Design of wideband attenuation devices based on Sonic Crystals made of multi-phenomena scatterers– (Contributed, 000452)

V. Romero-Garciaa, S. Castineira-Ibaneza, J.V. Sanchez-Perezb and L.M. Garcia-Raffia

aUniversidad Politecnica de Valencia, Paranimf 1, 46730 Gandia, Valencia, Spain, 46730 Gandia, Spain; bCentro de Tecnologias

Fisicas: A. M. A., U.P.V., Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain, 46022 Valencia, Spain


Sonic Crystals (SCs) are periodic structures of solid scat-terers embedded in a fluid. Perhaps, the most celebratedproperty of SCs is the presence of ranges of frequencies,known as band gaps, where only evanescent modes areexcited. As a consequence, in finite SCs the propagationof waves at these frequencies is attenuated. However themere existence of these attenuation bands is not enoughto design effective attenuation devices. In this work wereport the theoretical and experimental design of multi-phenomena scatterers presenting resonances, absorptionand scattering in the audible range. The design of thescatterers has been improved for its use outdoors. We

use these scatterers to construct a periodic structure mak-ing use of the Bragg reflections, together with resonancesand the absorption, in order to combine the three phe-nomena working independently in different ranges of fre-quencies. Thus the overall effect is a wideband of atten-uated frequencies. The resultant device has been acous-tically standardized obtaining the expected results, fol-lowing the norms UNE-EN 1793-1:1998, 1793-2:1998 and1793-3:1998. The structural efforts of these devices havebeen measured in an wind tunnel. The improvements withrespect to the classical noise screens are discussed in thework.


Non-radiative complete SAW bandgap of 2D phononic crystals on semi-infinite LiNbO3 substrate –(Contributed, 000453)

D. Yudistiraa, Y. Penneca, B. Djafari-Rouhania, S. Duponta and V. Laudeb

aInstitut d’electronique, de microelectronique et de nanotechnologie, avenue Poincare, Cite scientifique, BP 69, 59652 Villeneuve

d’Ascq cedex; bFranche-Comte Electronique Mecanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies, 32 avenue de l’Observatoire

25044 Besancon Cedex


We theoretically demonstrate the existence of completesurface acoustic wave (SAW) bandgap on 2D piezoelec-tric phononic crystals (PC) consisting of finite air holearrays with honeycomb arrangement embedded on a semi-infinite lithium niobate substrate. Up to now, with a sin-gle material structure, complete SAW bandgaps were only

demonstrated in the case of a periodic array of pillars ona substrate. We have also investigated other lattices, suchas square and triangular, but they exhibit partial SAWbandgaps only. The SAW bandgap is determined from PCband structure calculated by means of 3D finite elementmethod (FEM) for which the slowness curve of lithium


niobate crystal is incorporated in order to determine thecorresponding irreducible Brillouin zone. The effect of thearrays structures and subsequent possible imperfection inthe shape of the air hole on the SAW bandgap have beeninvestigated. We found that, for a given parameter of theair hole, the SAW bandgap is fully situated inside non-

radiative region below the sound cone of lithium niobatesubstrate. The polarization and symmetry of the SAWbranches are studied and discussed in relation with thetransmission of a SAW through a finite size photonic crys-tal.

Tue-Frid Grande Halle PU-S04: Non destructive testing and evaluation (Poster session)

New approach for the damage mechanisms identification in the glass-epoxy composites – (Contributed,

000169)

A. Satoura, S. Montresorb, M. Bentaharb, F. Boubeniderc and R. Elguerjoumab

aTechnical and Scientific Research Center for Welding and Control, BP 64, Road of Dely Ibrahim, Cheraga, 16100 Algiers, Algeria;bUiversite du Maine, LAUM, CNRS, Universite du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085, 72000 Le Mans, France; cUniversity of

sciences and technology Houari Boumedienne, Laboratory of physics of materials B.P. 32 El Allia- Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria


The aim of this work is to introduce a new approach forclustering the acoustic emission data occurring during thefracture process of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP)plates. In particular, we have developed signal process-ing techniques based on continues wavelet transform inorder to isolate the acoustic signature corresponding toeach damage mechanism (fibre breakage, matrix cracking,etc.). Models are then established in the form of dictio-naries, whose elements are the waveforms collected during

specific experiments in which the creates damage mecha-nisms are well known. The conducted experiments allowedisolating not only strongly excited mechanisms but alsothose whose amplitude is below the detection threshold(which are usually considered as noise and hence system-atically eliminated by using automatic threshold). Thisvaluable decrease in the threshold (from 30dB to 25dB)will be used in the study of precursor mechanisms as wellas slow dynamic experiments.


Characterization of a parametric loudspeaker and its application in NDT – (Contributed, 000383)

S. De Simonea, L. Di Marcoberardinob, P. Calicchiaa and J. MarchalbaInstitute of Acoustics and Sensors, Via del Fosso del Cavalliere,100, 00133 Rome, Italy; bInstitute Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, 2 place

de la gare de Ceinture, 78210 Saint Cyr L’Ecole, France


The parametric loudspeaker combines the high directiv-ity at the audio frequencies with the small size of thetransducer, thanks to the nonlinear interaction of finite-amplitude ultrasonic waves. These properties make thisclass of sources an attractive investigation tool especiallyfor non destructive testing (NDT). Till now the researchhas been mainly focused on the optimization of the trans-ducer and the signal pre-processing, while only recentlyactual applications mainly in the field of material’s acous-tical characterization are emerging. The authors presentthe analysis of the pressure field generated by a commer-

cial parametric loudspeaker integrated in a system pur-posely developed for acoustic diagnostics on objects ofheritage interest. It was used in an investigation on therenaissance panel painting Annunciazione by the Italianartist Benozzo Gozzoli (XV century) revealing pictorialfilm detachments. Preliminary results are here presented,disclosing the potential of the parametric loudspeaker forthe enhancement of the spatial resolution in the acousticmeasurement, of the non invasiveness of the investigationtool, and also of the operator comfort.


Inspection problem of composite materials using an ultrasonic signal processing – (Contributed, 000385)

A. Benammara, R. Draia and A. Guessoumb

aCentre de recherche en CND, Route de Dely-brahim BP 64, 16000 Cheraga, Algeria; bDepartement d’Electronique, Faculte des

sciences de l’ingenieur, Universite Saad Dahlab de Blida, BP 120, Route de Soumaa, 09000 Blida, Algeria

Corresponding author E-mail: Abs [email protected]


In this paper, signal processing techniques associatedto ultrasonic instrumentation are tested for their abil-ity to resolve echoes reflected by delaminations in carbonfiber reinforced polymer multi-layered composite materials(CFRP). These techniques include the L2 norm deconvo-lution and the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm.A simulation study on defect detection was performed, and

results were validated experimentally on CFRP with andwithout delamination defects taken from aircraft. Com-parative study of the methods for their ability to resolveechoes is made. Theoretical and experimental results in-dicate resolution enhancement in detecting and locatingdelamination defects.


Ultrasonic characterization of mechanical properties of metal powders – (Contributed, 000524)

L. Barguet, M. Bentahar, C. Pezerat and R. El GuerjoumaLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


In modern industrial applications involving metals, manyresearch studies are conducted in order to substitute con-ventional materials by reinforced metal matrix composites.These materials are developed using powder metallurgyprocesses with mechanical alloying. Therefore, reinforcedmicro/nanoscale dispersions are obtained by co-grindingmetallic powders with oxide using several types of millsuch as balls milling. The mill is a cylindrical tank whoserotation around its main axis generates the milling pro-cess, which is operated by the existing steel beads withinthe powder. The grinding results from different combina-tions of collisions between beads and powders on the tankwalls. During this process, the characteristics of the pow-

der such as the grain size or shape evolve and get stabilizedafter a given number of rotating cycles. It becomes thenimportant to find a non-invasive way in order to quan-tify the grinding quality while processing. In this con-tribution we present experimental results correspondingto pulsed ultrasonic through-transmission characterizationof metallic powders of different characteristics (FeAlZrCBand Fe3Cr1Mo0.5Mn0.2V). In particular, the ultrasonicbench has been calibrated using metal powders with dif-ferent grain sizes (50-500 micrometers). Ultrasonic char-acterization is based on the coherent ballistic pulse andthe speckle-like multiply scattered signal, which composethe transmitted signal.


Modelling tools for ultrasonic inspection of bimetallic welds – (Contributed, 000530)

A. Gardahauta, K. Jezzinea and D. Cassereaub

aCEA-LIST, Batiment 611 - Point Courrier 120, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France; bEquipe de Statistique Appliquee, 10 rue

Vauquelin, 75231 Paris cedex 05


Modelling tools for the ultrasonic inspection of bimetal-lic welds, which link ferritic and stainless steel parts, arepresented. Those structures are difficult to control as an-isotropy, heterogeneity and grain orientation distributioncan impede the detection of defects. Dynamic ray tracingis an efficient method to simulate the ultrasonic propaga-tion in welds. The weld can be described as a set of severalanisotropic homogeneous domains with a given crystallo-graphic orientation. In this case, the rays travel in straightlines inside each homogeneous domain. Nevertheless, if thedomains are small compared to the wavelength and exhibitstrong variations in grain orientation, a chaotic behaviour

of rays may be observed, leading to inaccurate results. Toovercome this problem, a smooth description of the grainorientation has to be used. To achieve such a description,the grain orientations are computed on a grid thanks toimage processing techniques performed on a macrographyof the weld. In this paper, we first present the image pro-cessing techniques that have been implemented. Then, weexpose our first modelling results using dynamic ray trac-ing on a smooth description of the grain orientation andcompare it to results obtained using a set of homogeneousdomains to describe the weld and experimental results.


On the comparison of absorbing regions methods – (Contributed, 000575)

W. Kea, S. Yaacoubib and P. McKeonc

aInstitut de Soudure, 4 boulevard henri becquerel, 57970 Yutz, France; bInstitut de Soudure, 4 boulevard Henri Becquerel, 57970

Yutz, France; cUMI Georgia Tech - CNRS 2958, Metz Technopole, 2 rue Marconi, 57070 Metz, France



Numerical simulation methods are very useful in Non De-structive Testing because they save time, lower cost andallow for the investigation of diverse experimental config-urations. However, these methods consume relatively longCPU time and system memory. Different solutions existto minimize these limitations. Absorbing region methodsare among them when it’s possible. These kinds of regionsare also made to minimize or eliminate the spurious reflec-

tions at the boundaries of the simulated structure for moreefficient signal processing. These methods are employed inmany other fields such as geophysics, telecommunication,etc. There are different ways to design appropriate ab-sorbing regions. Different approaches will be investigatedand compared to show the advantage and limits of eachone. Some examples will be presented.


Validation of a thermal compensation technique for Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI) analysis ofacousto-elastic effect – (Contributed, 000580)

Y. Zhanga, O. Abrahama, V. Tournatb, A. Le Duffc, B. Lascoupd, A. Loukilie, F. Grondine and O. Duranda

aIFSTTAR, MACS, CS4, Rout de Bouaye, 44341 Bouguenais, France; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM

- UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; cGroupe ESEO, rue Merlet de la Boulaye, 49009 Angers, France;dESTACA, Parc Universitaire Laval-Change, Rue Georges Charpak, 53061 Laval, France; eGeM, CNRS 6183, Ecole Centrale de Nantes,

1 rue de la Noe, 44321 Nantes, France


Acousto-elastic effect is an observation of material’s non-linear elastic properties, which are sensitive to early stagedamages. In a study of acousto- elasticity, stress-inducedvelocity variation is a key parameter for the understand-ing of material’s mechanical behaviors and a reliable es-timation of acousto-elastic coefficient. In heterogeneousmaterial as concrete, Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI)analysis can monitor the variation of the propagation ve-locity with a high precision (relative resolution of 10−3%),which makes it adequate for studying the acousto-elasticeffect in concrete. On the other hand, as propagation ve-

locity is also affected by temperature, the thermal-inducedvelocity variation causes a non-negligible bias to the CWIresult of stress-induced velocity variation. In this paper wepresent a bias control technique for CWI analysis designedfor the compensation of: 1) the thermal-induced velocitychange due to environmental temperature fluctuation and2) experimental bias resulting from entire procedures ofmeasurement and signal processing. Its effectiveness istested under laboratory condition by applying direct uni-axial tensile force on a concrete specimen.


Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI) for monitoring early-age cementitious mortar – (Contributed, 000588)

Y. Zhanga, O. Abrahama, P. Mounangab, A.-N. Lekloub, V. Tournatc, A. Le Duffd, B. Lascoupe and O. Duranda

aIFSTTAR, MACS, CS4, Rout de Bouaye, 44341 Bouguenais, France; bGeM, UMR CNRS 6183 IUT Saint-Nazaire, 58 rue Michel

Ange, 44606 Saint-Nazaire, France; cLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier

Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; dGroupe ESEO, rue Merlet de la Boulaye, 49009 Angers, France; eESTACA, Parc Universitaire

Laval-Change, Rue Georges Charpak, 53061 Laval, France


The hardening procedure of a cement-based mortar(mixed by cement past and uni- dimension glass beams)is studied with Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI) for ahydration time between 8 and 70 hours. Due to the con-tinuous hydration of the cement paste, the hardening pro-cedure involves not only a fast evolution of elastic proper-ties, but also a autogenous shrinkage which can cause localstress and risks of micro-cracking. Traditional ultrasonicmethod (pulse velocity measurement) can estimate the

variation of elastic properties by measuring compressive-wave’s propagation velocity. Coda Wave Interferometry(CWI) of multiple scattered waves gives access to a ve-locity variation dominated by shear- waves. On the otherhand, with the confirmed observation of micro-cracks oc-curring around cement/glass interfaces by Scanning Elec-tronic Microscopy (SEM), we discuss the possibility of us-ing CWI analysis for micro-cracking detection.


Acoustic emission analysis of a laminate under a different loading rate – (Contributed, 000804)


I. Ben Ammara, A. El Mahia, C. Karrab, R. El Guerjoumaa and M. El HaddarbaLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bU2MP Unite de Mecanique, Modelisation et Production (U2MP), Ecole Nationale d’Ingenieurs de Sfax, Route Soukra Km 3.5, 3038

Sfax, Tunisia


The aim of this work is the identification with acous-tic emission and the analysis of the damage mechanismsof a cross-laminated. A different laminate composed ofepoxy resin and reinforced with glass fibers (GFRP), car-bon fibers (CFRP) and hybrid fibers (HFRP) are consid-ered. Static tests were performed, to study the influenceof stacking sequence of laminates, the effect of thickness of

90 layers of fibers on behavior and the evolution of dam-age mechanisms. The specimens are solicited in bucklingand traction tests. The acoustic signatures correspondingto the various damage mechanisms from material (matrixcracking, interfacial debonding...) are identified and theirchronologies of appearances during the buckling and trac-tion tests of the specimens are followed.


Non linear acoustic applied to the concrete study – (Contributed, 000853)

A. Quivigera, J.-P. Zardana, V. Garniera, C. Payana, J.-F. Chaixa and J. Salinb

aAMU - LMA equipe LCND, Boulevard Gaston Berger, 13122 Aix En Provence, France; bEDF R&D, 6, Quai Watier, 78401 Chatou

Cedex, France


To characterize concrete, ultrasonic sound is a tool thathas been developed to access damage and cracking. Itsheterogeneity and the scales of sizes of micro-structuralelements are necessary to consider a wide range of toolsfor characterization. We define the parameters that can beextracted from the wave propagation and vibration con-ditions into a beam in the laboratory. The scale measuresare specified and the importance of each test condition is

explained. We focus on nonlinear acoustics which is partic-ularly appropriate for monitoring the developments on themesoscopic scale. We study the conditions for harmonicgeneration and modulation, and specify the possibilities ofworking with energy. The beams in some cases are crackedover a determined length. The findings present the advan-tages of this technique and the difficulties inherent to theiron site implementation.


Studying the ultrasonic characterization of industrial plasters – (Contributed, 000854)

J.-F. Chaixa, V. Garniera, A. Sadikalyb, I. Berlinec and G. CounilbaAMU - LMA equipe LCND, Boulevard Gaston Berger, 13122 Aix En Provence, France; bAMU - LCND, Boulevard Gaston Berger,

13122 Aix En Provence, France; cSaint Gobain Recherche, 39 Quai Lucien Lefranc, BP 135, 93303 Aubervilliers Cedex, France


Saint-Gobain produces building materials made from plas-ter. These are materials containing gypsum and airscatterers. The latter strongly influence the mechanicalstrength and the volume density. Solutions for ultrasonicnon-destructive characterization are designed to enable abetter understanding of the influence of process parame-ters and to optimize this process. The model of homogeni-sation of Waterman-Truell is chosen to simulate the prop-

agation of compression waves in the plaster medium. Val-idation tests of the model using ultrasound by immersionwere set up for samples in vacuum sealed bag. The test re-sults are close to those obtained from the model. The firstresults of characterization by ultrasonic air are also pre-sented. The potential for non-destructive characterizationof plaster using non-contact ultrasound is demonstrated.

Tue-Frid Grande Halle PU-S08: Bones and ultrasound (Poster session)

Children cortical bone characterisation: the ultrasonic issue – (Contributed, 000082)

J.-P. Berteaua, C. Barona, M. Pithiouxa, P. Chabranda and P. LasayguesbaCNRS - Aix Marseille Univ, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France; bLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin

Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20



Nowadays there is a strong interest in the characterizationof the growing process of children bone. Recent works con-sidered osteoporosis as a pediatric disease with geriatricconsequences and children are concerned by specific infan-tile osteo-pathologies. However, few mechanical propertiesof cortical growing bone are available in literature and donot yield to gold standards. The goal of this study is toevaluate the validity of ultrasonic characterization of elas-tic properties for growing bone. Nine surgery wastes fromfibula auto-transplants (5 to 16 years old children withaccordance of French ethical committee) are included in

a two-step method process. A non-destructive ultrasonicevaluation (7 and 10 MHz) yields to acoustic Young’s mod-ulus (Ea) and a micro-three point bending test yields toYoung’s modulus (E). Ultrasonic testing provides an aver-age Ea of 15.2 GPa (+/- 2.9) at 7 MHz and 15.49 GPa (+/-3.95) at 10 MHz, and micro-flexion an average E of 10.13GPa (+/- 5.29). A linear correlation between Ea and E isfound (R2 value is 0.78 at 7 MHz and 0.79 at 10 MHz). Toour knowledge, this is the highest R2 between destructiveand non-destructive method found in literature for humancortical bone.


Comparative study of nonlinear ultrasonic methods applied to experimental models of prosthesesosseointegration – (Contributed, 000257)

J. Rivierea, S. Hauperta, P. A. Johnsonb and P. LaugieraaLaboratoire d’Imagerie Parametrique, 15 Rue de l’ecole de Medecine 75006 Paris; bEES17, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los

Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA

Corresponding author E-mail: riviere [email protected]

This study is part of the long-term perspective to imple-ment in vivo some new noninvasive methods to monitorthe bone prostheses sealing or osseointegration (dental im-plants, hip prostheses). Although the most widely usedclinically, X-ray radiography suffers from low sensitivity,limiting for instance its ability to detect early loosening ofa prosthesis. The potential of methods developed over thepast twenty years and based on elasticity measurementshas been shown in vitro, but their in vivo effectiveness isstill questionable. Our objective was to evaluate the po-tential of new methods based on nonlinear elasticity mea-

surements that have emerged in the fields of geophysicsand nondestructive testing, and which showed greater sen-sitivity than the linear elastic response to the presenceof weak contacts within a rigid structure, such as cracks.For this, several osseointegration and sealing models (withmanifold damping and boundary conditions) have beenstudied experimentally using different nonlinear elastic-ity techniques. Finally, this experimental study allowedthe extraction of the most promising nonlinear parame-ters and the evaluation of their respective advantages andlimitations for an in vivo application.


Finite Element modelling of the measurement of guided wave propagation in a transverse isotropicmaterial with an ultrasonic array – (Contributed, 000347)

L. Moreau, J.-G. Minonzio, J. Foiret, M. Talmant and P. LaugierUPMC CNRS LIP, 15 rue de l’ecole de medecine, 75006 Paris, France


Cortical bone porosity has proved to be an important in-dicator of bone fragility. Since cortical bone was reportedto behave like a waveguide, the potential for ultrasonicguided waves to detect porosity has naturally become a re-search axis. Indeed, measuring the velocity of guided wavemodes in cortical bone is an important step towards bonecharacterization, because the velocities can be used in turnto evaluate both the stiffness coefficients and the thicknessof cortical bone. However, the heterogeneous, dissipativeand irregular nature of bone requires special care on theexperimental protocol to obtain robust data and on thereference waveguide model used to interpret the data. In

this context, finite element (FE) modelling is useful to in-terpret experimental results. Signals are obtained with amulti-emitter multi-receiver axial transmission probe. Aspecific guided mode wavenumber measurement method,adapted to clinical requirements, has been proposed. Thispaper investigates FE modelling of the experimental set-up. In particular, the impact of the silicon layer at thefront of the probe on wavenumber evaluation is studied.2D FE results obtained from a bone-mimicking plate andon realistic bone geometry are presented and compared toexperimental results.



Characterization of a bone mimicking phantom by means of circumferential guided waves dispersioncurves – (Contributed, 000479)

P. Nauleaua, E. Cochardb, J.-G. Minonzioa, Q. Grimala, C. Pradab and P. LaugieraaLaboratoire d’Imagerie Parametrique, 15 rue de l’ecole de medecine, 75006 Paris, France; bInstitut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech, 10

rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France


Previous studies have evidenced the circumferential prop-agation of waves guided by the roughly cylindrical corticalshell of the femoral neck. We hypothesize that measuringthe phase velocities of such waves could yield estimatesof the cortical thickness and material properties, whichcould improve fracture risk prediction. The objective ofthis study is to test the ability of the DORT method, pro-cessing based on time reversal principle, to measure cir-cumferential guided waves in a bone-mimicking tube.The tube has the typical dimensions of the mid-femoralneck. A focused array specifically designed for this studywas used for emission and reception. To serve as a noise-

free reference, the experiment was also simulated basedon an analytical formulation. The DORT method was ap-plied to experimentally recorded and simulated data toretrieve the guided waves dispersion curves.Five branches of modes were obtained. They were identi-fied by comparison with the theoretical dispersion curvesof a semi-immersed plate. Experimental branches can beused in an inverse scheme to obtain estimations of the shellproperties. This study shows that measuring circumferen-tial guided waves is feasible in a structure with dimensionsand material properties (elasticity, attenuation) close tothose of the cortical compartment of the femoral neck.


Bone properties determination from guided wave velocities: an in vitro test case study – (Contributed,

000620)

J. Foiret, J.-G. Minonzio, M. Talmant and P. LaugierUPMC CNRS LIP, 15 rue de l’ecole de medecine, 75006 Paris, France


Ultrasonic guided mode propagation has been suggested asa mean for assessment of cortical bone properties such asporosity and thickness, through inverse procedure basedon the identification of experimental guided wave spec-trum (wavenumber as function of frequency) to a refer-ence model. However, while a high number of unknowns(stiffnesses, density, thickness) must be determined, sev-eral factors inherent to measurement on bone such as ab-sorption reduce the quantity of experimental data. More-over, spatial variability of geometry and elasticity impliesto develop dedicated measurement sequence to improvethe robustness of stable experimental data. A feasibility

study on an in vitro radius (forearm) is presented. Exper-imental signals were obtained using a probe dedicated toclinical use (broadband 1 MHz signals) associated with adedicated signal processing efficient for dissipative mate-rials. The reference model was a 2D transverse isotropicplate model with the bone material considered as a homog-enized biphasic model (bone matrix/porosity) with elasticproperties of the bone matrix a priori known. Estimatedparameters were a thickness of 2.3 mm and stiffness coef-ficients (in GPa) of c11 = 29.4, c13 = 8.8, c33 = 18.3 andc55 = 5.4. Current works focus on the robustness and theaccuracy of the technique.


Investigation on influencing factors of ultrasonic long bone image quality and reconstruction error –(Contributed, 000765)

R. ZhengUniversity of Alberta, Department of Physics, Edmonton, Canada T6G2E1


Ultrasonic imaging techniques based on the acoustic inver-sion theories and methodologies can be applied to recon-struct the internal structures of long bones. To verify theimaging algorithms and investigate the reconstruction dis-crepancy from the original images, the reflectivity modelswere firstly converted from the CT image and then usedto generate three separate sets of simulated data using for-

ward operator, convolution, and finite-difference methodsrespectively. A group of real data were also collected onthe prototype bone sample. The reconstruction errors be-tween the synthetic and predicted data were calculated,the reconstructed images were compared with the orig-inal model, and the influence factors such as aperture,noise, inversion regularization were discussed. The results


demonstrate that the discrepancy is mainly located in theend and deep structures. The major reasons for the recon-struction error and information loss can be attributed tothree aspects: 1) numerical truncation errors, 2) diffrac-tion during the wave propagation, and 3) attenuation due

to scattering and absorption. The compensation meth-ods such as smaller aperture, signal processing and properregularization constraints can be employed to improve theimage quality and reduce the reconstruction errors.

Tue-Frid Grande Halle PU-S09: Biomedical and biological ultrasounds (Poster session)

Tracking biopsy needle using Kalman filter and RANSAC algorithm with 3D ultrasound – (Contributed,

000256)

Y. Zhao, H. Liebgott and C. CachardCentre de recherche en applications et traitement de l’image pour la sante, 7 avenue Jean Capelle, Bat Blaise Pascal, 69621 Villeurbanne

Cedex


RANSAC algorithm has been implemented for the detec-tion of micro-tools (biopsy metallic needles) inserted inhuman tissue, and this method has the capacity to detectthe position of the needle in real time. However, RANSACalgorithm depends on randomly selected models so thatthe robustness is poor. Therefore, a Kalman filter hasbeen added in order to increase the stability, and realizean application in a dynamic situation. A constant ve-locity model was chosen for the Kalman filter. The resultfrom RANSAC algorithm (estimate tip position of needle)was set as one part of the measurement vector. Because

the speed of insertion is unknown, the speckle trackingmethod was added to measure the inserting speed, whichis another measurement for Kalman filter. The predictedtip position of Kalman filter was compared with that ofRANSAC result. The simulation has been done with thesimulated volume in both static situation and dynamicsituation. The result shows that in static situation, theroot mean square error (RMSE) of Kalman was reduced44.79% compared with RANSAC; in dynamic situation,the RMSE of Kalman filter was reduce by 26.5%.


Frequency and concentration dependence of the ultrasonic backscatter coefficient in a soft tissue mim-icking material – (Contributed, 000393)

N. Houhat and T. BoutkedjirtFaculty of physics USTHB, BP 32, El Alia, BabEzzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria


In medical ultrasound, the backscatter coefficient is usedto quantify the scattering properties of biological tissues.It is defined as the differential scattering cross section perunit volume for a scattering angle of 180. In this study,measurements of the backscatter coefficient are made onTissues Mimicking Materials (TMM). These are materi-als the acoustic properties of which (velocity propagation,attenuation, scattering) are close to those of biological tis-sues.Measurements of this coefficient have been achieved on amixture of gelatin and distilled water containing graphiteparticles of mean radius 18 µm, which were randomly

distributed. TMM samples with graphite concentrationsranging from 50 to 200 g per liter of gelatin have been in-vestigated. The backscatter coefficient was evaluated us-ing both Sigelman and Reid [JASA 53, 1351 (1973)] andChen [IEEE Trans. UFFC 44, 515 (1997)] methods in afrequency range around 5 MHz. The evolution of this co-efficient as a function of frequency for different scatterersconcentration will be presented. Comparison of experi-mental values with those predicted by the Faran theory[JASA 23, 405 (1951)] permits the estimation of the num-ber density of graphite particles in the TMM.


Acoustical method and device for determination of lipid and protein spectra of blood serum – (Contributed,

000422)

I. Demina, A. Kleminaa, S. Gurbatova and V. Kleminb

aNizhny Novgorod State University, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation; bNizhny Novgorod ’Firma ’BIOM’,

32 Veterinary Str., 603098 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation



Investigation of acoustical characteristics of biological flu-ids for the purposes of medical diagnostics is the importantproblem, because of the analysis of interaction of ultra-sonic waves with biomacromolecules allows to receive theunique information on their structure and properties. Oneof few methods, allowing to measure velocity and absorp-tion of ultrasound in biological fluids with sufficient pre-cision is a method of a ultrasonic interferometer of con-stant length or resonator method. Acoustical resonatormethod for determination of lipid and protein spectra ofblood serum is described. This device have two ultra-

sonic resonator cells with volume of 80 mkl each. Thecells are placed in a specially designed ultrathermostat andare operated at about 8 MHz by means of compact elec-tronic unit. The method allows to determinate withoutreagents lipid components (cholesterol total, cholesterol ofhigh and low density and triglycerides), and total proteinand protein fractions in blood serum during two minutes.Traditional methods determine these components duringfifteen minutes and with reagents. Comparative investiga-tions acoustics and traditional methods shows very highcorrelation agreements.


Nonlinear tissue mimicking phantoms characterization using the Nakagami statistical model: simula-tions and measurements – (Contributed, 000515)

N. Bahbaha, H. Djelouaha and A. Bouakazb

aHouari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, USTHB, BP 32, El Alia, DZ-16111 Algiers, Algeria, 16111 Aliers, Algeria;bINSERM U930 CNRS ERL3106, Universite Francois Rabelais, CHU Bretonneau, 2 Blvd. Tonnelle, 37044 Tours, France

Corresponding author E-mail: djelouah [email protected]

In order to improve the tissue characterization, the prob-ability density function of ultrasonic backscattered echoeswhich may be treated as random signals, is modeled byusing Nakagami statistical distribution. Recently, it hasbeen found that Nakagami statistical model constitutesa quite good model in tissue characterization due to itssimplicity and general character.In the present study, computer simulations and experi-ments on phantoms have been carried out to test thevalidity of Nakagami distribution in order to model thebackscattered envelope of ultrasonic signals in the nonlin-ear regime.

Experiments were performed using a 5MHz linear arrayconnected to an open research platform. A commerciallyavailable phantom was used to mimick tissue backscatter.For different sizes and positions of the sampling window,the RF signals have been acquired at different frequen-cies and bandwidths, then filtered around the center fre-quency and around twice the center frequency. The sig-nals obtained have been analyzed in order to evaluate theNakagami parameter (m), the scaling parameter (Ω) andthe probability density function. These results have beencompared to those obtained by using Field II software.


Novel ultrasound contrast agents with a liquid core – (Contributed, 000770)

K. Astafyevaa, W. Urbacha, N. Tsapisb, E. Fattalb, C. Contino-Pepinc and N. TaulieraaUniversite Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Parametrique, UMR CNRS 7623, 15 rue de l’ecole de medecine, 75006 Paris,

France; bUniversite Paris-Sud, ; cUniversite d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 33 rue Louis Pasteur, 84000 Avignon, France


We have developed novel nano-Ultrasound ContrastAgents (nUCA) which are highly stable and last severalweeks in solution. They consist of a liquid core filled withperfluorocarbons and the shell which is made either withpolymers or fluorinated surfactants. The chemical struc-ture of this shell can be modified to alter its physicalfeatures. The various physical properties have been ex-perimentally characterized, including UCA radius, shellthickness, densities and adiabatic compressibilities of theagents. The relationship between these physical charac-teristics of our nUCA and their ultrasonic properties havebeen investigated. In this research ultrasound backscat-

tering was performed in vitro measurements and simu-lations using ultrasound waves at 5 and 50 MHz. Alsoultrasound attenuation measurements were carried out ina wide range of frequencies (from 3 to 100 MHz). Using acommercial echograph, we checked in mice that our agentsinduce a significant enhancement in the backscattered sig-nal. Model drugs have been successfully encapsulated intoour agents, which can also be functionalised with a RGDpeptide to target angiogenesis. The destruction of some ofour agents has been achieved using a high ultrasonic field,thus they can be used not only for ultrasound imaging,but also as drug carriers for therapeutic applications.


Tue-Frid Grande Halle SP - Sound perception (Poster session)

Subjective assessments of spherical microphone arrays - Paired comparisons of two arrays designedusing different microphone models – (Contributed, 000101)

V. Koehla, M. Paquiera and S. Delikaris-ManiasbaUniversite de Bretagne Occidentale, 6, avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France; bEcole Nationale

d’Ingenieurs de Brest - CERV, 25, rue Claude Chappe, BP 38, 29280 Plouzane, France


Microphone arrays are commonly used to capture soundfields. As the number of sensors forming the array in-creases, the spatial sampling accuracy at high frequenciesimproves. Numerous prototypes of spherical arrays weredeveloped over the last years. However, much less atten-tion has been paid to the intrinsic performances of the sen-sors than to their number and arrangement. This studyaims at evaluating the relative performances of two rigidspherical microphone arrays of the exact same size dif-fering only in their capsules (pressure sensors). The tworecording systems are based on higher order ambisonicsand were used to acquire the exact same sound scene. Four

short music excerpts were decoded as various types of au-dio content (mono, stereo and multichannel) and displayedthrough dedicated loudspeaker setups. The recordings is-sued by the two arrays were then to be compared by pairs,on a similarity basis and on a preference one, by twelveexpert listeners (sound engineering students). The resultsshowed that the perceived differences and preferences de-pended on the way stimuli were rendered. These assess-ments were consistent with those obtained from naıve lis-teners in a previous study, although experts perceived sig-nificantly better the differences and reported more pro-nounced preferences.


Spatial localization of sounds with hearing protection devices allowing speech communication – (Contributed,

000130)

V. Zimpfera, D. Sarafianb, K. Bucka and P. Hamerya

aInstitut franco-allemand de recherches de Saint-Louis, 5 rue du General Cassagnou, BP 70034, 68300 SAINT-LOUIS - France;bInstitut de Recherche Biomedicale des Armees, BP 73, 91223 Bretigny Sur Orge, France


Level-dependent hearing protection devices protect the earagainst harmful noise exposure, like impulse noise withhigh peak pressure levels, but allow unaltered perceptionof the quiet acoustic environment. Using this type ofprotection, speech communication is possible. For thesehearing protection devices (HPDs) two principles exist:1) passive systems (like nonlinear earplugs) and 2) activesystems (talk-through systems) using electronics for thereproduction of the acoustic environment. The goal of

this study is to quantify the degradation of spatial per-ception when these protections are worn. To which levelis the localization still possible? Tests are realized in or-der to estimate the localization errors of sound in spacewith and without wearing level-dependent HPDs. Differ-ent kinds of protectors have been used. These tests showthat the use of one of these HPDs impedes on the spa-tial perception: confusions between top-down as well asbetween in front-back perception.


Efficiency of loudness models for the evaluation of airplane cockpit noise comfort – (Contributed, 000214)

E. Parizeta, Y. Padayashia and O. Colleryb

aLaboratoire Vibrations Acoustique INSA Lyon, 25 bis avenue Jean Capelle, Villeurbanne, F-69621 Lyon, France; bAirbus Operation

SAS, 316 route de Bayonne, 31060 Toulouse, France


Aircraft interior noise is a major design stake with respectto airline requirements for passenger and crew comfort.The focus was put here on cockpit noise. The goal of thisstudy was to evaluate unpleasantness of such sounds andto propose metrics for its prediction. Six sounds recordedin various airplanes were used; one of them was modifiedin order to reduce the level of an emerging low-frequencycomponent, leading to a number of seven stimuli. These

stimuli were used in a pair-comparison experiment in asound-proof booth. 31 listeners participated to the ex-periment. Results could be analysed using a BTL model,which provided an unpleasantness scaling of the stimuli.Unpleasantness was clearly related to loudness; due to thehigh level in the very low frequency bands, A-weightedlevel failed to represent loudness. Two loudness modelswere also used: the ISO-532 one and the ANSI S3.4 one.


It appeared that the former gave better results. It is argued that this is due to the evolution of loudness values inthe low frequency range, which is different between thesetwo models.


COST short term scientific mission: training course on soundscape analysis: soundwalk, recordings,analysis and listening tests – (Contributed, 000313)

P. N. Dokmecia, F. Alettab, M. Frostc, I. Garciad, M. Galuszkae, J. Kocinskie, H. Linf , A. Mundtc, M. Tomasg, K.Genuith and B. Schulte-Fortkampc

aUniversity of Sheffield, School of Architecture, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK; bRi.A.S. Built Environment Control Laboratory, Second

University of Naples, 81031 Aversa, Italy; cTechnical University of Berlin, Einsteinufer st., 10587 Berlin, Germany; dTecnalia, Parque

Tecnologico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain; eInstitute of Acoustics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska Str., 61 614 Poznan,

Poland; fForeign Economic Cooperation Office, Ministry of Env Protection of the People’s Republic of China, 115 Xizhimennei

Nanxiaojie, Xicheng District, 100035 Beijing, China; gAAC Acustica + Lumınica, Parque Tecnologico de Alava, Minano, E-01510

Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; hHEAD Acoustics GmbH, Ebertstr. 30a, 52134 Herzogenrath, Germany


The collaborative and comprehensive work of group-1, who have attended the short term scientific mission(STSM) initiated through COST: Action TD0804, forthe training on soundscape recording and analysis tech-niques is presented. Group-1, was composed of 9 youngresearchers who were trained by experienced researchers.The theoretical part of the training school included firstly,introduction to measurement technology, its theory andpractical use and secondly, the basic analysis of sound bythe conventional indicators and psychoacoustic parame-ters. Practice on field study was accomplished throughsemi-structured interview techniques, and evaluation of

the recorded dialogue by grounded theory. All these the-oretical and practical exercises were followed by a casestudy. The case study was designed as a sound walk on apre-defined route, which was accompanied with binauralrecordings and soundscape evaluation survey. The STSMfor training on the soundscape recording and analysis wasaccomplished through the presentations and discussions ofthe results for the case studies of the groups. The resultsof the recordings and surveys as well as the results of thecomparative lab-listening tests of the recorded sound sam-ples of group-1 are presented and discussed as the majorparts of this study.


On the variations of inter-aural time differences (ITDs) with frequency – (Contributed, 000327)

V. Benichoux, M. Rebillat and R. BretteDpt. d’etudes cognitives, ENS Paris, Ecole Normale Superieure, 29 Rue d’Ulm, 75230 Paris, France


Inter-aural time differences (ITDs) constitute an impor-tant localization cue for azimuth estimation, particularlybelow 1.5 kHz. As a first approximation, it is commonlyassumed that ITDs do not depend on frequency. Neverthe-less, Kuhn (JASA, 1977) shows theoretically and experi-mentally that due to diffraction effects around the head,ITDs depend on frequency. Low frequency ITDs shouldthus be 1.5 times greater than high frequency ones. Inthis paper, different classical tools that can be adapted to

compute the ITD variations with frequency are described:onset time differences, maximum of the cross correlation,and phase slope differences. The reliability of each toolregarding ITD computation is assessed on the basis ofhead-related transfer functions (HRTFs) coming from aspherical head model. The effective frequency dependenceof ITDs is finally shown by analyzing real human and an-imal HRTFs.


Noise/Signal: two different listening experiences for deterministic and non deterministic sound stimulus– (Contributed, 000371)

R. C. BorgesUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil



The duality between signal and noise is widely observedin the scientific context of the 20th century. Noise is ret-rospectively associated to nuisance, annoyance, and waseven subjectively defined as a non-signal. Definition, any-way, takes noise away from its original meaning, turns itinto signal and keeps this duality existing through time.This work treats the subject as a matter of perception,more specifically, as a matter of two different listening ex-periences for deterministic and non deterministic soundstimulus. People with trained ears were asked to freelychoose adjectives for pairs of sounds took from a group of:three different probability distributed white noises, a pink

noise, a Brownian noise, a square, a square with aliasingeffect, a sawtooth, and a pure sine wave. Twenty sevenacoustic descriptors were extracted from the samples, fromspectral kurtosis to dissonance level. The results were sub-mitted to factorial analysis for finding the best descriptorswhen separating both groups of sounds, and which phys-ical parameters are correlated to semantic ones. The re-sults points ’granularity/continuity’ as the most successfuladjectives for separating signal from noise, the presence ofa fundamental frequency as a determinant for the distinc-tion, and some correlation between subjective and objec-tive data.


A laboratory study on the evaluation of soundscape – (Contributed, 000374)

A. Ozcevik and Z. Yuksel CanYildiz Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical, University, Besiktas, +90 34349 Istanbul, Turkey


This study is the second part of a research on a new ap-proach for the evaluation of soundscape. In a previous pa-per, a field study of subjective evaluation through a surveyform consisting of two parts (a questionnaire and a seman-tic differential test) was introduced. This part of the studyaims to assess if the subjective evaluation of soundscapesin laboratory environment is consistent with the data ob-tained from the field study. The research has three steps;preparing the recordings, calculating the sound qualitymetrics, and realizing the laboratory study. The soundrecordings are obtained by the soundwalk method at theprevious areas. The original recordings, which lasted ap-

proximately 15 minutes, are edited to reduce the durationto 5 minutes to suit the laboratory tests. Sound qual-ity metrics; loudness, sharpness, fluctuation strength androughness, are chosen accordingly to both the pilot studyand the soundscape literature. The laboratory study con-sisted of jury tests and listening tests. Data held fromthe laboratory study is statistically analyzed to attain thesubjective evaluation of soundscapes. The information ob-tained from this study will be used in the next stage whichis the comparative analysis between the field and the lab-oratory studies.


Spatial audio quality in regard to 3D video – (Contributed, 000502)

S. Moulin, R. Nicol and L. GrosFrance Telecom - Orange Labs, FT/OLNC/RD/TECH/OPERA/TPS, 2 Av. Pierre Marzin, 22300 Lannion, France


3D movies provide an improved immersion in terms of vi-sual perception. As for the associate audio channels, mostof them are mixed for the conventional format of ”mul-tichannel 5.1ı. It should be considered that today thereare various ways of listening to 5.1 audio content, eitherover loudspeaker arrays (for instance ITU standard 5.1set-up), or over headphones. Recently sound projectorswere introduced, in order to render surround sound withcompact equipments. The choice of the solution to render

multichannel audio has obviously an impact on the per-ceived quality of the sound. In addition, this latter willalso depend on whether a visual content is presented incombination with the audio content. This paper will re-examine these issues in the new context of 3D video. Theperceived quality of the spatial sound will be assessed bya listening test for a set of audiovisual excerpts of a 3Dmovie.


Motor noise influence on acceleration perception in a dynamic driving simulator – (Contributed, 000598)

J.-F. Sciabicaa, V. Roussarieb, S. Ystada and R. Kronland-MartinetaaLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20; bPSA Peugeot Citroen, route de

Gizy, DRIA/DSTF VV1402, 78943 Velizy Villacoublay Cedex, France



Automotive acoustic is living a revolution due to newpower train introduction. Interior car noise is now de-signed, offering fresh perspective in terms of sound am-biance. For 4-cylinders car, interior car noise can soundmore expressive in order to increase sensation by motor or-ganic modification. Our goal is indeed to conceive interiorcar sound which is well fitted with car dynamic. This ex-perience studies the relation between acoustic perception

and motion perception in a dynamic driving simulator.We test motor noise influence on the car perceived powerduring an acceleration by modifying motor noise loudnessand brigthness. Subjects sit in passenger side three differ-ent accelerations are reproduced in the driving simulator.We show that car perceived power increased with loudnesswhereas brightness doesn’t have an impact.


Discrimination thresholds of the reverberation in large volumes by naıve listeners – (Contributed, 000642)

A. Billona and J.-J. EmbrechtsbaLaboratoire d’Etude des Phenomenes de Transfert et de l’Instantaneite : Agro-industrie et Batiment, Batiment Fourier Avenue Michel

Crepeau F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 1; bUniversity of Liege - Acoustics Labo, Campus du Sart-Tilman, B28, B-4000 Liege 1, Belgium


Reverberation is one of the main perceptual dimensions al-lowing to rate and to discriminate the acoustics of rooms.Several studies concerning its perceptive threshold havebeen carried out previously. The resulting threshold val-ues are somewhat scattered, varying between 4% and morethan 20%. These studies differ in terms of sound stim-uli, length of the reverberation, experiment design andexperience of the subjects. In this study, a compari-son and an adjustment experiments were carried out us-ing three sound stimuli: white noise, male spoken wordsand an orchestral extract. The room impulse responses

used in these comparisons are characterized by frequency-dependent decays. The reverberation time at 1000Hz ofthe mean impulse response was 1,89s which is represen-tative of a medium size concert hall. The subjects werestudents with half of them playing a musical instrumentregularly. They had no prior experience in terms of per-ceptual audio testing. A differentiation threshold around10% is obtained, varying slightly with the experimentalconditions and the sound stimuli. The thresholds obtainedfor speech signals were lower of about 2% than those ob-tained for white noise and the orchestral piece of music.


Distance perception of recorded instruments in virtual monitoring environments – (Contributed, 000659)

F. Georgioua and B. Fazendab

aUniversity of Salford, Newton Building G11, University of Salford, M5 4WT Manchester, UK; bUniversity of Salford, Newton Building

N118, University of Salford, M5 4WT Manchester, UK


Accurate distance perception in virtual audio systems isvery important and during the last decade there has beenan increased interest in this research area. In this researchpaper we investigate the effects of the different types ofmusic stimulus on the perception of distance and how wellmodelled BRIRs simulate distance perception comparedto measured ones. The BRIR were measured on a smalland medium sized room. BRIR were generated for iden-tical conditions modelled through a hybrid image source

model with exponentially decaying noise for the simula-tion of late reverberation. Two subjective tests were con-ducted. In the first five musical instrument samples wereconvolved with the measured and modelled BRIR in or-der to observe their effect on distance perception. On thesecond test, the efficiency of the modelled BRIR was inves-tigated by doing a direct comparison with the measuredBRIR.


Timbre description of the sound of air-treatment systems for predicting acoustic comfort – (Contributed,

000742)

A. Minarda, A. Billonb, B. Goujardb, B. Robina, F. Fourniera, J.-J. Embrechtsc and A. SakoutbaCIAT, avenue Jean Falconnier, 01350 Culoz, France; bLaboratoire d’Etude des Phenomenes de Transfert et de l’Instantaneite :

Agro-industrie et Batiment, Batiment Fourier Avenue Michel Crepeau F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 1; cUniversity of Liege - Acoustics

Labo, Campus du Sart-Tilman, B28, B-4000 Liege 1, Belgium



This study aims at defining reliable acoustic cues for themeasure, characterization and prediction of the acousticcomfort of air-treatment systems (ATS). To meet cus-tomers’ expectations, industrial products tend increas-ingly to follow a process of ”sound design”. In this pro-cess, the perceptual evaluation of sound quality is a neces-sary step to define acoustic specifications. In this context,this study aims at defining the main perceptual attributesof the sound of air-treatment systems in order to predictusers’ preferences. The timbre space of a sound dataset ex-

tracted from a large recording database was thus identifiedthrough a similarity experiment where participants wereasked to rate the resemblance between each pair of sounds.The results of this experiment were analyzed with a Mul-tidimensional Scaling (MDS) method in order to extractthe main perceptual attributes. Finally, these attributeswere linked to relevant audio features through a regressionmethod in order to define a reliable computable metric ofacoustic comfort. This study was conducted through theVaicteur Air2 project supported by OSEO.


Perceptual differences between sounds produced by different continuous interactions – (Contributed,

000773)

S. Conan, M. Aramaki, R. Kronland-Martinet, E. Thoret and S. YstadLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20


The presented study is part of a general framework consist-ing in designing an intuitive control strategy of a genericsynthesis model simulating continuous interaction soundssuch as scraping, sliding, rolling or rubbing. For that pur-pose, we need to identify perceptually relevant signal prop-erties mediating the recognition of such sound categories.Some studies tend to suggest the existence of acoustic fea-tures related to velocity or periodic modulations but, toour knowledge, the auditory distinction between these in-teractions is still not well-known and no formal investiga-tions have been conducted so far.

This study aimed at presenting a perceptual evaluationmethod, with brings to the light the differences betweenthese interaction sounds. Such sounds were synthesizedbased on existing models and a morphing procedure be-tween these sound categories was used to create interme-diate sounds. Then, sounds were evaluated by subjects ina categorization task. Analyses of data revealed charac-teristic signal morphologies associated to each interactionsound category, thereby useful for the design of intuitivecontrol of the generic synthesis model.

Tue 8:00 Lord RAYLEIGH Keynote lecture: Pr. Daniel Juve

Aeroacoustics: convergence between direct computations and experiments – (000859)

D. JuveLMFA Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36, avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France


Recent evolutions of numerical methods and of experimen-tal techniques used for the characterization of sound gen-erated by flows will be reviewed. In the flow region it isnow possible to obtain a rather complete view of the time-evolution of turbulent structures using Time Resolved Par-ticle Image Velocimetry; this type of information is verysimilar to what can be computed by Large Eddy Simu-lations. In that sense there is a convergence between ex-perimental and numerical approaches and common post-processing tools can be used to obtain some informationon the physics of flow noise. However each approach hasits own strengths and deficiencies; for example numerical

simulations are limited to relatively low Reynolds numbersand conclusions drawn in these conditions are sometimesdangerous to extrapolate to real -high Reynolds number-configurations. On the other hand experimental data inthe acoustic field are relatively sparse due to the smallnumber of sensors available whereas complete informationis easily obtained from numerical simulations. The com-bined used of time-resolved experimental and numericaldata on the same configurations is therefore an avenue forprogressing toward the understanding of noise generationprocess and the development of noise reduction strategies.

Tue 8:00 Paul LANGEVIN Keynote lecture: Pr. Yiu Wai Lam

Time domain modelling of room acoustics – (000864)

Y.W. Lam and J. HargreavesUniversity of Salford, School of Computing, Science and Engineering, M5 4WT Salford, UK



Time domain modelling offers many advantages for roomacoustics investigations. It directly generates the room’simpulse response which is an important piece of infor-mation for acoustic quality assessment. It is efficient forbroadband calculations over a short time duration. Themost common room acoustics modelling method is cur-rently based on geometrical room acoustics in the timedomain. It is efficient and provides practical approxima-tions. However, its accuracy is ultimately limited by itsapproximation of wave behaviours. Wave based models,which are more accurate but expensive, have been gaininginterests due to more efficient numerical schemes. One ex-

ample is the finite difference time domain method. Thispaper gives some examples of developments in this methodfor room acoustics. Another example is the time domainboundary element method. Although it is harder to im-plement, it has an advantage that a change in source orroom does not require complete recalculation of the inter-action matrix. This is useful for time variant simulation orauralisation. Here we also introduces the concept of ewavematching’, and see if it has the potential to be developedinto a new, efficient time domain wave based modellingmethod.

Tue 9:00 Ray STEPHENS EN-S05: Wind turbine noise

Wind turbine amplitude modulation: research to improve understanding as to its cause & effect –(Contributed, 000699)

M. M. Canda, A. J. Bullmorea, M. Smithb, S. Von-Hunerbeinc and R. DavisdaHoare Lea Acoustics, 140 Aztec West Business Park, Almondsbury, BS32 4TX Bristol, UK; bInstitute of Sound and Vibration

Research, University of Southampton, University Road, S017 1B Southampton, UK; cAcoustics Research Centre, University of Salford,

Salford, M5 4WT Greater Manchester, UK; dRobert Davis Associates, The Holt, Upper Timsbury, SO51 0NU Romsey, UK


The issue of amplitude modulated noise (often referred toas eblade swish’ or eAM’) arising from the operation ofwind turbines is presently receiving a high focus of at-tention. Whilst the acceptability of audible noise fromwind turbines continues to be the subject of considerabledebate, the specific issue of AM has come to the fore inrecent years.The issue of AM is not a new one, having been the subjectof a previous study undertaken on behalf of the UK Gov-ernment by the University of Salford in 2007. That study

was initiated following complaints of what was believed tobe problematic levels of low frequency noise arising froma limited number of operational wind farms.

A research project has been underway to improve under-standing of the phenomenon, and develop an objectivemethod for quantifying levels of AM and provide a well-defined dose-response relationship. This paper will discussthe results of this research. The project is 100% fundedby RenewableUK.


Estimation of uncertainties due to the wind-induced noise in a screened microphone – (Contributed,

000607)

D. EcotiereLaboratoire Regional des Ponts et Chaussees de Strasbourg, 11 rue Jean Mentelin, 67035 Strasbourg, France


An outdoor sound measurement can be influenced by thenoise induced by the wind at a screened microphone. Thisnoise originates from turbulences that come from the di-rect interaction between the wind and the wind screen,as well as those generated by the interaction between thewind and the surrounding surfaces, specially the ground.The wind noise contribution introduces a bias in the mea-surement results which depends on the noise source, the

wind speed, and other parameters such as the groundroughness length or the atmospheric stability for exam-ple. We present here an estimation of this bias, as well asthe uncertainties associated to this bias coming from someinput parameters. These estimations were obtained usingsome Monte Carlo simulations and a wind-induced noisemodel (van den Berg, 2006). Some practical applicationsare also presented.


Mechanisms of amplitude modulation in wind turbine noise – (Contributed, 000731)

M. Smitha, A. J. Bullmoreb, M. M. Candb and R. DaviscaInstitute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, University Road, S017 1B Southampton, UK; bHoare Lea

Acoustics, 140 Aztec West Business Park, Almondsbury, BS32 4TX Bristol, UK; cRobert Davis Associates, The Holt, Upper Timsbury,


SO51 0NU Romsey, UK


The noise produced by wind turbines is inherently timevarying. This amplitude modulation is normally due tothe directivity of the dominant trailing edge noise sourcescombined with the changing position and orientation ofthe rotating blades. In some circumstances the level andcharacter of the amplitude modulation is altered and thispaper outlines results from a Renewable UK funded re-

search programme into the possible causes. Besides thevariability of the normal trailing edge noise mechanism,other factors investigated include the possibility of bladestall or increased levels of inflow turbulence under somewind conditions combined with various propagation fac-tors such as the effect of wind gradients and atmosphericabsorption.

Tue 9:00 Pierre CHAVASSE MI-S01: Signal processing for nonlinear NDT and biomedical imaging

Nonlinear ultrasound parameter measurement for clay suspended particles characterization – (Contributed,

000824)

H. Jakjoud, A. Chitnalah, N. Aouzale and H. SoucratiLaboratory of Electrical Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco


Finite amplitude insert substitution method is used tomeasure the nonlinear ultrasound parameter in clay par-ticles suspended in water. The analytical expressions ofthe fundamental and the second harmonic are obtainedby integrating the KZK equation in multilayer structureusing the quasi-linear assumption and a set of Gaussianbeams. In order to validate the technique, measurementsare performed in methanol and Glycerol. The results fitwell with literature ones. Then we used this technique to

investigat a sample of water with clay particles. The sam-ple is filled out into a slice layer and inserted into a wellknown medium orthogonally to the propagation direction.The concentration of particles ranges from 10g/l to 50g/l.The celerity, the absorption and the nonlinear coefficientare measured. We noted that the nonlinear ultrasound pa-rameter shows a linear variation within the clay’s particlesconcentration and it shows a good sensibility.


The application of the factor analysis to the studies of the nonlinear dynamic elasticity – (Contributed,

000011)

V. Tsaplev and P. GrushevskyNorth-West State Technical University, 5, Millionnaya Street, Department of Physics, 191186 Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation


The application of the factor analysis to the studies ofthe nonlinear elasticity of the piezoceramic materials ispresented. All physical properties of these materials arestrongly nonlinear dielectric, elastic and unelastic. More-over, all these properties manifest creep. Simultaneousmeasurements of all these characteristics are very laborand time consuming and often even impossible, especially

concerning the second or third-order elastic moduli. Theusage of the factor analysis methods helps to optimize theprocess. The results of the application of these methods tothe study of the titanate-barium and PZT piezoceramicselastic moduli, internal friction and non-stationary creepare presented.


Signal processing for the detection and quantification of the noncollinear nonlinear interaction –(Contributed, 000868)

A. J. Croxford, J. N. Potter and B. DrinkwaterUniversity of Bristol, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Walk, BS8 1TR Bristol, UK


Nonlinear techniques offer great potential for the detec-tion and quantification of early stage damage. One suchapproach is the noncollinear technique. This relies on the

interaction of two shear waves in a nonlinear medium lead-ing to the generation of a third wave. The size, mode,frequency and wave vector of this wave is dependent on


the input parameters and the nature of the nonlinearitypresent in the material. This paper looks at how signalprocessing and careful selection of operating conditionscan be used to ensure the maximum resolution of this non-linear signal. Specifically how different input frequenciescan be used to aid the measurement of the nonlinear sig-nal, and how changing the input signal can be used tosteer the beam to obtain spatial information. These fac-

tors combine to make the final post capture signal process-ing more straightforward and result in a relatively simplenonlinear measurement that can be readily resolved fromthe background noise. The paper describes both an ana-lytical study of how the noncollinear measurement is madeand an experimental validation of the conclusions and therelevant signal processing techniques.


Application of coded transmission technique to Ultrasonic Computed Tomography of soft tissues –(Contributed, 000108)

P. Lasaygues, J. Rouyer and S. MensahLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20


Ultrasonic Computed Tomography (UCT) is an ultrasonicimaging modality of soft tissues. The main performanceof the UCT is to improve the image resolution by elimi-nating unwanted noise, and/or wave interference such asspeckle. When an acoustical properties contrast exists be-tween the material and the mean medium, such as micro-calcification under soft tissues for example, the presence ofsome physical phenomena generates complex signals con-sisting of several packets with different signatures, whichit is often difficult to interpret in terms of wave path, interms of depth-dependencies, or in terms of reflectivity,velocity or attenuation. To improve the quality of the to-

mogram, several approaches have been used so far; suchas filtering or deconvolution, which may be sophisticatedand unstable. An alternative methods is to consider thewaveform generated by the array, and propagating in thereference medium before the scatterer, and in particularmethods based on a coded waveforms, which make it possi-ble to process the local, and much more global informationavailable in terms of frequency and time parameters. Inthis work, the Golay coded excitations are performed asprocessing tools, before tomographic image reconstructionto increase the signal-to-noise ratio and the depth inspec-tion of soft tissues.


Non contact acoustic exploration method for concrete using SLDV and LRAD – (Contributed, 000069)

T. Sugimotoa, R. Akamatsua, N. Utagawab and S. Tsujinob

aToin Univ. of Yokohama, 1614, Kurogane-cho, Aoba-ku, 225-8503 Yokohama, Japan; bSato Kogyo Co., Ltd., 4-12-19, Nihonbashi-

honcho, Chuo-ku, 103-8639 Tokyo, Japan


The hammering test is a representative method in inspec-tion for cavities and delaminations at shallow area of con-crete surface. Although this method is used widely be-cause it is not expensive, efficiency of the defect-judginglargely depends on the tester’s experience and long mea-surement time is necessary for wide area inspection. Othermethods have been developed, however, it is necessaryto contact or approach to the inspection object duringa measurement. Therefore, we propose a new non-contactacoustic imaging method for nondestructive inspection us-ing scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (SLDV) and longrange acoustic device (LRAD). In this method, Surface

vibration, which is generated by air borne sound, is mea-sured using SLDV. This time, the styrofoam board wasburied at shallow depth in the concrete are used as a sub-stitute of a cavity in the concrete. As an experimentalresult, a styrofoam board is clearly imaged by the vibra-tion velocity of the concrete surface. Furthermore, weconfirmed that our proposed method can apply even 10m away distance, and the measurement distance is aboutwithin 20 m under the present conditions. It means thatthe non destructive inspection for concrete from a longdistance is possible.


Small calcification depiction in ultrasonography using correlation technique for breast cancer screening– (Contributed, 000417)

H. Taki, T. Sakamoto, M. Yamakawa, T. Shiina and T. SatoKyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan, 606-8501 Osaka, Japan



In breast cancer screening mammography plays the pri-mary role to depict small calcifications that accompanycancers; however, it involves exposure to ionizing radia-tion, and it is not effective in younger women for detectingcancers in the pre-menopausal breast. In order to realizethe breast cancer screening without radiation exposure forall people including young women, we have proposed an ul-trasound calcification depiction method employing corre-lation technique. Since a calcification has a large acousticimpedance mismatch to soft tissue, it is supposed that the

waveform of an ultrasound pulse changes at the positionof the calcification. The method utilizes the deteriorationin the cross-correlation between adjacent scan lines causedby the waveform change. In this study, we investigate theperformance of the method in the condition close to a clin-ical environment. The result shows that the method hasthe potential to depict small calcifications without acous-tic shadowing, indicating the capability of the method toimprove the sensitivity of ultrasonography in small calci-fication detection.


Research & Medical Doppler platform – (Contributed, 000444)

M. Lewandowskia, M. Walczaka, P. Karwata, B. Witeka, A. Nowickia and P. KarÃlowiczb

aInstitute of Fundamental Technological Research PAS, Pawinskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; bSonomed, Pruszkowska 4d, 02-118

Warsaw, Poland


A new ultrasound digital transcranial Doppler system(digiTDS) is introduced. The digiTDS enables the diagno-sis of intracranial vessels and the assessment of the bloodflow. The device can display a color map of flow velocitiesin time-depth domain and a spectrogram of Doppler signalobtained at a selected depth. The system offers the multi-gate processing which allows to display simultaneously anumber of spectrograms and to reconstruct a flow veloc-ity profile. The digital signal processing in the digiTDSis divided between hardware and software. The hardwarepart, based on the FPGA, executes a signal demodulation

and reduces the data stream. The software part, executedon the PC, performs the Doppler processing and the vi-sualization. The hardware-software partitioning enablesbuilding of a flexible Doppler platform at a relatively lowcost. The detailed description of the system internals andthe algorithm optimization are presented. The digiTDS isa new useful tool for transcranial applications as well asin general Doppler research. Its design fulfills all requiredmedical standards, so it can be used both in laboratoryand clinical practice.

Tue 9:00 Paul LANGEVIN NV-S11: Numerical methods in vibroacoustics

Numerical simulation of noise generated by multi asperity contact between rough surfaces – (Contributed,

000489)

V.H. Dang, A. Le Bot and J. Perret LiaudetLaboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systemes, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex


The friction between heterogeneous, rough and complexsurfaces induces vibration in the solids and radiates noisein the surrounding media. In this study, we propose anumerical approach based on a modal development to es-timate the statistical properties of local dynamics whichcannot be obtained by experiments. The approach con-sists in three algorithms: the contact detection, the cal-culation of contact forces and the time integration of the

governing equations. The validation of the method is thendiscussed by comparison with the finite element softwareAbaqus and some experimental results. The calculationresults show that noise is an increasing function of thesurface roughness and sliding speed. The basic mecha-nism responsible of noise is asperity shocks occurring atthe interface that convert a part of the kinetic energy ofthe sliding solid into acoustical energy.


Static correction of acoustic models with application to vibro-acoustic coupling – (Contributed, 000679)

J.-M. Lagachea and S. AssafbaPSA Peugeot - Citroen, Centre Technique de la Garenne Colombes Case courrier LG098 18, rue des Fauvelles 92256 La Garenne

Colombes cedex; bESTACA, 34 rue Victor Hugo, 92532 Levallois Perret Cedex, France



A direct determination of modal remainders in truncatedmodal series, in structural or acoustic analyses, has beenrecently proposed by the authors, leading to explicit ex-pressions of the response of a free-floating mechanical sys-tem or of an acoustic cavity, by ”acceleratedı modal for-mulae including static terms and accelerated modal series.The general method,- termed ”Method of Orthocomple-mentı,- will be recalled in the paper, especially the pseudo-inversion techniques required by the singular static terms.Since the coupling of an acoustic cavity results from the

reduction of the acoustic dynamic stiffness, inv(H - Qw2),to generalized degrees of freedom defined by the couplingmatrix, it will be shown that applying the preceding for-mulae leads to two possible vibro-acoustic methods: (1) alow frequency method based on the algebraic computationof static terms, which delivers the added stiffness and massmatrices to be used from the Helmholtz 0Hz frequency tothe first non-zero acoustic frequency; (2) a general methodwhere the static terms are complemented by a reasonablenumber of cavity modes.


Prediction of acoustic pressure in an enclosed space by numerical means – (Contributed, 000655)

O. Demirkan and M. CalıskanMiddle East Technical University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 06800 Ankara, Turkey


In this study, acoustic pressure inside an enclosed domainis investigated at low frequency region. The acoustic re-sponse due to a monopole inside a rigid walled rectangu-lar cavity is predicted. The acoustic domain is analysedby using the finite element method (FEM) and boundaryelement method (BEM). The results are then comparedwith an analytical model. These widely used methods in

acoustic analysis are evaluated on the basis of inherintdrawbacks and advantages. The mesh sizes and compu-tational time are also discussed. Moreover, the acousticpressure response of rigid walled cavity backed by an elas-tic plate is studied using FEM and BEM. Computationalresults are comparatively evaluated.


Transmission Loss trim FEM simulation of lightweight automotive dashboard insulators with consid-eration of the instrument panel – (Contributed, 000201)

L. Dejaegera, J.-F. Rondeaua, P. Chanudetb and B. Auffrayb

aFaurecia Interior Systems, Centre R&D, BP 13, Route de Villemontry, 08210 Mouzon, France; bPSA, Route de Gisy, 78943 Velizy

Villacoublay Cedex, France


In previous studies, good correlation results betweenTransmission Loss measurements and Transmission LossFEM simulations on dashboard or floor insulators wereobtained. Regarding dashboard insulators, those workswere done without considering the Instrument Panel. Theweight reduction strong trend in vehicles design impactsobviously the noise treatments. In order to ensure anequivalent noise reduction performance, a way to proceedis, for example, to reduce the heavy layer (septum) weightand to compensate the loss of insulation by adding an ab-sorption layer.Without taking into account the absorption and maskingeffects linked to the presence of the Instrument Panel the

overall insulation performances of the front vehicle unit arenot properly estimated. In this paper, a numerical studydealing with Transmission Loss simulation of a dashboardinsulator with consideration of the Instrument Panel in-cluding absorbing felts was carried out in order to predictthe insulation performances of a complete front vehicleunit.In this numerical study, weight localization on dashboardinsulators was optimized in order to improve noise reduc-tion performances for airborne and structureborne noiseexcitation in the middle frequency range. Finally a rank-ing, between all studied solutions, from pure absorbingsystems to highly insulating noise treatments is presented.


Recent developments in Code Aster to compute FRF and modes of VEM with frequency dependentproperties – (Contributed, 000356)

N. Merlettea, E. Pagnaccob and A. LadierbaTANGENT’DELTA, 1 rue Adolphe Robert, 58200 Cosne Sur Loire, France; bLaboratoire de Mecanique de Rouen, INSA de Rouen,

Avenue de l’Universite, 76800 Saint Etienne Du Rouvray, France



ViscoElastic Materials (VEM) are intensively used to solveNVH issues. Damping pads and anti flutter products re-duce the structure borne noise. Sealants and absorbingmaterials prevent the air borne transmission. Adhesivesare common solutions to assemble parts. Whereas VEMare well known, the finite element analysis of their dy-namic behavior is not straightforward. Most of the time,the use of a computer aided engineering software requiresto simplify VEM as standard elastic materials. This sim-plification is not always the obvious thing to do and maylead to inaccurate results. The paper tackles the way how

advanced capabilities are introduced in Code Aster to takeinto account frequency dependent properties of VEM. Thecomputing of frequency response functions and modes ofvibration (real or complex) is addressed. Having frequencydependent modes is a step forward for the modal projec-tion method and for the model updating with an experi-mental modal basis as a reference. The new capabilitiesare then compared with the standard approaches in thecase of an automotive windshield. Two VEM are consid-ered: the windshield bonding and the polyvinylbutyral ofthe laminated glass.


Reduced order model for noise and vibration attenuation of water immersed viscoelastic sandwichstructures – (Contributed, 000243)

L. Rouleaua, J.-F. Deua, A. Legaya, J.-F. Sigristb and P. Marin-Curtoudc

aLaboratoire de Mecanique des Structures et des Systemes Couples, 292, rue Saint Martin 75141 Paris Cedex 03; bDepartement

Dynamique des Structures, CESMAN, DCNS research, Indret, 44620 La Montagne, France; cDGA Techniques Navales, BP 40915,

83050 Toulon Cedex, France


The structural optimisation of structures with constrainedviscoelastic layers is a major issue in the conception of sub-marines, to assure stealthiness performances. This workproposes reduction methods to solve the system composedof a sandwich structure with a viscoelastic core coupled tofluids in the frequency domain. The first one consists indevelopping added mass operators to take into account

the fluid. The second one is the combination of modalprojection and iterative methods to evaluate the reducedproblem and estimate the dissipative energy in view ofoptimization. This numerical strategy is applied to theresponse of a bidimensional sandwich ring coupled to in-ternal and external fluids and extended to a tridimensionalstructure.


Numerical transmission loss calculations for perforated dissipative mufflers containing heterogeneousmaterial and mean flow – (Contributed, 000096)

A. G. Antebasa, F. D. Deniab, E. M. Sanchez-Orgazb and F. J. FuenmayorbaCTAG (Centro Tecnologico de Automocion de Galicia), Polıgono Industrial A Granxa, Calle A, parcelas 249-250, 36400 Porrino

(pontevedra), Spain; bCentro de Investigacion de Tecnologıa de Vehıculos, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n,

46022 Valencia, Spain


In this work, a finite element approach has been developedto study the acoustic behaviour of perforated dissipativemufflers with heterogeneous absorbent material and thepresence of mean flow. The heterogeneous properties canappear, for example, during the manufacturing processesof the dissipative muffler or due to the flow of soot parti-cles within the absorbent material. A uniform mean flowis considered within the central passage and a perforatedduct separates this flow from the outer dissipative cham-ber. First, the finite element method is applied to the waveequation for a stationary non-homogeneous medium (outerchamber) and a moving homogeneous medium (central

passage). The absorbent material is characterized as anequivalent fluid, by means of its complex density and speedof sound. To introduce the variations of these propertieswithin the material, a coordinate-dependent function isproposed for the filling density. This yields a heteroge-neous resistivity, which produces spatial modifications ofthe equivalent properties. The acoustic impedance of theperforated duct has been also modified to include the het-erogeneous properties of the dissipative medium. Finally,the effect of the mean flow Mach number, filling densityand porosity of the perforated duct on the acoustic atten-uation of the muffler is studied.

Tue 9:00 Francois CANAC PU-S11: Geophysics and seismics

Laboratory benchmarks vs. Synthetic modeling of seismic wave propagation in complex environments(BENCHIE Project) – (Contributed, 000194)


N. Favretto-Cristinia, P. Cristinia, D. Komatitscha, B. Ursinb, A. Tantserevab and A. M. Aizenbergc

aCNRS-LMA, 31 chemin Joseph-Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, France; bNTNU Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geo-

physics, S.P.Andersens v. 15A, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; cInstitute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics SB RAS, Pr.Ac.Koptyug

3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation


Accurate simulations of seismic wave propagation in com-plex geological structures with great and rapid variationsof topography are of primary interest for environmental& industrial applications. Unfortunately, difficulties arisefor such complex environments, due essentially to the exis-tence of shadow zones, head waves, diffractions & edge ef-fects. Usually, methods and codes are tested against “ val-idated ”” ones, but one might wonder which method/codeultimately approaches the “ real ”” solution. An origi-nal approach for seismics is to compare synthetic seismicdata to controlled laboratory data for a well-describedconfiguration, in order to analyze the respective limita-

tions of each method/code. This is one of the objectivesof the BENCHIE project. In this presentation we willpresent some preliminary results provided by both labora-tory experiments conducted in a tank and numerical sim-ulations of wave propagation. The laboratory data havebeen obtained by zero-offset acquisitions at different ul-trasonic frequencies on the Marseille model which is madeup of anticlines, fault and truncated pyramid. The nu-merical results have been obtained by two methods: theSpectral-Element Method and the Tip-Wave Superposi-tion Method.


Surface-wave retrieval from ambient-noise observations using crosscorrelation and multidimensionaldeconvolution – (Invited, 000212)

K. Van Dalen, E. Ruigrok and K. WapenaarDelft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, Netherlands


The crosscorrelation of ambient-noise observations of twodifferent seismic receivers is known to yield an approxi-mation of the Green’s function as if one of the receiverswere a source. We apply this principle to field observa-tions collected at two seismic arrays in southwestern USA:the RISTRA array and the CDROM array. We use es-pecially responses from noise sources lying at the NorthPacific Ocean. We will show results containing clear ev-idence that surface waves can successfully be retrievedfrom these observations in both the single-frequency anddouble-frequency microseism bands.

We will also show the result of multidimensional decon-volution of the retrieved Green’s function by the so-calledpoint-spread function. We compute this function from theambient-noise field to quantify the smearing of the virtualsource in space and time due to the lack of equipartitioningof the noise sources. The deconvolution process is knownto partially correct for this lack of equipartitioning andmight thus increase the accuracy of the retrieved Green’sfunction.


Passive spatio-temporal inverse filter – (Invited, 000054)

T. Gallota, S. Cathelineb, P. Rouxb and M. Campillob

aMassachussetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Ma, 02139-430, USA; bInstitut des Sciences de la

Terre, ISTerre BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France


Green’s functions recovering from ambient noise requirestrong hypothesis, including isotropic distribution of thenoise sources. This ideal distribution is not achieved inmost of the experimental applications, yielding to biasin the Green’s function reconstruction. To minimize thisbias, a spatio-temporal inverse filter is proposed. In this

study, an experimental active seismic dataset is used tocompute a directive noise field. The method is then im-plemented on this controlled dataset. The results indicatethat the passive inverse filter can efficiently compensate forthe noise wavefield directivity by manipulating the spatio-temporal degrees of freedom of a complex wave field.



Feasibility modeling of time-lapse seismic noise interferometry for CO2-monitoring – (Invited, 000338)

A. R. Verdela, J. W. Thorbeckeb and D. S. Draganovb

aTNO Geo Energy, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, Netherlands; bDelft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft,

Netherlands


In ambient noise seismic interferometry for body wave re-trieval, data traces are measured over a long period oftime and correlated with each other to attempt to re-trieve P-wave reflection data that can be interpreted interms of contrasts in elastic subsurface layer properties.It is the intention at TNO Geo Energy to use this tech-nique in a time-lapse application: the monitoring of CO2-migration paths in the subsurface at the demonstrationsite for CO2-sequestration in Ketzin, Germany. The qual-ity of the retrieved reflection data is, among others, de-pendent on the number of noise sources measured duringthe recording time, the source strength distribution, and

the source location distribution. In this paper, we presentmodeling results representing a feasibility study of the uti-lization of ambient noise seismic interferometry for mon-itoring the Ketzin subsurface. We investigate the depen-dence of the results on the variation, with time, of subsur-face elastic layer properties due to injection-induced in-situ CO2-saturation changes. For this purpose, dedicatedfinite-difference modeling software was used that was de-veloped recently at Delft University of Technology. Theoutcome of this study will determine whether the Ketzinfield data could actually be used for application of the am-bient noise interferometry technique for CO2-monitoring.


Friction experiments with elastography: the slow slip and the super-shear regimes – (Contributed, 000840)

S. Cathelinea, S. Latoura, T. Gallotb, C. Voisina, F. Renarda, E. Larosec and M. Campilloa

aInstitut des Sciences de la Terre, ISTerre BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; bMassachussetts Institute of Technology, 77

Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Ma, 02139-430, USA; cISTerre - CNRS, 1381, rue de la piscine, 38400 Saint Martin D’Heres,

France


To get an insight into the processes underlying dynamicfriction that plays an important role in seismic sourcesfor example, we developed a sliding dynamic experimentcoupled to elastography imaging. This experimental setuppermits to observe simultaneously the frictional interfaceand the waves emitted in the bulk during slipping. Weuse soft solids made of hydro-organic gel of PVA, in con-tact with either glass or sandpaper. The huge interest ofsuch soft solids is that ultrasonic waves allows to observein real time the rupture nucleation and propagation, aswell as shear waves themselves inside the medium. We

investigate the friction in two different cases. In the caseof friction on sand paper, links are formed between thegel and the sand paper by local pinning. The breaking ofthese links emits a characteristic wave pattern, and theiroccurrence is related to the local sliding velocity. In a verydifferent way, when the gel slide on a glass surface, withan interlayer of sand grains, the slip occurs as successiverupture events, with a rupture front crossing the wholesurface. We can study then the rupture velocity, and inthe cases of ruptures faster than the shear wave velocity,we observe a Mach cone of shear waves.


Wandering of the modal parameters in existing building: application to structural health monitoring– (Contributed, 000847)

P. GueguenIFSTTAR/ISTerre, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France


Ambient vibrations in building is of increasing interest forapplications in mechanical engineering, civil engineeringand earthquake engineering. With advances in data ac-quisition systems (number of measurement points, con-tinuous recording, low-noise instrument) and advances insignal processing algorithms, further and better studiescan be conducted on civil engineering structures for eval-

uating their modal parameters and their physical proper-ties. This study is focused on long- and short-term vari-ations of frequency and damping in buildings. After abrief overview of the physical meanings and the practi-cal interest for earthquake engineering, some examples areshown. They concerns the transient variations of modalparameters related with non-linear behaviour of the sys-


tem, the permanent decrease of frequency and dampingafter extrem event and the natural wandering of modal pa-rameters, often related to atmospheric conditions. Thesechanges, however, confirms the great stability and con-fidence measurements in buildings using modal analysis.

This information helps to consider the relevancy of anal-ysis of existing monitoring (damage, ageing, and so on)and can better calibrate the mechanical models used forthe analysis of seismic vulnerability of existing structures,and thereby help reduce variability of their estimates.


Benefits of the horizontal component in quantitative imaging of near-surface interfaces with lateralvariations: synthetic model inversion and reduced scale modeling – (Contributed, 000737)

R. Valensia, D. Leparouxa, O. Duranda, F. Bretaudeaub, R. Brossierc and P. Cotea

aIFSTTAR, Route de Bouaye, CS4, 44344 Bouguenais Cedex, France; bInstitut de radioprotection et de surete nucleaire, BP17 92262

Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex; cInstitut des sciences de la Terre, BP 53 38041 Grenoble cedex 9


In near-surface quantitative seismic imaging, the mechan-ical properties of an heterogeneous medium are usuallyinferred from the measure of the normal velocity compo-nent at different locations. In this study, it is proposedto investigate the benefits of measuring also the tangen-tial velocity component. For that purpose, a realistic syn-thetic model is defined and the benefits of each componentare analyzed in the framework of seismic imaging by FullWaveform inversion. The model is a two-layer mediumincluding lateral variations close to the surface and thesynthetic data are generated using a visco-elastic finite el-ements code. An analysis of the information contained for

the different components is carried out and the behavior ofthe inversion algorithm is studied for each component. Toconclude this part, inversion results from inversion strate-gies integrating the two components are presented. Thelast part concerns the experimental modeling facility de-veloped in order to experimentally validate the imagingmethods. This measurement bench reproduces seismicmeasurement configurations at a reduced scale using anultrasonic source and a laser interferometer. This facilityhas already been validated for the case of the measurementof the vertical component, and first experimental resultsof the horizontal component are presented.


Ground motion prediction in los angeles of large M7+ earthquakes on the San Andreas fault using thevirtual source approach – (Invited, 000046)

M. Denollea, G. C. Berozaa, E. M. Dunhama and G. A. Prietob

aStanford University, 397 Panama Mall, Stanford, 94305, USA; bDepartamento de Fısica, Universidad de los Andes, Calle 18A # 1-10

Bloque Ip, Of. 301, Universidad de los Andes, AA 4976 Bogota, Columbia


Predicting ground motion for potential large earthquakesis a key factor in seismic hazard analysis for densely pop-ulated areas. Seismologists turn to physics-based simula-tions that attempt to accurately take into account com-plexity of the source, propagation effects and site response.Our incomplete knowledge of the crustal structure directlyaffects the uncertainties in those simulations.To validate the physics-based approach, we compute theEarth impulse responses combining both ambient seismicfield and coda-wave cross-correlations in a way that pre-serves the amplitude information (elastic and inelastic).To account for more realistic source parameters, we haveto consider the source-depth dependence in the excitation

of surface waves and the radiation pattern of a double-couple source. We estimate those using a Chebyshevspectral collocation method and compute the surface-waveeigenfunctions for a complex 1D crustal structure. We val-idated that the impulse response reproduced well the long-period (4-10s) ground motion for moderate earthquakes inCalifornia.Based on the results, we use a virtual source approach toestimate ground shaking in Los Angeles area for M7+ sce-nario earthquakes on the southern San Andreas Fault. Wecompare the resulting sensitivity of the sedimentary basinto surface waves with that calculated from the physics-based simulations.


Extracting dispersion curve and filtering of acoustic data with wavelet transform – (Contributed, 000481)

H.-P. Valeroa, B. Boseb and S. Aeronc

aSchlumberger, 2-2-1, Fuchinobe, 229-0006 Sagamihara-Shi, Japan; bSchlumberger, 1 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, 02139-1578,


USA; cSchlumberger, 1 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, AK 02139-1578, USA


Dispersion curves of acoustic data carry important infor-mation about the acoustic state of the rock. By dispersioncurves, we refer to the group and phase slowness (recipro-cal of velocity) as a function of frequency. Because suchinformation is critical to quantitatively understand the for-mation properties of rocks there is a need for robust andautomatic method for extracting dispersion curves fromacoustic waves received by an array of receivers to charac-terize the properties of the rocks surrounding a borehole.In this paper we propose an approach to automatically ex-tract the slowness dispersion of acoustic waves received byan array of receivers. The method has been developed in

order to achieve the dispersion extraction without the useof any physical model, but rather exploiting the time fre-quency localization of the propagating mode and the con-tinuity of the dispersion curve as a function of frequency.After the dispersion curve extraction is performed, prop-erties of the continuous wavelet transform allow the re-construction of the mode corresponding to the extracteddispersion curve. This approach can then be done itera-tively to extract various modes propagating across a re-ceiver array. Examples on synthetic and real data will bepresented to illustrate this methodology.

Tue 9:00 Peter BARNETT SP-S02: Sound spatialisation: from the transducer to the listener

Representation of sound fields for audio recording and reproduction – (Invited, 000787)

F. M. Fazia, M. Noisternigb and O. WarusfelbaUniversity of Southampton, Highfield, SO171BJ Southampton, UK; bInstitut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique, 1,

place Igor Stravinsky 75004 Paris


Spherical and circular microphone arrays and loudspeakerarrays are often used for the recording and reproductionof a given sound field. A number of approaches and for-mats are available for the representation of the recordedfield, some of which are more popular among the audioengineering community (B-format, virtual microphones,etc.) whilst other representations are widely used in the

literature on mathematics (generalized Fourier series, sin-gle layer potential, Herglotz wave function, etc.). In thispaper, some of the properties of the various approachesand some of their differences are discussed. The analysisincludes the representation of near-field sources and thechoice of basis functions used for the representation.


Morphoacoustic perturbation analysis: principles and validation – (Contributed, 000616)

A. I. Tew, C. T. Hetherington and J. B. ThorpeUniversity of York, Department of Electronics, Heslington, YO10 5DD York, UK


This paper presents a frequency domain technique for in-vestigating the relationship between acoustic properties ofthe human hearing system and the morphology responsi-ble for creating them. Exploiting reciprocity, the bound-ary element method is applied to determine head-relatedtransfer functions (HRTFs) for various directions and dis-tances from a surface mesh model of a head and pinnae.Small orthogonal surface harmonic deformations are ap-plied to the mesh one at a time and stored in a databasetogether with the resulting, approximately linear, changesto the HRTFs (delta HRTFs). Once the computationallyintensive process of constructing the database has been

completed, identifying the morphological origins of arbi-trary acoustic spectral features is very rapid. A weight foreach database harmonic is determined according to howstrongly its delta HRTF influences the acoustic feature ofinterest. The same weights are then used to sum the cor-responding orthogonal deformations. Regions of high de-formation are chiefly responsible for creating that acousticfeature. The method, which we term morphoacoustic per-turbation analysis, will be described in greater detail andpreliminary results which have been validated by directacoustic measurement will be presented.


Assessment of spatial audio quality based on sound attributes – (Contributed, 000696)

S. Le Bagoussea, M. Paquierb and C. ColomesaaOrange Labs, 4 rue du clos courtel, 35510 Cesson Sevigne, France; bUniversite de Bretagne Occidentale, 6, avenue Victor Le Gorgeu,


CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France


Spatial audio technologies become very important in au-dio broadcast services. But, there is a lack of methods forevaluating spatial audio quality. Standards do not takeinto account spatial dimension of sound and assessmentsare limited to the overall quality particularly in the contextof audio coding. Through different elicitation methods, along list of attributes has been established to character-ize sound but it is difficult to include them in a listeningtest. A previous study aimed at clustering attributes infamilies. Thus 3 families of attributes were highlighted,“timbre”, “space” and “defaults”. The overall quality and

these three families were evaluated in the listening testpresented in this article. The test protocol was based onthe Mushra recommendation. However it included threeanchors specific to each attribute and no reference in or-der to evaluate quality instead of fidelity. The aim of theexperiment described in this paper was to verify the influ-ence of those 3 attributes on the overall quality in a 5.1reproduction system. It results that the defaults attributehas more influence on the overall quality than the timbreand the timbre. Moreover the presentation of the threeattributes on the same interface adds no bias.


Auditory localization and reaching movements in the peripersonal space – (Contributed, 000145)

G. Parseihian and B. F. KatzLIMSI-CNRS, BP 133 Bat 508, 91403 Orsay, France


While numerous studies have examined auditory localiza-tion processes for relatively distant sound sources veryfew were interested in sources within 1m of a listener’shead. This study examines the precision of hand reachingmovement towards an auditory object. An experimentalplatform (semicircle, radius 1m) was constructed with 35small loudspeakers placed under an acoustically transpar-ent grid. This setup was also established in a virtual au-ditory environment using binaural synthesis. Blindfoldedsubjects were seated within the platform at table height.

Stimulus positions consists of seven different azimuth an-gles (-30, 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 degrees) with fivedistances conditions (35, 48 61, 74 and 87 cm). Test pro-tocol consisted of a brief audio stimulus followed by thesubject placing their index finger at the location of thesound object. The current experiment explores the effectof the used hand on the reaching error and comparing theperformance of real sound localization with virtual soundlocalization.


On loudspeaker rendering of auditory distance in higher order Ambisonics – (Invited, 000828)

G. Kearneya, M. Gorzelb and F. Bolandb

aUniversity of York, Department of Theatre, Film and Television, University of York, Baird Lane Heslington (East), YO10 5GB

York, UK; bDepartment of Electronic and Electrical Engineering [Dublin], Trinity College Dublin Dept. of Electronic and Electrical

Engineering Printing House Dublin 2


In this paper we investigate the perceived distance ofsound sources rendered over loudspeaker arrays. We con-sider the perception of sound source distance with sourcesrendered within an array of loudspeakers as well as be-yond the loudspeaker array radius. In particular, we ex-plore this perception with Ambisonic soundfields up to 3rdOrder. Sources are rendered for distances ranging from0.2m to 8m and soundfields are presented over a 16 chan-nel spherical loudspeaker array. 10 subjects are asked togauge the source distance of female speech and pink noisebursts for each Ambisonic order. Test stimuli are createdfrom measurements of 1st order spatial impulse responses

in a reverberant room and their encoding to higher orderspherical harmonic representations using the DirectionalAudio Coding methodology.Analysis of variance of the results demonstrates that theperception of source distance is largely independent of theAmbisonic order and more-so dependent on the monoau-ral cues of level difference and direct-to-reverberant ratio.Sound source distance without reverberation for each spa-tialisation method is also presented for comparison. It isshown for the rendered spatialisation methods, that theperception of distance is more dependent on relative loud-ness and source association than on wavefront curvature.



Perceptual assessment of binaural decoding of first-order ambisonics – (Contributed, 000394)

J. Palacino, R. Nicol, M. Emerit and L. GrosFrance Telecom - Orange Labs, FT/OLNC/RD/TECH/OPERA/TPS, 2 Av. Pierre Marzin, 22300 Lannion, France


The first-order Ambisonics microphone (e.g.Soundfield R©) is a both compact and efficient set-up forspatial audio recording with the benefit of a full 3D spa-tialization. Another advantage is that the signals deliveredby this microphone (i.e. B-Format) can be rendered overheadphones by applying appropriate processing, whileensuring that the 3D spatial information is preserved.With the growing use of personal devices, it should beconsidered that most audio content is listened to overheadphones. Thus first-order Ambisonics recording pro-vides an attractive solution to pick-up 3D audio contentcompatible with headphone reproduction. ”Binaural de-

codingı refers to the processing to adapt B-Format forheadphone rendering (i.e. ”binaural formatı). One solu-tion is based on binaural synthesis of virtual loudspeakers.One promising way to improve the decoding is active pro-cessing which takes information from a pre-analysis of thesound scene, particularly in terms of spatial information.This paper will compare various binaural decoders. Theperceived quality is assessed by a listening test for a set ofaudio excerpts taken from the sound recording of classicalmusic and which includes solo, trio, chorus, applauses andpublic ambience.


From vibration to perception: using Large Multi-Actuator Panels (LaMAPs) to create coherent audio-visual environments – (Invited, 000325)

M. Rebillata, E. Corteelb, B. F. Katzc and X. Boutillond

aDepartement d’etudes cognitives, Ecole Normale Superieure Paris, 29 Rue d’Ulm, 75230 Paris, France; bsonic emotion labs, 42 bis

rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France; cLIMSI-CNRS, BP 133 Bat 508, 91403 Orsay, France; dLaboratoire de Mecanique des Solides,

Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France


Virtual reality aims at providing users with consistentaudio-visual worlds where they would behave and learnas if they were in the real world. In this context, spe-cific acoustic transducers are thus needed in order to ful-fill spatial requirements simultaneously on visual and au-dio rendering and to make them coherent. Large multi-actuator panels (LaMAPs) allow for the combined cre-ation of a screen and of a loudspeaker array, and thusfor the coherent creation of an audio and a visual virtualworlds. They thus constitute an attractive alternative toelectro-dynamical loudspeakers and multi-actuator panels(MAPs), used so far. In this paper, the vibroacoustic be-

havior of LaMAPs is studied and it is shown that LaMAPscan be used as secondary sources for wave field synthe-sis (WFS). The auditory virtual environment created byLaMAPs driven by WFS is then perceptually tested. Aprevious experiment showed that the azimuth of a virtualsource is correctly perceived by users. In the present ex-periment, users have to estimate the egocentric distanceof an audio virtual object by means of triangulated blindwalking. Obtained results indicate that LaMAPs can beconfidently used for the creation of auditory virtual worldsby means of WFS.


Practical 3 dimensional sound reproduction using Wave Field Synthesis, theory and perceptual valida-tion – (Invited, 000330)

E. Corteela, L. Rohrb, X. Falourdb, K.-V. Nguyena and H. Lissekb

asonic emotion labs, 42 bis rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France; bEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IEL LEMA,

1015 Lausanne, Switzerland


Sound field reproduction using Wave Field Synthesis hasbeen so far limited to the positioning of virtual sourcesand listeners in the horizontal plane only. These simpli-fications were originally proposed to reduce the numberof required loudspeakers although the underlying formu-

lation (Kirchhoff-Helmholtz) describes the reproduction of3 dimensional sound fields in a 3 dimensional subspace.The authors propose here a revised formulation of WaveField Synthesis in 3 dimensions that limits the numberof required loudspeakers, allowing for irregular and in-complete loudspeaker layouts. A ”source width controlı


parameter is further proposed to reduce localization blurusing a virtual source dependent loudspeaker selection cri-terion.The proposed approach is finally evaluated in an extendedlistening area. The experiment relies on an elevation local-

ization comparison using individual loudspeakers as tar-gets and 3D WFS (with or without source width control)as pointer on a 24 channels loudspeaker array that coversthe frontal quarter of the upper half of a rectangular room.

Tue 10:20 Yves ROCARD NV-S08: Passive control in vibroacoustics

A wave-based approach to estimate porous material properties – (Invited, 000852)

M. Ichchou, O. Bareille and A. ChettahLaboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systemes, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex


The focus of this paper is the estimation of the acous-tic properties of porous material by reconstructing theacoustic field. The proposed technique first estimates thewavenumber of the acoustic field. The incident and re-flected wave components are then identified through costfunction optimization, and the accuracy of the formu-lation is assessed. The surface impedance and acoustic

absorption are evaluated for a number of porous materi-als. The non-acoustic parameters are thus derived usingan inverse approach. The results show good correlationwhen compared to experiments. Within the framework ofthis study, foams and compound granulates were specifi-cally tested.


On the modelling of the acoustical properties of hemp concrete – (Contributed, 000745)

P. Glea, K. V. Horoshenkovb, E. Gourdona and L. Arnauda

aDepartement Genie Civil et Batiment, Rue Maurice Audin 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin cedex; bUniversity of Bradford, Great Horton Road,

BD7 1DP Bradford, UK


Hemp concrete is an attractive alternative to traditionalmaterials used in building construction. It has a verylow environmental impact and it is characterized by highthermal insulation and sound absorption properties. Theshape of hemp aggregates is parallelepiped and individualparticles in a hemp mix can be organized in a pluralityof ways. As a result, modeling of such material is quitecomplicated. This paper is focused on the fundamentalunderstanding of the relations between the particle shape

and size distribution and the acoustical properties of theresultant material mix. The sound absorption and thetransmission loss of various hemp aggregates is character-ized using laboratory experiments and three theoreticalmodels. These models are used to relate the particle sizedistribution to the pore size distribution. It is shown thatthe pore size distribution is a main characteristic whichcontrols the observed acoustical behavior.


Vibroacoustics of thin micro-perforated sound absorbers – (Contributed, 000029)

C. Maurya, T. Bravob and C. Pinhedea

aEcole Centrale Marseille - LMA, CNRS - LMA, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France; bCentro de Acustica

Aplicada y Evaluacion No Destructiva (CAEND), CSIC - UPM, Serrano 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain


Lightweight Micro-Perforated Panels (MPP) backed by anair cavity constitute compact sound absorbing resonators,mostly efficient in the mid-frequency range, and that maybe constructed using transparent, fibreless and recyclablematerials. These soundproof devices have been intensivelystudied due to their important applications in buildingacoustics and the aeronautic, astronautic and automotiveindustries. However, MPPs have been often consideredas rigid structures. The work presented here is a theo-

retical and experimental study on the influence of panelvibrations on the sound absorption and transmission prop-erties of thin MPPs. Measurements show that the absorp-tion performance generates extra absorption peaks or dipsthat cannot be understood assuming a rigid MPP. A the-oretical framework is presented that exactly accounts forstructural-acoustic interaction between the MPP and thecavity for general cross-sectional shapes and panel bound-ary conditions. This model is validated against experimen-


tal data acquired from impedance tube, laser vibrometricscans of the panels surface and transmission loss measure-

ments. Coupled-mode analysis explains the nature of theobserved spectral peaks for a wide range of perforationratio and cavity depth.


Assessment of the validity of statistical energy analysis and transfer matrix method for the predictionof sound transmission loss through aircraft double-walls – (Contributed, 000309)

B. Campolinaa, N. Atallab and N. Dauchezc

aAirbus Operations SAS, 316 route de Bayonne, Cedex 09, 31060 Toulouse, France; bGroupe d’Acoustique de l’Universite de Sher-

brooke, 2500 Boulevard de l’Universite, Faculte de Genie, Sherbrooke, Canada J1K2R1 QC; cSUPMECA, 3, rue Fernand Hainaut,

93407 Saint Ouen Cedex, France


The accuracy of sound transmission loss (TL) predic-tions of aircraft double-walls using transfer matrix method(TMM) and statistical energy analysis (SEA) is examinedin this paper. The studied system is composed of: (1)a laminate composite skin panel whose critical frequencyis around 4000 Hz, (2) an air gap partially filled with afibrous layer and (3) a sandwich trim panel with criticalfrequency around 2500 Hz. The structure is submitted toa diffuse acoustic field in the frequency range from 100Hz to 10 kHz. A transfer path analysis shows that for

this structure, including a highly-radiating trim with alow critical frequency, the resonant transmission throughthe cavity between panels is dominant over a large fre-quency range. This transmission path is not accountedfor in the TMM formulation, resulting in an overestima-tion of the transmission loss compared to measurementsand SEA computation. On the other hand, for practicalpurposes, both approaches are able to predict the impactin the TL of modifying the parameters of the skin panelfor frequencies below its critical frequency.


The use of ray-tracing method for the prediction of the insertion loss of enclosures – (Contributed,

000247)

N. Trompette and J. ChatillonINRS, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France


Among noise control techniques, enclosures are widelyused. The prediction of their insertion loss is therefore animportant matter. A numerical model was implemented.It uses a ray-tracing method that consists in determiningthe paths of acoustic rays and in evaluating the energyloss along those paths. In our model, the diffraction isneglected and sources in the enclosure are supposed to beomnidirectional. The model allows calculating both theinsertion loss and the acoustic pressure outside the enclo-sure. For the purposes of validation, a campaign of testswas conducted in a semi-anechoic chamber for different

enclosures. Predictions of the global insertion loss and ofthe outside pressures over the whole frequency range [250Hz-4 kHz] were of good accuracy. But the model tends toover-estimate the pressure levels for the lower frequencyband and to under-estimate them for the upper frequencybands. Energetic ray tracing reveals to be a good tool forpredicting global acoustic behavior of enclosure. But itis of poor accuracy at low frequency because it does notaccount for the modal behavior of waves into cavities andleaves. Discrepancies at high frequencies can be explainedby leaks and the fact that diffraction was neglected.

Tue 10:40 Ray STEPHENS EN-S06: Manufactured noise reducing devices (noise barriers)

Holistic optimisation of noise reducing devices – (Invited, 000153)

T. Leissinga, F. Granneca, J. Defrancea, P. Jeana, D. Lutgendorfb, C. Heinkelec and J.-P. ClairboisdaCSTB, 24 rue Joseph Fourier, 38400 Saint Martin D’Heres, France, Metropolitan; bTNO, Oude Waalsdorperweg 63, 2597 Den Haag,

Netherlands; cLaboratoire Regional de Strasbourg, 11, rue Jean Mentelin, 67035 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France; dAcoustic Technologies,

Brugmann avenue 215, 1050 Brussels, Belgium



The work presented in this paper is part of the QUIESSTEuropean project, in which one of the objective is to per-form multi-objective holistic optimisations of noise reduc-ing devices. We present here optimisation results concern-ing the extrinsic performances of noise barriers. The per-formances under interest are acoustical, economical andenvironmental. The variety of noise barriers considered isvery wide, ranging from straight and flat barriers, to roughor capped barriers. A total number of nine noise reduc-ing device families are optimised. Acoustical performancesare obtained from numerical calculations: the BoundaryElement Method (in 2D) is used to obtain relative soundpressure levels at a set of receivers in different situations.

Theses situations include road and rail sources; rural andurban cases; flat, embanked and depressed topographies.The economical performance is calculated according to themaintenance cost of the different materials in use in thebarrier. Four environmental performances indicators areconsidered; their calculation is based on a life-cycle assess-ment analysis. All performances are expressed as a gain(or loss) relative to a reference screen. It is shown that theoptimisation procedure allows one to obtain a wide varietyof optimised noise reducing devices, and hence provides ahelpful design tool by allowing one to focus on specificparameters.


Influence of ground reflections and loudspeaker directivity on measurements of in-situ sound absorption– (Invited, 000326)

M. Conter, R. Wehr, M. Haider and S. GasparoniAIT - Austrian Institute of Technology, Giefinggasse 2, A1210 Vienna, Austria


Sound absorption is a relevant property for the acousticquality of noise barriers. The Adrienne method is the mostused in-situ measurement method in Europe for testingthe acoustic performance of noise reducing devices in reallife conditions. This method was introduced in 2003 withthe technical specification CEN/TS 1793-5 and the devel-opment of this method is now one of the main objectivesof the European project QUIESST. In the frame of thisproject AIT Mobility has performed a first measurementcampaign in order to investigate the influence of ground

reflections and the role of the sound source for measure-ments of sound absorption in the near field. Two differentsound sources and different microphone heights have beenused for analyzing the influence of the source directivityand the role of ground reflections. The study shows thatparticular attention should be paid to the source direc-tivity and to the microphone position, while the groundreflection does not seems to represent a problem for themethod at all.


Prediction of scattering effects by sonic crystal noise barriers in 2d and 3d finite difference simulations– (Contributed, 000457)

S. H. Hoare and D. T. MurphyDepartment of Electronics [York], Department of Electronics, The University of York, Heslington Lane, YO105DD York, UK


Sonic crystals have been investigated in recent years bothas a potential form of noise barrier, and as a form ofsonic art aimed at enhancing perception of the surround-ing acoustic environment. The broader aim of this re-search is concerned with the auralization of these struc-tures, which has, as yet, rarely been attempted. In a pre-vious publication, prediction of the acoustic wave propa-gation through 2-D arrays of solid, cylindrical scatterersembedded in air was performed in 2-D Finite Difference

Time Domain (FDTD) simulations. In this paper, themodel has been extended into the third dimension andthe results are compared with those obtained in the previ-ous experiment. In both the 2-D and 3-D simulations thelocation of the fundamental band gap corresponds withthe predicted location - predictions being based on sim-ple theoretical considerations relating the frequency of thetransmission gaps to the array configuration.


Transport noise reduction by low height sonic crystal noise barriers – (Invited, 000004)

F. Koussaa, J. Defrancea, P. Jeana and P. Blanc-Benonb

aCSTB, 24, rue Joseph Fourier, 38400 Saint Martin D’Heres, France; bLaboratoire de Mecanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique, 36 Av

Guy de Collongue 69134 Ecully Cedex



Noise barriers along roads and railways are one of the ex-isting solutions to protect inhabitants from noise. In thisresearch we attempt to create quiet areas in cities usingsonic crystal noise barriers. For aesthetic and security as-pects, such protections do not exceed a size of 1m×1min a vertical section. Cylindrical scatterers with addedacoustical properties of resonance and absorption are usedin this work to improve the acoustic performance of low

height sonic crystal barriers. Numerical simulations, us-ing a 2D Boundary Element Method (BEM), are carriedout to evaluate their acoustic properties in terms of in-sertion loss. Our results show that the effectiveness oflow height sonic crystal noises barriers is significant forroad and tramway noise over the entire frequency range ofstudy.


Influence of partial disorder on the insertion loss of sonic crystals with low filling fractions – (Contributed,

000242)

S. Taherzadeh, K. Attenborough and I. BashirThe Open University, DDEM, Maths, Computing and Technology, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA Milton Keynes, UK


Sonic crystal structures consisting of periodically-arrangedsolid vertical cylinders can act as sound barriers at cer-tain frequencies. Their performance depends on the fillingfraction which is determined by the spacing and cylinderradius. To be effective the filling fraction must be highi.e. the diameter of the scattering elements must be com-parable to the centre-to-centre spacing. This means thatperiodic arrays with relatively low filling fractions such as

in trees belts are not effective as traffic noise barriers. Theeffects of partially perturbing the positions of sonic crystalelements have been investigated by modelling and labora-tory measurements and have been shown to improve theinsertion loss of the periodic structure. It is argued thatpartial perturbation of regular tree planting near highwayswill improve their noise attenuation.

Tue 13:40 Philip DOAK AA-S06: Computational room acoustics

Wave based modelling of enclosed spaces by a sequence of matrix multiplications – (Contributed, 000684)

R. C. Opdam, D. De Vries and M. VorlanderRWTH Aachen University, Institute of Technical Acoustics, Neustrasse 50, 52066 Aachen, Germany


In room acoustical planning it is important to obtain re-alistic impulse responses from simulations to calculate thewell-known room acoustical parameters as reverberationtime, clarity etc. In most cases this is done by usinga hybrid implementation of ray-tracing and mirror im-age sources. This paper presents a method adopted fromthe field of seismic imaging, which is based on the con-cept of wave field extrapolation. The advantage of mod-elling with the full wave character of sound propagationis that all physical phenomena can be simulated correctly(i.e. diffraction). The proposed algorithm uses a sequenceof matrix multiplications that represent generalized spa-

tial convolutions. The matrices give ample insight in thephysical processes, like: propagation, non-locally reacting(complex) reflection properties, absorption and directivityof source(s) and receiver(s). The algorithm is theoreticallyable to solve for an infinite number of reflections. A com-parison is made with conventional methods. Therefore, asimple rectangular room with uniform walls and a three-dimensional configuration of an L-shaped wall, placed inan anechoic environment, are simulated. The plate isfirstly covered with a hard surface and secondly with anon-locally reacting absorber.


Comparison of radiosity and ray-tracing methods for coupled rooms – (Contributed, 000591)

J. Dondainea, A. Le Botb, J. Rechc and S. Mussa Perettoa

aFrancaise de Mecanique, ZI Artois Flandres, 62090 Haisnes, France; bLaboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systemes, 36

Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex; cENISE, 58 Rue Jean Parot, 42100 Saint-Etienne, France



In the field of geometrical acoustics, the radiosity methodis based on an analogy with the so-called view factormethod in thermics. The method has been successfullyapplied to the prediction of reverberation time as well asthe calculation of sound pressure level maps in single room.It has been shown to be equivalent to the ray-tracing tech-nique with diffuse reflection on walls. In this study, the

radiosity method is applied to coupled rooms. Transmis-sion and reflection of sound on the separating wall aretaken into account by means of Snell’s law. Numericalresults with the software CeRes are presented and com-pared with standard ray-tracing. The method is found tobe useful for designing enclosures of noise sources.


Modeling and simulation of the sound propagation by the FDTD method – (Invited, 000635)

A. Grameza, J.-L. Guyaderb and F. BoubenidercaEPSTA, Lycee El Emir, Bab El oued, Alger, 16000 Alger, Algeria; bLaboratoire Vibrations Acoustique, Batiment St. Exupery, INSA

Lyon, 25 bis, avenue Jean Capelle 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex; cUniversity of sciences and technology Houari Boumedienne, Laboratory

of physics of materials B.P. 32 El Allia- Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria


The FDTD (finite difference time domain) method hasemerged as a promising technique for the study of the fieldsound propagation phenomena in room acoustics. Unlikethe frequency modeling methods, this technique, based onthe time and spatial discretization, can yield a temporaldescription of the acoustics wave’s propagation problem,which is useful in real-time simulation and auralization of

room acoustics. In this paper, we discuss the implemen-tation of a computer code based on the finite differencetime domain method. We study and visualize the soundfield propagation of an acoustic pulse in two-dimensionalgeometries rooms. The different results of the simulationwill be compared to the an analytical solutions of the prop-agation wave equation in the same geometries.


An hybrid beam and particle tracing with time dependant radiosity for accurate impulse response ofrooms prediction – (Invited, 000750)

N. Noea, C. Rougierb, J. Rouchb and I. Schmichb

aCentre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment (CSTB Nantes), 11 rue Henri Picherit, 44000 Nantes, France; bCentre Scientifique et

Technique du Batiment, 24 rue joseph fourier 38400 Saint martin d’heres


Ray-tracing is widely used for echograms prediction inroom acoustics. Several ray-based technics exist, each ofthem with pros and cons. In this paper we propose amethod that merges beam tracing, particle tracing andtime dependant radiosity in order to compute accurateimpulse responses. This method mixes advantages of eachtechnique: precise direct and early specular reflections(and even diffraction) with phase information for beam

tracing, mixed diffuse and specular contributions and latereverberation for particle tracing, smooth purely diffuseexchanges with radiosity. Our method builds the im-pulse response from pressure FRF (narrow band) com-puted with beam-tracing and pseudo-echograms (wideband) computed with particle tracing and radiosity, usingsignal-processing. It carefully avoids contribution overlap-ping between the three techniques.


SPPS, a particle-tracing numerical code for indoor and outdoor sound propagation prediction – (Invited,

000368)

J. Picaut and N. FortinDepartement Infrastructures et Mobilite (IFSTTAR/IM), Route de Bouaye, CS4, 44344 Bouguenais Cedex


Geometrical and energetically models are widely used inoutdoor and indoor noise predictions. Several approacheshave been considered, amongst them, one can cited theray and beam-tracing methods, the image-source method,the radiosity method... Another approach is based on the

use of sound particles to model the sound propagation incomplex environments. Similarly to the ray-tracing meth-ods, the sound particles concept allows to model manyacoustics phenomena like absorption, transmission, reflec-tion and diffusion on surfaces, scattering by fitting objects,


meteorological effects... Two approaches can be followed:a probabilistic one, considering that the energy that iscarried by the particle is constant and using Monte-Carlomethods for the modelling of acoustics phenomena; a de-terministic one, considering that the energy of sound par-

ticles is modified according to the acoustics phenomena.In this paper, a numerical code (SPPS), using both ap-proaches is presented and many applications are shown.In addition, several comparisons with experimental dataand other methods are also proposed.


Energy- and wave-based beam-tracing prediction of room-acoustical parameters using different bound-ary conditions – (Invited, 000807)

M. Hodgson and B. YousefzadehUniversity of British Columbia, SPPH - 3rd Floor, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, Bc, Canada V6T1Z3


A beam-tracing model was used to predict the transientresponses of rooms. The model is wave-based and can beapplied to rooms with extended-reaction surfaces. Roomsurfaces can be modeled as multiple layers of solid, fluidor poro-elastic materials with acoustical properties thatare calculated using Biot theory. Both wave-based andenergy-based versions of the beam-tracing model havebeen applied to various room configurations to study theeffects of using different boundary conditions (local vs.extended reaction and phase changes on reflection) onroom-acoustical parameters. Very significant differencesoccurred in all parameters when interference effects weretaken into account, whether partly (ignoring phase change

on reflection) or entirely (wave-based modeling). Mod-eling surfaces as of local or of extended reaction wasfound to be significant for surfaces that consist of mul-tiple layers, specifically when one of the layers is air. Formulti-layers of solid materials with an air-cavity, signifi-cant differences occurred around their mass-air-mass res-onance. While these changes affected reverberation timesand sound strengths in most room configurations, their ef-fect on Rapid Speech Transmission Index remained mostlyinsignificant. The results have been explained in part byconsidering the absorption and reflection characteristics ofthe test surfaces used in each configuration.


A method for predicting the reverberation time and decay curves of rectangular rooms with non-uniform absorption distribution using Statistical Energy Analysis – (Contributed, 000151)

L. I. Wilmshurst and D. J. ThompsonDynamics Group-ISVR - University of Southampton, University Road, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK


The subject of reverberation time in non-diffuse environ-ments has been of considerable interest to acoustic engi-neers since the inception of room acoustics in the earlytwentieth century. Numerous prediction methods havebeen developed with the aim of accurately predicting thereverberation time of an enclosure under these circum-stances, although a completely universal method has yetto be devised. This paper examines the decay processes inrooms where absorption is unevenly distributed through-out the enclosure, which is a common occurrence in prac-tice and often leads to a non-diffuse sound field. In orderto establish the nature of these decay processes, a seven-

subsystem Statistical Energy Analysis model was devel-oped, based initially on the axial, tangential and obliquemode groups and then extended to encompass the dimen-sions of formation. The damping loss factors were ob-tained analytically through the use of three independentmethods as a means of verification and comparison. Inaddition to this, a method for deriving the coupling lossfactors analytically from the scattering coefficients of thewalls is also established. The validity of the predictionsobtained using this method is then tested using variouscomputer simulations and experimental data.


Precomputed acoustic radiance transfer for interactive higher-order reflections in dynamic scenes –(Contributed, 000288)

L. Antania, A. Chandaka, L. Saviojab and D. Manochaa

aDepartment of Computer Science [Chapel Hill], Campus Box 3175, Brooks Computer Science Building 201 South Columbia Street

UNC-Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3175 USA; bAalto University School of Science, PO Box 15400, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland



Realistic sound propagation significantly enhances immer-sion in interactive applications such as games and virtualreality. However, prior sound propagation algorithms can-not model higher-order reflections and long impulse re-sponses at interactive rates in scenes with moving sourcesand listeners. We present an interactive sound propaga-tion algorithm that can compute high orders of specularand diffuse reflections as well as edge diffractions in dy-namic environments with moving sources. Our formula-tion is based on a precomputed acoustic transfer operator,which models sound propagation between static portionsof the scene, and captures reflections, diffraction and scat-tering. The transfer operator is compactly represented us-

ing the Karhunen-Loeve transform. At run-time, we usea two-pass approach that combines interactive ray trac-ing (for early reflections) and acoustic radiance transfer(for higher-order reflections and late reverberation). Theapproach allows accuracy to be traded off for efficiencyon-the-fly, and has a low memory overhead (typically fewtens of MB for each scene). The approach generates plau-sible, dynamic sound propagation effects in complex gamescenes with moving sources and listeners at interactiverates on a desktop PC. We demonstrate the performanceof our algorithm in different scenes, including an integra-tion of the technique with Valve’s Source game engine.

Tue 13:40 Ray STEPHENS AH-S05: Numerical methods in aeroacoustics

Investigation of a turbulent channel flow using large eddy simulation – (Contributed, 000147)

F. Kremera, C. Bogeya and C. Baillyb

aEcole Centrale de Lyon, Centre Acoustique, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France; bLaboratoire de Mecanique des

Fluides et d’Acoustique, 36 Av Guy de Collongue 69134 Ecully Cedex


The LES of a compressible turbulent channel flow is per-formed at a Mach number of 0.5 and a friction Reynoldsnumber Reτ = uτh/ν around 300, where uτ is the frictionvelocity and h is the half-width of the channel. Explicitlow-dissipation numerical schemes are employed for spa-tial derivatives and time integration. Nine simulations arecarried out on grids with different mesh spacings in orderto study the mesh convergence of turbulence statistics, re-garding the mean and fluctuating streamwise velocity pro-files. These quantities are found to not vary significantlyfor mesh spacings smaller than 7.5 and 30 wall units in

the spanwise and streamwise directions, respectively. Anadditional simulation is performed using a semi-implicitRunge-Kutta algorithm, which has been developed forwall-bounded flows. With this algorithm, terms involvingwall-normal derivatives are integrated implicitly, while theother terms are integrated explicitly. Thus, the CFL con-straint in the wall-normal direction is relaxed. The sim-ulations finaly provide a numerical database, from whichwall pressure, wall shear stress and velocity spectra arecomputed to give insights into the structures developingin the flow.


3D FEM-BEM coupled resolution for acoustic waves propagation in potential flow – (Contributed, 000170)

N. Balina, G. Sylvanda and F. Casenaveb

aEADS France, Batiment Campus Engineering / Service IW/SE/MA, BP 90112, 31703 Blagnac Cedex, France; bCentre d’Enseignement

et de Recherche en Mathematiques et Calcul Scientifique, 6 et 8 avenue Blaise Pascal Cite Descartes - Champs sur Marne 77455

Marne la Vallee Cedex 2


In order to reduce the environmental impact of aircrafts,it is necessary to accurately simulate the acoustics wavespropagation in complex environment. A classical methodused to compute the noise propagation on large distancesis the Boundary Element Method. However this methodrestricts the flow to a uniform one.To improve the level of modeling, we present here a cou-pling between Finite Element (FEM) and Boundary Ele-ment Methods (BEM) to solve the acoustic propagationproblem that consists in a potential flow near the air-

craft and a uniform flow far-away from the aircraft. TheLorentz transformation is introduced in the exterior do-main to easily use the Boundary Element Method for theuniform flow. This transformation is also applied in theinterior domain to obtain a natural coupling between thetwo domains.

3-D numerical results representative of industrial config-urations, and in particular results with modal acousticsources in the potential flow, will be shown.



The perturbed low Mach number approximation for the aeroacoustic computation of anisothermalflows – (Contributed, 000449)

C. Nana, D. Marx, C. Prax and V. FortuneInstitut Pprime, CNRS - Universite de Poitiers - ENSMA, ENSIP, 6 rue Marcel Dore, Batiment B17, BP 633, 86022 Poitiers, France


We present here a new hybrid method for the computa-tion of the sound emitted by subsonic flows with temper-ature and density inhomogeneities. This method consistsin splitting the flow field into a hydrodynamic part andan acoustic one thanks to a low Mach number approxima-tion of the Navier-Stokes equations. We therefore considerthe hydrodynamic part to be quasi incompressible. Theacoustic quantities are obtained by a perturbation of thecompressible Navier-Stokes equations from which hydro-

dynamic quantities are subtracted. These become a sourceterm based on the convective derivative of the hydrody-namic pressure. The method has been successfully appliedto isothermal and anisothermal excited mixing layers. Thevalidity of the proposed method is assessed by comparisonto a compressible direct numerical simulation on the onehand and to LEE computations with different source termson the other hand.


Numerical analysis of an aeroacoustic field using Complex Variable Method – (Contributed, 000523)

E. Gaudarda, R. Marchianoa, P. Druaulta and F. A. Van Herpeb

aUPMC-IJLRDA(UMR 7190), 4, Place Jussieu, Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France; bPSA PEUGEOT CITROEN, Case Courrier VV1405,

Centre Technique de Velizy A - Route de Gisy, 78140 Velizy Villacoublay, France


This study deals with identification and characterizationof aeroacoustic sources in turbulent flows. Analysis ofaeroacoustic noise generation and propagation often re-quires huge amount of data. Here, a versatile methodcalled Complex Variables Method (CVM) is proposed. Itis a powerful tool dedicated to analyze numerical simula-tions by adding a small imaginary part to variables and

parameters, without post- processing. Depending on theinitialization of these imaginary parts, CVM provides dif-ferent informations. The method is illustrated with nu-merical simulations showing that it can be efficiently usedto get the sensibility to various parameters or to distin-guish and follow the acoustic part in the total fields.


Lattice Boltzmann aero-acoustics modelling of flow around obstacles – (Contributed, 000584)

H. Machroukia, D. Ricotb and O. Costea

aGANTHA, 12 boulevard Chasseigne, 86000 Poitiers, France; bRENAULT, Research Advanced Engineering and Materials Department,

TCR AVA 1 63, 1 av. du Golf, 78288 Guyancourt, France


In this paper, we suggest to present and discuss the aeroa-coustics modelling of flow around different obstacles us-ing LaBS software which is based on Lattice Boltzmannmethod. Within the framework of a consortium includingindustrial companies and academics institutes, LaBS wascreated around Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). One ofthe advantages of LBM compared to classical CFD meth-ods is its ability to determine aeroacoustic field by a directcomputation of acoustic phenomena. To discuss LaBS per-formances, a jet flow is studied around a model composedof a cube which is mounted behind a fence. Various reports

of scales and velocities are studied. This flow is character-ized by the existence of different types of noise (detach-ment, impact, wake...). Computational results are com-pared with a complete list of experimental measurements(hot wire, PIV, acoustic source localization...). From anaerodynamic point of view, the flow’s global structure isfound by computation and unsteady quantities are cor-rectly simulated. From an acoustic point of view, compu-tation and measurements converge on location of the mainsource and on dipole behavior of radiation.



CABARET scheme with conservation-flux asynchronous time-stepping for computational aero-acoustics– (Contributed, 000638)

V. A. Semiletov and S. A. KarabasovWhittle Laboratory Cambridge University Engineering Department, 1 JJ Thompson Avenue, CB3 0DY Cambridge, UK


Large disparity of flow scales is a typical feature ofaeroacoustic calculations. Because of the low-dispersionand low-dissipation requirement, most of the numericalschemes are based on explicit time stepping. According tothe Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) stability criterion, thenumerical efficiency, in case of synchronous time stepping,drops down because all but the smallest cells are effec-tively forced to march in time with a very small time step.Asynchronous time stepping, i.e., when the solution in dif-ferent cell sizes is updated at different rates and adjustedto the cell-local CFL number rather than to a global one,is one popular way of improving the efficiency of explicitmethods on highly non-uniform grids. In this paper, a

new asynchronous time-stepping technique is implementedfor the Compact Accurately Boundary-Adjusting high-REsolution Technique (CABARET) scheme. CABARETis a conservative, low-dissipative and low-dispersive ex-plicit advection scheme that has a very compact stencil.With synchronous time stepping, CABARET has beensuccessfully used for computational aeroacoustics and hy-drodynamics problems before. Suggested asynchronoustime stepping method has the following important prop-erties: (i) simplicity and flexibility of the original compu-tational grid stencil, (ii) strict flux conservation propertyand (iii) a built-in recipe for the treatment of inactive flowregions.


Time-harmonic acoustic scattering in a complex flow – (Invited, 000307)

J.F. Merciera, A.-S. Bonnet-Bendhiaa, F. Millotb, S. Pernetb and E. Peynaudb

aPOEMS-CNRS/ENSTA/INRIA, 32 Boulevard Victor, 75015 Paris, France; bCERFACS, 42 Avenue Gaspard Coriolis 31057 Toulouse

Cedex 1


We are interested in the numerical simulation of time har-monic acoustic scattering in presence of a complex flowon a unstructured mesh. Galbrun’s equation, whose un-known is the perturbation of displacement, is attractive,compared to the linearized Euler’s equations, because itis close to a wave equation which allows the use of clas-sical Lagrange Finite Element, and it is well adapted totake into account boundary conditions, like impedance orinterface with an elastic structure. However, a direct dis-cretization of Galbrun’s equation with Lagrange Finite El-ement leads to numerical troubles. We propose a methodthat allows both to obtain a stable numerical scheme

and non-reflecting artificial boundary conditions. Thismethod requires to introduce a new quantity related tohydrodynamic vortices which satisfies a convection equa-tion. A hybrid numerical method is proposed, couplingfinite elements for Galbrun’s equation and a Discontinu-ous Galerkin scheme for the convection equation. Several2D numerical results are presented to show the efficiencyof the method. In the 3D case, an attractive alternative toGalbrun’s equation is Goldstein’s equations: here the vor-ticity vanishes where the flow is potential which reducesthe cost of the Discontinuous Galerkin scheme.


Overview of CAA techniques applied to various propulsion and cooling systems – (Invited, 000881)

S. MoreauUniversite de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l’universite, Sherbrooke, Canada J1K2R1


Noise reduction driven by more stringent specifications re-quires the introduction of acoustic predictions in the de-sign process of many flow-moving machines. However, re-producing their noise spectrum especially for highspeedturbo-engines that contains both tonal and broadbandcomponents over a large range of frequencies may seem adaunting task. Two main Computational Aero-Acousticsapproaches can be used to estimate noise. First, a hy-

brid method where the noise sources are computed accu-rately in a limited zone, the surface in wall-bounded cases,the shear region in free shear-layer flows and the far-fieldacoustic pressure is then obtained by an acoustical anal-ogy. Secondly, direct noise computation can be performedusing compressible turbulent simulations. The latter isstill limited to basic flows at low Reynolds numbers, exceptmaybe at low Mach numbers where the Lattice Boltzmann


Method provides an effcient way to compute noise radia-tion of complex installed systems. Both paths are first il-lustrated on two canonical problems, airfoil self-noise and

single-stream cold jet noise, and then on more complexsystems such as low-speed fan noise and high-speed nozzlejet noise.


Jet noise prediction using a sweeping based turbulence generation process – (Contributed, 000248)

A. Lafittea, E. Laurendeaub, T. Le Garrecc and C. Baillyd

aLiebherr Aerospace, 29 avenue de la division Leclerc, 92320 Chatillon, France; bLiebherr Aerospace, 408 avenue des Etats-Unis,

31016 Toulouse, France; cOnera, Departement de Simulation Numerique des Ecoulements et Aeroacoustique, BP 72 - 29, avenue de

la Division Leclerc, 92322 Chatillon Cedex; dLaboratoire de Mecanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique, 36 Av Guy de Collongue 69134

Ecully Cedex


A predictive tool of the noise generated by jet pumps,developed by Liebherr Aerospace for aircraft air condi-tioning systems application, is introduced in this paper.The model is simplified to the geometry of a confined sub-sonic jet. Starting from a steady RANS computation, aturbulent velocity field is built from a stochastic methodto compute acoustic sources to be injected in Euler equa-tions to model the near-field acoustic propagation. ForCPU cost reductions, the far-field radiation is recoveredusing an acoustic analogy.In one hand, a new combined approach based on thesweeping hypothesis to generate isotropic turbulent fields

is introduced. This model noticeably allows a satisfyingmodeling of the velocity correlation functions and moregenerally of the decorrelation process of the turbulentfield. It also takes correctly into account the convectioneffects of the turbulent structures in the shear layer andhas the advantage of being energy preserving [Lafitte etal., AIAA 2011-2088].On the other hand, the coupling between this model andOnera’s Euler solver sAbrinA.v0 is tested on a subsonicfree jet with a nozzle diameter D=80 mm at Mach num-ber 0.72. Numerical spectra in the far-field are comparedto experimental data available at the Onera.


Finite element simulation of noise radiation through shear layers – (Contributed, 000001)

A. Prinna, G. Gabarda and H. BeriotbaISVR, University of Southampton, University Road, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK; bLMS International - Leuven, LMS International

Researchpark Haasrode ZI Interleuvenlaan 68 3001 Leuven


Predicting sound propagation through the jet exhaust ofan aero-engine presents the specific difficulty of represent-ing the refraction effect of the mean flow shear. This isdescribed in full in the linearised Euler equations but thismodel remains rather expensive to solve numerically. Theother model commonly used in industry, the linearised po-tential theory, is faster to solve but needs to be modifiedto represent a shear layer. This paper presents a way todescribe a vortex sheet in a finite element model based

on the linearised potential theory. The key issues to ad-dress are the continuity of pressure and displacement thathas to be enforced across the vortex sheet, as well as theimplementation of the Kutta condition at the nozzle lip.Validation results are presented by comparison with ana-lytical results. It is shown that the discretization of thecontinuity conditions is crucial to obtain a robust and ac-curate numerical model.


Transparent boundary condition for acoustic propagation in duct with bulk-reacting liner – (Contributed,

000826)

E. E. Redona, B. Ouedraogob and P. Leclairec

aLaboratoire Vibrations Acoustique, Batiment St. Exupery, INSA Lyon, 25 bis, avenue Jean Capelle 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex;bDepartement de Recherche en Ingenierie des Vehicules pour l’Environnement, 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon; cLRMA-DRIVE,

ISAT, 49 rue Mademoiselle Bourgeois - BP 31, 58027 Nevers, France



The proposed study focuses on the modeling of acous-tic wave propagation in infinite guides lined with bulk-reacting sound absorbing material which allows acous-tic propagation through the lining. The finite elementmethod is used, it is then necessary to limit the numericaldomain by an artificial boundary on which a transparentboundary condition is introduced. The method describedin this work consist to write the transparent condition as a

Dirichlet to Neumann operator (DTN) based on a modaldecomposition of the pressure in the guide. This studyis a generalization of recent works with absorbent mate-rials modeled with impedances boundary condition. Thepresented method can be useful for the acoustic design ofsilencers, air-conditioning ducts, industrial fans, and othersimilar applications.


Numerical prediction of absorbing materials via Computational AeroAcoustics – (Contributed, 000220)

M. Escouflaire and S. RedonnetOnera, Departement de Simulation Numerique des Ecoulements et Aeroacoustique, BP 72 - 29, avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92322

Chatillon Cedex


In the context of reduction of the propulsive noise of air-planes, manufacturers are led to generalize the employ-ment of ”sound absorbing materialsı (or ”linersı), andto optimize their use. The aim of the present studyis to improve the numerical prediction of noise attenua-tion by accurately modelling such absorbing materials ei-ther for time domain approaches (such as ComputationalAeroAcoustics) or for frequency domain methods (such asBoundary Element Method). Such a modelling raises sev-eral key questions, which are related to various aspectssuch as the type of flow involved (heterogeneities, turbu-lent boundary layers, etc.), the sound levels considered

(non-linear phenomena), the diffraction effects induced byruptures of impedance, etc. Besides specific theoretical de-velopments dedicated to the accurate modelling of acousticliners, the present work relies on specific calculations, tobe compared against other results (analytical, numerical,and/or experimental). Therefore, a numerical campaignhas been recently initiated, which aim is to numericallyduplicate several canonical tests of noise absorption byacoustic liners. These cases will be used as means of vali-dation to improve the consideration of an accurate acous-tic impedance boundary condition for Onera’s time andfrequency domains solvers.


Numerical study of the aeroacoustic behavior of a subsonic confined cavity – (Contributed, 000183)

P. Lafona, J. Berlanda, F. Crouzeta, F. Daudea and C. Baillyb

aEDF R&D, 1 avenue du General de Gaulle, 92141 Clamart, France; bLaboratoire de Mecanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique, 36 Av

Guy de Collongue 69134 Ecully Cedex


Ducted cavities are well-known configurations in pipe sys-tems. Their aeroacoustic behavior is typical of the oneobserved in industrial situations for flow control deviceslike valves for example. It is found that, for some flowconditions, strong noise tones are radiated. In this paper,we study with the help of a 3D compressible turbulentcomputation a plane 3D geometry for which we have ex-

perimental data. The first objective of this work is to havea better understanding of the physical phenomena in orderto try to find solutions when such problems occur in prac-tical situations. The second objective is to test numericalapproaches in order to be able to take into account morecomplex geometries like rounded corners that is a crucialpoint on a physical point of view.


Numerical study of low Reynolds number airfoil flows – (Contributed, 000733)

O. Marsden and T. CharrelLaboratoire de Mecanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique, 36 Av Guy de Collongue 69134 Ecully Cedex


A numerical study of the flow and acoustic field aroundlow Reynolds number NACA0012 airfoils is presented inthis work. Unsteady flow fields are computed by solving

the 2D compressible Navier Stokes equations using low-dispersion and low-dissipation optimized finite-differenceschemes. The chord based Reynolds number of the airfoil


is varied between 5,000 and 50,000, for angles of attack inthe range 0 to 7 degrees and for Mach numbers between0.2 and 0.5. Numerical velocity, wall pressure and far fieldacoustic results are compared to those of various DNS inthe literature. Strouhal number scaling of the vortex shed-

ding in the wake is illustrated, and acoustic scaling of thetrailing edge noise as a function of Mach number is exam-ined. Effects of airfoil incidence on far field noise levelsand directivity are also presented.

Tue 13:40 John TYNDALL MA-S06: Nonlinear aspects of musical instruments

Numerical tools for musical instruments acoustics: analysing nonlinear physical models using continu-ation of periodic solutions – (Invited, 000319)

S. Karkar, C. Vergez and B. CochelinLMA – CNRS (UPR 7051) / Aix-Marseille University, 31, chemin J. Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France


We propose a new approach based on numerical contin-uation and bifurcation analysis for the study of physicalmodels of instruments that produce self- sustained oscil-lation.Numerical continuation consists in following how a givensolution of a set of equations is modified when one (orseveral) parameter of these equations are allowed to vary.Several physical models (clarinet, saxophone, and violin)are formulated as nonlinear dynamical systems, whose pe-riodic solutions are directly obtained using the harmonic

balance method. This method yields a set of nonlinearalgebraic equations. The solution of this system, whichrepresent a periodic solution of the instrument, is thenfollowed using a numerical continuation tool when a con-trol parameter (e.g. the blowing pressure) varies.This approach enables us to compute the whole periodicregime of the instruments, without any additional simplifi-cation of the models, thus giving access to characteristicssuch as playing frequency, sound level, as well as soundspectrum as a functions of the blowing pressure.


Choice of algorithms for reed instruments oscillations: how to solve the equation for the nonlinearcharacteristics? – (Invited, 000161)

J. Kergomard, P. Guillemain and F. SilvaLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20


For the simplest model of clarinet-like instruments, lead-ing to the iterated map scheme, the solving of the non-linear characteristic equation involves the inversion of themodified characteristic function linking the incoming waveto the outcoming one. The inversion can be problematicwhen the reed opening is large, i.e. when the associateddimensionless parameter is larger than unity, the inversefunction being multi-valued. The problem was already no-ticed by Gokhstein (1981) concerning oboes or bassoons.

To overcome this difficulty, several discretization schemescan be found, e.g. by modelling a reed as a one degree offreedom oscillator, or by modelling the air in the mouth-piece as a simple spring. The use of these schemes at theirlimits allows studying how the choice between the solu-tions can be done when using the classical scheme with themulti-valued function for the incoming/outcoming waves.The case of conical reed instruments is particularly inves-tigated.


Influence of the reed flow on the intonation of the clarinet – (Contributed, 000461)

J.-P. Dalmonta, P. Guillemainb and P.-A. Taillardc

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20; cSchola cantorum basiliensis,

Cerisier 16a, 2300 La Chaux-De-Fonds, Switzerland


The playing frequency of a reed instrument is generallymainly imposed by the resonator. That said, numerousother factors have an influence on the playing frequency.Among those, the volume velocity pulsated by the reed

must be taken into account in the models as it lowerssignificantly the playing frequency. At first order, thisvolume velocity can be taken into account by adding anequivalent volume of about 1.cm3 at the entrance of the


pipe. However, the concept of equivalent volume is theo-retically only valid for linear vibrations i.e., for the clar-inet, for the non beating reed regime. In the beatingregime, this volume is likely to vary quite a lot with themouth pressure which can lead to intonation problems.In addition, this volume depends much on the reed open-ing, but experiments performed with an artificial mouth

show that for usual openings (0.3-0.7 mm) the intonationremains surprisingly stable. This suggests that the reedand mouthpiece makers know how to control this problemby a well chosen design of the lay. A counter-example isobtained by using a ClaripatchTM especially designed sothat intonation is particularly difficult to control.


Numerical resolution of a physical model of flute-like instruments: comparison between different ap-proaches – (Invited, 000528)

S. Terriena, R. Auvrayb, B. Fabreb, P.-Y. Lagreec and C. Vergeza

aLMA - CNRS (UPR 7051), 31 chemin Joseph-Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, Cedex 20, France; bEquipe LAM - d’Alembert, 11 rue de

Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France; cCNRS / equipe FCIH - d’Alembert, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France


The study of flute-like instruments involves several sub-fields of investigation such as acoustics of the waves inthe pipe, hydrodynamics of a jet perturbed by an acousticfield and aeroacoustics of a jet/labium interaction. Histor-ically, several models of flute-like instruments have beenproposed, including the results from separated studies ofthe parts mentioned above.In this paper, such a model is written, taking into ac-count the following elements: (1) hydrodynamics of a jetperturbed by an acoustic field, through a delay equation,corresponding to the convection of a perturbation of thejet from the flue exit to the labium, (2) aeroacoustics of

a jet/labium interaction, through a nonlinear equation,which highlights the presence of a dipolar pressure source,(3)acoustics of the waves in the pipe, through a modal for-mulation, (4) nonlinear losses at the labium, through anadditional nonlinear term.

This description includes two non-linear terms, which re-quire numerical solving. This paper aims at compar-ing different approaches in terms of the resolution of thenon linear equations. The following aspects of the modelbehaviour are addressed: amplitude/frequency evolutionalong periodic branches, regime changes, hysteresis...


Proposition of a Green-Volterra formalism to solve dynamics of a nonlinear string – (Contributed, 000772)

D. Roze and T. HelieIRCAM, 1 place Igor Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France


The convolution kernels of a Volterra series give a general-ization of impulse responses to the case of weakly nonlinearinput-to-output systems.In acoustics, this formalism has yet been used to solve,e.g. the problem of a nonlinear string excited by a forcef(t) (considered as the input), spatially distributed by atime invariant function.

In this paper, we propose a similar generalization for thecase of Green functions in order to tackle inputs that de-pend on both the space and the time variables.The method to derive the ”Green-Volterra” kernels is de-scribed and its application to the string is presented.


Measures and models of real triodes, for the simulation of guitar amplifiers – (Contributed, 000680)

I. Cohen and T. HelieIRCAM, 1 place Igor Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France


This paper deals with measurements of vacuum tubes toimprove models and guitar amplifier simulations. A mea-surement device has been created. A first set up is ded-

icated to study the static regimes of real dual triodes12AX7s. A second one is used to study the dynamicregimes mainly involved by parasitic capacitances. Char-


acterizations of 12AX7s are obtained, including generaltriode parameters displayed in datasheets and measuredparasitic capacitances values. They give quantitative el-ements to compare the behaviour of real tubes in guitaramplifiers, as tube sellers do. By using these measures, ex-isting mathematic triode models have been compared withnew models, developed to match real tube behaviours.These comparisons lead to define a new model which is

more accurate than the usual Norman Koren’s one. Thismodel includes grid current modeling, dependent on plate-to-cathode and grid-to-cathode voltages around triodes.Parameters have been estimated from measures on bothnew and warn real tubes in our disposal. These resultshave been successfully used in real-time multi-stage gui-tar amplifier simulations.


What can we learn about the wolf phenomenon from a linearized analysis? – (Invited, 000176)

V. Debuta, J. Antunesa and O. Inaciob

aInstituto Tecnologico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686 Sacavem, Portugal; bInstituto Politecnico do Porto, Escola Superior de

Musica e Artes do Espectaculo, IPP/ESMAE Rua da Alegria 503, 4000 Porto, Portugal


String players are well aware of a perverse phenomenonknown as wolf notes. Physically, such undesirable effectresults from severe interaction between string and body vi-brations, which are coupled at the bridge, when the sound-ing note approaches the frequency of a low-damped bodymode.The phenomenon invested considerable efforts to deal withstring/body coupled system. Different approaches havebeen adopted to achieve nonlinear time-domain simula-tions, including methods based on wave propagation withreflections, as well as time-domain modal methods usedby the present authors.Recently, our modelling approach for bowed bars was usedto address the linearized modal dynamics of the bowed

string/body coupled system. The stability analysis pro-vides a range of instability for a pair of coupled modesas the playing frequency approaches that of the instru-ment body, suggesting that the basic mechanism of wolfphenomenon can be explained by a linearized approach.

In this paper, we examine the features of the linearizedmodal dynamics of the bowed string/body coupled mo-del and explore the influence of bowing parameters on themodal frequency and damping. The results from our lin-earized analysis show a dependence of the wolf beatingfrequency on the playing control parameters (bow normalforce and tangential velocity), as observed in the nonlineartime-domain computations.


Differential geometry applied to acoustics: non linear propagation in Reissner beams – (Invited, 000497)

J. Bensoamircam, 6, place I. Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France


Although acoustics is one of the disciplines of mechanics,its ”geometrization” is still limited to a few areas. Asshown in the work on nonlinear propagation in Reissnerbeams, it seems that an interpretation of the theories ofacoustics through the concepts of differential geometry canhelp to address the non-linear phenomena in their intrinsicqualities. This results in a field of research aimed at estab-

lishing and solving dynamic models purged of any artificialnonlinearity by taking advantage of symmetry propertiesunderlying the use of Lie groups. As an illustration, nu-merical and analytical trajectories of Reisner beams in theconfiguration space of transformation matrix will be pre-sented.


Nonlinear plate vibrations: A modal approach with application to cymbals and gongs – (Contributed,

000047)

M. Ducceschia, C. Touzea and S. Bilbaob

aUME (Unite de Mecanique), ENSTA - ParisTech, Chemin de la Huniere, 91761 Palaiseau, France; bUniversity of Edinburgh, Room

7306B, James Clerk Maxwell Building, King’s Buildings, EH9 3JZ Edinburgh, UK



Geometrically nonlinear vibrations of plates are investi-gated with the purpose of sound synthesis and applicationto cymbals, gongs and thunder plates. Von-Karman equa-tions are used to describe the motion of the plate whenthe amplitude is comparable to the plate thickness. In thiscontribution, the case of a rectangular plate is considered,and a modal approach is selected. A general procedure,adapted from a paper by Li [JSV, 2004], is proposed inorder to deal with various case of boundary conditions,for which no analytical solutions are available. After dis-cretisation, one is left with a system of ordinary differen-tial equations for the temporal modal coordinates, withcubic coupling terms. The results are validated by com-

paring frequency-response curves with other either foundin literature, or computed with a finite difference ap-proach, showing good agreement. The nonlinear dynamicsof a simply supported plate is investigated by computingits frequency-energy plot (FEP), displaying variations ofeigenfrequencies with amplitude and highlighting their in-teractions via internal resonance. The proposed methodprovides a possible strategy for modelling the shimmeringsounds of musical instruments such as gongs and cymbals,as it allows for an accurate description of modal viscousdamping. Finally, impulsive sounds will be shown andcompared to those obtained with a finite difference ap-proach.


Estimations of non-linearities in structural vibrations of string musical instruments – (Contributed,

000470)

K. Egea, M. Rebillatb and X. Boutillonc

aLaboratoire Vibrations Acoustique, INSA de Lyon, 25 bis Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; bDepartement d’etudes

cognitives, Ecole Normale Superieure Paris, 29 Rue d’Ulm, 75230 Paris, France; cLaboratoire de Mecanique des Solides, Ecole

Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France


Under the (possibly non-linear) excitation of strings, thewooden structure of string instruments is generally as-sumed to undergo linear vibrations. As an alternativeto the direct measurement of the distortion rate at sev-eral vibration levels and frequencies, we characterise weaknon-linearities by a signal-model approach based on cas-cade of Hammerstein models. In this approach, one mea-surement is sufficient to predict the distortion rate of a

system at any vibration level, as a function of the excitingfrequency. The experiment consists in exciting the instru-ment acoustically. The linear and non-linear contributionsto the response of (a) the loudspeaker coupled to the room,(b) the instrument can be separated. Some methodologi-cal issues will be discussed. Findings pertaining to severalinstruments - pianos, guitars, violins - will be presented.


Analysis of the nonlinear effect of the capo bar-string interaction in grand piano – (Contributed, 000205)

A. StulovInstitute of Cybernetics at TUT, Akadeemia 21, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia


The treble strings of grand pianos usually terminate at acapo bar, which is situated above the strings. The apexof a V-shaped section of the capo bar defines the end ofthe speaking length of the strings. Accurate modeling ofthe piano string - capo bar interaction requires that thecurvature of V-shaped section be recognized and included.The model that realizes this with numerical calculation isdescribed, and results relating the effect of the capo bar

are presented. The finite curvature of the capo bar at thepoint of the piano string termination causes the nonlin-ear vibrations of the string. As result, the spectrum ofthe string vibrations depends not only on the amplitudeof the hammer impact, but the spectral structure changescontinuously as time passes, even when the hammer leftthe string and it vibrates freely after that.


Modeling of the part-pedaling effect in the piano – (Contributed, 000329)

A. Stulova, V. Valimakib and H.-M. Lehtonenb

aInstitute of Cybernetics at TUT, Akadeemia 21, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; bAalto University, Department of Signal Processing and

Acoustics, P.O. Box 13000, FI-00076 AALTO Espoo, Finland



This study presents the theoretical modeling of the part- pedaling effect in the piano. Part - pedaling means acommon use of the sustain pedal where the pedal is notfully depressed, but pressed somewhere between the twoextremes. The model implies to consider the distributionsof the string deflection and the string velocity along thestring as functions created by the traveling nondispersivewaves generated by the hammer impact and moving inboth directions. The damper restricts the amplitude ofthe string deflection in the region of its position, and also

suppresses the ”up” velocity of the string. Such nonlinearmodel gives possibility to calculate the spectrograms of thestring vibration tone, and to compare the numerical cal-culations with the measured example tones of the string.To obtain the appropriate decay rates of the string vibra-tions, the damping factor at one termination of the stringis induced. The modeling confirms that in the bass rangethe nonlinear amplitude limitation causes energy transferfrom the lower partials to higher partials, which can excitemissing modes during the damper-string interaction.

Tue 13:40 Pierre CHAVASSE MI-S05: Inversion methods for acoustic imaging

Comparison of inverse methods and particle velocity based techniques for transfer path analysis –(Invited, 000191)

D. Fernandez Comesanaa, K. Hollandb, J. Winda and H.-E. De Breea

aMicroflown Technologies B.V, Tivolilaan 205, Arnhem, 6824BV Arnhem, Netherlands; bInstitute of Sound and Vibration (ISVR) ,

University Road, Highfield, S017 1BJ Southampton, UK


Direct sound field visualization is not always the best wayto assess complex noise problems. Maps of sound pressure,particle velocity or intensity in the vicinity of a sourcemight not be directly related to the pressure contributionfor a given position. Transfer path analysis has been im-plemented for many years to evaluate this case scenario,which requires using information of the environment andthe sound source. Inverse methods commonly require a

detailed geometric description of the problem along withsound pressure measurements. On the other hand, par-ticle velocity methods rely on measuring the reciprocaltransfer path and the velocity close to the sources. Thispaper presents the theoretical bases of the two principlesand compares the advantages and disadvantages of the twomethods applied to real industrial applications.


Nearfield acoustic holography in wind tunnel by means of velocity LDV measurements – (Contributed,

000215)

H. Parisot-Dupuis, F. Simon and E. PiotONERA - The French Aerospace Lab, 2 av Edouard Belin, F-31055 Toulouse, France

Corresponding author E-mail: Helene.Parisot [email protected]

With the efforts made on environmental noise reduction,aeroacoustic studies in wind tunnel are required to charac-terize the main sources during airplanes conception. Fora long time, beamforming, based on farfield microphonemeasurements, has been the only method used. Recently,a new method based on Nearfield Acoustic Holography us-ing a convected spectral pressure-to-pressure propagatorwas tested too (Kwon & al. JASA 2010). This methodavoids some errors linked to farfield measurements and al-lows the integration of convection effects in the propaga-tor without any assumption on sources. However, nearfieldmicrophone measurements are required, which creates flowand measurements disturbances. That is why it is inter-

esting to develop another method allowing wind tunnelaeroacoustic sources characterization by means of non-intrusive nearfield measurements. This paper presents anumerical and experimental validation of a new methodcoupling Nearfield Acoustic Holography based on a con-vected real velocity-to-pressure propagator with LDV ve-locity measurements. Simulations in the case of combina-tions of monopoles radiating in uniform subsonic flow showa good characterization of sources and demonstrates theinterest of using the real form of the convected velocity-to-pressure propagator. A wind tunnel campaign with aflush-mounted loudspeaker seems to confirm the feasibilityof this method.


CAA-based acoustic beamforming for noise identification in complex media – (Contributed, 000611)

Y. Penea, V. Fleurya, D. C. Mincua and C. Polacsekb

aONERA, 29 avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92322 Chatillon, France; bOnera, Departement de Simulation Numerique des Ecoulements

et Aeroacoustique, BP 72 - 29, avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92322 Chatillon Cedex



Beamforming methods use analytical Green functions todescribe the acoustic propagation between noise sourcesand microphones. For example, due to flow heterogene-ity and complex boundary conditions, the Green func-tions become analytically difficult to determine in the caseof a realistic turbofan engine. The aim of this work isto overcome the analytical Green functions determinationdifficulties by employing CAA tools. In order to numeri-cally evaluate these functions, we propose a method basedon non linear euler equations implemented in the Onera’s

sAbrinA-v0 code. The noise source area is sampled as a fi-nite distribution of monopoles which emit simultaneously.The sound field is then computed from the source pointsto the microphones. An ARMA based algorithm is appliedto evaluate Green functions betweenn each monopole andeach microphone. First of all, the approach is validatedfrom analytical simple test cases, such as the propagationof a monopole in uniform flow. Once achieved, more del-icate problems will be processed, such as the presence ofmultiple sources, flow gradients and complex geometries.


Acoustical inverse problems regularization: direct definition of filter factors using Signal-to-Noise Ratio– (Contributed, 000335)

P. A. Gauthier, A. Gerard, C. Camier and A. BerryGAUS, Universite de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l’Universite, Sherbrooke, Canada J1K2R1


Acoustic imaging aims at localization and characteriza-tion of sound sources using microphone arrays. In thispaper a new regularization method for acoustic imagingby inverse approach is proposed. The method first re-lies on the singular value decomposition of the plant ma-trix and on the projection of the measured data on thecorresponding singular vectors. In place of regularizationusing classical methods such as truncated singular valuedecomposition and Tikhonov regularization, the proposed

method involves the direct definition of the filter factorson the basis of a thresholding operation, defined from theestimated measurement noise. The thresholding operationis achieved using modified filter functions. This has theadvantage of symplifying the selection of the best regular-ization amount. Theoretical results show that this methodis promising, in terms of ease of implementation and accu-racy of results, in comparison with Tikhonov regulariza-tion and truncated singular value decomposition.


Identification of vibration excitation using a regularized Finite Element operator and a deconvolutionpost-process – (Contributed, 000406)

C. Renzia, C. Pezeratb and J.-L. GuyaderaaLVA, INSA-Lyon, Batiment St. Exupery, INSA Lyon, 25 bis, avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; bLaboratoire

d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


The Force Analysis Technique FAT is an experimentalinverse approach that aims to identify vibration sourcesfrom the measurement of displacement field of a structure.Based on the verification of the local dynamic behaviour ofthe structure, the FAT constitutes an interesting inverseproblem since boundary conditions and sources outsidethe studied domain may not be known. In its first de-velopments, the FAT was written for analytically knownstructures like beams, plates and shells but more recently,its adaptation to more complex structures was possiblethanks to the use of Finite Element Method and modelreductions. In this mathematical adaptation, the regular-

ization of the problem is done by a double inversion ofthe numerical operator where the well known Tikhonovregularization is applied in the second inversion. In orderto correct the smoothing effect on regularized results, it isthen proposed to apply a deconvolution post-process madeby the Richardson-Lucy algorithm. After the descriptionof all steps constituting the method, several experimentalresults on structures excited by a point force are shown.In addition to the location of the force, it is also shownhow the quantification of the force is improved by the de-convolution in comparison with direct measurements.


Full-field reconstruction from scanned measurements without references: the latent variable approach– (Contributed, 000073)

J. AntoniLVA, INSA, University of Lyon, Batiment St. Exupery, 25 bis avenue Jean Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France



In inverse acoustics, the spatial resolution of the sourcefield that can be reconstructed from microphone arraymeasurements is fundamentally limited by the size of thearray and the microphone density. One approach to mimiclarge arrays with high microphone density is to scan theobject of interest by moving a small array around it. Thistypically requires that a number of fixed references areavailable in order to preserve the phase relationships be-tween consecutive snapshots, or that measurements aremade in the near-field in order to allow the successive re-construction of ”patchesı of the source in front of the arrayby deliberately neglecting radiation of the source field not

covered by the array. In the present work, a solution isintroduced that can reconstruct the full source field of theradiating object from consecutive snapshots, but withoutthe need for fixed references and without the edge effectsof the patch approach. Under the stationary assumption,the problem is shown to boil down to the factorisation ofa structured covariance matrix. This is undertaken withina Bayesian probabilistic approach, where the source fieldis encoded by latent variables which are iteratively recon-structed by using an Expected-Maximisation (EM) algo-rithm.


Bayesian sparse regularization in near-field wideband aeroacoustic imaging for wind tunnel test –(Contributed, 000064)

N. Chua, J. Picheralb and A. DjafariaaLaboratoire des signaux et systemes, 3 rue Joliot-Curie, 91192 Gif Sur Yvette, France, Metropolitan; bSupelec, Departement Signaux

& Systemes, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France


Near-field wideband aerocoustic imaging has arosed greatinterests on source localizations and strength estimations.But most of the classical methods are neither robust norcapable to obtain wide dynamic range in the low Signal toNoise Ratio situation, espetially in correlated noise. Inthis paper, we at first propose the Bayesian Approachwith Sparse Regularization for Acoustic Imaging (BAS-RAI) to suppress the correlated noise and simultaneouslyto locate near-field wideband uncorrelated sources and es-timate source powers in poor SNR case. Regularizationparameter selection is investigated by Baysian inference.We also build up the Universal Correction Model of Prop-agation to correct the acoustic propagation affected by

wind effect. By simulations and wind tunnel data offeredby Renault S2A, our approach is then compared with someof the state of the art methods: the Beamforming, theDAMAS, the Diagonal Removal DAMAS, the DAMASwith sparsity constraint, the Covariance Matrix Fittingand the CLEAN. Moreover, the proposed approach is ap-plied for imaging extended acoustic sources on simulationsand hybrid data. We finally show the advantage to be ofrobustness to noise, wide dynamic range, super resolutionand feasibility in 2D and 3D acoustic imaging for windtunnel test based on the non-uniform 2D microphone ar-ray.

Tue 13:40 Paul LANGEVIN PU-S01: Non linear acoustic phenomena

Cavitation bubble structure generated by an ultrasonic horn: experimental evidence of energy pumping– (Contributed, 000051)

B. Dubus and C. GrangerIEMN departement ISEN, UMR CNRS 8520, 41 boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France


The cavitation field generated by an ultrasonic horn trans-ducer at low frequency and high power is known to self-organize into a conical bubble structure. Recently pub-lished results suggest that this bubble structure behavesas a non linear resonator. As such device couples lin-ear (transducer) and non linear resonators (bubble struc-ture), the mechanism of irreversible energy transfer fromlinear to non linear resonator called ”energy pumping”could take place when the adequate excitation amplitudeis reached. Experiments are performed on a horn trans-ducer radiating in a water tank driven by a pulsed sinu-soidal excitation (20 kHz). Horn surface velocity is mon-

itored by laser vibrometry and acoustic pressure is mea-sured in the cavitation field using an hydrophone. Imagesof the cavitation bubble structure are obtained with a highspeed camera at 7000 frames per second. When the elec-trical excitation is stopped, horn vibration amplitude de-creases whereas the pressure amplitude remains constantand bubble structure unchanged. When horn vibrationvanishes, pressure amplitude starts decreasing and bub-ble structure disappears. This result, which shows thatthe cavitation cloud pumps irreversibly energy from thetransducer, opens the field up to new strategies in highpower sonoreactors optimization and scale-up.



First insight into mechanisms involved in cavitation enhancement by the use of bifrequency excitation– (Contributed, 000150)

B. Gilles, C. Inserra, I. Saletes, H. Shambsborhan and J.-C. BeraApplication des ultrasons a la therapie, Pole sante Lyon est, 151 cours Albert Thomas 69424 Lyon cedex 03


Focused ultrasound experiments were carried out on cav-itation targets of controlled roughness in degassed waterin order to study the cavitation threshold and the devel-opment of cavitation beyond this threshold. A monofre-quency pulsed excitation was compared to a bifrequencypulsed excitation involving two neighbouring frequencycomponents. According to experimental results, a bifre-quency excitation modifies cavitation threshold and stim-ulates cavitation activity beyond threshold in comparisonto a monofrequency waveform. For high (respectively low)monofrequency thresholds, the bifrequency excitation re-duces (respectively increases) the threshold value. Thisshows that nonlinear effects are involved in the process.

Numerical simulations of the dynamics of a single bub-ble in a bifrequency oscillating pressure field have beendone. It appears that the cavitation threshold is modifiedfor specific initial bubble radius, which is not sufficient toexplain experimental observations. To simulate first-ordernonlinear propagation effect, the difference frequency com-ponent was superimposed to the excitation field, reducingthe cavitation threshold on a wider range of initial bub-ble radius. Considering this larger effect, the experimentalobservations could be related to the spectral broadening ofthe excitation due to higher order nonlinear combinationsof primary frequencies.


PIV measurements of 3-dimensional acoustic Rayleigh streaming in a square cross-section standingwave resonator – (Contributed, 000411)

I. Reyta, Y. Rafatb, L. Mongeaub, R. Taherb and H. BaillietaaCNRS - Universite de Poitiers - ENSMA, ENSIP, 6 rue Marcel Dore, Batiment B17, BP 633, 86022 Poitiers, France; bMcGill

university, 845 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Canada H3A 2T5


Rayleigh streaming may hamper the efficiency of thermoa-coustic devices through the creation of convective heattransfer between the stack and heat exchangers. A betterunderstanding and characterization of Rayleigh stream-ing flows is useful to assess their impact on the efficiencyof thermoacoustic engines. Streaming flows in idealizedconfigurations such as between infinite parallel plates orin cylindrical waveguides has been investigated in ear-lier studies. As a first step towards the investigation ofstreaming in more realistic configurations, streaming flowsin a resonator with a square cross-section was investi-gated. Non-symmetric streaming structures were antici-pated. For a horizontal waveguide, velocity fields within

the horizontal plane were measured using Particle ImageVelocimetry (PIV). These measurements were performedat several vertical positions so that three-dimensionalstreaming cell structures could be reconstructed from thedifferent planar streaming velocity fields. The acousticstreaming within the boundary layer was also studied byzooming near the wall of the channel. The three dimensio-nal streaming cells reconstructed by combining the datain the different planes reveals the nature of the stream-ing flow structures in the square cross-section standingwave tube. Streaming amplitudes were quantified andwere compared with predictions from theoretical models.


Different regimes for water wave turbulence – (Contributed, 000565)

A. Przadkaa, M. Sobkowiaka, P. Petitjeansa, A. A. Maurelb and V. Pagneuxc

aPMMH/ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; bInstitut Langevin/LOA, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, rue de la glaciere, 75005

Paris, France; cLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans

Cedex 9


The experimental investigations on gravity-capillary wa-ter wave turbulence (WT) were studied. The behaviorof the wave energy density in the wavenumber-frequencyspace was inspected for various forcing frequency band-

widths and forcing amplitudes. Depending on the band-width, the gravity spectral slope is found to be either forc-ing dependent, as classically observed in laboratory expe-riments, or forcing independent. In the latter case, the


wave spectrum is consistent with the Zakharov-Filonenkocascade predicted within WT theory. The studies of theinertial ranges for capillary waves show also the spectralslope close to that predicted by the theory. The scalinglaws in the function of the injected power have also beeninvestigated.

The wave elevation was measured with good accuracy intime and in space using an optical method (Fourier Trans-form Profilometry) based on the analysis of the deforma-tion of projected fringes, recently adapted by our groupfor water waves characterization.


Interaction of weak shocks leading to Mach stem formation in focused beams and reflections from arigid surface: numerical modeling and experiment – (Contributed, 000760)

M. Karzovaa, E. Salzeb, S. Ollivierb, T. Castelainb,c, B. Andreb, P. V. Yuldashevb, V. Khokhlovaa, O. Sapozhnikova

and P. Blanc-Benonb

aM.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation; bLaboratoire

de Mecanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique, 36 Av Guy de Collongue 69134 Ecully Cedex; cUniversite de Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11

Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France


Mach stem is a well-known structure observed in the pro-cess of interaction of two strong shock waves (Mach num-ber Ma > 0.1), typically in the case of reflections from arigid boundary. However this phenomenon has not beenstudied in detail for weak shocks in nonlinear acousticfields, i.e. for acoustic Mach number in the range from10−3 to 10−2. In acoustics, interaction of shocks occursin the case of reflections or in the focusing of high powernonlinear beams. The goal of this paper is to investi-gate this phenomenon in a field of weak shocks both nu-merically and experimentally. The KZK nonlinear evo-

lution equation was used to show the formation of theMach stem in the focal region of the periodic and pulsedbeams for the Mach number of about 10−3. Experimentswere performed in air using spark-generated N -waves re-flecting from a rigid boundary. Shock fronts were visu-alized using Schlieren method. Regular and irregular re-flections were observed experimentally and correspondingvalues of critical parameters for either type of reflectionto occur were determined. This work is supported by theFrench/Russian International Program for Scientific Co-operation PICS (RFBR 10-02-91062/CNRS 5063).


Development and analysis of non-linearity in the pressure waves resulting from thermoacoustic heatengines – (Contributed, 000072)

A. H. Ibrahima, A. A. Elbeltagya, M. M. Emama and E. Abdel-Rahmana,b

aThe American University in Cairo, School of Sciences & Engineering, (On leave from Cairo University), 11835 New Cairo, Egypt;bMechanical Power Engineering Department, Cairo University, 12613 Cairo, Egypt

Corresponding author E-mail: ehab [email protected]

Thermoacoustic heat engines are intrinsically simple, re-liable, environmentally friendly and reasonably efficient.The second law of thermodynamics dictates that higherconversion efficiencies necessitates high temperatures atthe hot side of the stack for higher efficiencies. In thiswork, a thermoacoustic prototype was built and tested.Operating the engine at a temperature just above the on-set temperature generates an acoustic wave at the funda-mental mode (with no nonlinearity observed) as definedby the engine’s geometry with heat to acoustic conversionefficiency relatively low. As the temperature differenceacross the stack increases, the resulting acoustic wave dis-

torts with observed nonlinearities. Yet, the heat to acous-tic conversion efficiency improves. Further increase in thetemperature difference across the stack increases the dis-tortion in the wave with development of more nonlinearity.Moreover, the heat to acoustic conversion efficiency de-creases. Numerical analysis of the resulting waves showsthat the AC-coupled distorted waves can be numericallyre-constructed by considering only the harmonics of thefundamental frequency of the wave, indicating that at theoperation range considered harmonics were the only sourceof non-linearity.


Nonlinear tube waves – (Contributed, 000671)

C. Klieber and D. L. JohnsonSchlumberger-Doll Research, One Hampshire Street, Cambridge, 02139, USA



A tube wave is an acoustic normal mode in which theenergy is confined to the vicinity of a fluid-filled cylin-der within an elastic solid. In the current study, we re-port on nonlinear tube wave propagation in a water-filledsteel pipe, in particular the evolution of various frequencycomponents of a narrow-band (multiple-cycle) pulse train.The dispersive behavior of the tube wave requires a care-ful selection of the frequency combinations under study(phase matching). In a first series of experiments, a trans-ducer launches a pulse train of a single initial frequency, ω,and we examine the evolution of the pressure amplitude at

its harmonic frequency, 2ω (second harmonic generation).In a second series, we study a pulse train consisting oftwo different initial frequencies, ω1 and ω2. In addition tothe second harmonics of each initial frequency, nonlineareffects lead to the generation of signals centered aroundthe difference and sum frequencies, ω2 − ω1 and ω2 + ω1,respectively (three-wave mixing). We find that the evolu-tion of all examined pressure amplitudes shows excellentagreement with our theoretical model, which, in addition,allows the determination of an effective nonlinearity pa-rameter, β, of the system.


Acoustic characterization of slow compaction dynamics in noncohesive disordered granular media –(Contributed, 000121)

J.-B. Leglanda, V. Tournata and V. Gusevb


Corresponding author E-mail: jean [email protected]

Noncohesive disordered granular media are well known toexhibit very complex behaviour when being excited by me-chanical solicitations. This work presents our studies ofthe slow dynamics in granular media undergoing a com-paction process. The characterization of slow dynamicsis performed by an acoustic probing of the packing aftermechanical solicitation. With this aim we have built a spe-cial setup to increase the density of the granular mediumand to probe its elastic properties by the acoustic reso-nance method. Elastic modulus and acoustic dissipation

are extracted from the frequency and the quality factorof resonances. To clarify how the contact properties be-tween grains modify the acoustic parameters during thecompaction we have also studied the influence of the tem-perature and the humidity on the acoustic measurements.Interpretations of the experimental observations are pro-posed.

This work is supported by project ”STABINGRAM”ANR-2010-BLAN-0927-03.


Experimental study of nonlinear acoustic waves in a granular chain – (Contributed, 000246)

J. Cabareta, V. Tournata, P. Bequina, V. Andreevb and V. Gusevc

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex

9; bLomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation; cLaboratoire de physique de l’etat

condense, Faculte des Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


The nonlinear acoustic propagation is experimentallystudied in a monoatomic and straight granular chain madewith identical spherical beads. The interaction law be-tween the beads is well described by the intrinsically non-linear Hertz-Mindlin theory, leading to a nonlinear propa-gation of the acoustic waves. We focus here on the studyof the nonlinear resonance phenomenon in a finite length

granular chain. We observe dispersion in linear wave prop-agation associated to the periodicity of the medium, butalso a dispersion of nonlinearity. Interpretations on the ba-sis of the hysteretic contact behavior are provided for thelatter phenomenon, and lead to the conclusion that undersome conditions this type of medium exhibits a dominantnonlinearity of the hysteretic type.


Revealing highly complex elastic nonlinear behavior of Earth materials applying dynamic acousto-elastic testing (DAET) – (Contributed, 000493)

G. Renauda, P.-Y. Le Basb and P. A. Johnsonb

aErasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands; bEarth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos

National Laboratory, MS D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA



A reliable physics-based theory that directly relates ma-terial elastic nonlinearity to damage and other featuresthat may be responsible for the elastic nonlinear response(inter-grain soft bonds, dislocations) does not yet exist.Dynamic acousto-elasticity has significant implication todevelopment of a physics based theory. The method pro-vides the means to dynamically study the wavespeed -strain and attenuation-strain behaviors through the fullwave cycle in contrast to most methods that measure av-erage response. The method relies on exciting a samplewith a low frequency vibration (several kHz) of strain am-plitude ranging from 10−7 to 10−5 in order to cycle itthrough stress-strain multiple times. Simultaneously, a

high frequency ultrasonic source (2 MHz) applies pulseswith high repetition rate to read variations in elasticityand dissipation. By integrating the velocity-stress data,we extract the dynamic stress-strain behavior. Thus thelow frequency amplitude-dependent anelastic energy dis-sipation can be assessed. We report preliminary resultsin 11 different room-dry rock samples, including a crys-talline rock (granite), sandstones and limestones. The be-haviors of the 6 investigated sandstones show a strikingsimilarity, although they have different microstructures.We also show how acoustical conditioning can modify non-linear elastodynamics, bringing temporarily the materialin a metastable state.


Nonlinear contactless optoacoustic technique for crack detection and evaluation – (Contributed, 000166)

S. Mezila, N. Chigareva, V. Tournata and V. Gusevb



Nonlinear techniques for non destructive testing providecracks detection with high sensitivity. The frequency-mixing technique [J. Appl. Phys. 106, 036101 (2009)]is based on the absorption of two laser beams indepen-dently modulated at frequencies fL and fH (with fL¿fH)and focused at the same spot, generating thermoelasticand acoustic waves, respectively. When the focusing ison a crack, the thermoelastic wave causes crack breath-ing, resulting in the generation of the frequency sidelobesfH±nfL (n = 1, 2, ...), absent otherwise. The techniquecan be implemented all-optically through detection by de-

flectometry or interferometry [Opt. Lett. 36, 3449 (2011)].Here we report two-dimensional crack imaging with a 50µm resolution and a 40 dB range contrast.The theoretical model [J. Appl. Phys. 107, 124905 (2010)]explains frequency-mixing phenomena. Here we report anextension of the theory, including possible hysteresis in thecrack breathing motion. The fit of the extended theory tothe measured amplitudes and phases of the sidelobes pro-vides opportunity to determine crack parameters.This research is supported by ANR project ”ANL-MEMSıANR-10-BLAN-092302.


Nonlinear guided waves to characterize damage in glass fiber reinforced plastics (FRPC) – (Contributed,

000716)

Y. Baccouchea, M. Bentahara, R. El Guerjoumaa and M.H. Ben Ghozlenb

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bFaculte des Sciences de Sfax, Rte Soukra km 3.B.P. 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia

Corresponding author E-mail: Yosra.el [email protected]

Sensitivity of nonlinear acoustic methods to the presenceand the evolution of micro-damage has been proven invarious studies on a wide range of materials (composites,concrete, rocks, etc.). This sensitivity is due to the re-lationship existing between the elastic properties of theabove-mentioned materials and the created strain duringthe passage of the acoustic disturbances. In nonlinear res-onance experiments, where a single mode is considered,this observation has been proposed to explain the decreasein resonance frequency as a function of the dynamic strain.Thereby, the hysteretic parameters corresponding to the

elastic modulus as well as damping are determined fora single frequency. In this work, we propose a guidedwave approach to determine and corresponding to a GFRPtaken at intact as well as damaged states. By chang-ing the bending modes, and are determined as functionof frequency. In addition, the dispersion of the gener-ated guided wave’s velocity has also been determined asa function of strain. Experimental results reveal interest-ing correlations between velocity variations and excitationamplitude.



Comparaison of temporal and frequency methods applied to ultrasonic nonlinear signals – (Contributed,

000404)

S. Idjimarenea, M. Bentahara, M. Scalerandib and R. El Guerjoumaa

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bDAST, Politecnico di torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 42, 10129 Torino, Italy


Since microcracks are considerably shorter than the acous-tic wavelength, linear acoustic measurements are often notsensitive to such microscopic imperfections. Thereby, al-ternative methods can be applied to detect the nonlinear-ities present in a temporal signal as evidence of micro-damage. Most methods rely on the analysis of the signalin the frequency domain. However, despite the diversityof the existing methods, the amplitudes of the higher or-der harmonics, generated by microcracks, are often smalland consequently submerged within the noise. As an al-ternative, the scaling subtraction method (SSM) can beused, working in the time domain. The use of SSM in-creases the signal to noise ratio compared to Fourier based

analysis methods. Simulation data corresponding to non-linear ultrasonic waves propagating in hysteretic elasticmedia are used. Data are analyzed in both time (SSM)and frequency (FFT) domains. Results of the analysisare compared and the efficiency of the two approaches isestimated when equipment and environmental noises con-taminate the signal. Furthermore, the kind of nonlinearitypresent in the sample is studied when the intensity of non-linearity increases. The sensitivity of the above-mentionedapproaches is discussed as a function of the excitation fre-quency, as well as the strength and the position of thenonlinear scatterer.


Molecular simulation of sound for development of nanoacoustics – (Contributed, 000846)

T. YanoOsaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, 565-0871 Suita, Japan


Large scale molecular dynamics simulations have been per-formed to clarify the nonlinear and non-equilibrium pro-cesses of high-frequency sound waves in a gas. Since thenumber density of molecules in a gas is considerably smallcompared with those in liquids and the wavelengths ofsound are very large compared with molecular scales evenfor high-frequency (gigahertz) sound, we put more than0.3 million molecules in a simulation box with the lengthof several micrometers in the direction of wave propaga-tion. The one-dimensional sound wave is generated by a

harmonic oscillation of sound source with the Lennard-Jones intermolecular potential, which is the same as thatof gas molecules. As a result, we find that the large am-plitude and high-frequency sound propagates with strongattenuation, in some cases, exhibiting a stream-like profileaccompanied with mass, momentum, and energy trans-ports. This leads to a completely different picture anda different dispersion relation from a classical theory ofhigh-frequency sound based on the linear standing waveanalysis.

Tue 13:40 Francois CANAC PU-S12: Ultrasound and lasers

Zero Group Velocity and backward Lamb modes – (Invited, 000719)

C. Pradaa, F. D. Philippea, D. Clorennecb, M. Cesa and D. RoyeraaInstitut Langevin - Ondes et Images, 10, rue Vauquelin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR7587, Univ Paris Diderot, 75005 Paris, France;bQuiet-Oceans, 135, rue Claude Chappe, 29280 Plouzane, France


Laser ultrasonics techniques are very useful to investigateLamb modes in plates. In this talk, the remarkable prop-erties of zero group velocity (ZGV) and backward Lambmodes will be discussed and illustrated through measure-ments done with nanoseconds laser ultrasonics. Thesemodes originate from the repulsion between two dispersionbranches having close cut off frequencies, correspondingto a longitudinal and a transverse thickness mode of thesame symmetry. The lowest branch exhibits a minimum

corresponding to the ZGV mode and a negative slope asso-ciated to backward propagation. The frequency spectrumof the plate elastic response to a local impact is entirelydominated by ZGV resonances and for isotropic plates theset of resonance frequencies provides an accurate measure-ment of the local Poisson’s ratio. When either the trans-verse or the longitudinal acoustic velocity is known, platethickness can be precisely determined. Backward modes,having negative phase velocities, exist in the vicinity of a


ZGV mode. It will be shown that mode conversion fromthe S2 forward mode to the S2b backward mode can beachieved at a plate thickness change. Then, negative re-

fraction and focusing can be obtained with a simple flatlens.


Non contact measurement of thin layer thickness by zero group velocity Lamb modes – (Contributed,

000570)

M. Cesa, D. Clorennecb, D. Royera and C. Pradaa

aInstitut Langevin - Ondes et Images, 10, rue Vauquelin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR7587, Univ Paris Diderot, 75005 Paris, France;bQuiet-Oceans, 135, rue Claude Chappe, 29280 Plouzane, France


A homogeneous elastic plate can support non-propagatingLamb modes having a zero group velocity (ZGV) fornonzero values of their wave number, giving rise to sharpresonances. For plates covered with a thin layer, it wasshown that the frequency of the S1S2 ZGV resonance wasshifted proportionally to the mass loading through a factorwhich depends on the mechanical properties of the layerand of the substrate.As they are non-contact and broadband, Laser Based Ul-trasonics techniques are very efficient to investigate me-chanical vibrations. In our experiments, Lamb modes weregenerated by a Nd:YAG pulsed laser. An optical interfer-

ometer was used to measure the displacement normal tothe plate surface at the same point on the non-coated face.Gold layers of a few hundred nanometers were detectedthrough a 1.5-mm thick Duralumin plate. The shift ofthe 1.9-MHz resonance frequency of the fundamental ZGVmode is proportional to the layer thickness: typically 10kHz per µm for a gold layer deposited on a Duraluminplate. Taking into account the influence of the tempera-ture, a 240-nm gold layer was measured with a ±4% un-certainty. This thickness has been verified by scanning thecoated face with an optical profiling system.


Evaluation of sub-micrometer thick multilayered colloidal films by the method of resonant hypersoundspectroscopy – (Contributed, 000412)

A. Ayoucha, P. Ruelloa, V. Guseva, G. Vaudela, X. Dieudonneeb, H. Piombinib, P. Bellevilleb and K. Valleb

aLaboratoire de physique de l’etat condense, Faculte des Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; bCEA Le Ripault,

BP 16 37260 Monts


Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy, which consists in mea-suring the resonance frequencies of oscillations in ultra-sonic frequency range, is a well-established technique forthe evaluation of elastic properties of structures. The useof picosecond laser ultrasonics experimental technique forthe generation and detection of acoustic vibrations, al-lows experimental evaluation of the resonance oscillationsof sub-micrometer size structures, typically in the GHz,i.e. in hypersonic frequency domain. This communica-tion exposes the results of an experimental evaluation ofthe elastic properties of sub-micrometer thick multilay-ered colloidal films. The individual layers of the films de-posited on opaque substrate are disordered silica assem-

blies with well controlled nanoparticles surface chemistry.The nanoparticles diameter is 10nm. The colloidal films,composed of different number of layers, have all the samethickness of about H=400nm. Our experiments revealedthe dependence of the resonance frequencies of the filmson the number of identical individual layers composingthe films. The experimental data are used to characterizethe dependence of the elastic properties of the individuallayers on their thickness and to estimate the quality of ad-hesion between the individual layers composing the films.These original results demonstrate the ability of picosec-ond acoustics methods to probe elasticity of soft colloidalfilms.


Flaws detection using laser-ultrasound and mode conversion – (Contributed, 000466)

F. Faese, F. Jenot, M. Ouaftouh and M. DuquennoyIEMN-DOAE, Universite de Valenciennes, Le Mont Houy, 59313 Valenciennes, France



Industries such as the aeronautic industry or iron and steelindustry are increasingly interested in laser ultrasonics,which is a cutting-edge technique used in non-destructivetesting and evaluation. Compared to conventional meth-ods such as piezoelectric transducers or EMATs, the mainadvantages of laser ultrasonics are a large bandwidth, itsnon-contact aspects and the ability to control high temper-ature and/or geometrically complex materials. Ultrasonicwaves generation in an aluminium sample by a pulsedNd:YAG laser, their detection by interferometry and theirinteraction with a slot are presented. Considering experi-

mental results and finite element method simulation, theadvantages of using a thermoelastic line generation as wellas temporal and frequency effects of the slot on the surfaceacoustic waves will be explained. Associated with wave-conversion phenomena, these results lead to an originalflaw detection and characterization method.

The authors are grateful to the ANR for its contribution inECO CND project through its support in the ”productiondurable et technologies de l’environnement ECOTECHıprogram.


Evaluation of transverse elastic properties of fibers used in composite materials by laser resonantultrasound spectroscopy – (Contributed, 000774)

D. Mouniera, C. Poilaneb, C. Buchera and P. PicartaaUniversite du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France; bIUT d’Alencon - Universite de Caen Basse-Normandie, Site

Universitaire de Montfoulon, 61250 Damigny, France


We evaluate the elastic properties of glass, carbon, andflax fibers that are used to manufacture composite mate-rials. The transverse elastic properties of fibers are moredifficult to measure than the longitudinal properties. Butthe knowledge of the transverse properties is mandatoryto predict correctly the mechanical behavior of a com-posite material. We apply the laser resonant ultrasoundspectroscopy (RUS) technique to evaluate the transverseYoung modulus and Poisson ratio of fibers. The mechani-cal vibrations of a cross section are generated by a pulsedsubnanosecond laser beam focused and shaped on the fiber

as a line parallel to the fiber. The vibrations are detectedoptically by the probe beam of an interferometer, focusedat the zone of excitation. The measured eigenfrequenciesrange from 5 MHz for flax fibers to 500 MHz for carbonand glass fibers. Using finite element modeling, the eigen-modes of fibers are identified and the mechanical proper-ties of the fiber materials are evaluated. The transverseelastic properties of carbon fibers are significantly differ-ent from the longitudinal properties. For flax fibers, thestrong damping of modes which is observed could explainthe strong damping of flax fiber reinforced polymers.


Experimental observation of acoustic streaming in cavitation bubble fields – (Contributed, 000392)

T. Nowak and R. MettinGeorg-August-Universitat Gottingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Gottingen, Germany


We use a special fluorescence microscope setup with si-multaneously high speed recordings and particle trackingvelocimetry to observe streaming in acoustic bubble fields.One point of interest is to correlate the streaming andbubble motion. It is well known that bubble motion cancause streaming and bubble translation and nucleation areimpacted by streaming. By applying a static over pres-

sure it is possible to prevent cavitation and observe thepure acoustic streaming. We show observations of differ-ent sound fields with different frequencies thus also differ-ent bubble structures. Partially the camera observationsare compared with electrochemical measurements to seethe streaming inside the boundary layer.


Peculiarities of acoustooptic interaction in media with strong acoustic anisotropy – (Contributed, 000085)

S. N. Mantsevicha and V. I. Balakshyb

aSpace Research Institute, Profsoyuznaya str. 84/32, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation; bM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State Univer-

sity, Vorobevy Gory 1, Physics Dept., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation



Actually optoelectronic devices based on the acoustoop-tic (AO) interaction are widely used to control the opticalradiation. Usually treating the AO interaction acousticbeam is considered to be ideal, this means that magni-tude of acoustic wave is equal in all points and wave frontsare plane. But it is impossible to realize such beams inpractice. Fundamental reasons for appearance of inho-mogeneous acoustic beam are diffraction effects producedby finite size of transducer. Acoustic anisotropy also in-fluences on the structure of acoustic beam. Nowadayscrystals with extra large anisotropy of elastic properties

such as tellurium dioxide, calomel and others are used inacoustooptics and it is obvious that in the process of AOdevices characteristics evaluation it is not possible to ne-glect media anisotropy in which acoustic waves are beingaroused. In the presented work general solution of acous-tic beam diffraction in the anisotropic media was obtained.Structure of acoustic field was caclulated for several direc-tions in the paratellurite crystal. Influence of acoustic fieldstructure on the efficiency of AO interaction and AO filtertransfer functions was examined.


Photoacoustics to guide and monitor ultrasound therapy – (Contributed, 000720)

A. Prost, M. Pernot, J.-M. Chassot and E. BossyInstitut Langevin - Ondes et Images, 10 rue Vauquelin, ESPCI ParisTech, 75231 Paris, France


Photoacoustic imaging has recently been proposed as apromising method to guide and/or monitor therapy basedon high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). In this work,different steps of a photoacoustic-guided HIFU scenariowill be presented. The initial step involves detecting se-lectively the photoacoustic signals from a targeted area,such as a tumor. To do so, functionalized gold nanopar-ticules are interesting contrast agents as their absorp-tion spectrum presents a strong resonance, providing away to discriminate GNR-generated photoacoustic signalsfrom background signals. Once selectively detected, pho-

toacoustic signals may be used to refocus HIFU towardsthe targeted area, based for instance on time-reversal ap-proaches. As the optical properties of the targeted areachange during therapy, photoacoustic imaging may alsobe used to monitor the therapy process. This work willpresent results obtained with a special dual-mode 128-element array, designed for both photoacoustic detectionand HIFU emission with the same elements. Results onthe detection of GNR-loaded cells in vitro and real-timephotoacoustic-assisted HIFU will be presented.


Development of an acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscope – (Contributed, 000658)

O. Simandoux, J.-M. Chassot, E. Fort and E. BossyInstitut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris, France


Photoacoustic imaging is a recent, rapidly growing imag-ing technique. It has the unique ability to provide im-ages in soft tissues in the optically diffusive regime withboth optical absorption contrast and ultrasound resolu-tion. One of the photoacoustic imaging modalities is calledacoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. It is aim-ing at resolution from a few microns to 100 microns overdepths up to a centimeter. In this work, a photoacoustic

microscope using a mechanically scanned single elementfocused transducer is described. The following characteris-tics of our microscope are studied: image contrast, signal-to-noise ratio, resolution and acquisition time, and imag-ing depth. Images are made at different optical wavelengthranging from 532nm to the near-infrared of the therapeu-tic window. This set-up is intended to image tumor modelon small animals.


Semi-analytical time-reversal imaging of a volume source in solids – (Contributed, 000178)

S. Raetz, T. Dehoux and B. AudoinI2M-Bordeaux, Acoustic Physical Dep., 351 cours de la Liberation, 33405 Talence, France



Based on the ability of acoustic waves to relive their pastlife, the time-reversal principle is of great interest foracoustic imaging. Many applications deal with focusing insoft materials. However, few applications concern solidsbecause compressional- and shear-wave velocities are ofthe same order of magnitude, leading to mode conversionat interfaces. Moreover, only surface sources have beenconsidered in solids. The purpose of this work is thereforetwofold: imaging a volume acoustic source in a solid.The volume source is obtained by focusing a laser beamto a line with finite lateral dimension on the surface of aplate. The laser beam penetrates over a depth depend-

ing on the optical properties of the material. The normaldisplacements caused by acoustic waves generated by thisvolume source are measured at a surface of the plate. Toanalyze the optimal experimental configuration, normaldisplacements representing accurately the typical laser-ultrasonics data are computed. The time-reversal process,i.e., the playback of these normal displacements that leadsto the reconstruction of the volume source, is experimen-tally complicated in laser-ultrasonics. A semi-analyticalmodeling is thus developed. Simultaneous imaging of thelateral dimension and penetration of the source is obtainedand limitations are discussed.


Generation and detection of sinusoidal ultrasonic waves in the GHz-THz frequency range – (Contributed,

000777)

D. Mouniera, T. Nowaka, J.-M. Breteaua, G. Vaudelb, T. Pezerilb, P. Picarta, P. Ruellob and V. Gusevb

aUniversite du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France; bLaboratoire de physique de l’etat condense, Faculte des

Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


Through a sinusoidal thermo-modulation of a thin metal-lic film deposited on a substrate, monochromatic acousticwaves can be generated in the substrate (Damen, PRL1995). Two interfering tunable lasers are used to inducea thermo-modulation at a frequency equal to the lasersbeating frequency. Thus, the generated ultrasonic wavescan be continuously tuned from 0 Hz up to the THz rangeby tuning the optical frequency of each pump laser. Forthe detection of the sinusoidal acoustic waves, an addi-tional CW laser is used as a probe, which interacts withthe laser-generated acoustic beam. The detection of theweak perturbation of the probe beam intensity induced by

the acoustic beam requires a particular modulation of thepump lasers. We describe the experiments, which demon-strate that the detection of sinusoidal acoustic waves atfrequencies in the GHz-THz range is possible. With a pre-cise control of the optical frequency of both pump lasers,it becomes feasible to generate monochromatic acousticwaves with a very narrow line-width, typically less thanone MHz. Ultrasound spectroscopy with high resolutionis achievable using such monochromatic acoustic waves.This technique would be beneficial for the study of nano-resonators with very high-quality factors, such as nano-membranes and nano-rods.


Heterodyne ultrafast pump-probe experiments, towards acoustic imaging with 1 GHz to 100 GHzspectral range – (Contributed, 000714)

A. Abbasa, Y. Guilletb, B. Audoinb, J.-M. Rampnouxc, S. Dilhairec, J. Carlierd, P. Rigaild and E. Mottayd

aI2M/LOMA/Amplitude systemes, 351 cours de la Liberation, 33405 Talence, France; bI2M-Bordeaux, Acoustic Physical Dep., 351

cours de la Liberation, 33405 Talence, France; cLOMA, Photonic Dep., 351 cours de la liberation, 33405 Talence, France; dAmplitude

systemes, 11, avenue de Canteranne, Cite de la Photonique, 33600 Pessac, France


Usual femtosecond pump-probe experiments allow thegeneration and the detection of acoustic waves in the GHz-THz frequency range for investigation of matter propertiesat sub-micron scales. The main drawback of these expe-riments is their acquisition speed limitation due to theuse of mechanical delay line. We present a pump-probeheterodyne setup which uses two mode-locked lasers (400fs FHMW pulses at nearly 50 MHz repetition rate). Acontrolled frequency shift (100 Hz to 1 KHz) of their rep-etition rates synthesized by a Phase Locked Loop permitsto generate the pump-probe delay and to discard the setupof any mechanical translation stage. An accurate control

of the beating frequency is needed to achieve the tempo-ral resolution required to detect high acoustic frequencies.Any fluctuation of this beating frequency induces an un-certainty on the pump-probe delay (jitter) and reducesthe system bandwidth. We will expose the metrologicalmethod allowing the measurement of this jitter, whichturns out to be smaller than 500 fs. This jitter valueshould permit the detection of waves over a large bandspectrum, from few GHz to several hundreds of GHz witha 50 MHz spectral resolution. Experimental pump-probemeasurements on different physical systems will highlightthis feature.



Versatile ultrafast pump-probe imaging with high sensitivity CCD camera – (Contributed, 000771)

T. Pezerila, C. Kliebera, V. Temnova, J.-R. Huntzingerb and A. Ananec

aLaboratoire de physique de l’etat condense, Faculte des Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; bGroupe d’etude

des semiconducteurs, RPE - N.21 - CC074 Place Eugene Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5; cUnite mixte de physique CNRS/Thales,

Domaine de Corbeville 91404 Orsay Cedex


A powerful imaging technique based on femtosecond time-resolved measurements with a high dynamic range, com-mercial CCD camera is presented. Ultrafast phenom-ena induced by a femtosecond laser pump are visualizedthrough the lock-in type acquisition of images recordedby a femtosecond laser probe. This technique allows time-resolved measurements of laser excited phenomena at mul-tiple probe wavelengths (spectrometer mode) or conven-tional imaging of the sample surface (imaging mode). Twoexamples based on time-resolved imaging of the samplesurface are presented. First, we follow the non-linear re-

shaping of an acoustic strain pulse in a hybrid gold/cobaltlayer at ambient temperature in a sequence of images. Sec-ond, we examine time-resolved images of transient thermalheating in graphene samples where we observe heat dissi-pation as fast as one picosecond which neither depends onthe number of layers nor the shape of the graphene sam-ple. A wealth of adaptations of the presented techniquecan be considered such as imaging of ultrasonic echoes inbiological samples (ultrasonic microscopy with resolutiondown to tens of nanometer).


Ultrasonic signal synthesis for acousto-optical white light filtering with arbitrary spectral transmissionfunction – (Contributed, 000534)

K. Yushkov, V. Molchanov and S. ChizhikovMISIS, Leninsky prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russian Federation


Acousto-optical filtering of broadband light is based onBragg phase matching between light and single-frequencyultrasound in crystals with strong anisotropy of acous-tic and optical properties. Conventionally, acousto-opticalmethod provides easy tuning of transmitted optical wave-length, but the shape of transmission function can not beadaptively adjusted. We developed a novel algorithm forfeeding acousto-optic tunable filters that provides possibil-ity for arbitrary transformation of transmission function.The method is based on linear frequency modulation ofpermittivity tensor of the crystal by ultrasound. Preciseshaping of transmission function was obtained with the

help of amplitude modulation and nonlinear phase modu-lation.

Quasicollinear filter on the base of paratellurite crystalwas designed and fabricated for experimental verificationof the algorithm. The device was operating with 80 %diffraction efficiency for radiation with the bandwidth of150 nm centered at 800 nm, and spectral resolution washigher than 10 cm−1. Experiments with broadband fem-tosecond laser oscillator demonstrated variable band-passand notch filtering as well as multi-window transmissionfunction.

Tue 14:00 Yves ROCARD MI-S04: Wave propagation in heterogeneous media: modeling and simulation

How to use disorder for guiding a broadband acoustic wave ? – (Contributed, 000508)

A. Bretagne and A. TourinInstitut Langevin ESPCI ParisTech - CNRS UMR 7587 - INSERM U979, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France


In 1989, the concept of transverse localization was intro-duced as a new form of localization of light in the sense ofAnderson [H. De Raedt et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 62,no. 1, pp. 47-50, 1989.]. Recently T. Schwartz et al. [Na-ture, vol. 446, p. 52, 2007] reported the first experimentaldemonstration of this prediction. To do so, they studiedthe propagation of light in 2 dimensional disordered pho-tonic lattices, and proved that light was indeed exponen-tially localized in the transverse plane. Here, we present

an equivalent scheme to guide MHz-ultrasonic broadbandwaves. We explore propagation of MHz-ultrasound in amedium which is either ordered or disordered in the twotransverse dimensions (x,y) but invariant in the propaga-tion direction (z). Our samples are made of parallel ar-rangements of cylindrical scatterers (0.8mm in diameter)embedded in a soft elastic matrix. In the disordered case,the probe beam is laterally confined with an exponentialtransverse intensity profile, which gives the first demon-


stration of the transverse localization of acoustic waves.Moreover we prove that the typical dispersion experiencedby the pulsed waves in the ordered sample is almost can-

celled in the Anderson localized one, hence resulting in aspatio- temporally guided wave.


Propagation of guided waves in a non-uniform acoustic waveguide – (Invited, 000308)

J.F. Merciera and A. A. MaurelbaPOEMS-CNRS/ENSTA/INRIA, 32 Boulevard Victor, 75015 Paris, France; bInstitut Langevin/LOA, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, rue

de la glaciere, 75005 Paris, France


We study the time harmonic propagation of acoustic wavesin a waveguide with varying cross section. This is doneusing a multimodal approach. The modal componentsare expressed thanks to an integral representation (Lip-mann Schwinger representation) that is used to iterate theBorn approximation. We compare the classical approachin which the infinite sum of modes is truncated in the prac-tice to a new formalism in which the sum of modes is finite

and an extra mode is artificially added. This method hasbeen shown to ensure a better convergence because the ad-ditional mode allows a better approximation of the bound-ary condition at the walls. Numerical calculations are pro-posed and compared to direct finite element simulationsto validate the iterated Born approximation. Analyticalsolutions are proposed in the first Born approximation andcompared to classical results for the low frequency regime.


Propagation of guided waves through weak penetrable scatterers – (Invited, 000039)

A. A. Maurela and J.F. MercierbaInstitut Langevin/LOA, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, rue de la glaciere, 75005 Paris, France; bPOEMS-CNRS/ENSTA/INRIA, 32

Boulevard Victor, 75015 Paris, France


The scattering of a scalar wave propagating in a waveguidecontaining weak penetrable scatterers is inspected in theBorn approximation. The scatterers are of arbitrary shapeand present a contrast both in density and in celerity (orbulk modulus), a situation that can be translated in thecontext of SH waves, water waves or TE/TM polarizedelectromagnetic waves. For small size of inclusions com-pared to the waveguide height, analytical expressions of

the transmission and reflexion coefficients are derived, andcompared to result of direct numerical simulations. Thecases of periodically and randomly distributed inclusionsare considered in more details, and compared with un-bounded propagation through inclusions. Comparisonswith previous results valid in the low frequency regimeare proposed.


Hyperelastic cloaking theory: Transformation elasticity with prestressed solids – (Invited, 000418)

W. J. Parnella and A. N. NorrisbaUniversity of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL Manchester, UK; bRutgers University, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,

Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA


Interest in cloaking theory (rendering objects near-invisible to incident waves) and its practical realizationhas grown significantly since the early theoretical workin 2006 of Leonhardt and the Pendry group in optics andelectromagnetism respectively. Methods have largely beenbased on the idea of coordinate transformations, whichmotivate the design of cloaking metamaterials. These ma-terials are able to guide waves around a specific region ofspace. Research has subsequently focused on the possibil-

ity of cloaking in the contexts of acoustics, surface waves influids, heat transfer, fluid flow and linear elastodynamics.

It was shown by Milton and co-workers that elastodynamiccloaking is made difficult due to the lack of invariance ofNavier’s equations under general coordinate transforma-tions. Restricted mappings do preserve the form of equa-tions but the transformed elastic modulus tensor does notpossess the minor symmetries.

We shall show that it is theoretically possible to con-struct elastodynamic cloaks by pre-stressing hyperelastic


solids. We discuss an initial simple case (antiplane waves)[Parnell, W.J. ”Nonlinear pre-stress for cloaking from an-tiplane elastic waves”, Proc Roy Soc A, online version:

doi: 10.1098/rspa.2011.0477] and describe various general-izations including finite antiplane cloaks and more generalelastodynamic problems.


Efficient acoustic filtering for oilfield technology – (Contributed, 000419)

T. Kinoshita and N. SakiyamaSchlumberger K.K., 2-2-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo, 252-0206 Sagamihara, Japan


Logging while drilling (LWD) acoustic measurement pro-vides timely analysis for borehole stability and drilling op-timization in the oilfield. An LWD acoustic tool is com-posed of a drill collar (thick steel pipe) equipped with anacoustic source and receivers to probe rocks surroundingthe borehole. The drill collar area is favorable for toolwave propagation from the transmitter to the receiver sec-tion of the tool. Minimizing such arrival is critical toavoid unwanted interference with formation signal. Inorder to decrease such interferences, multiple grooves ofdifferent sizes are machined inside the drill collar. Non-homogeneity of the structure constructs a solid filter simi-

lar to a solid rod loaded with heavy masses. The stop-bandand attenuation of the tool propagation largely depend onthe distribution and size of the grooves machined into thecollar. Their characteristics as an acoustic filter are alsosubject to properties of borehole fluid, where the drill col-lar is immersed. Therefore, the groove pattern has to bedesigned by modeling with consideration to many factorswithin given constraints. A method to optimize the groovepattern for given acoustic characteristics is discussed inthis paper. The application to real data will illustrate theeffectiveness of this methodology.


Modelling the emergence of the coherent field for cavities in a solid matrix – (Invited, 000190)

V. J. Pinfield and R. E. ChallisUniversity of Nottingham, Electrical Systems and Optics Division, Faculty of Engineering, Tower Building, University Park, Nottingham,

NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK


What is the acoustic field reflected from a region of spher-ical cavities distributed in a solid medium? The questionhas application in the field of non-destructive testing ofcomposite materials, in which porosity is present. Whilstthe most common solution would be to model the coher-ent field, is this necessarily a valid description for a finiteregion with a particular fixed set of cavity locations? Thecoherent field emerges only after taking an ensemble aver-age over all possible scatterer locations. A semi-analyticalmodel of the scattered field from a region of spherical scat-terers was used to determine the conditions under which

the coherent field is representative of that reflected by asingle realisation of scatterer locations. A set of simula-tions was carried out for single realisations of randomly-generated cavity positions, using a far-field scattering am-plitude in the long-wavelength limit to define the scatteredfield arriving at a receiving device. Comparison with thecorresponding coherent field, representing the ensemble-average result, shows the conditions in which the coherentfield can be applied to the field reflected from such mate-rials.


Ultrasonic wave propagation in heterogeneous media – (Invited, 000403)

L. Cunninghama, A. J. Mulhollanda, G. Harveyb and C. Birdc

aUniversity of Strathclyde, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, 26 Richmond Street, G1 1XH Glasgow, UK; bPZFlex Europe,

50 Richmond Street, G1 1XP Glasgow, UK; cDoosan Babcock, T&E Building, Porterfield Rd, PA4 8DJ Renfrew, UK


The non-destructive testing of austenitic steel welds usingultrasound is of vital importance for assessing safety criti-cal structures such as those found in the nuclear industry.The internal geometry of these welds is heterogeneous and

highly scattering and this makes it difficult to detect andcharacterise any defects within them. To help reduce thesescattering effects and improve defect imaging Full Ma-trix Capture is being applied to ultrasonic transducer ar-


rays. There is a need therefore to develop post-processingalgorithms that best utilise the data from such devices.This paper considers the use of a time-frequency domainmethod known as the Decomposition of the Time ReversalOperator (DORT) method. To develop this method andto demonstrate its efficacy in tackling this problem a seriesof simulated data sets are used. The simulated data is gen-erated using a finite element method (PZFLEX) with the

heterogeneous internal microstructure of the weld beinggiven by previous Electron Backscatter Diffraction mea-surements. A range of artificial flaws are then insertedinto this geometry. By varying the flaw size and type, acomparison is conducted between the DORT method andthe Total Focusing Method (TFM) and their relative abil-ity to perform flaw detection assessed.


Discussion on various model of multiple scattering in acoustics and elastic heterogeneous media –(Invited, 000163)

L. Le Marrec and G. FuthazarIRMAR - Universite Rennes 1, Campus Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France


The propagation of acoustic or elastic wave through anheterogeneous domain is investigated in 2D. For heteroge-neous medium composed of discrete scattered embedded ina homogeneous matrix, effective medium theories consistsin modeling the coherent part of the wave obtained formequivalent propagation along various distribution of scat-terer. The main objective is to determine attenuation anddispersion of the wave. In the case of half-space or slab,transmission and reflection coefficient can be obtained.

Here various model are presented and compared in theclassical case: half-space heterogeneous domain probed byincident plane wave. A synthetic formalism is the occa-sion to generalized this problem to any bounded domain.It is the occasion to highlight some particular features ofthis full 2D-problem (where translational invariance alongone direction is broken). In particular a new synthetic for-mulation of the QCA is proposed. Asymptotic calculationwill be presented for low-frequency regime or dilute media.


Studies of acoustic wave propagation in water-filled piping: wall thickness effect – (Contributed, 000103)

A. Mokhtari and V. ChatoorgoonUniversity of Manitoba, Room E2-327 Engineering Information and Technology Complex, 75A Chancellors Circle, University of

Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 5V6


The effect of acoustic wave propagation in primary heattransport systems is the subject of study in this pa-per.Thus, the behavior of acoustic wave propagation inpiping systems filled with water is examined here throughfundamental experiments and analysis. A simple experi-mental acoustic wave propagation facility has been built atthe University of Manitoba and initial experiments showconclusively that analytical methods do not predict wellthe acoustic amplitude and frequency above 100 Hz. The

reasons, unknown at this time, must be sought throughfundamental simple experiments on the various parame-ters that affect acoustic wave propagation. Thus, funda-mental experiments on parametric effects have commencedat the University of Manitoba with the built facility. Thispaper presents the findings and discusses the effect of pipewall thickness in an attempt to determine if thicker wallsimprove the agreement between experiment and theoryabove 100 Hz.


Using the MFS for the analysis of the sound absorption by a porous plate containing a periodic arrayof inclusions – (Contributed, 000756)

E. Perrey-Debaina and B. Nennigb

aLaboratoire Roberval, Rue Personne de Roberval, BP 20529 F-60205 Compiegne Cedex; bLaboratoire d’Ingenierie des Systemes

Mecaniques et des MAteriaux, Supmeca - 3, rue Fernand Hainaut - 93407 St Ouen Cedex



The Method of Fundamental Solutions (MFS) is now awell-established technique that has proved to be reliablefor a specific range of wave problems such as the scatter-ing of acoustic and elastic waves by scatterers of regularshapes or by gratings. The aim of this work is to show thatthe technique can be used to model absorption problemswhereby an incident acoustic wave impinges on a porousplate of finite thickness in which periodic inclusions areembedded. The inclusions may be of different type such

as rigid scatterers of various shape or cavities filled withair or with another porous material. The extension of theMFS to periodic problems is obtained by using appropri-ate periodic Green’s functions for which highly convergentseries exist. The influence of the inclusions is illustratedon various examples in order to enhance the absorptionproperties in the low frequency range or around specificfrequency ranges.


Coherent phonons scattering by interstitial impurities in a quantum wire – (Contributed, 000022)

M.-S. RabiaUniversite Mouloud Mammeri, Laboratoire de Mecanique des Structures et, Energetique, 15000 Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria


We investigate, in the harmonic approximation frame-work, the influence of interstitial defect on the scatteringproperties of elastic waves in quantum wire. The modelis composed of two infinite atomic chains, assimilated toa perfect crystallographic waveguide, containing intersti-tial impurities. The problem is treated numerically us-ing the matching method based on the Landauer-Buttikerprinciple. Considering the scattering boundary conditionsas well as the conditions of symmetry, we study first thereticular dynamics of the perfect lattice witch consists,essentially, to determine the vibrating eigenmodes (prop-agating and evanescent modes) and their correspondingpolarizations. The defect region, incorporated later in the

waveguide, allows one to establish the mathematical for-malism necessary to the diffusion. Numerical results showthat the presence of defect in a quantum wire modifiesparticularly its mechanical and vibrational properties bythe creation of new localized states and by bulk and sur-face phonons scattering. Its influence results in a generaldecrease of the transmission probability amplitude accen-tuated by Fabry-Perot oscillations (interferences betweenreflected waves in the perturbed region) and/or Fano-likeresonances (coherent coupling between propagating modesand localized-defect states). The transmission spectra, ob-tained by scattering experiments, can thus be regarded asfingerprints of the specific defect structure.


Finite size effect for the effective propagation in a periodic structure with disorder – (Invited, 000587)

V. Pagneuxa, A. A. Maurelb and P. P. Martinc

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bInstitut Langevin/LOA, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, rue de la glaciere, 75005 Paris, France; cDpt App. Maths & Stat., Colorado

School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401-1887, USA


Propagation in periodic media are known to display spe-cific properties such as forbidden bad gap for instance.When disorder is introduced in the periodic medium, theseproperties are modified and it is instructive to obtain theeffective medium that characterize how is the medium re-sponse in average. In this work, we are interested by finitesize effects and we consider the effective medium theoryof a finite slab of periodic medium perturbed by weak dis-

order. By applying the Dyson formalism for the Greenfunction, it is shown that the effective potential is inho-mogeneous in space and depends on the size of the slab. Itis an instance of the importance of size effect for finite slabconcerning the averaged response or the averaged scatter-ing. A comparison of the results obtained with this inho-mogeneous effective potential and the results obtained byCPA method will be presented.

Tue 16:40 Philip DOAK EN-S08: Engineering models for noise mapping

Comparison of engineering models of outdoor sound propagation: NMPB2008 and Harmonoise-Imagine– (Contributed, 000604)

D. Ecotiere, C. Foy and G. DutilleuxLaboratoire Regional des Ponts et Chaussees de Strasbourg, 11 rue Jean Mentelin, 67035 Strasbourg, France



Different models of outdoor sound propagation can beused to predict transportation and industry noise for noisemapping or environmental impact assessment. We presenthere a comparison of noise attenuations predicted by a)the French engineering model NMPB 2008, designed forrailway, road or industrial noise, b) the engineering modelelaborated in the European Harmonoise/Imagine projects.The comparison has first been done by comparing the devi-ations between models for calculated sound attenuation forboth homogeneous and downward propagation situationsand for 7 experimental site configurations. Some signifi-

cant deviations can be observed mainly for high frequen-cies and also for homogeneous propagation conditions. Acomparison between calculated and experimental soundattenuations is also presented for each method, on the ba-sis of 5 road noise experimental campaigns, where each siteis representative of different common topographies. Somestatistically significant deviations between both mean andstandard deviation are observed between the two models.In light of these road traffic noise cases, the NMPB 2008model appears to have a better accuracy and a better pre-cision than the Harmonoise/Imagine model have.


A simple approach for making noise maps within a GIS software – (Contributed, 000366)

N. Fortina, J. Picauta, E. Bocherb, G. Petitb, A. Guegannob and G. Dutilleuxc

aDepartement Infrastructures et Mobilite (IFSTTAR/IM), Route de Bouaye, CS4, 44344 Bouguenais Cedex; bInstitut de recherche en

sciences et en technologies de la ville, IRSTV - FR CNRS 2488 Rue Massenet - 81931 44319 Nantes Cedex 3; cLaboratoire Regional

de Strasbourg, 11, rue Jean Mentelin, 67035 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France


This study is a part of a pluridisciplinary project on theassessment of the environmental impacts of an urban mo-bility plan and their socio-economic consequences. Oneof the main objectives is to be able to build and to com-pare noise maps of large cities, related to various mobil-ity plan parameters. Considering the computational timethat is required for making classical noise maps a simpli-fied approach of the French standard NMPB2008 methodof sound propagation in urban areas has been proposed. Astriking feature of the proposed approach is that the modelis implemented within a two-dimensional geographic infor-mation system software (OrbisGIS). Incidentally a specific

attention has been paid to the optimization of algorithmsin order to reduce computational times and memory foot-print. The method is then able to produce noise maps infew hours on a personal computer, for very large domains,around several millions of squared meters. A validationis presented by comparing noise maps produced by theproposed approach with ”reguları noise maps of NantesMetropole using the French standard method. Lastly,several mobility plans have been compared by consider-ing their impacts on the spreading of noise in the urbanenvironment.


Sound speed profiles linearisation for engineering methods – (Contributed, 000539)

F. JunkerEDF R&D, 1 Avenue du General de Gaulle, 92141 Clamart Cedex, France


Due to the large distances and the numerous sources tobe considered, environmental noise impact is calculatedusing engineering methods. These methods are based onpath finding approaches. Many studies have shown thatthe influence of meteorological effects has to be taken intoaccount to get realistic results. This can be achieved bycurving the ray paths or by using the curved ground anal-ogy considering a linear variation of the sound speed alongthe height. As the real sound speed profiles are well de-fined by a combination of linear and logarithmic functions

of the height, a suitable linearisation approach has to bedone. This is the scope of this paper. It is based on thecomparison of two sets of results from Parabolic Equationcalculations. A first set of calculations is done using realis-tic linear/logarithmic profiles. A second set is done usinglinear profiles. A comparison between the two sets showsthat the linearisation approach must consider not only thegeometric parameters (source and receiver heights, prop-agation distance) but also the absorption of the ground.


Optimized 3D ray tracing algorithm for environmental acoustic studies – (Contributed, 000533)

M. Drehera, G. Dutilleuxb and F. JunkercaINRIA Rhone-Alpes, ZIRST 655 Avenue de l’Europe Montbonnot 38334 Saint Ismier cedex; bLaboratoire Regional de Strasbourg,


11, rue Jean Mentelin, 67035 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France; cEDF R&D, 1 Avenue du General de Gaulle, 92141 Clamart Cedex, France


Ray tracing is a well known algorithm for the generation ofrealistic synthesis images. It is also applied in the acousticdomain. The computational cost of the full 3D algorithmwas previously an obstacle leading to approximations likethe 2D 1/2 ray tracing. Despite the fact that this methodsignificantly reduces the needed computations, it also lim-its the realism of the approach. This article proposes astudy of the 3D ray tracing algorithm in the acoustic con-text. It presents several methods which can be used to

reduce the computation time using different accelerationstructures. Design decisions and optimisations made onthe general ray tracing engine are explained. Then thechoice of the acceleration structure and the propagationmethods to use is clarified. The implantation was testedin the TYMPAN environment provided by EDF R&D us-ing the NMPB08 method. To conclude, different resultsand takeaways are discussed.


A general approach for extending the range of application of standard noise mapping methods –(Contributed, 000566)

D. Van Maercke, T. Leissing and P. JeanCSTB, 24, rue Joseph Fourier, 38400 Saint Martin D’Heres, France


Standard noise mapping software implements standardprediction methods. Such methods are often unable topredict the effects of complex or innovative noise reductionmeasures, and therefore unsuitable for local planning andimpact studies. On the other hand, advanced predictionschemes are considered too slow for practical use in noisemapping. In this paper we will present a new approachcombining standard engineering noise prediction schemeswith user-defined extensions. Extensions are used to pre-dict level differences and/or additional insertion losses forthe complex devices as compared to standard devices sup-ported by the standards. The insertion losses can be es-timated from experimental data, from analytical consid-

erations or by means of numerical simulations. This ap-proach can be used to implement such features as: barrierswith cantilever, trenches with partial covering, interactionbetween train body and nearby barriers, reflections fromcomplex walls, diffraction by screen tops, low barriers neartraffic lanes, belts of trees with specific planting schemes,ground roughness elementsoe Extensions are implementedas independent software modules and therefore do not in-terfere with the standard methods. Disabling extensionsallows calculation of noise maps according to legal require-ments, enabling extensions allows assessment of noise lev-els at the local level, including the effects of innovativemitigations.


Exploring the use of mobile sensors for noise and black carbon measurements in an urban environment– (Contributed, 000560)

A. Can, T. Van Renterghem and D. BotteldoorenGhent University / IFSTTAR, Acoustics Group, Department of Information Technology, St. Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Gent, Belgium


Mobile sensors can be interesting in the context of mon-itoring of noise levels and airborne pollutant concentra-tions, to obtain measurements over a large zone with onesingle sensor, and to increase the spatial accuracy of pre-dictions, while avoiding some expensive modelling. Mobilesensors can be combined to classical fixed station, to im-prove the accuracy and the reliability of predictions. Thepurpose of this paper is to explore how mobile measure-ments should be processed to obtain reliable estimations inspite of the strong variability of the data collected. Mobilemeasurements have been collected on a bicycle equippedwith a global positioning system (GPS), in an area of Gent

(Belgium). The 1s-sound pressure levels and 1s-black car-bon concentrations evolutions were measured. In addi-tion, 5 continuous monitoring fixed stations were placedat building facades. Different processing methods are com-pared, based on different temporal and spatial weightingaggregations. The possibility to take profit of the fixedstations to refine estimations is tested, according to thenoise levels collected at fixed stations and the distance be-tween mobile and fixed sensors. Finally, the operationalconditions required to obtain reliable estimations based onmobile measures are discussed.


Tue 16:40 Pierre CHAVASSE MI-S02: Time reversal and optimization for sonic and ultrasonic imaging

Experimental time reversal of water waves – (Contributed, 000569)

A. Przadkaa, S. Feata, P. Petitjeansa, V. Pagneuxb, A. A. Maurelc and M. Finkc

aPMMH/ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences

Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; cInstitut Langevin/LOA, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, rue de la glaciere, 75005 Paris,

France


The phenomenon of the time reversal refocusing of gravity-capillary waves in water tank cavity has been studied ex-perimentally. The injection of a short pulse imposed bythe wave generator leads (after several reflections from theboundaries of the tank/obstacles) to the appearance ofthe complex pattern. By re-injection of the time-reversedsignals in the corresponding measurement positions, thetemporal and spatial refocalisation can be observed in theinitial source point. Owing to the reverberating effect ofthe cavity, only few channels are sufficient to reconstructthe surface wave at the point source, even if the absorp-tion is not negligible. Space-time resolved measurements

of the waves during the refocusing allow to quantitativelydemonstrate that the quality of the refocusing increaseslinearly with the number of re-emitting channels. Numer-ical simulations corresponding to water waves at largerscales, with negligible damping, indicate the possibility ofvery high quality refocusing.

The wave elevation was measured with good accuracy intime and in space using an optical method (Fourier Trans-form Profilometry) based on the analysis of the deforma-tion of projected fringes, recently adapted by our groupfor water waves characterization.


Sonic Time Reversal Imaging optimization in reverberating, confined or noisy environments – (Contributed,

000609)

E. Bavu, M. Melon, C. Auzou, S. Lobreau, C. Langrenne and A. GarciaConservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, 292 rue Saint-Martin 75141 Paris Cedex 03


Time reversal (TR) is a powerful method for the imagingand localization of sound sources. Classical TR is based onthe recording of the pressure field on a time reversal mirror(TRM), followed by a numerical backpropagation of thetime-reversed signals in a simulated propagation environ-ment. To achieve accurate imaging, Green functions (GF)describing the environment must be well-known. Whendealing with reverberating environments, precise numer-ical backpropagation is a rather complicated problem tosolve.In order to avoid this situation, we propose a field sepa-ration method (FSM) in order to recover data that wouldbe measured on the TRM in free-space, corresponding

to the well-known free-field GF. This method consists inmeasuring the acoustic pressure on a double-layer hemi-spherical TRM. Outgoing waves are separated from ingo-ing waves by using spherical-harmonic expansions. Theoutgoing contribution is then time-reversed and numeri-cally backpropagated using the free-field GF, allowing toachieve accurate imaging. This FSM also allows to sep-arate contributions from sources outside the region of in-terest. This new method is illustrated by simulations andmeasurements in a car-trunk mockup and in a reverber-ating room. Imaging resolution will be discussed usingseveral TR schemes, taking advantage of the double layerp-p measurements.


Optimal Spatiotemporal Focusing Through Multiple Scattering Media – (Contributed, 000513)

J. Aulbacha, A. Bretagneb, M. Tanterb, M. Finkb and A. Tourinb

aFOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands; bInstitut Langevin ESPCI ParisTech - CNRS UMR

7587 - INSERM U979, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France


In the context of echographic imaging, focusing of ultra-sound in the human body can be achieved with a trans-ducer array and electronic delay lines. However, that prin-ciple is not practicable any more as soon as the thicknessof the medium of interest exceeds the mean free path. Insuch multiple scattering media, it was shown that spa-

tiotemporal focusing can be achieved using time-reversal:a training pulse is sent from a source located at the in-tended focal point, travels through the scattering mediumand is captured at a transducer array, the time reversalmirror (TRM). The waveforms received on the TRM areflipped in time and sent back, resulting in a wave converg-


ing at the desired focus location. Time reversal focusingis optimal in the sense that it achieves a spatiotemporalmatched filter. Here we propose an approach for optimalfocusing that does not require a direct measurement ofthe impulse response between the transducer array and

the intended focal point. The key idea is to use a nonlin-ear feedback intensity signal to shape the incident pulsedwave front. We show that the limit of a true spatiotempo-ral matched filter can be achieved contrary to analogousmethods recently proposed in optics.


One channel spatio-temporal inversion of acoustic wave in reverberant cavities – (Contributed, 000841)

S. Catheline, M. Rupin and P. RouxInstitut des Sciences de la Terre, ISTerre BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France


It has been recently shown that it was possible to op-timally recover the Green functions from a complexwave field despite of a non-isotropic distribution of noisesources. The method used is based on a particular use ofthe inverse filter (IF) formalism which is called the pas-sive IF. Based on this formalism, we have investigated thepossibility to control the spatio-temporal degrees of free-dom in a reverberant cavity for the focusing of waves (ac-tive processes). The understanding of this phenomenon

can be very useful in a lot of different applications like inacoustical imaging, seismology, or telecommunications. Inthe present work, the spatio-temporal focalization of ul-trasounds in reverberant cavities is studied using medicalarrays and water tanks. Through experiments, a com-plete spatio-temporal inversion is realized to synthesizeoptimized emitting signals. The result generalizes the fo-calization control over a spatial vector and during an ar-bitrary time window.


MIMO feedback and application to detection – (Contributed, 000492)

J. De Rosny and M. CarronInstitut Langevin ”ondes et images”, 10 Rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05


The feedback effect is well known but unwanted, by soundengineers. It results from a feedback loop between a mi-crophone and a loudspeaker. Recently, it has been shownthat we can take benefit of this effect to estimate with avery good accuracy some parameters such as sound speed.More recently, some experimental results has shown theeffect of a local perturbation on the top of an ultrasonicwavewguide. Here we generalize the concept to MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output) system where the feed-back effect occurs between an array of emitters and anarray of receivers. We propose to model the MIMO feed-

back effect by introducing a feedback matrix. Thanks tothe singular decomposition of this matrix times the trans-fert matrix, we are able to predict the spatial dependenceof the feedback effect either on the emitting array and onthe receiving array. In a second part, we present exper-imental results that are obtained with an array of about10 microphones and an array of about 10 loudspeakers.Several feedback matrices have been tested. One of themis inspired from time reversal. We have applied this tech-nique to detect a person who goes across this acousticbarrier.


Spatial resolution of time-reversal mirrors in two-dimensional and three-dimensional free space envi-ronments – (Contributed, 000544)

I. Rakotoarisoa, D. Marx, C. Prax and V. ValeauInstitut Pprime - D2 - Branche FTC, Universite de Poitiers-ENSMA-CNRS, 6, rue Marcel Dore, 86022 Poitiers, France


Time-reversal can be used to locate unknown acousticssources in a medium at rest or in a flow. This methodis based on the time-reversal invariance of the wave prop-agation equation. A series of time-reversal simulationshas been performed with a ”mirror” in two-dimensionaland three-dimensional free space environments. The waves

propagation is simulated by solving the linearized Euler’sequations. The results permit to characterize the time-reversal method in terms of spatial resolution and local-isation error by analyzing the focal spot width for eachsimulation. In this paper, mathematical expressions ofthe time-reversed pressure and approached formulas for


the resolution are derived following the diffraction theoryand the phase conjugation in two and three-dimensionalcases. Numerical and theoretical results are then com-

pared. The focal spot width is then fully determined bytwo ratios involving three parameters: the array-sourcedistance, the array length and the wavelength.


Ultrasonic imaging based on frequency-domain optimization form – (Contributed, 000785)

S. Rodriguez, P. Sahuguet, X. Jacob and V. GibiatLaboratoire PHASE, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France


The Time-Domain Topological Energy (TDTE) imagingmethod is based on the time domain simulation of theacoustic propagation of both the experimental excitationsignal and the time-reversed experimental measured sig-nals. The image is obtained by integrating the product ofthe two fields numerically obtained on the time domain. Itenhances the quality of the image by refocusing the energyin the virtual domain at the locations of the diffusive ob-

jects of the inspected medium. The purpose of our work isto apply the same method in the frequency domain for thepropagation of wave in solids and fluids in order to reducethe computation cost. The finite element method is usedand the experimental results presented are obtained witha composite sample and with a media imitating biologicaltissues.

Tue 9:00 Philip DOAK AA-G01: Room acoustics

Acoustical design for rehearsal halls of Guangdong Xing Hai Orchestra – (Contributed, 000619)

Y. Zhao and S. WuState Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, 510640 Guangzhou,

China


The rehearsal halls of Guangdong Xinghai Orchestra areexclusive for the orchestra. The rehearsal halls includea main room for western symphony rehearsal and an ad-jutant room for Chinese national music rehearsal. Theacoustical design includes sound insulation, noise controland room acoustics design. Different room acoustics pa-rameters are designed for the two rehearsal halls. After

its completion, an acoustical measurement was also taken.Rehearsal performances were held inside both rooms reg-ularly. The musicians of Guangdong Xinghai Orchestrahighly appreciate the acoustics of these two rooms. Thispaper introduces the acoustical design of the rehearsalhalls and the acoustical measurement in detail.


Statistical analysis of a set of Parisian Concert Halls and Theatres – (Invited, 000834)

J.-D. Polack, F. Leao Figueiredo and S. LiuLAM/IJLRA - Universite Pierre et Marie, 11 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France


During the year of 2009, the room acoustics group ofthe LAM (Equipe Lutheries, Acoustique, Musique del’Institut Jean Le Rond d’Alembert - Universite Pierre etMarie Curie, Paris) performed a series of acoustical mea-surements in music halls in Paris. The halls were chosenin regarding their importance to the historic, architecturalor acoustic domains. The measured ensemble of fourteenrooms includes quite different architectural designs. The

measurements were made both in empty and in occupiedrooms, and a comprehensive series of statistical analysiswas carried out to fully characterize the database thus ob-tained. The presentation briefly describes the protocol,then moves on to the statistical analysis. The results ob-tained draw new insight into the structure of room acousti-cal measurements, and will be compared with results fromthe literature.



Room acoustic auralization with Ambisonics – (Invited, 000835)

J.-D. Polack and F. Leao FigueiredoLAM/IJLRA - Universite Pierre et Marie, 11 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France


During the year of 2009, the room acoustics group ofthe LAM (Equipe Lutheries, Acoustique, Musique del’Institut Jean Le Rond d’Alembert - Universite Pierre etMarie Curie, Paris) performed a series of acoustical mea-surements in music halls in Paris. The halls were chosenin regarding their importance to the historic, architecturalor acoustic domains. The measured ensemble of fourteenrooms includes quite different architectural designs. Themeasurements were carried out with a Soundfield micro-

phone, in order to afterward recreate the sampled soundfield in the listening room at LAM. The presentation de-scribes the tools used to realise the auralization, thenmoves on to the subjective tests realised with the system.Statistical analysis was carried out on the results of thesubjective tests. The results draw insight into the qual-ities of auralization for reproducing sound field, but alsoon its limitations.


Recent acoustic upgrades in Verizon Hall at the Kimmel Performing Arts Center – (Contributed, 000572)

D. SchuetteThreshold Acoustics LLC, 53 West Jackson Boulevard, Suite 815, Chicago, 60604, USA


The Kimmel Performing arts Center in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, USA opened in late 2001. In 2011, the yearof its tenth anniversary, acoustic upgrades occurred withinVerizon Hall, the 2500-seat concert hall at the heart ofthe Kimmel Center, resulting in noted positive changes inthe room’s sound. These improvements include: increasedprojection and presence for the Fred J Cooper MemorialOrgan; enhanced on-stage ensemble hearing conditions;increased full-frequency response for the organ, orches-tra, and chorus; improved tonal quality for the sound-reinforcement system; and notable improvement in sound

level and presence from the stage. The cumulative resultis a perception of enhanced reverberation and presencefor non-amplified events and a better sense of balance andclarity for amplified presentations. Final analysis of testdata will indicate whether the changes have resulted inan increase in reverberation level or longer reverberationtime. This paper will present an overview of the architec-tural changes and the results of the detailed analysis ofthe testing performed before and after the changes wereimplemented.


Acoustic solid angle criteria in practice: transforming the Chapelle Corneille in Rouen into a concerthall – (Invited, 000339)

Y. Jurkiewicz, E. Kahle and T. WulfrankKahle Acoustics, 188 avenue Moliere, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium


A new concert hall for early music, chamber music andsmall ensembles is to be outfitted in a 17th century churchin the city Rouen. The Chapelle Corneille is a large andbeautifully renovated landmarked monument, with highlyreverberant acoustics. The addition of a large amount ofearly energy is a major requirement for the acoustic trans-formation of the church into an Auditorium. But the im-peratives of historical preservation are strong, and a pre-

vious project was cancelled due to an addition of acousticreflectors that was judged visually offensive. During thearchitectural competition that followed the first projectcancellation, the use of a new criteria based on solid an-gles made it possible for our design team to consider manyoptions and quickly estimate their acoustic efficiency. Thisapproach led to innovative solutions, both acoustically ef-fective and architecturally integrated.



Influence of audience on propagation of sound at low frequencies – (Contributed, 000645)

E. Shabalinaa and M. VorlanderbaITA RWTH Aachen University, Neustrasse 50, 52066 Aachen, Germany; bRWTH Aachen University, Institute of Technical Acoustics,

Templergraben 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany


At open-air festivals and large scale concerts subwoofersare often placed in a row in front of the stage. This ar-rangement provides even sound pressure level distributionover the audience area, but the audience itself often standstightly packed in front of the stage. The sound wavesfrom the subwoofers propagate therefore partly throughthe crowd and the propagation is strongly influenced by itsdensity. An interesting effect that occurs is the reinforce-

ment of lower frequencies at certain positions within theaudience. This effect might be generated by interferenceof sound waves travelling partly through the audience andpartly over the audience. The effect was shown by mea-surements, conducted at several rock concerts, and BEM-modeling. The paper presents measurement and simula-tion results; possible theoretical approaches to the prob-lem are discussed.


Analysis of acoustic requirements of a small hall of a theatre according to the coupling factor with thestage tower – (Contributed, 000831)

F. Leccese, G. Salvadori and M. FrancesconiUniversity of Pisa, Dept of Energy and System Engineer (DESE), Largo L. Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy


In recent years in Italy, the renovation or construction ofpublic buildings, especially auditoriums (for music) andtheaters (for prose and the lyric) has become a widespreadpractice in urban restoration of small and medium-sizedtowns. The most pervasive tendency in contemporary ar-chitectural design of auditoriums and theaters is to realizeone-space hall without galleries or balconies, with an ac-curate furniture design.In the case of theaters, the size of the stage tower is com-parable to the one of the audience hall and it has an equiv-

alent absorption area similar to the hall one, depending onthe scenes equipments in the stage tower.

In this paper the results of the analysis of acoustic re-quirements of a small theatre hall built in San Miniato(Tuscany, Italy) are shown and discussed. The analysishas been conducted using the acoustic simulation softwareRAMSETE. In particular the influence of the stage toweron the room acoustic has been examined, focusing on thecoupling factor between the two spaces.


The acoustics of performance spaces (theatres and stadiums): a case study – (Contributed, 000866)

M. Boecka, M. Navvabb, G. Heilmanna and F. Bisegnac

agfai tech GmbH, Volmerstraße 3, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany; bTaubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, The Uni-

versity of Michigan, 2000 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2069, USA; cDept. DIAEE, Faculty of Engineering, SAPIENZA

University of Rome, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184 Rome, Italy


Beamforming is an excellent approach to acquire theacoustic signature of rooms and buildings, superimpos-ing acoustic images on 3D models to create informative3D acoustic maps. These measurements give informationon various factors such as sound propagation, reflectiveand absorptive surfaces, leakages, sound bridges, rever-beration time and many more. While simulations serveto merely predict the acoustic behavior of performance

spaces, measurements at the real site allow for verificationof these simulations by acquiring the true acoustic sig-nature of these spaces. Such on-site measurements havebeen carried out at the Michigan Stadium, US as well asthe Coliseum and the Ancient Ostia in Rome, Italy. Thispractical paper aims to present measurements carried outon theatres and stadiums and the results thereof showingthe applicability of beamforming systems to this end.



The acoustical performance of mosques’ main prayer hall geometry in the eastern province, Saudiarabia – (Contributed, 000118)

H. Hossam Eldien and H. Al QahtaniDammam Univ., P O Box 2397, 31451 Dammam, Saudi Arabia


The study of mosque acoustics, with regard to acousti-cal characteristics, sound quality for speech intelligibility,and other applicable acoustic criteria, has been largelyneglected. In this study we discuss how mosque designis influenced by worship considerations. In this study theacoustical characteristics of typically constructed contem-porary mosques without domes in Saudi Arabia had beeninvestigated. Simulation and extensive field measurementshad been taken in varies representative mosques of differ-ent sizes and architectural features in order to characterize

their acoustical quality and to identify the impact of itsprayer hall form on their acoustics performance. Objec-tive room-acoustic indicators such as reverberation time(RT), the early decay time (EDT), The D50 parameter(D-50) and clarity (C-50), were measured and calculated.The speech transmission index (STI) had been evaluatedwithout the operation of existing sound reinforcement sys-tems. The results will show the acoustical quality in theinvestigated mosques, unoccupied case.

Tue 9:00 John TYNDALL MA-G01: Musical acoustics

Touring a singing sculpture to promote acoustics – (Contributed, 000129)

I. Drumm and A. BelantaraThe University of Salford, The Crescent, M5 4WT Salford, UK


During 2010/2011 acousticians at the University of Sal-ford and the University of Southampton collaborated withartist Luke Jerram to design and tour his remarkablesinging sculpture, Aeolus. Aeolus is a giant Aeolian Harp,designed to automatically create beautiful musical compo-sitions in changing winds. Associated with Aeolus was anambitious outreach programme designed to promote the

science of Acoustics. This paper will discuss the principleworkings of Aeolian harps and their optimal applicationto Aeolus. The paper will also present an evaluation ofthis project’s science public engagement impact and dis-cuss the merits of scientists collaborating with artists toraise the profile of scientific research.


Creating new musical rules for listeners with a cochlear implant – (Contributed, 000554)

J. Marozeau and H. Innes-BrownThe Bionics Institute, 384 Albert st, 3002 East-Melbourne, Australia


The rules of western music were developed across cen-turies and driven by two main constraints: the physicsof the instruments and the mechanics of the auditory sys-tem. For example, the importance of intervals such asthe octave and the fifth can be linked to the physics ofinstruments that impose energy at multiples of the fun-damental frequency. Likewise, the semitone (the smallestcommon interval in music), can be linked to the frequencyselectivity of the auditory system. Created by musicianswith normal hearing, these rules collapse for listeners withhearing loss. Hearing impairment can result in changessuch as elevated sensitivity, widening of critical bands,

and recruitment. Furthermore, hearing devices such asthe cochlear implant generally discard parts of the sig-nal that carry pitch information. To address this prob-lem a new framework was developed based on audienceresponse data and psychoacoustics experiments. The en-joyment of six new works, developed in collaboration withelectroacoustic composers specifically to address the im-paired auditory system, was assessed. A psychoacousticsstudy involved enhancing auditory streaming cues in ex-isting music: enhancing the perceptual difference betweendifferent instruments or lines of melody in order to maketheir separation easier for hearing impaired listeners.



Edge tone in an organ pipe foot model – (Contributed, 000729)

I. Vaik and G. PaalBUTE, Dept. Hydrodynamic Systems, Muegyetem rkp 1-3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary


Organ pipes feet are typical examples of the edge tone flowconfiguration when a free jet interacts with a sharp objectand oscillates around it in a more or less periodic man-ner. In the steady state the resonator of the organ pipestabilizes the oscillation and forces a certain frequency onthe oscillation. However, in the initial phase of the organpipe sound, the so-called attack transient, the resonatordoes not play a major role, rather the foot, correspond-

ing to an edge tone configuration. As a first step towardsmodeling the sound the goal of this paper is to model theflow in a realistic organ pipe foot model using computa-tional fluid dynamics (CFD). The numerical results wereverified by the measurements of Außerlechner et al. [Jour-nal of Acoustic Society of America 126 (2), pp. 878-886(2009)] and were found to be in good agreement.


A comparative study of the maximum vocal levels of classical singers for the two main laryngealmechanisms – (Contributed, 000736)

S. Lamesch, B. Doval and M. CastellengoLAM - IJLRDA, 11, rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France


During vocal performance, two main laryngeal vibratorymechanisms (namely M1 and M2) come into play allow-ing the singer to reach a complete vocal range. A previousstudy showed that the maximum SPL is on the average 10dB stronger for the vowel /a/ than for /i/ in M1, butremains the same for the two vowels in M2. To explainthis observation, we have studied the energy repartitionamong the strongest harmonics and their rank. 21 singers(13 males and 8 females) produced crescendi on /a/ and on/i/, from C3 to C5, in M1 and in M2, since this tessituraincludes the overlapping area of both mechanisms. We

recorded the sounds and the electroglottographic signals.Our results showed that the strongest harmonic is the firstone for /i/ within the tessitura under examination, for fe-males as well as for males (except a few tenors). For /a/,the whole spectrum is weaker in M2 than in M1. Thenumber of the strongest harmonic depends on the funda-mental frequency, and is lower or equal in M2 compared toM1. We will discuss the contribution of different glottalflow waveforms and resonantial adjustments for M1 andM2, and for /i/ and /a/.


Measurements of musical instruments with surrounding spherical arrays – (Invited, 000678)

G. K. Behler, M. Pollow and M. VorlanderRWTH Aachen University, Institute of Technical Acoustics, Templergraben 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany


The directivities of natural sound sources such as musi-cal instruments are often neglected in auralization, bothwhen working with measured or simulated acoustical en-vironments. This is due to the complex nature of both theradiation of musical instruments and the post-processinginvolved in this task. However, as the directivity patternsconstitute an audible part of the tonal characteristic of amusical instrument in a room, it is advisable to take theirdirectivities into account. To conduct the measurements,

a large surrounding spherical microphone array was con-structed that allows to fully encompass the musician in ananechoic chamber. Hereby great care has to be taken inthe design process of the recording device in order to ob-tain a broad-band omnidirectional sensitivity of the usedmicrophones. The acquired multi-channel audio data canbe then used to analyze the directivities of the recordedinstrument



Post-processing and center adjustment of measured directivity data of musical instruments – (Contributed,

000677)

M. Pollow, G. K. Behler and M. VorlanderRWTH Aachen University, Institute of Technical Acoustics, Templergraben 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany


Surrounding spherical microphone arrays can capture theradiation pattern of sound sources placed inside the array.Depending on the exact positioning of the sound source,the obtained measurement results vary, as amplitude andphase differences arise due to the different traveling timeof the radiated sound. Using the spherical harmonic de-composition of the sound field, it is noticeable that dis-placed sound sources need a much higher number of modalcomponents for an accurate description. As surroundingspherical microphone arrays are severely limited in theirspatial resolution correct centering is crucial for higherfrequencies.

In practice, however, a precise alignment to the physicalcenter of the array is impossible. With the help of re-alignment algorithms it is possible to virtually shift thesound source to the center of the array to allow a more ac-curate description in the spherical harmonic domain. Al-ternatively, a magnitude only approach can be employed,resulting in a more robust representation regarding incor-rect centering in the array.In this contribution different post-processing strategies arepresented with the goal to provide directivity patterns ofmusical instruments for application in both measurementand simulation.


Modeling the radiation characteristics of woodwind instruments – (Invited, 000697)

R. Causse, M. Noisternig, V. Le Piouffle and N. MisdariisInstitut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique, 1, place Igor Stravinsky 75004 Paris


In reverberant acoustic environments the perception oftimbre at a listener’s position depends on the radiationcharacteristics of the sound source. Numerous studieshave shown that radiation patterns of acoustic instrumentsvary with frequency and time. Thus, one area of large con-cern that is a topic of ongoing research is the measurement,reproduction, and compact description of sound source ra-diation patterns.

A simple and efficient physical model for calculating thedirectional pattern of woodwind instruments with curvedtubes is presented in this study. It calculates the far-fieldsound pressure on a sphere surrounding the instrument,also taking into account the directivity of the openings(holes and the bell). Simulation results are compared tothe radiation patterns of a saxophone measured in an ane-choic chamber with a surrounding spherical microphonearray.

Tue 9:00 Lord RAYLEIGH PU-G01: Physical acoustics

Measured and predicted of the longitudinal and transverse velocities of tube material using the Wigner-Ville and fuzzy logic techniques – (Contributed, 000005)

R. Latifa, Y. Nahraouia, E.H. Aassifb and G. Mazec

aESSI ENSA Ibn Zohr University, ENSA BP 1136, 80000 Agadir, Morocco; bFaculte des sciences d’Agadir, Universite Ibn Zohr,

Departement de physique, Faculte des sciences d’Agadir, B.P 8106, 80000 Agadir, Morocco; cLOMC, IUT, Universite du Havre, Place

Robert Schuman, Place Robert Schuman, 76610 Le Havre, France

Corresponding author E-mail: latif [email protected]

Intelligent modelling tools as artificial neural network(ANN) and fuzzy logic approach are demonstrated to becompetent when applied individuality to a variety of prob-lems such as modelling and prediction. Recently therehas been a growing interest in combining both these ap-proaches, and as a result, neuro-fuzzy computing tech-niques have evolved. The advantage of using neuro-fuzzy(ANFIS) in this study for field modelling is given by theflexibility to adapt and relies on observed data rather thanon analytical model of the system that some once it is dif-

ficult to establish it. In this work, we applied the fuzzylogic for modelling, measuring and predicting of the longi-tudinal and transverse velocities of material constitutingthe tube. The useful data to train and to test the per-formances of the model are determined from the valuescalculated trajectories of the proper modes theory of reso-nances and those extracted from time-frequency represen-tations of Wigner-Ville. This representation is applied ofthe acoustic signal backscattered by an aluminium cylin-drical shell immersed in water. The obtained values of


the longitudinal and transverse velocities of material tubeare in good agreement with those given in the scientificliterature.


How upgoing and downgoing energy fluxes contribute to the establishment of lamb waves in an im-mersed elastic plate – (Contributed, 000331)

E. Ducasse and M. DeschampsInstitut de Mecanique et d’Ingenierie de Bordeaux (I2M), UMR CNRS 5295, Arts et Metiers ParisTech, Universite de Bordeaux, 351

cours de la Liberation, 33405 Talence, France


Ultrasonic guided waves in an anisotropic elastic plate im-mersed in a fluid can be considered as the result of suc-cessive reflections from the two interfaces.Inhomogeneous waves are involved in the problem if theincidence angle θ is greater than the first critical angleθc. In this case, the energy is transmitted from one sideto the other by the coupling of two inhomogeneous waveswith conjugate wavenumbers and the same kind of polar-ization, whereas each of these latter inhomogeneous wavesdoes not transfer energy through the plate.Thus, nonstandard upgoing and downgoing waves are de-fined such that, firstly, their power fluxes are upgoing and

downgoing, respectively, and, lastly, their interaction en-ergy is zero. In this light, any Lamb wave can be consid-ered as the result of interferences of upgoing and downgo-ing waves, as well-known for θ < θc.

In addition, an interesting physical phenomenonis described for one specific pair “angle of inci-dence/frequency”: the quasi-energy brought by the in-cident harmonic plane wave crosses the plate without anyconversion to reflected waves either at the first interfaceor at the second interface. In this zone, there is a perfectimpedance matching between the fluid and the plate.


Three-dimensional Acoustic Radiation Force on an Arbitrary Located Elastic Sphere – (Contributed,

000364)

D. Barescha, J.-L. Thomasa and R. Marchianob

aUPMC-INSP (UMR 7588 )/IJLRDA(UMR 7190), 4, Place Jussieu, Cedex 05 - boite courrier 840, 75252 Paris, France; bUPMC/CNRS,

Institut Jean Le Rond D’Alembert - UMR CNRS 7190, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie - 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France


This work aims to model the forces acting on an elasticsphere placed in the field of an acoustic vortex. From thistheoretical investigation we derive an expression of the ax-ial and transverse forces exerted on the sphere. Acousticvortex refers to a type of beam having an helicoidal wavefront. Such a wavefront is due to a screw type phase sin-gularity and hence the beam has a central dark core ofzero amplitude surrounded by a high intensity ring. Thespheres are allowed to be arbitrarily located in the acousticfield, thus, one can study the axial and transverse stabilityof the spheres. We find that an azimuthal force compo-

nent appears and is capable to rotate the sphere aroundthe propagation axis. This confirms the transfer of or-bital angular momentum from the beam to the sphere.Furthermore, axial forces may turn negative when appro-priate parameters are selected and yields a dragging forcetowards the source of the beam acting as a Tractor Beam.In addition to extending the understanding of the natureof forces arising in an acoustic vortex, numerical resultsprovide an impetus for further designing acoustic tweez-ers for potential applications in particle entrapment andremote controlled manipulation.


Acoustic properties of emulsions with locally resonant scatterers – (Contributed, 000429)

T. Bruneta, B. Mascaroa, S. Raffyb, O. Mondain-Monvalb, J. Lengc, O. Ponceleta and C. AristeguiaaUniversity of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5295, I2M - Batiment A4, 351, cours de la Liberation, 33405 Talence, France; bCentre de

recherches Paul Pascal, 115, Av Albert Schweitzer 33600 Pessac; cLaboratoire du Futur, 178 avenue du Docteur Schweitzer 33608

Pessac Cedex



We present the results of ultrasonic pulse propagationexperiments on dilute emulsions of resonant scatterers.Thanks to microfluidics, we achieved highly monodisperseoil-droplet dispersions embedded in a Bingham fluid. Un-derwater measurements allowed us to evidence up to aboutten sharp Mie resonances, on both the acoustic attenu-ation and the phase velocity in the MHz range. Theseultrasonic experiments are compared to theoretical pre-

dictions derived within the framework of the independentscattering approximation with an excellent quantitativeagreement. The influence of the emulsion polydispersityis also investigated as well as the dependence of the acous-tic properties on both size droplet and volume fraction indilute regimes, for which the coupling between scatterersis negligible.


Acoustic field in cavities filled with thermo-viscous binary gas mixtures, determination of gas mixturesthermophysical properties – (Contributed, 000446)

C. Guianvarc’ha and M. Bruneaub

aINRiM, strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences

Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


The acoustic behaviour in thermo-viscous gas mixturesinvolves deviations from the adiabatic and laminar move-ment in pure gases, which results from the influence ofseveral diffusive fields, namely shear, entropic, and concen-tration variation fields, taking their energy to the acousticfield itself. Actually, a strong coupling between these fieldsoccurs inside boundary layers while their effects appear tobe additive processes in the bulk of the medium.Although recent literature on this subject leads to resultsof interest, these results still have limitations because theydo not provide complete solutions for the propagative anddiffusive fields in and out of the boundary layers.

The aim of this work is to provide such complete solutionsin the whole domains considered, in order to get a betteranalytical understanding of the fields abovementioned inclosed cavities and ducts. More particularly here, we con-sider the possible use of acoustic methods in spherical cav-ities for the accurate determination of binary gas mixturesthermophysical properties (speed of sound, first acousticvirial coefficient, thermal conductivity, mutual diffusioncoefficient), that have been greatly improved during thepast two decades.


Experimental investigation of the acoustic properties of liquids foams – (Contributed, 000510)

J. Pierre, F. Elias, C. Gay, C. Derec and V. LeroyMSC - Universite Paris Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domont et Leonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France


Liquid foams are mixtures of gas and liquid, with a liquidvolume fraction φl≤0.3, stabilized with surfactants. Be-cause of their composition and structure, liquid foams arevery complex and unstable media with particular acousti-cal properties. Experimental studies are not very numer-ous; they have shown a strong dependence of the velocityand attenuation of sound on parameters such as φl andthe average bubble size [1]. The existent theories explain apart of the acoustic behaviour of liquid foams, but are notexactly in accordance with the experimental data foundin the literature. For example, the experimental phase ve-

locities [Phys. Rev. E 66 (2002) 021404] are larger thanthe velocities predicted by the Wood approximation [A.B. Wood, A Textbook of sound (Bell, London, 1932)].We present an experimental investigation of liquid foamsby an ultrasonic setup based on two broadband air trans-ducers (40-200kHz). The acoustic properties are deducedfrom the reflected signal. We discuss experimental resultswith commercial (shaving foams) and custom-made con-trolled foams and compare them with available models.The evolution of the acoustic properties with the aging ofthe foams is also discussed.


Recovery of the effective wavenumber and dynamical mass density for materials with inclusions –(Contributed, 000599)

G. Leperta, C. Aristeguia, O. Ponceleta, T. Bruneta, C. Audolyb and P. Parneixc

aUniversity of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5295, I2M - Batiment A4, 351, cours de la Liberation, 33405 Talence, France; bDCNS Research,

CEMIS, 83076 Toulon, France; cDCNS Research, CESMAN, 44620 La Montagne, France



For many years, the study of material with locally reso-nant inclusions has known a great interest. Due to theirattractive macroscopic acoustic properties, which do notexist in natural materials, many applications governed bythe contrast between the constituent properties can beachieved/expected: cloaking, enhanced absorption, flatplate lens, wave trappingoe Such structures containinginclusions are usually modeled as effective homogeneousmaterials with complex-valued and frequency-dependent

effective wavenumber and mass density. In this context,we derived a method for the simultaneous determination ofboth parameters using an immersed sample. First, its re-liability is demonstrated using theoretical input data withsimulated measurement noise. Finally, the characteriza-tion method is applied to experimental waveforms mea-sured on test panels made with materials designed in or-der to exhibit cavity resonances over the frequency rangeof study.


Wave-quasi-particle dualism for surface acoustic waves: theory and applications – (Contributed, 000017)

G. A. Maugin and M. RousseauCNRS, Institut Jean le Rond d’Alembert, CNRS UMR 7190, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), 75252 Paris, France


Following along the line of the theory proposed initiallyat CFA-2010, the present contribution presents the recentprogress achieved in this trend of research. In particular,for some exemplary modes of propagation, it is shown thatquasi-particles of definite ”massı can be associated withthese modes via an application of the celebrated Noether’stheorem of variational field theory (or its generalizationin presence of dissipation). New results include account-ing for (i) the elastic nonlinearity of the substrate, (ii)its viscosity, (iii) the presence of a thin glued active filmon top of the surface. The motion of the exhibited quasi-

particles may be inertial, or not (in the presence of frictionrelated to viscosity). It is reminded that the main toolhere is the exploitation of the canonical conservation lawsof wave momentum and energy integrated over a volumeelement representative of the wave mode. The problem oftransmission-reflection at an interface between two elasticmedia is considered as an example showing the alternatewavelike and particle-like pictures of the solution. Refer-ences: Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A467, 495-507, 2011; Int.J. Eng. Sci., 48, 1462-1469, 2010; ibid, 50, 10-21, 2012;Int. J. Non-linear Mech., 47, 67-71, 2012.


Experimental determination of the diffusion constant for ultrasonic waves in 2-D multiple scatteringmedia with focused beamforming – (Contributed, 000175)

N. Viard and A. DerodeInstitut Langevin, 10, rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France


Experimental measurements of the diffusion constant forultrasonic waves (around 3 MHz) propagating in waterthrough a scattering slab (parallel metallic rods) are pre-sented. Sample thickness is around ten times the trans-port mean free path. Several hundreds of transmit-ting/receiving positions, 40 mm off the sample surfaces,are used. Focused beamforming is achieved in emissionand reception in order to mimic a set of virtual sourcesand receivers located at the sample surface. The ensembleaverage of the transmitted intensity 〈I(x, t)〉 is estimated

by averaging over all possible couples of sources/receiversapart by the same off-axis distance x. Under the diffusionapproximation, 〈I(x, t)〉 shows a gaussian dependence onx, which makes it possible to measure a diffusion constantD and thereby characterize the scattering medium. Wediscuss the experimental results and pinpoint the difficul-ties of measuring a reliable value for D on a real sample. Asit was observed in previous works on the mean free path,the diffusion constant D strongly depends on frequency,due to the resonant nature of the scatterers.


Electrodes geometry and surface waves generation on a quartz disk: experimental study – (Contributed,

000424)

Y. Wang, N. Wilkie-Chancellier, L. Martinez and S. SerfatyLaboratoire SATIE (UMR CNRS 8029), Universite de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay Lussac, 95031 Neuville Sur Oise, France

Corresponding author E-mail: yu [email protected]


The elaboration of new soft hybrid materials requiresadapted smart sensors. Among the ultrasonic techniques,the use of an AT cut quartz is a solution that allows thecomplete tracking of the mechanical properties of the ma-terial in contact. In order to get a RF wireless excitationof such a sensor in a wide frequency bandwidth, the tun-ing of the electrodes geometry is determinant as it must bebased on closed loops. The aim of the present experimen-tal study is to analyse the role played by the electrodesshape upon the generation of the surface waves. Severalelectrodes excitation geometries are presented in order to

optimize the surface wave focusing at the center of the sen-sor. The quartz disk is excited by a voltage pulse and thequartz surface is scanned by a laser vibrometer (JOPCS,195, 1-8 (2009)). The surface waves and the transientaspects linked to the electrodes shape borders are anal-ysed by using the 3D Gabor transform (Ultrasonics, 43,1173-1177 (2006)). The observed waves and their gener-ation sources are presented, revealing new insight aboutthe modelisation of the sensor electrodes. A comparisonwith classical electrodes shapes is carried out.


Pure shear-waves attenuation evaluation in anisotropic materials from plane wave’s angular spectrumdecomposition of the transmitted beam in an immersion tank – (Contributed, 000563)

P. Guya, T. Monniera and B. Chassignoleb

aMateriaux, ingenierie et sciences, Batiment Blaise Pascal 7, avenue Jean Capelle 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex; bEDF R&D, Site des

Renardieres, Avenue des Renardieres - Ecuelle, 77818 Moret Sur Loing, France


In the past decades many papers dealt with attenuationevaluation in anisotropic polycristals. Usually, authorsaddress this problem through the analysis of a transmit-ted ultrasonic beam in normal incidence. Some of themproposed diffraction correction to account for the beamspreading. Nevertheless, in practice paraxial longitudi-nal and shear waves propagate and the measured quan-tity represents the overall attenuation experienced by the

two kinds of waves that are comprised in the beam whichpropagates into the solid. In this paper, an original exper-imental device will be described, which allows to isolateshear waves and to evaluate their attenuation by the planewave’s angular spectrum decomposition of the transmittedbeam. Experimental results obtained on isotropic as wellas on orthotropic stainless steel samples will be presented,compared and discussed.


Ultrasonic wave transport in weakly confined granular media in the intermediate frequency regime –(Contributed, 000739)

S. Joba, A. Strybulevychb and J.H. Pageb

aLaboratoire d’Ingenierie des Systemes Mecaniques et des MAteriaux, Supmeca - 3, rue Fernand Hainaut - 93407 St Ouen Cedex;bDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2


We present preliminary experimental observations of ul-trasonic wave transport in non-cohesive randomly closepacked granular media under low confinement pressures,near the unjamming transition. Our samples are 10-mm-thick and 165-mm-diameter slabs made of 1.25-mm-diameter aluminium spheres (monodisperse sample), even-tually mixed with 0.9-mm-diameter borosilicate spheres(bidisperse sample). The slabs are covered by thin plas-tic sheets, which allow maintaining a partial vacuum (0.1to 0.9 atm) in the samples. Wave transport is investi-gated over a wide frequency range (25 kHz to 1 MHz) byanalyzing the coherent ballistic transmitted field (phaseand group velocities, attenuation and scattering mean free

path) and the incoherent multiply scattered coda [JH Pageet al., Phys. Rev. E, 52, 3106 (1995)]. We find that thetime-of-flight intensity profile of the coda is independentof frequency over a wide range of frequencies for whichthe wavelength is comparable with the sizes of the scat-terers. This suggests a plateau in the diffusion coefficient,as predicted by Vitelli and co-workers [Phys. Rev. E81, 021301 (2010)]. At higher frequencies, the intensityprofile becomes progressively confined spatially, providingevidence for the approach to Anderson localization of ul-trasonic waves in the medium [Hu et al., Nature Phys. 4,945, (2008)].


On the use of a SAFE-PML technique for modeling two-dimensional open elastic waveguides – (Contributed,

000439)


F. Treyssedea, K.-L. Nguyena, A.-S. Bonnet-Bendhiab and C. Hazardb

aIFSTTAR-MACS, Route de Bouaye, CS4, 44344 Bouguenais Cedex, France; bENSTA-UMA, POEMS (UMR7231), 32, Boulevard

Victor, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France


Elastic guided waves are of interest for inspecting struc-tures due to their ability to propagate over long distances.However, when the guiding structure is embedded intoa solid matrix, usually considered as unbounded, waveg-uides are open and waves can be trapped or leaky. Inthe latter case, the leakage of energy into the surroundingmedium yields attenuation along the axis of the waveg-uide, which can strongly limit the application of guidedwave techniques. Analytical tools have been developedfor studying open waveguides but they are limited to sim-ple geometry (plates, cylinders). With numerical meth-ods, one of the difficulty is that leaky modes attenuate

along the axis (complex wavenumber) and exponentiallygrow along the transverse direction. A simple procedureused with existing codes consists in using absorbing lay-ers of artificially growing viscoelasticity, but large layersare often required. The goal of this work is to propose anumerical approach for computing modes in open elasticwaveguides combining the so-called semi-analytical finiteelement method and a perfectly matched layer technique.Two-dimensional problems are considered. Numerical so-lutions are compared to analytical results. The efficiencyof both perfectly matched and absorbing layer techniquesis evaluated.


Beat phenomenon at the arrival of a guided mode in a semi-infinite acoustic duct – (Contributed, 000511)

P. Gatignola, M. Bruneaub, P. Lanceleura and C. PotelbaUniversite de Technologie de Compiegne, Laboratoire Roberval, BP 20529, 60205 Compiegne, France; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de



A guided mode, generated at an initial time in the termi-nal section of a semi-infinite acoustic duct, will undergodispersion effects during its propagation. It is well known(see [L. Brillouin, Wave Propagation and Group Velocity,Academic Press, 1960]) that at an observation point inthe duct, after the arrival of a small precursor that moveswith the speed of sound, the main part of the signal doesarrive with the group velocity relative to the leading fre-quency. The axial propagation of the mode is governed by

a Klein-Gordon equation and the problem may be solvedby a Laplace transform. A careful numerical evaluationof the inverse Laplace integral in the complex plane showsthat the amplitude of the mode yields oscillations at thefirst stage of its arrival. A steepest descent evaluation ofthe Laplace integral (see [M. Roseau, Asymptotic WaveTheory, North-Holland, 1976]) allows to explain that phe-nomenon in terms of beats between the main wave andthe modes with neighboring frequencies.


Statistical model of the impulse response of a reverberant plate: application to parameter estimationand correlation analysis – (Contributed, 000531)

E. Moulina, H. Achdjiana, J. Assaada, F. Benmeddoura, K. Houranyb and Y. ZaatarbaIEMN, Le Mont Houy, F-59313 Valenciennes, France; bUniversite Libanaise,


The acoustic reverberation in a solid plate can be conve-niently modeled through a nonstationary random processbased on the image-sources method. The interest of such astatistical model is to allow the prediction of a general be-haviour (in the form of mathematical expectations) from alimited set of experimentally accessible parameters. Con-trary to previous works, the model presented here takesinto account the dispersive nature of plate waves (Lambwaves). Then, the relations between the average signal

envelopes or correlation functions and the reverberationproperties of the medium and the relative positions of thenoise source, the sensor(s) and, possibly, the defect arederived. Two kinds of possible applications of these theo-retical results will be illustrated: (1) parameter extractionsuch as source-receiver distance, structural dimensions orpropagation velocities through curve-fitting; (2) imagingpotentialities from ambient acoustic noise correlation.



The sound power output of a monopole source in a cylindrical pipe containing area discontinuities –(Contributed, 000581)

W. Duan and R. KirbyBrunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 1PH Middlesex, UK


The sound power of a monopole source in free space iswell known, and it is also known that the radiating soundpower is not only determined by the source itself, but alsothe immediate environment surrounding the source. Inthis paper, a hybrid finite element method is used to studythe sound power radiating from a monopole source placedclose to a pipe discontinuity. It is found that while thesound power of a monopole source in free space increasesas frequency squared, the sound power radiated from thesame source in a cylindrical pipe is constant in the plane

wave region. A sharp increase in sound power is then seento occur when the first high-order mode cuts on; soundpower is then seen to decrease as a function of frequencyuntil the second high-order mode cuts on, and so on. It isalso found that a wave reflected by a discontinuity placedclose to one side of the source will interact with a wave onthe other side travelling away from the source. This altersthe sound power radiating from the source and has rami-fications for the placement of monopole sources in pipingsystems.


A comparison between measured and predicted complex intensity in a flanged cylindrical pipe –(Contributed, 000586)

W. Duana, J. Prisutovab, K. V. Horoshenkovb and R. Kirbya

aBrunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 1PH Middlesex, UK; bUniversity of Bradford, Great Horton Road, BD7 1DP

Bradford, UK


A hybrid finite element method is used to model wavepropagation in a flanged cylindrical pipe containing a mo-nopole source. Here, a modal expansion is used to rep-resent sound propagation in the exterior domain and thisavoids the use of perfectly matched layers normally foundin commercial software packages. Complex intensity inthe pipe is then obtained and the real part of the complexintensity is shown to represent the local travelling energyand the imaginary part the local oscillating energy. Re-sults are presented in the plane wave region and at higherfrequencies, where the first circumferential mode has cut-

on. The predicted complex intensity is then comparedto experimental measurements and generally good agree-ment is observed. From this it is seen that the interactionbetween the acoustic pressure in the plane wave and theacoustic particle velocity in the first circumferential modemainly contributes to the transverse flow of energy flow inthe pipe, whilst the interaction between the acoustic pres-sure in the first circumferential mode pressure and theacoustic particle velocity in the first circumferential modecontributes to energy oscillation.


Elasticity of transverse isotropic soft tissues – (Contributed, 000157)

D. Royer, J.-L. Gennisson, T. Deffieux and M. TanterInstitut Langevin - Ondes et Images, 10, rue Vauquelin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR7587, Univ Paris Diderot, 75005 Paris, France


Quantitative elastography techniques such as SupersonicShear Imaging (SSI) have recently been developed to esti-mate non-invasively the mechanical properties of soft tis-sues in vivo. Based on the measurement of shear wavevelocity Vs, SSI techniques allow to estimate the shearmodulus µ from the relation µ = ρ(Vs)2. In the case ofsoft isotropic media, this quantity can be related to theYoung’s modulus E, which corresponds to the physician’spalpation or mechanical testing results, as E = 3µ. Inmore complex tissues such as muscles, which exhibit astrong transverse anisotropy, two shear moduli (µ// andµ⊥) and two Young’s moduli (E// and E⊥) are defined.

Moreover, the simple relationship E = 3µ doesn’t holdanymore. Transverse isotropic medium are commonly de-scribed by a stiffness tensor having five coefficients. Thismodel, established for hexagonal crystals, is revisited inthe case of soft anisotropic solids. Relationships betweenelastic constants and Young’s moduli are derived and theserelations are validated on experimental data found in theliterature. It is shown that 3µ⊥ ≤ E⊥ ≤ 4µ⊥ and thatE// cannot be determined from the measurements of µ//and µ⊥ alone. The limits of ultrasonic testing for themechanical characterization of soft anisotropic media arediscussed.


Tue 13:20 Peter BARNETT SP-G01: Sound perception

Effect of the ISI on the asymmetry in global loudness between upramp and downramp sounds in apaired comparison experiment – (Contributed, 000437)

E. Ponsota, P. Susinia and S. MeunierbaInstitut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique, 1, place Igor Stravinsky 75004 Paris; bLaboratoire de Mecanique et

d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20


Some recent works about the loudness of dynamic soundsshowed that sounds that increase continuously in level (up-ramps) are perceived with a greater loudness change orglobal loudness than opposite downramps, although theyonly differ in direction. The understanding of sensory andcognitive mechanisms involved in the loudness of increas-ing and decreasing sounds is still a burning issue. In allthe studies reporting this effect, estimations were made di-rectly at the end of one ramp in single-stimulus paradigmsor using a short ISI (Inter Stimulus Interval) between tworamps in paired-stimulus paradigms.

In the present study, global loudness was measured us-ing a paired comparison method. The influence of theISI was examined for ramps that differed in direction, dy-namic and maximum level. Results show that judgments(1) are dominated by the maximum level of a ramp, (2)are mainly independent on the direction of the first rampof the pair and that, (3) asymmetries between uprampsand downramps are reduced with a longer ISI.The Neuhoff’s evolutionary hypothesis explaining theseasymmetries by an overestimation of upramps is discussedin regard to these results.


Perceptual asymmetry in the subjective duration of ramped and damped sounds – (Contributed, 000324)

M. Vanniera, S. Meuniera, P. Susinib and J. Chatrona

aLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20; bInstitut de Recherche et

Coordination Acoustique/Musique, 1, place Igor Stravinsky 75004 Paris


Time-varying-level sounds that increase or decrease inlevel are well established to induce auditory perceptualasymmetries, for loudness and subjective duration. Sev-eral studies revealed ramped sounds to be perceived louderthan equivalent damped sounds using durations from fewmilliseconds to few seconds. In addition, other studies re-vealed ramped sounds to be perceived longer than dampedsounds for durations from 10 ms to 500 ms. As a conse-quence, it could be hypothesized that the perceived du-ration asymmetry may be responsible for the loudnessasymmetry. Thus, the aim of the present study was to

extend the results about asymmetries in subjective dura-tion for tones above 500 ms, in order to test the plausibil-ity of the hypothesis under these conditions. Using a 2I-2AFC adaptive method, ramped and damped tones werematched in duration to the point of subjective equality. Atequal subjective duration, short-damped sounds (< 0.5 s)were matched longer than short-ramped sounds, confirm-ing previous results, whereas long-damped sounds (0.5 to2 s) were matched to the same duration as long-rampedsounds, which question the hypothesis for durations above500 ms.


Smoothing head-related transfer functions for a virtual artificial head – (Contributed, 000233)

E. Rasumowa, M. Blaua, M. Hansena, S. Doclob, S. Van De Parb, D. Puschelc and V. MellertbaInstitut fur Hortechnik und Audiologie, Jade Hochschule, Ofener Straße 16/19, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany; bCarl von Ossietzky

Universitat Oldenburg, Ammerlander Heerstraße 114-118, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany; cAkustik Technologie Gottingen, Bunsenstraße

9c, 37073 Gottingen, Germany


The frequency-dependent directivity pattern of a humanhead (head-related transfer functions, HRTFs) can be syn-thesized with a microphone array and digital filtering (Ra-sumow et al. 2011), which may be referred to as a virtualartificial head (VAH). However, in order to synthesize thepeaky directivity patterns (especially at high frequencies)with a sufficiently high accuracy, a large number of mi-

crophones is required, resulting in an increased sensitiv-ity to gain, phase and positioning errors. Therefore, it isbeneficial to smooth the HRTFs in such a manner thatthey become (spatially) as smooth as possible while stillyielding an unmodified individual perception. Since peakydirectional characteristics of the HRTF are reflected inthe frequency response , smoothing is conducted firstly by


truncating the head-related impulse responses (HRIRs) inthe time domain and secondly by smoothing the transferfunctions in the frequency domain. The aim of this studyis to investigate the limits of these smoothing operationsin terms of the truncation length, the relative bandwidth

and phase approximations, respectively. Using 3AFC lis-tening tests, the limiting parameters were determined as afunction of the angle of incidence in the horizontal plane.The results and their implications for the VAH will bediscussed


A spectral-envelope synthesis model to study perceptual blend between wind instruments – (Contributed,

000751)

S.-A. Lembke and S. McAdamsCIRMMT, McGill University, Schulich School of Music, 555 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Canada H3A 1E3


Wind instrument sounds can be shown to be charac-terized by pitch-invariant spectral maxima or formants.An acoustical signal analysis approach is pursued to ob-tain global spectral envelope descriptions that reveal thesepitch-invariant spectral traits. Spectral envelopes are es-timated empirically by applying a curve-ftting procedureto a composite distribution of partial tone frequencies andamplitudes obtained for all available pitches of an instru-ment. A source-filter synthesis model is designed based ontwo independently controllable formant filters with theirfrequency responses matched to the spectral envelope es-timates. This is then used in a perceptual experiment inwhich parameter variations of the synthesis filter are ma-

nipulated systematically to investigate their contributionto the degree of perceived blend between the synthesizedsound and a recorded instrument sound. The perceptualrelevance is assessed through two tasks in which partic-ipants either produce the best attainable blend by con-trolling synthesis parameters or rate the degree of blendfor 4 parameter presets. Behavioral data obtained fromboth experiments investigating common wind instrumentsacross a representative set of pitches suggest the utilityof this formant-based model for correlating acoustical de-scription and perceptual relevance, as both formant fre-quency and magnitude appear to affect perceived blend.


Perception of musical timbre by cochlear-implant listeners – (Contributed, 000395)

O. Macherey and A. DelpierreLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20


Improving the perception of music by cochlear implant(CI) listeners remains one of the biggest challenge in thisresearch field. The present study aims to better under-stand how CI users perceive musical timbre.Three groups of 10 normally-hearing (NH) listeners andone group of 10 CI users were asked to make dissimilar-ity judgments between pairs of instrumental sounds. Thestimuli were 16 synthetic tones spanning a wide range ofinstrument families. All sounds had the same fundamen-tal frequency (261 Hz) and were balanced in loudness andin duration. One group of NH listeners listened to unpro-cessed stimuli while the other two NH groups listened to

noise-vocoded CI simulations (with 4 and 8 spectral anal-ysis/synthesis channels, respectively). The dissimilarityjudgments were analysed using multidimensional scaling.We found that (1) for all groups, the first two dimen-sions of the timbre space were strikingly similar and cor-related with the log of the attack time and with the spec-tral centroid, respectively, (2) NH subjects listening tounprocessed sounds gave relatively more weight to the at-tack time and less weight to the spectral centroid than theother three groups of subjects, (3) Noise-vocoded simula-tions appear to be a good model of timbre perception byCI subjects.


Diesel knock noise from combustion phenomenon to perceived signals – (Invited, 000460)

O. Sauvagea, A. Lauracb, M.-C. Bezata, V. Roussariea and P. Guillemainc

aPSA Peugeot Citroen, route de Gizy, DRIA/DSTF VV1402, 78943 Velizy Villacoublay Cedex, France; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de

l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; cLaboratoire de Mecanique et

d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20



Combustion noise still remains a major concern when de-signing engines for vehicles passenger comfort. Amongmost efficient strategies for reducing Diesel knock are mod-ifications of engine parameters used for controlling com-bustion processes. This work aims at giving guidelineswhen controlling these processes to improve customers’combustion noise perception. A methodology is described,which establish a relation between the engine tuning pa-rameters, directly linked to cylinder pressure evolutions,and their effects on perception. We use cyclic Wiener fil-

ters allowing realistic overall Diesel noise re-synthesisesfrom cylinder pressure signals. Cylinder pressures are splitinto elementary components, leading to different types(and patterns) of physically admissible modifications. Aperceptive test is then conducted to establish a perceptivespace of Diesel combustion noise based on some differentpressure cylinder noticeable patterns. An issue is a betterunderstanding of the subjective effects, particularly rhyth-mic ones, produced by such pulse trains.


Do electric cars have to make noise? An emblematic opportunity for designing sounds and soundscapes– (Contributed, 000396)

N. Misdariisa, A. Ceraa, E. Levalloisb and C. Locqueteaub

aInstitut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique, 1, place Igor Stravinsky 75004 Paris; bRenault-DAPP-Direction des

Prestations Clients, 1, Avenue du Golf, 78280 Guyancourt, France


Electric cars tend to become the emerging generation ofautomotive vehicles for the next decades. One of theirmain features is that they are rather silent and thenpresent issues as: must electric cars be sonified for pre-venting pedestrians from dangers? If necessary, what kindof sound signal is to be put to fulfill safety rules withoutcontributing to the environmental pollution ?Moreover, because the starting point of this thought isnearly a blank page, it opens a large field of experimen-tation on different aspects of sound design: innovativeapproaches to create sounds in interactive configurations,role of sound to convey functional informations, aestheticsqualities or even emotional feelings, etc.

In the frame of an industrial collaboration, we tried tohandle these questions by examining the state-of-the-art inthat domain, defining the specifications that sound has tocomply with (warning for direction and speed, driver feed-back of speed and functionning, various branding compo-nents, etc.), prototyping various ideas of interactive soni-fication, and initiating evaluation experiments especiallyin terms of primary functions (notification of presence andapproaching speed).

Some results from different steps of this work togetherwith overall reflections and perspectives on the generaltopic will be presented and discussed.


EVADER: Electric Vehicle Alert for Detection and Emergency Response – (Contributed, 000229)

F. Duboisa, G. Baudeta and J.-C. Chamardb

aRENAULT SAS, Technocentre Guyancourt - 1, avenue du Golf - 78288 Guyancourt - France; bPSA Peugeot Citroen, Centre Technique

de Velizy, Route de Gisy, 78 943 Velizy-Villacoublay


The warning effect of vehicle exterior noise for vulnera-ble users has recently emerged. Quieter cars could reducepedestrians’ ability to travel safely. One of the objectivesof the EVADER project is to propose technologies thatwill allow the best compromise between the potential riskof quiet vehicles for pedestrians and the quietness of resi-dents. First, we identified critical safety scenarios, consid-ering the safety risks and strategies used by pedestrians.Then, we defined the type of vulnerable people, the mini-

mal reaction times, and visual obstacles. The paper aimsat characterizing different soundscapes, in order to choosepsychoacoustic maskers and determine acoustic character-istics of a selection of vehicles. Finally, a measurementprotocol, in order to evaluate the auditory detectabilityof electric vehicles by pedestrians, is proposed. This workintended to fill the gap between vehicle exterior noises per-ceptibility and the accident avoidance.


Perceptual evaluation of the influence of the estimation of Wiener filters applied to engine noise –(Contributed, 000579)


J. Drouet, Q. Leclere and E. ParizetLaboratoire Vibration Acoustique, INSA, 25 bis avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, France


Sound source separation in diesel engines can be imple-mented using a Wiener filter or spectrofilter that can ex-tract the combustion contribution from the overall noise.This filter characterizes the transfer function between acylinder pressure and a measurement point. Thus, a spec-trofilter is computed for each cylinder, which induces thatan engine is represented by several filters. Its computa-tion depends on operating conditions, which makes thefull characterization of the engine very time consuming.The goal of this study is to determine filter parameters

modifying the perception of these sounds. An experimenthas shown that the engine timbre is mainly dominated bythe cylinder pressure. This allows the use of an averagedfilter that can be applied to all operating points withoutlowering the accuracy of the source separation. To thatpurpose, modal parameters are identified for several spec-trofilters to estimate them in the most efficient way, whileallowing a good reconstruction. Perceptual experimentsare conducted to analyze the effects of this estimation onthe combustion noise.


How does interior car noise alter driver’s perception of motion? Multisensory integration in speedperception – (Contributed, 000726)

S. Denjeana, V. Roussarieb, R. Kronland-Martineta, S. Ystada and J.-L. Velayc

aLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20; bPSA Peugeot Citroen, route

de Gizy, DRIA/DSTF VV1402, 78943 Velizy Villacoublay Cedex, France; cInstitut de neurosciences cognitives de la mediterranee, 31

Chemin Joseph Aiguier 13402 Marseille Cedex 20


Acoustic feedback inside a car is composed of differentsources, which give information on the driver’s actions andthe dynamic state of the car. This acoustic feedback influ-ences the driver’s perception of movement in a multisen-sory integration. The development of electric motoriza-tions brings new balance between noise sources inside thecar, due to the loss of engine sound that is present in tradi-tional internal combustion engine cars. To study the influ-

ence of this modified noise source balance on driving, wefocused on speed perception. A car simulator was used forthis purpose. 24 participants were asked to accelerate upto a given target speed, while the speedometer was hidden.We studied the speed they actually reached with threeacoustic feedbacks (engine, electric motor, no sound), intwo visual conditions (night and day). We found out thatacoustic feedback can alter the driver’s speed perception.


Ventriloquism effect on distance auditory cues – (Contributed, 000132)

N. Cotea, V. Koehlb and M. PaquierbaInstitute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, UMR CNRS 8520, ISEN department, 41 boulevard Vauban, 59046

Lille, France; bUniversite de Bretagne Occidentale, 6, avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France


Even though virtual reality applications are nowadaysmultimodal, developers focus their efforts on the visualrendering system. Complex visual rendering systems us-ing stereoscopic techniques are employed in order to placevisual objects in a three dimensions environment. Similarsystems such as binaural rendering through headphonescan be used for the auditory modality. However, severalstudies have shown a visual attractive effect in case ofaudiovisual object which reduces the benefit of complexauditory rendering systems. A cognitive process combinesboth auditory and visual cues and gives a higher influenceto the visual modality. The resulting multimodal objectis thus placed at the position of the visual cue. However,

this effect has been less studied in the distance dimension[zahorik2001,lewald2001].

This study investigates the effect of disparate visual andauditory distance cues. For this purpose a binaural ren-dering is employed for auditory cues and combined to astereoscopic display for visual cues.

The results show an asymmetrical ventriloquism effect inthe distance dimension: the relative position of the audi-tory cue in comparison to the visual cue has an influenceon the perceived position of the audiovisual object. A de-scription and a possible explanation of this asymmetricalventriloquism effect will be detailed in the article.



Effect of whole body vibrations on sound localization – (Contributed, 000252)

I. Frissena and C. Guastavinob

aIRCCyN, 1, rue de la noe, 44321 Nantes, France; bMcGill School of Information Studies, CIRMMT, 3661 Peel street, Montreal,

Canada H3A 1X1


In order to assist the human operator modern auditoryinterfaces increasingly rely on sound spatialization to dis-play auditory information and warning signals all aroundthe listener. However, we often operate in environmentsthat apply vibrations to the whole body, e.g., when driv-ing a vehicle. So there is a concern that vibrations impairspatial hearing and thereby the efficacy of sound spatial-ization. While effects of whole-body vibrations have beenfound to impair simple front-back discrimination, their ef-fect on sound localization per se has received scant at-tention. In a series of three experiments we investigatedthese effects with participants seated on a motion plat-

form. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to indi-cate the location of sounds presented on a circular array ofloudspeakers surrounding them. In the other two Experi-ments participants engaged in a psychophysical interauraltime difference discrimination task. In all experiments, wecompared the performance in conditions with and withoutwhole-body vibrations at various frequencies (4 or 8Hz)and intensities along the vertical axis. We did not observesignificant effects of vibration on sound localization per-formance. We conclude that whole-body vibrations do notpose a serious concern to the implementation of spatializedauditory feedback in vehicles.


Masking effects in vertical whole body vibrations – (Contributed, 000126)

C.R. Hernandez and E. ParizetLaboratoire Vibrations Acoustique INSA Lyon, 25 bis avenue Jean Capelle, Villeurbanne, F-69621 Lyon, France


The existence of masking effects for vertical vibrations ofseated subjects was investigated. In a first experiment,detection thresholds of sinusoids at six different frequen-cies (between 30 and 80 Hz) were estimated using a 3-AFCwith a three-down one-up rule. Then, thresholds were es-timated in the presence of a vibratory masking stimulus: aband pass noise (10 to 20 Hz) at three different levels (be-tween 0.1 and 0.315 m/s2). The presence of this band-pass

noise increased the threshold of all studied frequencies. Atdetection, the overall level of the signal (masker noise plussinusoid) was greater than the level of the masker noisealone by a value close to the just noticeable differences inlevel for this noise. Results suggested that the detectionwas related to a global energy level discrimination process.Finally, some indicators explaining this phenomenon arepresented.


Perceptual influence of the vibratory component on the audio component of alarms produced by rumblestrips, by measuring reaction times – (Contributed, 000380)

O. Houixa, S. Bonnota, F. Vienneb, B. Vericelb, L.-F. Pardoc, N. Misdariisa and P. SusiniaaSTMS IRCAM-CNRS-UPMC, 1 place Igor Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France; bDepartement Infrastructures et Mobilite, 58 boulevard

Lefebvre, 75732 Paris Cedex 15; cUTAC, Autodrome de Linas-Montlhery, BP 20212 Montlhery Cedex, France


The aim of the project ROADSENSE ANR-10-VPTT-010-01 is to define a driver assistance that prevents involuntaryout of traffic lanes. A rumble strip producing a vibratoryand sound alarm provides this help to get back on the road.Based on an objective measurement using simple reactiontime, the perceptual influence of the vibratory componenton the audio component of alarms produced by rumplestrips was studied. Two situations were compared: thefirst one with sound only and the second one with soundand vibration. During this experiment, participants wereplaced in a semi-realistic driving situation and were asked

to press a pedal as soon as possible when they perceivedan alarm. Audio-vibration alarms were synthesized byextracting a signal pattern from real recordings of soundand vibrations produced by rumple strips. This pattern(vibration and sound) was repeated using three differentinter onset intervals (IOI). Values of reaction times showneither an effect nor an interaction of the vibration com-ponent on the audio component of the alarm. However,the influence of the IOI is important; shorter is the IOIbetter is the reaction time. This result is in agreementwith previous results from the literature.



Sonifying drawings: characterization of perceptual attributes of sounds produced by human gestures –(Contributed, 000713)

E. Thoreta, M. Aramakia, R. Kronland-Martineta, J.-L. Velayb and S. Ystada

aLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20; bInstitut de neurosciences

cognitives de la mediterranee, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier 13402 Marseille Cedex 20


Friction sounds produced by the pencil of a person whois drawing on a paper are audible and could bring infor-mation about his/her gestures. This study firstly focuseson the perceptual significance of the morphology of suchsounds, and to what extent gestures could be retrievedby sounds. Sounds recorded during drawing sessions wereused in association tests where subjects had to univocallyassociate friction sounds with different shapes. Resultsshowed that subjects were able to associate sounds withcorrect shapes and that the auditory characterization ofthe shape depended on the velocity profile.A sonification strategy was then proposed for human

drawings using a friction sound synthesis model. Inspiredby the work of Viviani et al. (1982) who exhibited a 2/3-power law relation between kinetics and shape curvaturefor visual perception, experiments were carried out withthe synthesis model, where subjects were asked to adjustthe power law exponent so that the most realistic soundwas obtained. Results revealed an exponent close to 2/3 aspreviously found in vision and thus highlighted a similarpower law in the auditory modality, providing an ecolog-ical way to determine velocity profiles from static shapesand to generate sounds coherent with human gestures.


Tribute to Bertram Scharf – (Invited, 000867)

S. MeunierLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20


Bertram Scharf, a prominent researcher in psychoacous-tics, died on 30 November 2011. This presentation is atribute which the Groupe Perception Sonore of the SFAwishes to pay to him. Since 1978, Professor Scharf dividedhis time between the USA and France. He was a professorin psychology at the Northeastern university. In France,he was a visiting scientist until the mid-ninety in the ”Lab-oratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique” in Marseille andcollaborated with the University of Marseille (Faculte de

Medecine) until now. The major contributions of Pro-fessor Scharf to the field of psychoacoustics concern theperception of intensity. His major works focused on loud-ness, loudness adaptation and detection. He was amongthe first who studied, during the nineties, the auditory ef-ferent system using psychoacoustical paradigms. In thispresentation, an overview of professor Scharf’s work willbe done.

Wed 8:00 Paul LANGEVIN Keynote lecture: Dr. Carl Hopkins

Sound insulation in buildings: linking theory and practice – (000871)

C. HopkinsUniversity of Liverpool, School of Architecture, Abercromby Square, L69 7ZN Liverpool, UK


The unavailability of theoretical models to predict directtransmission across all types of building element explainswhy laboratory measurements remain important at thedesign stage. However, sound insulation in-situ is deter-mined by both direct and flanking transmission; hence pre-diction models are essential tools. To indicate the limita-tions of laboratory measurements, transient and steady-state SEA are used to illustrate how the transmissionsuite affects structural reverberation times of solid testelements and the inherent errors in structural couplingmeasurements on isolated junctions of walls/floors. In thefield, the ’mid-frequency prediction problem’ is considered

in heavyweight buildings where structural coupling datafrom isolated junctions is incorporated in models. Despitedecades focussing on steady-state sound pressure levelsin buildings, transient sources in buildings cause signifi-cant disturbance to building occupants, with regulatoryrequirements based on maximum sound pressure levels toprotect against sleep disturbance. Recent work using tran-sient SEA illustrates the potential for the prediction ofmaximum levels. Concerning the revision of field soundinsulation measurement Standards, new approaches aredescribed to improve repeatability below 100Hz, particu-larly with lightweight constructions where low-frequency


performance can be problematic and to allow testers touse manual scanning to reduce the amount of equipmentneeded on site.

Wed 8:00 Lord RAYLEIGH Keynote: Pr. Daniel Pressnitzer

The adaptive auditory mind – (000878)

D. PressnitzerCNRS & UPD & Ecole normale superieure, Equipe Audition, 29 rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France


Through hearing, humans and other animals can recognizea large variety of sound sources, navigate complex acousticscenes, disentangle messages and assess their behaviouralrelevance. These remarkable feats are currently beyondour understanding and they still exceed the capabilities ofthe most sophisticated audio engineering systems. In thistalk, I will draw upon recent evidence from our lab andelsewhere to suggest that a key aspect of brain functionenabling efficient listening is the ability to rapidly adapt,online, to the sounds and tasks at hand. For instance,sound recognition through timbre can rely on rather com-plex acoustic features that are opportunistic, in the sensethat they can be tailored to specific sound categories such

as the human voice. Auditory scene analysis (the abilityto follow a sound source in a mixture) recruits a widelydistributed brain network that focuses the whole chainof processing on the attended stream. This processing isitself labile, as acoustic context can have a rapid and pro-found influence on basic auditory features such as pitchor vowel quality. Finally, auditory memory is rapidly es-tablished, and thus almost inevitably recruited in manylistening task. Taken together, these recent experimentalfindings suggest that adaptive coding could be an integralpart of how the human auditory system deals successfullywith natural acoustic scenes.

Wed 9:00 Philip DOAK AH-S01: Wall pressure fluctuations

Sensing wall-pressure fluctuations by particle image velocimetry – (Invited, 000875)

F. Scarano and S. GhaemiTU Delft, Aerospace Engineering Dept., Kluyverweg 1, 2629HS Delft, Netherlands


The use of particle image velocimetry (PIV) to measurethe instantaneous pressure field and in particular the pres-sure at solid boundaries is discussed. The method is basedon the use of time-resolved PIV measurements combinedwith the evaluation of the momentum equation to solvefor the pressure gradient and its subsequent spatial in-tegration. In principle, the application of this techniqueis straightforward, but it requires a careful assessment oferror propagation. In exchange, the method offers the po-tential to measure pressure fluctuations over a very widerange of flow regimes as demonstrated by experiments per-formed on bluff-body flows (de Kat and van Oudheus-

den, 2011) and cavities (Haigermoser, 2009). In two-dimensional unsteady flows, the fluctuating pressure dis-tribution evaluated at the surface is used as input for theevaluation of acoustic pressure fluctuations making use ofCurle’s analogy, in cavity flow experiments (Kostchatzkyet al., 2011) and to predict the noise emissions from a rod-airfoil system (Lorenzoni et al., 2009). From recent experi-ments with tomographic PIV the accuracy and reliabilityof such approach has also been established for broadbandpressure fluctuations as they occur in turbulent boundarylayers (Ghaemi and Scarano, 2012) and more prominentlyat the trailing edge of airfoils.


Identification of the acoustic component in the turbulent boundary layer excitation by the ForceAnalysis Technique – (Invited, 000271)

D. Lecoq, C. Pezerat, J.-H. Thomas and W. BiLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


Turbulent flows, due to the presence of obstacles or tur-bulent boundary layers near the structure, generate vi-brations and can be a major source of noise. This kind of

excitation have two components: the aerodynamic and theacoustic parts respectively in the high and low wavenum-bers. The vibrations and acoustic radiations of the wall


are more sensitive to the acoustic component. Indeed, thewavelengths of the aerodynamic part are very small andthey excite modes with low radiation. However, the aero-dynamic part has a very high amplitude, so that the acous-tic component becomes very difficult to assess by measure-ment.The study aims to use the Force Analysis Tech-nique (FAT), also known by its french acronym RIFF(Resolution Inverse Filtree Fenetree), to measure these ex-citations.

In this work, the acoustic pressure identification is testedby performing a numerical experiment where excitationis obtained by a synthesis method of time signals byCholesky decomposition of cross spectra matrices.Thanks to the wavenumber filtering of the Force AnalysisTechnique, the results show that the acoustic componentcan be extracted even if its energy level is very small withrespect to that of the aerodynamic component.


Vibration and noise radiation from a panel excited by a turbulent flow – (Contributed, 000743)

M. Smith and E. Latorre IglesiasInstitute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, University Road, S017 1B Southampton, UK


Experiments to simulate the flow induced vibration andnoise radiation from a car window are described. Twocases are considered: flow over a backwards-facing stepand flow over a half-cylinder placed on a flat plate. Thefirst configuration represents the flow separation and sub-sequent flow re-attachment into a turbulent boundarylayer generated by the A-pillar of a car. The second config-uration is representative of the turbulent flow over a sidewindow produced by a car wing mirror. Measurementswere carried out in an open jet anechoic wind tunnel at

ISVR, where a very low noise flow of up to 40 m/s canbe achieved. Wall pressure fluctuations were measuredusing a streamwise array of microphones, from which thefrequency-wavenumber spectrum of the pressure fluctua-tions was obtained. The vibrational response of the testpanel was measured on a grid of points and noise radia-tion was measured using sound intensity mapping and afixed microphone in the acoustic far-field. The data areanalysed to determine the relative importance of acousticand convective excitation of the panel.


Wavenumber-frequency analysis of the wall pressure fluctuations in the wake of a rear view mirrorusing a lattice Boltzmann model – (Contributed, 000251)

F. A. Van Herpea, S. Vergnea and E. Gaudardb

aPSA PEUGEOT CITROEN, Case Courrier VV1405, Centre Technique de Velizy A - Route de Gisy, 78140 Velizy Villacoublay, France;bUPMC-IJLRDA(UMR 7190), 4, Place Jussieu, Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France


An emerging method for the numerical prediction of thewind noise inside a car is the coupling of an unsteady Com-putational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver to a StatisticalEnergy Analysis (SEA) solver. This approach requiresthe separation between the aerodynamic and the acous-tic components of the Wall Pressure Fluctuations (WPF)loading the car greenhouse panels. Those two componentscorrespond indeed in SEA to two different paths of soundtransmission: the structure-borne path and the air-bornepath. Is has been recently shown using Direct Noise Com-putation that a wavenumber-frequency Fourier transformof the WPF allows separating the convective aerodynamic

component from the propagating acoustic component. Weinvestigate in this paper the ability of the Lattice Boltz-mann based CFD code PowerFLOW to capture the lowlevel acoustic component of the WPF in the wake of arear view mirror over a flat panel. We compare two op-tions in the simulated Mach number setting: The defaultmode where the Mach number is chosen by PowerFLOWas high as it can in order to reduce the simulation time,and the mode where the simulated Mach number is cho-sen so that acoustic waves propagate at the same speed asthey do in experiment.


Pressure spectra along cylinder computed from RANS simulations – (Contributed, 000303)

S. M. MonteInstitue Jean le Rond d’Alembert, UMR 7190, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu - case 162, 75252 Paris Cedex 05,

France



The present work is about three-dimensional, turbulentflow over a long circular cylinder where the free- stream isaligned with the cylinder axis. A major example of suchflow is that of towed sonar arrays. To design correctly thea towed array, it is important to consider among manyother things, the pressure fluctuations generated by theturbulent flow around the cylinder. A towed sonar arrayis a linear cylinder with a very large length to radius ratio.With such a ratio, curvature effects involved in the flowalong shall not be neglected and flat plate based modelsdo not describe correctly the pressure fluctuations. More-over, DNS are not suitable for development stage of a new

model, or prediction of the pressure spectra over a towedarray for industrial applications.The present investigation suggests a new way of deal-ing quickly and accurately with the pressure spectrums.Pressure correlations, and therefore the pressure spectraare computed integrating Poisson’s equation using incom-pressible Reynolds Average Numerical Simulations andmodeled velocity correlations. The present model allowsto have accurate pressure space/time correlations , andthus wavenumbers spectrum, for a wide range of curva-ture ratios for Reynolds numbers relevant to underwaterapplications.


Laboratory synthesis of turbulent boundary layer wall-pressures and the induced vibro-acoustic re-sponse – (Invited, 000057)

C. Maurya and T. Bravob

aEcole Centrale Marseille - LMA, CNRS - LMA, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France; bCentro de Acustica

Aplicada y Evaluacion No Destructiva (CAEND), CSIC - UPM, Serrano 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain


Theoretical and practical feasibility is considered of syn-thesizing spatially correlated random pressure fields whosestatistical properties are similar to that generated by afully-developed Turbulent Boundary Layer (TBL) over apanel. Laboratory synthesis of TBL excitation would pro-vide a cost-efficient approach, complementary to in-flightor wind-tunnel measurements, in order to test potentialsolutions to reduce the TBL-induced noise, of relevancewithin both the aeronautical and surface transport sec-tors. Of particular interest is the use of a near-field arrayof suitably driven acoustic sources with an important ques-tion: how many uncorrelated sources are required per cor-relation length to approximate a TBL excitation and the

induced vibro-acoustic response ? Due to the exponentialdecay of the spanwise correlation length with frequency,real-time TBL synthesis appears to be only feasible in thelow frequency range. However, the structural and radia-tive filtering properties of the panel dramatically reducesthe number of sources required, thus allowing a synthesisof the panel vibro-acoustic response beyond the hydrody-namic coincidence frequency using a reasonable numberof sources. Such theoretical findings have been confirmedexperimentally. Effective methodologies are also proposedfor an accurate reproduction of the TBL-induced soundpower radiated by a panel when coupled to a cavity.


Experimental investigation of the vibration of a slotted plate and the acoustic field in a plane impingingjet – (Contributed, 000030)

H.H. Assouma, A. Sakouta, M. El Hassanb, J. Vetelb, A. Aliac and K. Abed-Meraıma

aLaboratoire d’Etude des Phenomenes de Transfert et de l’Instantaneite : Agro-industrie et Batiment, Batiment Fourier Avenue Michel

Crepeau F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 1; bFluid Dynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Montreal, Canada QC H3T

1J4; cLaboratoire de mecanique de Lille, Batiment M6 Bvd Paul Langevin 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex


The impinging jet is a flow configuration in which a fluidissuing from a simple geometry hits a wall (perpendicularor with angle). Impinging jet exhibits rich phenomena interms of vortex structures and fluid-structure interaction.These phenomena become more complicated if the obsta-cle (a plate in this study) has a slot and are accompaniedin some cases by a high level of noise due to the installa-tion of a loop of self-sustained tones. Several parametersinfluence these phenomena such as the Reynolds numberand the plate to nozzle distance. Therefore, we consider

a plane jet issuing from a rectangular nozzle and a slot-ted plate. The sound pressure and the plate vibration arerespectively measured using a microphone and accelerom-eters mounted on the plate. The spectra of both soundand vibration signal and the corresponding coherences arepresented. This study brings out the correlation betweenthe plate vibration and the acoustic field in a plane im-pinging jet for two Reynolds numbers (Re = 12350 andRe = 18200).



Analysis of the vibracoustic behavior of a plate excited by synthetized aeroacoustic pressure fields –(Contributed, 000687)

D. Ricota, A. Hekmatib and P. DruaultcaRENAULT, Research Advanced Engineering and Materials Department, TCR AVA 1 63, 1 av. du Golf, 78288 Guyancourt, France;bTECHNOCENTRE RENAULT, TCR AVA 1 63, 1 av. du Golf, 78288 Guyancourt, France; cInstitut Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, Boite

162 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris


Due to acoustics, comfort has become one of the principalconcerns for car manufacturers, it is important to improve:(1) the knowledge of the car panel vibrations which are dueto two different components: acoustic excitation and tur-bulent wall pressure one, and (2)the associated radiationsimulation in the car interior.In this paper, first, we propose to synthetize such aeroa-coustic wall pressure field based on Cholesky decompo-sition. Using analytical expressions of the Cross PowerSpectral Density of an acoustic diffuse field and of a tur-bulent flow (Corcos model), spatial distributions of tur-bulent and acoustic excitations are determined in term

of amplitude and phase in the frequency domain. Then,as a second step, the vibroacoustic behavior of a simply-supported plate excited by these synthetized fields is com-puted thanks to FEM calculations (ACTRAN software).The radiated field is then successively estimated for theacoustic excitation, the turbulent one and for both aeroa-coustic excitations. The effect of flow inhomogeneity onthe radiation field has been also regarded. Finally, a statis-tical analysis between radiated field and excitation fieldsis performed thanks to the coherence function analysis. Itis then confirmed that such analysis presents some limitsespecially when dealing with uncorrelated sources of noise.

Wed 9:00 Ray STEPHENS EN-S02: Transportation and industrial noise

Evaluation of the acoustical performance and behaviour of a hybrid truck in urban use – (Invited,

000143)

M.-A. Pallas, R. Chatagnon and J. LelongIFSTTAR, 25 avenue F. Mitterrand, case 24, 69675 Bron Cedex, France


Noise emission of mid-sized trucks operating in urban ar-eas for goods delivery and services (for instance waste col-lect) is crucial, mainly during night and early morning pe-riods. The development of hybrid vehicles is particularlyappropriate to urban use since, besides improvements to-wards energy consumption and pollutant emission, it mayalso lead to noise reduction, mainly due to the presence ofthe electric motor. The French research project GEODE(project leader Renault Trucks) gathered several partnersfor the development of a mid-sized hybrid truck with op-timized energy control. One work package consisted inthe evaluation of the environmental performance of thevehicle, as compared to an equivalent conventional engine

truck. The present paper presents the acoustical part,based on measurements of the acoustic emission under realuse conditions: constant speed, acceleration and braking.It includes standard pass-by 7.5 meter noise levels as wellas main source analysis, the latter resulting from near-fieldmicrophone array measurements, for each vehicle configu-ration (reference engine truck, hybrid truck under hybriduse, hybrid truck under electrical use). Noise emissionlaws of the vehicles and of their main noise sources are de-termined. The electrical mode introduces an undeniablegain at urban speeds, the residual noise resulting mainlyfrom the drive wheel rolling noise.


Simplified model of a harmonic point source moving above an impedance ground – (Contributed, 000007)

F. Golaya, G. Dutilleuxa, L. Simona, C. Ayraultb and F. Poissonc

aLaboratoire Regional de Strasbourg, 11, rue Jean Mentelin, 67035 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de

l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; cInnovation et recherche SNCF,

40 avenue des terroirs de France, 75012 Paris


Transportation noise is an important source in terms ofannoyance in urban and suburban area. Modelling soundpropagation from these moving sources needs an efficient

prediction tool. The classical theory due to Morse andIngard is limited to free space. A reference model hasbeen proposed for modelling the pressure field generated


by a harmonic point source moving above a flat impedanceground which takes into account the spherical wave reflec-tion coefficient. The complexity of the reference modelhas resulted in a heuristic model intuitively derived froma model for a motionless harmonic sound source, by in-cluding Doppler corrections. However the predictions ofthis heuristic model are significantly different from thoseof the reference model. In this paper, we propose a sim-

plification of the reference model, by approximating thevariables by constants or by linear expressions on smalltime intervals. Compared with the reference model, thissimplified model is faster. In addition, it makes the phys-ical link between the reference and the heuristic models.Numerical simulations confirm the accuracy of the simpli-fied model.


Two algorithms for the sorting of unknown train vibration signals into freight and passenger traincategories – (Contributed, 000158)

C. J. Sharp, D. Waddington, J. Woodcock, G. Sica, E. Peris and A. MoorhouseUniversity of Salford, The Crescent, M5 4WT Salford, UK


The human response to railway noise is well researched;however, there is a need to further research the human re-sponse to freight railway vibration. To facilitate this, twoalgorithms have been constructed with the aim of sortingunknown train vibration signals into freight and passengertrain categories so that they can be further analysed. 307known train vibration signals measured close to the rail-way were analysed to determine which signal properties,if any, are identifiably different for freight and passengertrain vibration signals. These data were collected withinthe Defra funded UK study ”Human Response to Vibra-

tion in Residential Environmentsı conducted by the Uni-versity of Salford. Several signal properties were found tobe statistically significantly different for freight and pas-senger train vibration signals, all of which relate either tothe duration of the signal event or its frequency content.These differences were used to successfully create two al-gorithms that are capable of sorting unknown train signalsinto freight and passenger train categories at a relativelyhigh level of accuracy. The methodology used in creatingthe algorithms, their level of accuracy and recommenda-tions for their use will be presented in this paper.


Physical and perceptual characterization of road traffic noises in urban areas for a better noise annoy-ance assessment – (Contributed, 000378)

J. Morela, C. Marquis-Favreb, M. Pierrettec and L.-A. Gilled

aMEDDTL - Mission Bruit et Agents Physiques, Grande Arche, 92055 La Defense Cedex, France; bUniversite de Lyon - ENTPE, rue

Maurice Audin, 69120 Vaulx-En-Velin, France; cUniversite Paris Ouest Nanterre La Defense, Laboratoire Psychologie des Processus

et des Conduites Complexes, 200, avenue de la republique, 92002 Nanterre, France; dCETE Ile de France, 319 avenue Georges

Clemenceau, BP 505, 77015 Melun Cedex, France


The work presented in this paper intends to contribute toimprove noise maps by a more meaningful characterizationof urban road traffic noises. In this aim, in situ recordedpass-by noises, following an a priori physical typology, aresubmitted to a panel of subjects via a free categorizationand free verbalization tasks. This resulted in the proposalof a perceptual and cognitive typology of road traffic pass-

by noises that was further confirmed by the results of apair-wise comparison test. The 7 categories of the percep-tual and cognitive typology were then studied separatelyfrom noise annoyance point of view. Annoyance indica-tors were then proposed to characterize each category ofvehicle pass-by noises by taking into account their spectraland temporal specificities.


Design of Electric or Hybrid vehicle alert sound system for pedestrian – (Contributed, 000832)

J.-C. Chamard and V. RoussariePSA Peugeot Citroen, Centre Technique de Velizy, Route de Gisy, 78 943 Velizy-Villacoublay



The arrival of fully or hybrid electric vehicles raised safetyproblems respect to the other users (pedestrians, cy-clists,oe) because of their low emission level. A technicalsolution to solve this problem is to generate an alert sound.This signal has to improve the interaction of the vehiclewith its environment. Thus , the signal must carry relativeinformation to the situation of rolling: speed of the vehi-

cle, stabilized speed, phase of acceleration/deceleration,intentions of the driveroe All this without disturb the res-ident’s quietness. How translate this in term of signalprocessing and how define the level of emission? We pro-pose to present the results of tests carried out with an aimof answering those questions.


The French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) is working to prevent and reduceenvironmental noise – (Contributed, 000237)

E. ThibierADEME, 500 rte Lucioles, 06560 Valbonnne, France


The French Environment and Energy ManagementAgency (ADEME) is working to prevent and reduce en-vironmental noise particularly where exposure levels caninduce harmful effects on human health. Focusing on roadand railway traffic noise, ADEME helps local authoritiesand stakeholders implement their noise reduction plans.The national target is to reduce the equivalent noise levelnear the facades of buildings (housing or apartments, hos-pitals or schools) to below Lden=63 dB(A).

To reach this target, ADEME has developed two modes ofaction. Firstly priority is given to reducing the sources ofnoise, in particular traffic noise, by building noise barriersclose to the roads.

The second mode of action is facilitating sound insulationof the facades of buildings.

ADEME’s budget for noise reduction is 160 million eurosfor the 5 year period: 2009-2013.


Improving existing facade insulation against railway noise – (Contributed, 000641)

J. A.E. Paris-Newton, D. Chapman, C. Luciani and R. G. MackenzieBuilding Performance Centre, 42 Colinton Road, Edinburgh, EH10 7DT Edinburgh, UK


The Environment Round Table of the French government(”Grenelle de l’environnementı) has focused efforts on thedevelopment of alternatives to road transport. A conclu-sion from these studies has been that railway usage is ex-pected to increase in the future. Departmental noise trans-port committees were set up in 2001 in order to take aninventory of noise sensitive receivers and to look at tech-nical solutions which could be implemented. A projecthad been undertaken which studied the insulation offered

by existing dwelling facades at 800 properties subject torailway noise. In order to quantify the sound insulationperformance, measurements of facade insulation have beencarried out and compared to the day and night-time per-formance targets detailed by the policy document ”Circu-laire 25 Mai 2004ı. Where necessary, the sound insulationand the ventilation performance of the facades have beenimproved to meet the requirement of the aforementionedregulations.

Wed 9:00 John TYNDALL MA-S03: Interaction between a musician and his/her instrument

Influence of the fluctuations of the control pressure on the sound production in flute-like instruments– (Invited, 000486)

R. Auvraya, B. Fabrea, P.-Y. Lagreeb, S. Terrienc and C. Vergezc

aEquipe LAM - d’Alembert, 11 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France; bCNRS / equipe FCIH - d’Alembert, 4 place Jussieu, 75005

Paris, France; cLMA - CNRS (UPR 7051), 31 chemin Joseph-Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, Cedex 20, France


In flutes and flue organ pipes, the supply pressure is of-ten considered as a control parameter at time scales lowerthan the acoustic time scales. For instance, the typicaltime of a rise of pressure represents an objective descrip-

tor to analyse attacks (typical time about 20 ms for fastattacks). It has been observed that the supply pressureis also prone to oscillate at time scales of the order of theacoustic time scales. This is due to the acoustic coupling


between the instrument and the pressure reservoir. Thepresent work investigates the influence of such a couplingon the sound production, and its pertinence from a musicalpoint a view. In other words, can the ability of a musi-cian (or an instrument maker) to control this coupling beregarded as a control parameter of the sound production?This paper presents a preliminary experimental study fo-

cused on the effects of a pulsating supply pressure on thesound production. The fluctuations of the supply pres-sure are forced by using a loudspeaker within an artificialmouth. Different effects – such as modifications of thespectral enhancement, shifts in the regime change thresh-olds or changes in the transients –, resulting from differentsupply and ”coupling” conditions are presented.

Wed 9:20 John TYNDALL MA-S03: Interaction between a musician and his/her instrument

Experimental study of the musician / instrument interaction in the case of the concert harp – (Contributed,

000345)

D. Chadefauxa, M. Wanderleyb, J.-L. Le Carroua, B. Fabrea and L. DaudetcaEquipe LAM - d’Alembert, 11, rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France; bIDMIL / CIRMMT McGill University, 555, Sherbrooke Street

West, Montreal, Canada H3A 1E3; cInstitut Langevin “ Ondes et Images ””, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France


Over the years, a trained musician develops the ability toproduce a sound as desired: the player’s gestures are pre-cisely executed, in order to control each note. In the caseof the concert harp, a previous study had underlined thecharacteristics of string plucking, both highly reproducibleand player-specific. However, the whole harpist’s body isobviously also involved in a musical performance. There-fore, the present paper investigates the player / harp inter-action, by characterizing the musical gestures in relation tothe musical interpretation. We have captured the motionof three skilled harpists playing Debussy’s Danse Profane,using a tracking system based on infrared cameras. Acous-

tical signals have been measured synchronously. A set ofacoustical and kinematic descriptors has been extractedfrom the collected data. They provide features of instru-mental gestures (directly related to the sound production)and ancillary gestures (not directly involved in the soundproduction). Results indicate that instrumental gestureshave common characteristics from one player to another,while ancillary gestures are specific to her/him. It is alsoshown that harpists perform remarkably reproducible ges-tures. Finally, the analysis of the harpist’s strategy high-lights the relationship between physical properties and theobjectives of harp performance.

Wed 9:00 Peter BARNETT MA-S09: Measurement techniques for instruments and speech (co-organised with ’HS’)

Examples of the use of anemometry and flow visualisation for experimental studies of physical speechproduction mechanisms – (Invited, 000100)

A. Van HirtumGipsa-lab, UMR CNRS 5126, Grenoble Universities, 38000 Grenoble, France


A qualitative and quantitative study of flow variables is amain ingredient of physical studies of human speech pro-duction. Nevertheless, the term ‘human speech sounds’stands for a large variety of sounds which are produced us-ing different mechanisms and which can be roughly dividedinto two categories: voiced and unvoiced sounds. Voicedsounds are due to a fluid structure interaction in the glottisbetween airflow coming from the lungs and the surround-ing deformable vocal folds tissues. Unvoiced sounds onthe other hand are due to the interaction of a turbulentjet issued somewhere in the upper airways and a quasirigid obstacle such as tongue or teeth. As such physical

modelling of voiced sounds requires qualitative and quan-titative knowledge of the mean flow properties and the tis-sue properties in order to estimate the force distributionon the vocal folds tissues. The study of unvoiced soundson the other hand requires besides knowledge of the meanflow the qualitative and quantitative characterisation ofthe fluctuating flow field. Consequently, in case unvoicedsounds are of interest the combined use of flow visuali-sation and anemometry becomes highly attractive sincefluctuations due to vortex generation and/or randomnesscan be studied qualitatively as well as quantitatively.


A comparison of vibration analysis techniques applied to the Persian setar – (Contributed, 000140)

H. Mansoura,b and G. P. Scavonea,b

aCentre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media and Technology (CIRMMT), 527 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, QC, Canada

H3A 1E3; bComputational Acoustic Modeling Lab, Schulich School of Music, McGill University, 555 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal,


QC, Canada H3A 1E3


Modal analysis is a well-known technique and its applica-tion to stringed instruments has a long history, yet thereis no universal agreement on the measurement setup to beused for this purpose. In this study, measurements of aPersion setar are compared using an impulse hammer ora handheld shaker as excitation and an accelerometer orLaser Doppler Vibrometer to record the response. As well,measurements were made with the setar both suspended,to produce a free-free boundary condition, and clamped atits neck. Natural frequencies, modal damping, and mode

shapes are extracted for the first 12 structural modes, cov-ering up to 2 kHz. In our results, both the accelerometerand shaker dramatically affect the structure and thus, de-pending on the context, they are probably best avoided ifpossible for the case of the setar and similar instruments.However, the modal map of the free-free setar was in closeagreement with the clamped condition; therefore, mea-surements on the setar (and perhaps other long-neckedlutes) can be performed on a clamped instrument unlessthe accurate damping properties are of interest.


Objective and subjective characterization of saxophone reeds – (Contributed, 000464)

B. Gazengela, J.-F. Petiotb and M. SoltescaLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bEcole Centrale de Nantes, 1 rue de la noe, BP 92101, 44321 Nantes, France; cDepartment of Physics, Czech Technical University,

Technicka 2, 16627 Prague 6, Czech Republic


The subjective quality of single cane reed used for sax-ophone or clarinet may be very different from a reed toanother although reeds present the same shape and thesame strength. In this work, we propose to compare threeapproaches for the characterization of reeds properties.The first approach consists in measuring the reed mechan-ical response by the mean of a specific bench which givesequivalent dynamic parameters (mass, damping, stiffness)of the first vibration mode and the non linear stiffness ofthe reed. The second approach deals with the measure-ment of playing parameters ”in vivoı, using specific sen-

sors put on the instrument mouthpiece. These measure-ments enable us to deduce specific parameters in playingcondition, such as the threshold pressure or the spectralcentroid. Finally, subjective tests are performed on musi-cians in order to deduce the independent subjective crite-ria which characterize the quality of reeds.Different reeds chosen for their subjective differences(rather difficult and dark, medium, rather easy and bright)are characterized by the three methods. First results showthat correlations can be established between ”in vivoı mea-surements and subjective assessments.


An experimental replica of the vocal folds to study normal and pathological voice – (Contributed, 000629)

X. Pelorson and X. LavalGrenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique, Gipsa-lab 961 rue de la Houille Blanche BP 46 F - 38402 Grenoble Cedex


In order to test the relevance and accuracy of theoreticalmodels for speech production, validation on in-vitro con-trolled set-ups is needed. Since the pioneer work of VanDen Berg (1957) numerous mechanical replicas have beenbuilt in an increasing effort towards rendering the com-plexity of the human vocal folds. In this paper we presenta new experimental set-up based on a replica of the vocalfolds made of several successive layers of liquids and latex.Compared with existing mechanical models, this replicaallows that essential parameters such as the degree of ab-duction, the acoustical loading, the upstream pressure and

the elasticity of the replica can be controlled and variedindividually. Further, pathological configurations, involv-ing a local alteration of the vocal folds, such as polypsand cysts, can be easily simulated by adding growths ofknown masses and shapes. Typical examples of measure-ments performed on this replica will be presented for nor-mal and pathological configurations. The results will bediscussed with respect to human phonation and comparedto some theoretical predictions using low-order mechanicalmodels.



Time-Reversal Imaging and Field-Separation-Method applied to the study of the Steelpan radiation –(Contributed, 000653)

E. Bavua, C. Auzoua, M. Monteilb,c, M. Melona, C. Langrennea and A. Garciaa

aConservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, 292 rue Saint-Martin 75141 Paris Cedex 03; bIJLRDA-UPMC, 4 place jussieu, 75005

Paris, France; cUME (Unite de Mecanique), ENSTA - ParisTech, Chemin de la Huniere, 91761 Palaiseau, France


Time reversal (TR) is a powerful method for the imagingand localization of sound sources. We propose the use ofTR imaging in conjunction with a field separation method(FSM) in order to study the radiating sources of a Steel-pan.The TR-FSM method consists in measuring the acous-tic pressure on a double-layer hemispherical time reversalmirror (TRM). Outgoing waves are separated from ingo-ing waves by using spherical-harmonic expansions. Theoutgoing contribution is then time-reversed and numeri-

cally backpropagated, allowing to achieve accurate imag-ing of acoustically radiating sources. This FSM also al-lows to separate contributions from noise source outsidethe region of interest, thus separating the contributionsfrom zones on the instrument. In this study, this imagingmethod is used for the imaging of radiating sources on aSteelpan played by a performer. The results show thatin some situations, the main contribution to the radiationcomes from zones that were not mechanically excited bythe steelpanist.


Measuring the effect of the reflection of sound from the lips in brass musical instruments – (Invited,

000662)

J. A. Kempa and R. A. Smithb

aUniversity of St Andrews, 65 North Street, KY16 9AJ St Andrews, Fife, UK; bSmith Watkins Trumpets, Cornborough, YO60 6RU

Sheriff Hutton, Yorkshire, UK


The lips of the player are often assumed to perfectly re-flect sounds that strike them. Experimental and theo-retical calculations of input impedance demonstrate thepressure that would build up if a flat, perfectly reflectingvolume velocity source were used to excite the air into vi-bration. In reality the lips should project slightly into theinstrument mouthpiece and absorb a small amount of theenergy that strikes them and this study will quantify this

effect using wave separation/impedance apparatus. Forclosed lips it is expected that the strength of resonanceswill be reduced, but that the correction will be small. Thecondition for reflection from lips that are not fully closedwill differ more significantly from perfect reflection and itis anticipated that this data will be useful for integrationinto physical models of brass instruments.


Investigation of bassoon embouchures with an artificial mouth – (Contributed, 000669)

T. GrotheTechnische Universitat Dresden, Marschner Str. 32, 01307 Dresden, Germany


Playing double-reed woodwinds in tune requires individualembouchure adjustments for each fingering. By pressinghis lips to the opposing reed blades, the musician can fine-tune the amplitude and frequency of oscillation, which isonly roughly set by the fingering.For a controlled study under realistic conditions, an ar-tificial mouth with adjustable lips has been constructedwhich enables the measurement of the integral force ex-erted to the reed while playing. Experimental results ona synthetic bassoon double-reed are presented.The reed’s resonance frequency and damping are esti-mated based on acoustic impedance measurements at thereed outflow end. In the quasi-stationary flow regime,

pressure-flow characteristics were recorded with respectto the lip force and lip position on the double-reed. Fora lumped reed-model, parameters corresponding to realis-tic embouchures can be deduced. In the dynamic regime,for all standard fingerings, values for time-averaged lipforce and blowing pressure are identified at which the ins-trument sounds at a fixed nominal frequency (f0 = 58-620 Hz).This investigation provides insights into the necessary em-bouchure corrections of a bassoonist while playing succes-sive notes in tune at a given dynamic level. The obtainedparameter ranges might be useful for physical modellingof the bassoon.


Wed 9:00 Pierre CHAVASSE MI-S04: Wave propagation in heterogeneous media: modeling and simulation

Absorbing boundary conditions for anisotropic elastodynamic media – (Contributed, 000654)

H. Barucqa, L. Boillota, H. Calandrab and J. Diaza

aINRIA, Universite de Pau, Avenue de l’Universite, 64013 Pau, France; bTotal, Centre Scientifique et Technique Jean Feger, Avenue

Larribau, 64018 Pau, France


Most numerical codes modeling wave propagation for seis-mic imaging are based on isotropic elastodynamic equa-tions. These equations are not appropriate to model com-plex geophysical media and, to perform more realistic sim-ulations, it is necessary to take into account the anisotropyof the media. Therefore numerical methods should now beadapted to Vertical Transverse Isotropy (VTI) and TiltedTransverse Isotropy (TTI). This extension increases dra-matically the number of parameters to be stored in eachcell of the mesh and we need to develop efficient tech-niques to reduce the computational costs. In particular,we wish to develop artificial boundary conditions to re-

duce the size of the computational domain. This can bedone by using Absorbing Boundary Conditions (ABCs) orPerfectly Matched Layers (PMLs). However, ABCs areonly adapted to homogeneous and isotropic media. Onthe other hand, PMLs are unstable in most TTI media.The aim of this talk is to present a new ABC modeling thepropagation of anisotropic waves in heterogeneous media.Contrary to PML, this ABC can be applied on arbitrarilyshaped convex boundary. Numerical results obtained by aDiscontinuous Galerkin method will illustrate the perfor-mance of the condition.


Simulation of wave propagation in anisotropic poroelastic bone plate immersed in fluid – (Contributed,

000700)

V.-H. Nguyen and S. NailiUniversite Paris-Est, 61 avenue du General de Gaulle, 94010 Creteil Cedex, France


This paper deals with modeling of the ultrasound ax-ial transmission technique for in vivo cortical long bonewhich is known as being a anisotropic solid medium withfunctionally graded porosity. The bone is modeled as ananisotropic poroelastic medium using the Biot’s theory.We develop a hybrid spectral/finite element formulationto obtain the time-domain solution of ultrasonic wavespropagating in a poroelastic plate immersed two fluid half-spaces. The numerical method is based on a combinedLaplace-Fourier transform which solves the problem in the

frequency-wavenumber domain. In the spectral domain,as radiation conditions may be exactly introduced in theinfinite fluid halfspaces, only the heterogeneous solid layerneeds to be analyzed using finite element method. Severalnumerical tests are presented showing very good perfor-mances of the proposed approach. A preliminary studyon the FAS (First Arrived Signal) velocities computed byusing equivalent elastic and poroelastic models will be pre-sented.


Experimental identification of a prior tensor-valued random field for the elasticity properties of corticalbones using in vivo ultrasonic measurements – (Invited, 000477)

C. Desceliersa, C. Soizea, S. Nailib and G. HaiatbaUniversite Paris-Est, 5 bd Descartes, 77454 Champs-Sur-Marne, France; bUniversite Paris-Est, 61 avenue du General de Gaulle,

94010 Creteil Cedex, France


A cortical bone layer is a biomechanical system which isdifficult to model due to the complexity level of its mi-crostructure. The experimental identification of its ef-fective mechanical properties at the macroscale is usuallycarried out using the axial transmission technique which isoften modeled with a mean mechanical model. In this pa-per, the mean mechanical model is made up of a fluid-solidsemi- infinite multilayer system (skin and muscles/corticallayer/marrow). It is also assumed that the effective elas-

ticity properties of the solid layer (cortical bone) havespatial variations in the thickness (osteoporosis). The un-certainties introduced in the mean mechanical model aretaken into account in introducing a prior stochastic modelin which the elasticity tensor is modeled by a non- homo-geneous non-Gaussian tensor-valued random field. Theparameters of the random field are a spatial correlationlength, a space dependent dispersion parameter and thevalues of the elasticity tensor of the simplified mean me-


chanical model. A method and an application are presented for the identification of these parameters using invivo experimental measurements in ultrasonic range withthe axial transmission technique.


Ultrasonic guided waves in cortical bone modeled as a functionally graded anisotropic tube – (Contributed,

000080)

C. BaronCNRS - Aix Marseille Univ, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France


The human cortical bone is a heterogeneous medium: itis multiscale and multicomponent. It can be seen as abi-phasic material, pores full of marrow in a bone matrix,with an increasing porosity from the periosteum to theendosteum. This gradient of porosity reveals itself to berepresentative of the loss of mass, the changes of geometry(thinning) and the variation of structure (porosity) whichoccur with aging and are the determinants of the bonestrength.

After a process of homogenization, the cortical bone is con-sidered as an anisotropic functionally graded waveguide.An original method is proposed to study the ultrasonicguided wave propagation in such a structure. Based on ananalytical solution, the matricant, explicitly expressed un-der the Peano series expansion form, this approach allowsto deal with a cylindrical geometry and a crystallographicsymmetry less than the transversely isotropy. Moreover, afluid-loading of the waveguide may be taken into accountto better mimic the in-vivo conditions.


Investigation of the Plate Theories Accuracy for the Elastic Wave Propagation Analysis of FGM Plates– (Contributed, 000279)


Isfahan, Iran


The importance of the elastic wave propagation problemin plates arises from application of the elastic waves innon-destructive evaluation of structures. However, pre-cise understanding and analyzing of acoustic guided wavesespecially in non-homogeneous plates such as functionallygraded material ones is so complicated that the exact elas-todynamics methods are rarely used in practical applica-tions. Hence, the simple approximate plate theories haveattracted much interest in the calculation of FGM plateswaves responses. The present paper is an theoretical as-sessment of the compromise between the simplicity and ac-curacy of the plate theories for the problem of elastic wave

propagation in FGM plates. So, the classical (CPT), firstorder (FSDT) and third order (TSDT) theories of platesare employed to obtain the transient wave fields due toimpulsive loadings in FGM plates. Furthermore, a hybridnumerical method (HNM) is used to examine the accu-racy of the plate theories for different plate thicknessesand frequency contents of the wave sources. In all anal-yses, Fourier transform and modal analysis are appliedto get the displacement fields. Comparison of the resultsshows the reliability range of the approximate plate the-ories for the acoustic wave propagation analysis in FGMplates.


Using quantitative ultrasound for the assessment of the stability of an implant: a numerical study –(Contributed, 000711)

V. Mathieua, F. Anagnostoub, E. Sofferb and G. HaiataaLaboratoire MSME, 61, avenue du Generale De Gaulle, batiment P2, bureau 352 C, 94010 Creteil, France, Metropolitan; bBiomecanique

et Biomateriaux Osteo-Articulaires,



Titanium endosseous implants are widely used in oral andmaxillofacial surgery for the replacement of missing teeth.Despite their routine clinical use, failures of implant in-tegration still occur. A new experimental ultrasonic me-thodology has been developed for the estimation of thestability of prototype cylindrical implants inserted in bonetissue. Cylindrical titanium implants were inserted in fourgroups of rabbit femurs, each group corresponding to acontrolled level of stability of the cylinders. The 10 MHzultrasonic response of the cylinders is significantly corre-

lated with the level of stability (p < 10−5). A numericalFinite Difference Time Domain model accounting for modereflections and conversions was considered in order to un-derstand the origin of the different echoes of the ultrasonicresponse of the implants. The importance of lateral wavespropagation was evidenced. The numerical model also en-abled to estimate the sensitivity of the ultrasonic responseto variations in the material properties of bone tissue sur-rounding the implants.

Wed 9:00 Yves ROCARD NV-S09: Acoustic holography

Noise source identification techniques: simple to advanced applications – (Contributed, 000081)

K.B. Ginn and K. HaddadBruel & Kjær Sound & Vibration A/S, Skodsborgvej 307, 2850 Nærum, Denmark


The number of noise source identification (NSI) techniquesavailable to engineers working on noise, vibration andharshness problems has increased considerably in recentyears. The choice of the most appropriate technique de-pends upon the application and the information required.This paper reviews techniques for noise source identi-fication and quantification ranging from simple hand-held sound intensity systems, hand-held array systems tolarge ground based microphone arrays. The methods in-

clude Beamforming, Spherical Beamforming and Acous-tic Holography. Guidelines are given to help the engi-neer choose a suitable technique based on the frequencyrange of interest, the distance from the measurement arrayand the test object and the resolution required. Practicalapplication examples ranging from hearing aids to windturbines are presented to illustrate the various NSI tech-niques.


Recovery of the free field using the spherical wave superposition method – (Invited, 000227)

C.-X. Bi, D.-Y. Hu, L. Xu and Y.-B. ZhangInstitute of Sound and Vibration Research, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, China


As a preprocessing technique of nearfield acoustic holog-raphy, sound field separation technique could separate thenon-free field into two parts: the outgoing field and theincoming field. Generally, the former is used for soundsource reconstruction. In fact, the outgoing field consistsof the field radiated by the source in a free-field and thefield scattered on the source surface caused by the incom-

ing field. When the scattered field could not be neglected,the reconstruction using the outgoing field would be erro-neous. To separate the radiated field and scattered field, afree-field recovery technique using the spherical wave su-perposition method is proposed. A theoretical descriptionis first given, and then two numerical simulations are usedto demonstrate the validity of this technique.


Source identification in small spaces using field separation method: application to a car trunk –(Contributed, 000300)

A. Garcia, Y. Braikia, C. Langrenne, E. Bavu and M. MelonConservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, 292 rue Saint-Martin 75141 Paris Cedex 03


Acoustic holography is a powerful tool for the localiza-tion and ranking of sound sources. However when deal-ing with non-anechoic spaces, classical methods have tobe modified to take into account reflections on the wallsof the testing room and, if necessary, the field radiated

by secondary sources. In this paper, the field separationmethod is used to overcome these problems. The methodused here consists in measuring the acoustic pressure on adouble layer half-sphere array which base is lying on thesurface of interest. Then, by using spherical harmonic ex-


pansions, contributions from outgoing and incoming wavescan be separated if the impedance of the tested surface ishigh enough. Simulations on simple configurations andmeasurements on a car trunk mock-up are first presented.For the measured cases, the double layer array used is

made-up of 2*36 carefully calibrated microphones. Com-parison with results obtained with double layer SONAHare also shown. Finally, results obtained with a real caron a roller bench are reported.


Data completion method for the characterization of sound source in confined domain – (Contributed,

000089)

A. Garcia and C. LangrenneConservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, 292 rue Saint-Martin 75141 Paris Cedex 03


In the present paper a Steklov-Poincare formulation is pre-sented to solve the inverse problem of acoustic source re-construction in confined domain [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 130(4), October 2011, 2016-2023]. The solution is obtainedby the resolution of the Helmholtz equation applied onan empty bounded domain; the boundary is the union ofthe measurement surface and the surface of the vibratingstructure. The difference between classical methods and

the Data Completion Method (DCM) is that Cauchy da-tum (acoustic pressure and velocity) have to be known onthe measurement surface to recovering data on the wholeboundary. The DCM allows one to solve the inverse prob-lem with acoustic perturbations due to sources on the ex-terior domain, or due to measurements in a confined do-main, without altering the results. Experimental resultsare presented.


Characterization of non-stationary sources using three imaging techniques – (Contributed, 000485)

M.-H. Mouleta, M. Melonb, J.-H. Thomasa and E. Bavub

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bConservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, 292 rue Saint-Martin 75141 Paris Cedex 03


Over the last decade, different imaging techniques havebeen developed to characterize and localize non-stationaryacoustic sources. This study focuses on three of them:Time Domain Holography, Real-Time Near-Field Acous-tic Holography and Time Reversal Acoustic Imaging.In the first part of the paper, the principles of these threemethods are reminded and the validation technique is pre-sented. Then, the second part deals with the comparison

of the results obtained with these three methods for twodifferent kinds of sources: point-like sources (small loud-speakers) and a plate-like acoustic source emission. Ad-vantages and draw-backs of the methods are discussed. Fi-nally, an industrial case is studied: set-ups, measurementsand analysis of non-stationary sound sources imaging arepresented.


Reconstruction of nonstationary sound fields based on time domain plane wave superposition method– (Contributed, 000138)

X.-Z. Zhanga, J.-H. Thomasb, C.-X. Bia and J.-C. PascalbaInstitute of Sound and Vibration Research, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, China; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de



A new time-domain plane wave superposition method(TD-PWSM) is proposed to reconstruct nonstationarysound fields. At each time step of this method, the time-wavenumber spectrum of the sound pressure on the vir-tual source plane is firstly estimated by using the mea-sured sound pressure and the right pseudo-inverse of thetime-domain propagation kernel matrix, and then the

reconstruction is performed through a superposition ofall the time convolutions between the estimated time-wavenumber spectrum of the sound pressure on the virtualsource plane and the time-domain propagation kernel ateach wavenumber. Since the inverse process at each timestep is ill-conditioned, the Tikhonov regularization is in-troduced to obtain an appropriate solution. The method


proposed provides the ability of continuously reconstruct-ing time-dependent pressure signals and overcomes someerrors due to the use of the two-dimensional spatial Fouriertransforms, which is avoided. Numerical simulations and

an experiment demonstrate that it is feasible to recon-struct the nonstationary sound fields via TD-PWSM.


Enhancing Sound Source Localization with Noise Separation Methods – (Invited, 000618)

L. Lamottea, S. Paillasseura, K. Janssensb and J. LanslotsbaMicrodB, 28, chemin du petit bois, 69130 Ecully, France; bLMS International - Leuven, LMS International Researchpark Haasrode

ZI Interleuvenlaan 68 3001 Leuven


Noise source diagnosis is of main importance in manyfields such as transport industry, industrial machinery, andhousehold appliancesoe The spatial localization of thesesources is a first step before one can take counter mea-sures. But solutions are usually curative ones to cover ex-ternal sources. It would be more efficient to identify and totreat the associated original phenomenon. Sound sourcelocalization methods usually identify area that emits themost sound, but they do not inform about the underlyingcomponents that contribute to a source. Noise separationmethods split microphone raw data into their contribut-ing signals. Examples are separating pure tones from large

bands, correlation techniques, and cyclo-stationary analy-sis. Combining both localization and separation methodsresults in a powerful technique enables spatial localizationof sources depending on their different contributing phe-nomena. Three examples are presented. First one is avacuum cleaner where the diagnostic tries to separate en-gine noise from aerodynamic turbulence of the nozzle. Thesecond example aims to separate and localize combustionnoise from other mechanical noise sources on an engine.The last example last example is on fan noise and showshow to identify noise sources due to cyclic events of bladepassing.


Reproduction of random acoustic pressure fields on plane surfaces using wave field synthesis and planarholography – (Contributed, 000179)

O. Robin, A. Berry, S. Moreau and R. DiaGAUS, Universite de Sherbrooke - 2500, Bd de l’Universite, Sherbrooke, Canada J1K 2R1


Vibroacoustic testing of many panel structures such asbuilding partitions, automotive windscreens or fuselagepanels, is often performed in coupled reverberant - ane-choic rooms under Diffuse Acoustic Field (DAF) assump-tion. However, an ideal and repeatable DAF is difficultto reach in practice, especially at low frequencies. More-over, this measurement does not reflect the actual trans-mission loss of structural parts of a moving vehicle, sub-jected to complex wall pressure fluctuations linked to Tur-bulent Boundary Layer (TBL) excitation developing onits external surface. Measurements under this excitationcan be performed using wind tunnels or in-vehicle test-ing, but such measurements are time consuming, costly

and show discrepancies. Two sound field reproductionstrategies, Wave Field Synthesis and Planar Holography,are proposed here to perform robust laboratory reproduc-tion of DAF and TBL random pressure fields in 2-D (i.e.sound pressure distribution on a plane surface), whichare defined using their cross-spectral densities. Numericalsimulations of reproduction frameworks are performed foracoustic monopoles as reproduction sources, distributedon a plane facing a virtual panel to be tested. Synthesisresults are then analyzed in both spatial and wavenumberdomains. We finally present indications to size a prac-tical application, identify some technical constraints andsuggest solutions to overcome them.

Wed 9:00 Paul LANGEVIN PU-S06: Ultrasonic imaging

Quantitative assessment of myocardial viscoelastic properties using shear wave imaging – (Invited,

000350)

M. Pernot, M. Couade, W.-N. Lee, M. Fink and M. TanterInstitut Langevin - Ondes et Images, 10 rue Vauquelin, ESPCI ParisTech, 75231 Paris, France



Cardiac pathologies are often characterized by a significantchange of myocardial stiffness, re-organization of musclefiber structure, and the accompanying dysfunction, all ofwhich remain challenging to be quantitatively assessed invivo. The approach developed in this work is based onShear Wave Imaging (SWI) a technique developed at theLangevin institute that provides real-time mapping of softtissues viscoelastic properties. The technique relies on twosuccessive steps: first, a shear wave is remotely induced inthe myocardium using the acoustic radiation force of a fo-cused beam, and second, the shear wave propagation is im-aged using ultrafast imaging (10,000 frames per seconds).

The shear modulus is derived from the shear wave speed.SWI is applied to the evaluation of myocardial stiffnesson animal models of cardiomyopathy. The dynamics ofchange in shear modulus during the cardiac cycle is mea-sured and the relationship between the viscoelastic prop-erties and physiological parameters such as contractilityor pathologies such as infarction is investigated. Finally,an imaging technique of the myocardial fiber orientationis developed by exploiting the anisotropy of shear wavepropagation. This technique can map the complex distri-bution of muscle fibers in the myocardium and is comparedto MR diffusion tensor imaging.


Detection of electrical conductivity interfaces with ultrasonically-induced Lorentz force – (Contributed,

000042)

P. Grasland-Mongrain, J.-M. Mari, J.-Y. Chapelon and C. LafonApplication des ultrasons a la therapie, Pole sante Lyon est, 151 cours Albert Thomas 69424 Lyon cedex 03


An ultrasonically-induced Lorentz force scanner is set upto attempt detecting adipose tissues in biological samplesby scanning their electrical conductivity gradients.

A preliminary experiment wass conducted where a 500kHz transducer generated an ultrasound wave with a peakpressure of 1 MPa. The medium, a fat-layered rib, wasplaced at the focus, 18 to 24 cm away from the trans-ducer, and inside a 300 mT magnetic field created by apermanent magnet. Two electrodes acquired the currentinduced by Lorentz force, which is averaged 1000 times.

Spatial sampling is performed by moving the transducerperpendicularly to the ultrasound axis with steps of 1 cm.The different measured signals allow visualizing the fatlayers of the sample, thanks to the high difference of elec-trical conductivity between the fat and the muscle. Thelateral image-resolution is about 5 mm. It is comparedwith a picture of the sample.This method combines the strength of ultrasound imagingwith the capacity to have a different way to characterizethe properties of the imaged tissues. However it still suf-fers from the weakness of the signals to be measured.


Effect of contact with an elastic wall on the spectral characteristics of the scattered echo of a contrastmicrobubble – (Contributed, 000079)

A. A. Doinikov, L. Aired and A. BouakazINSERM U930 CNRS ERL3106, Universite Francois Rabelais, CHU Bretonneau, 2 Blvd. Tonnelle, 37044 Tours, France


A modified Rayleigh-Plesset equation is proposed to mo-del the oscillation of a contrast microbubble attached toan elastic wall. The equation shows that contact withthe wall affects the bubble oscillation as if the bubbleoscillated in a liquid with a changed (effective) density.As a result, depending on the wall properties, the natu-ral frequency of the attached bubble can be either loweror higher than the natural frequency of the same bub-ble in an unbounded liquid. Numerical simulations weremade to study the spectral characteristics of the scatteredpressure of an attached contrast microbubble. It was as-sumed that the bubble shell properties are described by

the Marmottant model and the properties of the wall cor-respond to walls of OptiCell chambers commonly used inexperiments. It has been found that, depending on thevalue of the driving frequency, the contact with the wallcan noticeably increase or decrease the magnitudes of thefundamental component, the second harmonic, and thesubharmonic relatively to their values in an unboundedliquid. These findings can be used to distinguish the scat-tered echoes produced by contrast agents attached to awall from echoes produced by agents being at a distancefrom a wall.



In vivo monitoring of the corneal collagen cross-linking using supersonic shear wave imaging: feasibilitystudy on porcine corneas – (Contributed, 000286)

T.-M. Nguyena, J.-F. Aubrya, D. Touboulb, J. Bercoffc and M. TanteraaInstitut Langevin Ondes et Images, 10 rue Vauquelin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR7587, INSERM U979, 75005 Paris, France;bCentre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amelie Raba-Leon, 33000 Bordeaux, France; cSuperSonic Imagine, 510 Rue Rene

Descartes, Les Jardins de la Duranne - Bat E & F, 13857 Aix-En-Provence, France


The cornea is the main refractive component of the eye.Defects in corneal shape can reduce the visual acuity.Corneal ectasia is a case of severe deformation, which ischaracterized by a progressive bulging. It can occur nat-urally or after LASIK surgery, leading to damaged visionand ultimately blindness. Corneal cross-linking (CXL)has recently been proposed as a minimally invasive treat-ment to stop the disease progression. It consists in photo-reticulating the collagen fibrils to stiffen the cornea. How-ever, this treatment is currently not monitored in real-time. Here, we propose Supersonic Shear Wave Imaging(SSI) to measure the stiffening effect of CXL. SSI elastog-

raphy consists in generating and tracking a shear wave intissues using ultrafast (30000 frames/sec) ultrasonic scan-ners (Aixplorer, SuperSonic Imagine). The tissue elastic-ity is deduced from the shear wave speed. For cornealapplications, we implemented SSI on high-frequency ul-trasonic arrays (15MHz). We performed in vivo CXL onanesthetized pigs combined with SSI monitoring. We ob-tained elastic maps after CXL that exhibited significantstiffening in the treated area (56 ± 15% of the shear wavespeed) compared to the untreated area. These resultsdemonstrated the feasibility of SSI for the in vivo andreal-time monitoring of CXL.


Sparse array techniques for 2D array ultrasound imaging – (Contributed, 000115)

B. Diarraa,b, H. Liebgotta, P. Tortolic and C. Cacharda

aCentre de recherche en applications et traitement de l’image pour la sante, 7 avenue Jean Capelle, Bat Blaise Pascal, 69621

Villeurbanne Cedex; bDepartment of Electronics and Telecommunications [Florence], Via S. Marta, 3 50139 Firenze; cUniversita degli

studi di Firenze, Via S. Marta, 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy


Ultrasound imaging is one of the cheapest and safest diag-nostic modalities which are routinely used. An attractiverecent development in this field is 3D imaging with 2Dmatrix probes. The main difficulty to implement this ap-proach comes from the huge number of elements whichneed to be controlled. To solve this technical problemseveral methods are proposed in the literature, such asedge elements deactivation, sparse array and row-columnaddressing.The sparse array technique presents the best trade-off be-tween the element number and the probe imaging features.However, this technique gives rise to the apparition of high

side-lobes compared to the dense array approach. To re-duce this drawback we propose a new approach in whichthe probe elements are randomly placed and separated bya random inter-element distance, and any overlap betweenthem is not accepted. This approach permits a better useof the element sparseness and lowers the side-lobe level.The proposed technique was tested on a 64x16 2D arrayprobe designed for biopsy imaging. Results obtained interms of acoustical beam characteristics will be presentedand shown to favorably compare with the results offeredby the classic sparse array method for the same numberof connected elements.


Back-propagation based beamformer design for Transverse Oscillations in Echocardiography – (Contributed,

000255)

X. Guo, D. Friboulet and H. LiebgottCentre de recherche en applications et traitement de l’image pour la sante, 7 avenue Jean Capelle, Bat Blaise Pascal, 69621 Villeurbanne

Cedex


Transverse oscillation (TO) imaging is a technique thatproduces ultrasound radiofrequency images featuring os-cillations in both spatial dimensions. This is natural foraxial direction but necessitates specific beamforming for

transverse direction. Conventional TO beamformer designusing Fraunhofer approximation (FA) has been properlydeveloped in linear geometry. Using cosine function mod-ulated by Gaussian as a lateral profile, the apodization


function defined as inverse Fourier transform of the pro-file thus corresponds to the convolution between a Gaus-sian and two Dirac. This approach works well in lineargeometry but is limited for sector scan as in echocardio-graphy. We propose to use back-propagation based onreciprocity theorem, which appropriately takes into ac-count the fact that the expected oscillation profiles arein polar coordinate. To validate with simulations usingFilled II, the comparison of PSFs obtained using FA and

back-propagation with theoretical profiles is quantified us-ing root mean square error. The result clearly shows thatPSFs obtained using back-propagation are more accuratethan using FA. But it has declining advantages than FAat larger depth because the transformation from Cartesianto polar coordinate becomes closer for FA. The next stepis to validate that the obtained PSF and associated TOallow more accurate motion estimates.


Shear elasticity quantification of cancerous tumors in mice, pre and post chemotherapy treatment –(Contributed, 000299)

H. Latorre Ossaa, J.-L. Gennissona, F. Chamming’sb, L. Fournierb, M.A. Lefevre-Beldab, O. Clementb and M. TanteraaInstitut Langevin - Ondes et Images, 10, rue Vauquelin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR7587, INSERM U979, 75005 Paris, France;bHopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Service de radiologie, 20 Rue de Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France


It is believed that tumour development and its responseto chemotherapy are highly correlated to variations in thetissue viscoelasticity. The monitoring through ultrasound-elastography imaging of the tumour early response to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy would be fundamental to avoidunwanted effects caused by ineffective treatments. Theaim of this work is to perform a quantitative analysis usingthe Supersonic Shear Imaging technique of the behaviourof a human model of breast cancer implanted in mice, preand post chemotherapy. A xenograft of a characteristichuman breast cancer model is implanted on 20 Swiss-nudemice. Elasticity measurements are performed longitudi-nally for each mouse every 7 days from the day the tumors

become measurable and correlated with histopathologicalresults. Chemotherapy begins when tumours reach a min-imum diameter of 10 mm. Ultrasound images and theircorresponding elasticity maps are obtained for each mousewith a good reproducibility and accuracy. The tumour’smean elasticity value and the heterogeneity increased pro-portionally with the diameter before chemotherapy begins.Once the treatment starts, the tumour’s mean elasticityvalue and the diameter decrease progressively. Shear elas-ticity quantification seems to be a useful parameter tomonitor the development of breast cancer tumour and itsresponse to chemotherapy.


Two Dimension (2D) elasticity maps of coagulation of blood using SuperSonic Shearwave Imaging –(Contributed, 000297)

M. Bernal, J.-L. Gennisson, P. Flaud and M. TanterInstitut Langevin - Ondes et Images, 10, rue Vauquelin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR7587, INSERM U979, 75005 Paris, France


Introduction. Deep venous thrombosis affects millions ofpeople worldwide. A fatal complication occurs when thethrombi detach and creating a pulmonary embolism. Thediagnosis and treatment of DVT depends on clot’s age.It has been shown that the elasticity of thrombi is closelyrelated to its age. Methods. Blood from 9 live pigs was col-lected and anticoagulated using EDTA. Coagulation wasinitiated using calcium ions in saline solution. SuperSonicshear wave imaging was used to generate shear waves us-ing 100 µs tonebursts of 8 MHz at 3 different locationin the lateral direction. Tracking of the shear waves was

done by ultrafast imaging. Results. Two dimensional (2D)map of elasticity were obtained by calculating the speed ofshear wave propagation. Elasticity varied with time from50 Pa at coagulation to 1300 Pa at 120 minutes. Ejec-tion of the serum from the clot showed to decreased theelasticity of the clot next to liquid pool, corresponding tothe detachment of the clot from the beaker wall. Conclu-sion. SuperSonic imaging proved to be useful mapping theelasticity of clots in 2D. It allows the visualization of theheterogeneity of mechanical properties of thrombi and haspotential use in predicting thrombi breakage.


Investigation into the effectiveness of ultrasound SHI imaging according to static and dynamic param-eters of contrast agents – (Contributed, 000258)


F. Lin, F. Varray, C. Cachard and O. BassetCentre de recherche en applications et traitement de l’image pour la sante, 7 avenue Jean Capelle, Bat Blaise Pascal, 69621 Villeurbanne

Cedex


Second harmonic inversion (SHI) is a new method to im-prove contrast to tissue ratio (CTR) of ultrasound con-trast images through reducing tissue-generated 2nd har-monics during wave propagation. Two 90 phase-shiftedpulses with the same frequencies and amplitudes are trans-mitted. The two received RF data are summed and fil-tered around 2nd harmonic frequency to create SHI im-age. However, after experimental evaluation on SHI’s ef-fectiveness, we found that movements and destruction ofcontrast agent bubbles strongly affect the results of SHI.Using CREANUIS software, SHI is simulated with variousbubble movements (∆d), reflective amplitude (Amp) andmedium’s nonlinear parameter (β) changes. Amp and β

decreasing are two different ways to describe the bubblecloud evolution. The influences are quantified by CTR ofSHI images. Simulation results show that CTR improvesby 11dB for 100% β destruction and 13dB for 100% Ampdestruction. In lateral direction, CTR rises until reachinga stable value when bubble movement increases betweenthe two pulses. In axial direction, CTR exhibits oscilla-tions with increasing movements with respect to transmit-ted pulse wavelength. The maximum increases are both16dB. So SHI is expected to be optimized by increasingthe power and adjusting pulse repetition frequency (PRF)of transmitted pulses.


Sparse reconstruction techniques for near-field underwater acoustic imaging – (Contributed, 000387)

N. Stefanakisa, J. Marchalb, V. Emiyac, N. Bertina, R. Gribonvala and P. Cervenkab

aMETISS, Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes cedex; bInstitute Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, 2 place de la gare de Ceinture, 78210 Saint

Cyr L’Ecole, France; cLaboratoire d’informatique Fondamentale de Marseille, CMI 39, Rue Joliot Curie 13453 Marseille Cedex 13


The use of sparse priors has shown interesting potential invarious acoustic or radar imaging applications. In this pa-per, sparse reconstruction is applied for underwater acous-tic imaging using a newly built flexible sonar device. Weinvestigate several models concerning the linear mappingbetween the image domain and the observation domain.In particular, we define a point-scatterer model in whichthe apparent back-scatter coefficient of a given reflector

varies with respect to the specific emitter and receiver lo-cations. To handle this problem, we adapt a multi-channelversion of the orthogonal matching pursuit and we applyit on real data in order to obtain images of an under-water target placed at a small distance from the sonar.The techniques are shown to overcome bottlenecks thatare apparent with more standard approaches that assumefar-field conditions when building the image.


Tissue strain rate estimator using ultrafast IQ complex data – (Contributed, 000389)

R. Ternifia,b, M. Elkateb Hachemia and J.-P. RemenierasaaUMR U930 CNRS ERL 3106, 10 Bd Tonnelle Batiment Vialle Equipe 5 INSEM, 37032 Tours, France, France; bLaboratoire de

Biomecanique et Mecanique des Chocs, IFSTTAR UMR T9406 25 avenue Francois Mitterrand 69675 Bron


Pulsatile motion of brain parenchyma results from cardiacand breathing cycles. In this study, transient motion ofbrain tissue was estimated using an Aixplorer R© imagingsystem allowing an ultrafast 2D acquisition mode. Thestrain was computed directly from the ultrafast IQ com-plex data using the extended autocorrelation strain esti-mator (EASE), which provides great SNRs regardless ofdepth. The EASE first evaluates the autocorrelation func-tion at each depth over a set of successive IQ pairs. Thisestimates the mean change in phase over time, which isproportional to the velocity. A second autocorrelation is

evaluated on the results of the first autocorrelation. Thisestimates the mean change in phase over depth, which isproportional to the strain rate. The developed algorithmwas first validated on ”in vivoı data acquired at 7.5MHzfrom the carotid. Tissue velocity and strain rate were esti-mated on artery wall and adjacent regions. The estimateddisplacement velocity and displacement of the wall arterywere 2.5 cm/s, and 150 µm respectively. The displacementvelocity and displacement of the region near the surfacewere 1 cm/s and 30 µm respectively.



Effect of an elastic wall on the behavior of encapsulated microbubbles – (Contributed, 000597)

L. Aired, A. A. Doinikov and A. BouakazINSERM U930 CNRS ERL3106, Universite Francois Rabelais, CHU Bretonneau, 2 Blvd. Tonnelle, 37044 Tours, France


The aim of this work is to study how boundaries with dif-ferent mechanical properties affect the acoustic response ofcontrast agent microbubbles. To this end, numerical simu-lations are performed for two types of walls: a polystyrene(OptiCell) wall and a biological tissue. For each wall, thebehavior of contrast microbubbles of three sizes is investi-gated. The spectral characteristics of the scattered pres-sure produced by the microbubbles are compared for twocases: the bubble oscillates far away from the wall andthe same bubble oscillates in the immediate vicinity ofthe wall. The results of the simulations allow one to draw

the following main conclusions. The effect of the OptiCellwall on the acoustic bubble response is stronger than thatof the tissue wall. Changes in the bubble response nearthe wall are stronger when bubbles are excited above theirfundamental resonance frequency. Changes are strongerfor smaller bubbles and changes in the 2nd harmonic arestronger than those in the fundamental. The results ob-tained allow one to gain an insight into conditions underwhich the effect of an elastic wall on the acoustic responseof a contrast agent microbubble is easier to be detected.


Ultrafast imaging of blood flow dynamics in the myocardium – (Contributed, 000722)

B.-F. Osmanski, M. Pernot, G. Montaldo and M. TanterInstitut Langevin ESPCI ParisTech - CNRS UMR 7587 - INSERM U979, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France


Imaging intramyocardial vascular flows could stronglyhelp to achieve better diagnostic of cardiovascular diseasesbut no standard imaging modality allows describing ac-curately myocardial blood flow dynamics with good spa-tial and temporal resolution. We recently introduced anovel Doppler imaging technique based on compoundedplane waves transmitted at ultrafast frame rate. The highsensitivity and framerate of the Doppler technique enableimaging the intramyocardial blood flow and its dynamics.A special demodulation-filtering process achieved to com-pensate for the large tissue velocity of the myocardiumand a signed power Doppler process gives the possibility

to discriminate arterial and venous flows. Experimentswere performed in vivo in N=5 open chest sheep usinga conventional ultrasonic probe placed at the surface ofthe heart. Results show the capability of the technique toimage intramyocardial vascular flows in normal physiolog-ical conditions with good spatial (200µm) and temporalresolution (10ms). The flow dynamics over the cardiaccycle was investigated and showed a phase opposition offlow waveform between arterial and venous flows. Finally,the main diagonal coronary artery was occluded and thevascular flows were found to completely disappear in theischemic region.


A beamforming strategy dedicated to post lens ultrasound imaging and ocular biometry using a 20MHz multi-element probe – (Contributed, 000817)

T. Mateoa, Y. Mofidb, J.-M. Gregoireb and F. OssantbaImagerie et cerveau, Hopital Bretonneau 1 Bd Tonnelle 37044 Tours; bUniversite Francois Rabelais de Tours, UMRS Imagerie et

Cerveau, 10, boulevard Tonnelle, BP 3223, 37032 Tours Cedex 01, France


Ocular ultrasound imaging of the posterior segment isof clinical importance to diagnose pathologies such aschoroidal vein occlusion, detached retina or macular de-generation, when OCT is ineffective.Currently, there is no beamforming strategy dedicated toocular imaging in order to overcome ultrasound aberra-tions mainly generated by the crystalline lens. Actually,lens acts as a defocusing media due to its biconvex geom-etry where ultrasound celerity is 10% higher than in thesurrounding homogeneous media. As a result, classical lin-

ear beamforming images suffer from geometrical distortionwith a spatial resolution far below the theoretical valuesin a homogeneous medium and a low SNR especially athigh frequencies.A dedicated beamforming method optimizing post lensimaging is therefore proposed through a linear ultrasoundscanning using an ultrasound research scanner in housedeveloped called the ECODERM. The probe consists ofa 128 elements linear array working at 20 MHz. Theperformances of the developed beamforming method were


compared with those of the conventional beamforming bymeans of a wire phantom. The comparison quantifies bothaxial and lateral resolution, image contrast, and the spa-

tial mislocalization induced by lens. A great improvementis obtained for both image quality and biometry.

Wed 9:00 Lord RAYLEIGH PU-S10: Health assessment of natural media and food

Numerical modeling in quantitative ultrasonic tomography of standing trees – (Contributed, 000107)

A. Arciniegasa, L. Brancheriaub, P. Galletb and P. LasayguesaaLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20; bCIRAD-PERSYST/DIR, Avenue

Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5


The aim of this project is to develop an ultrasonic de-vice for parametric imaging of standing trees. The deviceis designed to perform both transmission and reflectionmeasurements that can be therefore used for quantitativetomographic imaging. It allows various automatic acqui-sitions, since the angular position of the transducers couldbe adjusted. This makes possible to scan the wave propa-gation occurring in all directions inside the medium. Theassociated electronic set-up allows mainly measuring the

velocity (and therefore the slowness) and the attenuationof the ultrasonic waves. Tomograms were computed byfast algebraic algorithms: (1) using the filtered backpro-jection algorithm with fan beam geometry, (2) using ARTand SIRT methods, (3) using a new algorithm that we aredeveloping based on a ”layer-stripping” method. Our firstnumerical results on academic and realistic phantoms oftree are presented in this paper.


Kramers-Kronig relationships application on master curves obtained on Honey from a few Hz to GHz:major interest of high frequency ultrasonic methods – (Contributed, 000124)

D. Laux, V. Cereser Camara, J.-Y. Ferrandis, G. Leveque and H. BlascoUniversite Montpellier 2 - IES - UMR CNRS 5214, place Eugene Bataillon, cc 082, 34095 Montpellier, France


Viscoelastic properties of biological materials and food areof first interest on an academic point of view (internalstructure evaluation) and on a practical point of view:link between rheological properties and macroscopic pa-rameters such as moisture or fat content. Since manyyears we are working on high frequency ultrasonic ap-proaches dedicated to food and biological materials in-vestigation. We have already shown that investigations ofcomplex reflection coefficients at an interface (elastic solid)/ (viscoelastic material) can give accurate information onalpha-transition or glass transition around room temper-ature for a typical biological material and food: honey.

In this new communication we propose to investigate howhigh frequency methods can give interesting informationfor Kramers-Kronig relationships application. In partic-ular we will demonstrate that high frequency methodsgive an asymptotic behavior around glass transition whichis fundamental for Kramers-Kronig relationships applica-tion. Then using also low frequency behavior (classicalrheology) it is possible to deduce G’ with G” or G” withG’ on a very large bandwith (few Hz to GHz) around roomtemperature. This allows the determination of the wholemaster curves when G’ or G” are not measured properly.Examples will be given on honey.


Full elastic caracterization of wood materials by Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy – (Contributed,

000250)

T. Delaunaya, D. Lauxa, O. Arnouldb and T. AlmerasbaInstitut d’Electronique du Sud UMR CNRS 5214, Universite Montpellier 2, Place Eugene Bataillon, CC082, 34095 Montpellier,

France; bLaboratoire de Mecanique et Genie Civil de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier 2, Place Eugene Bataillon, CC048, 34095

Montpellier, France


Wood materials are difficult to characterize because oftheir anisotropic behaviours, strong variability and het-erogeneity. The impossibility or the lack of precision in

the determination of their full set of elastic propertiesleads to underuse and/or misuse these materials due tothe difficulty in predicting accurately their behaviour. In


this paper, we propose to combine two approaches to ob-tain the entire elasticity matrix of wood: Resonant Ultra-sonic Spectroscopy (RUS) and classical echography. First,echography applied on a spherical sample allows the de-termination of the anisotropy directions of the material.Then RUS method is applied on a cube cut from this

sphere respecting the identified orientation. We will seethat the knowledge of the anisotropy directions is veryuseful for RUS inverse problem resolution. First resultsobtained on beech samples are compared to Guitard’s mo-del and show that RUS is a very promising approach forwood characterisation or non destructive control.


Air detection in an oyster – (Contributed, 000639)

Y. Y. MevelISEN brest, 20 rue cuirasse Bretagne, 29200 Brest, France


Air in oysters, Crassostrea gigas, is the result of a shockor pathogenic agent. Often it is dead/this often leads tothe death of oysters. The pathogenic agent is danger-ous for humans. Air must be detected when we want toexport oysters. Oysters are in water. An acoustic trans-ducer, with a frequency of resonance of 2,5MHz, is located7,5cm above the oysters. A pulse is applied to the trans-ducer. The Transducer converses it to an acoustic wave.The wave is reflected by the upper shell, crosses it can bepartly reflected by the flesh; but the wave is above all re-

flected by the lower shell. One measurement is made everycentimeter, (6 to 10 measurements according to the oys-ter length). For standard oysters, the several echoes withall the points, draw a cut of the oyster. When there isair in the oyster, the difference of the impedance betweenair and the shell induces a complete reflection, which in-creases strongly the voltage of the first echo, the secondecho is vanished. About forty experiments have permittedto verify this solution.

Wed 9:00 Francois CANAC PU-S12: Ultrasound and lasers

Scanned laser beam generation of Lamb waves for surface defect detection – (Invited, 000876)

S. Dixon, S. E. Burrows, B. Dutton and Y. FanUniversity of Warwick, Dept of Physics, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK


Previous workers have shown how pulsed laser beams gen-erating Rayleigh waves can be used to detect surface de-fects, resulting in some interesting changes in the de-tected signal including a strong enhancement in the gen-eration of higher frequency components. In this paper,a pulsed Nd:YAG laser with an approximately Gaussianbeam shape is directed onto the surface of a metal sheet inthe thermoelastic regime, generating Lamb waves in thesheet. The laser beam is raster scanned across the sur-

face of the sample and travels omni-directionally outwardsfrom the generation point. In this case, the Lamb wavesare detected some distance away by an electromagneticacoustic transducer, but can and have also been detectedby interferometric means. The presence of a crack-like de-fect on the sheet is detected by either a sudden changein the ultrasonic waveform or by an enhancement in thefrequency content of the waveform when the laser beamilluminates directly onto the crack.


Sub-nanosecond laser ultrasonics in micro-layers of liquids – (Contributed, 000049)

N. Chigareva, V. Tournata and V. Gusevb



The study of the acoustic properties of liquid micro-layersis necessary for biological and micro-technological appli-cations. Laser ultrasonic technique on the basis of sub-nanosecond pump laser [Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 181905(2008)] provides unique opportunity for the contactlessand non-destructive evaluation of the materials at spatial

scales from micrometer to few tens of micrometers. Herewe report on the application of this technique for the studyof acoustic properties of liquid layers of micrometric thick-ness confined between two parallel glass plates. The acous-tic pulses are excited by the absorption of a pump laserpulse in a nanometric aluminium film deposited on one of


the plates and are detected by photo-deflection technique.Transient photo-acoustic signals are measured at differentseparation distances between pump and probe beam spots.Then, this information is used for plotting the dispersioncurves [Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 158003 (2008)]. Numer-ous acoustic modes have been detected and their physical

nature has been explained with the help of the developedtheoretical models. The opportunities to extract from theevaluated dispersion curves the information on the elasticand inelastic properties of the liquids and to characterizethe adhesion of liquid layer to the surrounding solid arediscussed.


Characterization of the contact between solids by laser-generated interface waves – (Contributed, 000351)

T. Valier-Brasier, T. Dehoux and B. AudoinI2M, 351, Cours de la Liberation, 33405 Talence, France


Laser Ultrasonic techniques provide a powerful tool forthe remote analysis of adhesion mechanisms at imperfectinterfaces. However, the sensitivity of interface waves tothe quality of interface is not very well known. In thiscontext, the aim of this work is to study the influence ofthe contact between solids half-spaces on laser-generatedinterface waves.The mechanical boundary conditions at the interface be-tween the solid half-spaces are described by a spring mo-del, implying a discontinuity of the displacement fieldsacross the interface and involving tangential and normalspring constants. To identify the relative amplitudes ofthe different types of interface waves (skimming, leaky

Rayleigh and Stoneley waves), a semi-analytical time-model is derived. In addition, the dispersion curves forthe interface waves are calculated to interpret the resultsof the time-model.

The results demonstrate the influence of the boundaryconditions on the attenuation of the leaky Rayleigh waveand on the existence of the Stoneley wave, which shouldprove to be a powerful tool for the inspection of contact-ing interfaces. Moreover, characteristic frequencies de-pending on normal and tangential springs constants arehighlighted, suggesting a scaled behaviour of the interfacewaves.


Combined laser-Doppler vibrometer and needle-hydrophone detection of interface waves – (Contributed,

000282)

K. Van Dalena, G. Drijkoningena and C. Glorieuxb

aDelft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, Netherlands; bSlovak Technical University, Radlinskeho 11, 81368

Bratislava, Slovakia


At the fluid/elastic-solid interface the well-known leakyRayleigh and Stoneley waves can propagate. Theimpedance associated with such an interface wave inter-relates the corresponding waveforms that can be observedin different components, i.e., the particle motion and fluidpressure. We show that the interface-wave impedance ofthe leaky-Rayleigh wave, excited at a water/aluminum in-terface, can be successfully extracted using an experimentin which we simultaneously measure both components atultrasonic frequencies. In particular, the normal interfacedisplacement is measured using a laser Doppler vibrom-eter and the pressure with a needle hydrophone. Theimpedance of the leaky Rayleigh wave can be clearly dis-tinguished in the wavenumber-frequency domain.

Any measurement that employs a laser Doppler vibrome-ter is perturbed by refractive-index changes along its beamonce it interferes with acoustic waves. Using a modelthat accounts for these perturbations, we predict a sig-nificant impedance decrease with respect to the plane-wave impedance of the leaky Rayleigh wave. Althoughthis deviation is different for the experimentally extractedimpedance, there is very good agreement between the ob-served and predicted waveforms in both the displacementand fluid pressure. This shows that laser ultrasonic devicesand small pressure detectors can be successfully combinedin laboratory-scale experiments.


Ultrafast inverse magnetostriction effect in Ni/Co ferromagnet – (Contributed, 000031)


T. Pezerila, V. Temnova, S. Andrieub, V. Guseva, T. Hauetb and C. KlieberaaLaboratoire de physique de l’etat condense, Faculte des Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; bInstitut Jean

Lamour : Materiaux -Metallurgie - Nanosciences - Plasma - Surfaces,


Research upon femtosecond time resolved magnetic pro-cesses is part of the ultrafast optics branch known as fem-tomagnetism [Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4250 (1996)] wherefemtosecond laser pulses are used to switch the magnetisa-tion of ferromagnetic materials. Another trend in modernultrafast optics is driven by progress in picosecond ultra-sonics - a well established research direction dealing withthe generation of picosecond acoustic pulses by thermalexpansion of acoustic transducers excited by femtosecondlasers [Phys. Rev. B 34, 4129 (1986)]. A novel concept en-

visioning control of magnetization in ferromagnetic mate-rials on ultrafast timescales using acoustic pulses has beenproposed very recently [Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 117204(2010); Phys. Rev. B 82, 104422 (2010)]. The resultsthat will be presented combine femtomagnetism and pi-cosecond ultrasonics in order to gain understanding onthe inverse magnetostriction effect. Our experimental ap-proach will show that by launching a picosecond phononpulse through a ferromagnetic material it is possible tomeasure the phonon-spin interaction time.


Photo-acoustic terahertz phonon detection and generation within a semiconductor superlattice – (Contributed,

000578)

R. Legrand, A. Huynh and B. PerrinINSP, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France, Metropolitan


Currently, the development of compact opto-acoustictransducers able to generate and detect acoustic wave inthe terahertz wavelength is an active research subject. Su-perlattice made with a periodic stacking of AlAs/GaAslayers has shown the ability to be used as high frequencyacoustic generators and detectors. The excitation by afemtosecond laser leads to a temporally short strain inthe pattern which produces quasi-monochromatic coher-ent phonons up to a frequency of 1 THz related to themultilayer period (excitation near q = 0). This superlat-tice is an effective phonon detector since strain causes achange of reflectivity measured with a probe light. Un-

fortunately, generation and detection have differents spec-trals responses: generation is more efficient around q = 0,while detection works with q = 2k (k is the light vector).Therefore a single superlattice cannot be used to detectand generate the same wave vector. However, theory pre-dicts a rise of q = 0 detection in case of strong reflectionat the interface between superlattice and substrate. Tocheck this possibility we design a sample made of a 17 nmperiod superlattice embedded in an optical micro-cavity.We will present experiments performed at low tempera-tures on a sample designed to generate and detect 300GHz acoustic waves.


Nanoacoustical strains in metal films generated by a few cycle femtosecond laser pulses – (Contributed,

000723)

I. Tzianakia, E. Kaselourisa, Y. Orphanosa, E. Bakarezosa, D. Zacharioudakisa, A. Lyrasb, M. Tatarakisa, C. Kosmidisb

and N. PapadogiannisaaTEI of Crete, Daskalaki 1 Str., 74100 Rethymnon, Greece; bUniversity of Ioannina, Panepistimioupoli, 45110 Ioannina, Greece


High frequency nanoacoustical strains are generated innanometer thick metal films deposited on appropriate sub-strate by the means of a few cycle femtosecond Ti:Sapphirelaser pulses. The nanoacoustical strains are studied utiliz-ing an ultrafast laser-displacement technique. The mea-sured signal exhibits local maxima (or minima) at zerodelay and at delays that correspond to the time that theacoustic echo arrives on metal film surface after reflectionfrom metal-substrate interface. Changes on the temporalcontent of the few cycle femtosecond laser pulses seem to

give rise in variations of the temporal characteristics of thelaser generated nanoacoustic pulses. The selection of var-ious metal films provides useful results which can be thebase for theoretical models evaluation for the generationof this nanoacoustic stains by the extremely short dura-tion laser pulses. In this temporal region, the non-thermalelectrons, generated in the first moments of the few cyclefemtosecond laser pulse metal surface excitation, seem toplay significant role in the lately generated nanoacouticalstrains.



Superlattice ultrasonic generation – (Contributed, 000133)

T. E. Wilsona, M. Oehmeb, E. Kasperb, H.-J. L. Gossmannc and J. Schulzeb

aMarshall University, Department of Physics, One John Marshall Drive, Huntington, 25755, USA; bInstitut fur Halbleitertechnik (IHT),

Universitat Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; cNone, 29 Brainerd Road, Summit, 07901, USA


We present experimental results of the resonant excitationof coherent high-frequency longitudinal acoustic phononsin semiconducting doping superstructures by far-infraredlaser radiation. After a grating-coupled delta-doped sili-con doping superlattice is illuminated with 10 kW/mm2

nanosecond-pulsed 246 GHz laser radiation, a delayednanosecond pulse is detected by a current-biased supercon-ducting granular aluminum/palladium bilayer bolometer,at a time corresponding to the appropriate time of flightfor ballistic longitudinal acoustic phonons across the (100)silicon substrate. The absorbed phonon power density

in the microbolometer is observed to be 10 µW/mm2, inagreement with theory. Upon deconvolution, the phononpulse duration matches the laser pulse duration. The ab-sence of any delayed transverse acoustic phonon signalby the superconducting bolometer is particularly strikingand implies there is little or no incoherent phonon genera-tion occurring in the process. Attempts at: (1) 1.04 THzphonon generation and (2) the use of Si:B piezo-phononspectroscopy to measure the frequency and linewdith ofthe phonon distribution, will also be described.

Wed 10:40 John TYNDALL MA-S02: Transients in self-sustained musical instruments

How mechanical pipe organ actions work against transient control – (Invited, 000410)

A. WoolleyUniversity of Edinburgh, School of Physics and Astronomy, JCMB, King’s Buildings, EH9 3JZ Edinburgh, UK


This paper summarises work published and presented pre-viously, supported by additional material. It can be clearlydemonstrated by blowing an organ pipe that its transientcan be varied, although the effect is not generally consid-ered emusical’. It has been debated for several decadeswhether mechanical pipe organ actions allow the player tovary the transient by the way in which the key is moved.Opinions vary from transient control being fundamentalto organ playing to it not being possible. This work showsthat the physical characteristics of mechanical organ ac-

tions work against transient control and this is corrobo-rated by measurements of key and pallet movements andpressure changes whilst organists are playing. It also looksat what other methods organists are using in order toplay expressively. The paper also considers how transientsmight vary due to other characteristics of organs that areoutside players’ direct control but might lead them to be-lieve that variations are due to differences in their keymovements.


Decay transients in single reed wind instruments – (Invited, 000822)

P. Guillemain and C. VergezLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20


A classical and dimensionless model of the functioning ofsingle reed instruments such as the clarinet and the sax-ophone is considered. In this model, the nonlinearity iscontrolled by two parameters: One linked to the blow-ing pressure, the other one to the reed opening at rest.Transient commands are applied on this two parameters.In particular, It is shown that a transient decay of theblowing pressure still induces a nonlinear functioning of

the system, while a transient decay of the reed openingleads to a free oscillation of the resonator, hence giving away to estimate the complex frequencies of the impedancepeaks. The results are compared to those obtained on nat-ural sounds thanks to a controlled artificial mouth, bothin pressure and reed opening. The meaning of the dimen-sionless control parameters are discussed with respect tothe actual command of a musician.



Attack transients in a clarinet model with time-varying blowing pressure – (Invited, 000322)

B. Bergeota, A. Almeidaa, C. Vergezb and B. GazengelaaLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bLMA - CNRS (UPR 7051), 31 chemin Joseph-Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, Cedex 20, France


Reed instruments are modelled as self-sustained oscillatorsdriven by the pressure inside the mouth of the musician.A set of non-linear equations connects the control param-eters (mouth pressure, lip force) to the system output,usually considered as the mouthpiece pressure. Clarinetscan then be studied as dynamic systems, their steady be-haviour being dictated uniquely by the values of the con-trol parameters. Considering the resonator as a losslessstraight cylinder is a dramatic yet common simplificationthat allows for simulations using non-linear iterative maps.Many important aspects such as the kind of regime (static,oscillating), values of amplitude and periodicity have been

predicted from such an approach. However, the existingstudies focus mainly on the steady state, disregarding im-portant features such as the attack transient. This pre-sentation discusses transient behaviour of these simplifiedclarinet models when the control parameters follow sim-ple laws of variation with time. In this case, unexpectedbehaviour can occur, such as bifurcation delays, meaningthat oscillations do not start when the mouth pressurereaches the threshold value predicted by static bifurcationtheory. This behaviour will be described and an analyt-ical expression of the early attack transient state will beproposed.


A hybrid reed instrument: an acoustical resonator with a numerically simulated mouthpiece – (Contributed,

000123)

K. Buys and C. VergezLMA - CNRS (UPR 7051), 31 chemin Joseph-Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, Cedex 20, France


A study on the development of a hybrid wind instrumentis carried out. An acoustical tube interacts with a numer-ically simulated mouthpiece in real-time, with the aim topropose in the long term both a tool for objective mea-surements, and a new musical instrument, easily playable,with unique timbral capacities.

This preliminary study focusses on a first prototype, toverify the physical meaningfulness and estimate its poten-tial. A microphone at the tube entrance feeds a numer-ical model of the reed used to compute the volume flowthrough the reed channel. This is the output of the nu-merical part, which is directed to an electrovalve that pro-

portionally modulates the volume flow between the com-pressed air source and the tube entrance.The hybrid instrument is characterized by studying itsparts separately (evaluation of the electrovalve character-istics, impedance measurement of the resonator), but alsoas a whole by analyzing its behaviour when the parametersof the mouthpiece are varied. Both transients and steadyregimes are compared to a fully simulated instrument.We observed a coherent functioning for fundamental fre-quencies sufficiently below the electrovalve’s first resonantfrequency. The foremost drawbacks are associated to theelectrovalve’s mechanics and to noisy pressure measure-ments.


Study of the extinction of a note in reed instruments – (Contributed, 000468)

A. AlmeidaLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


In a musical note, the transient is a starting or endingperiod in which the sound builds up or is extinguished.Though usually brief, it is important for the recognitionof the timbre of a musical instrument. In sustained musi-cal instruments such as wind instruments or bowed stringsthe transient can be controlled by the actions of the mu-sician, by changing key parameters such as blowing pres-sure or bowing force. This study focuses on the extinc-tion transients in reed instruments. Firstly, the most rele-

vant methods for characterising the extinction of the noteare briefly discussed. The extinction duration of recordednotes using different playing techniques is related to thenatural damping coefficient of the resonator with differentboundary conditions. Analysis of time-variation of theoverall sound intensity and individual partials in recordednote endings will be compared to simulations and theoret-ical models of reed instruments.


Wed 10:40 Lord RAYLEIGH PU-S02: Sound absorbing materials and porous media (In Memory of Walter Lauriks)

Slow waves, surface waves and their applications – (Invited, 000056)

K. Attenborough, I. Bashir, H.-C. Shin and S. TaherzadehThe Open University, DDEM, Maths, Computing and Technology, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA Milton Keynes, UK


Fluid-saturated porous elastic solids support two compres-sional wave types, often called ’fast’ and ’slow’, and a shearwave. Walter Lauriks recognised the commonality of thephysical mechanisms which govern the acoustical proper-ties of such media and initiated a great many studies rang-ing from the acoustical monitoring of marrow filled boneto properties of air-filled bread, soils and snow. The Biotparameter values that create distinct slow waves in trans-mission experiments are explored. There are two types ofsurface waves at a poroelastic boundary: a fluid-coupled

Rayleigh wave and a wave that depends on the surfaceimpedance. A rough hard surface is also able to gen-erate an acoustic surface wave. Walter Lauriks studiedpore-related surface waves and those over a periodically-rough hard surfaces. It is shown that propagation overhard-backed square lattice grating layers modelled previ-ously using modal analysis can be described as that over asquare pore layer. Similarly propagation over rectangulargrooves or bosses also modelled previously using modalanalysis can be modelled as that over a slit pore layer.


Characterization of porous absorbent materials – (Invited, 000098)

P. LeclaireLRMA-DRIVE, ISAT, 49 rue Mademoiselle Bourgeois - BP 31, 58027 Nevers, France


Over the past twenty years, theoretical and experimen-tal research on the acoustical properties of air-saturatedporous materials for engineering applications has consid-erably progressed thanks to the contributions of many re-searchers in different institutes in the world. Accompa-nying the research on the acoustical properties of absor-bent materials, new methods and experimental techniqueswere developed for the measurement of important physicalparameters of these materials, necessary for the acousticmodels. The attention is focused on the particularly im-portant contributions of two laboratories: the Laboratoire

d’Acoustique de l’Universite du Maine (LAUM) in Franceand of Laboratorium voor Akoestiek en Thermische Fys-ica (ATF) in Belgium. A review of the main methodsdeveloped over the year in these two laboratories is pro-posed. This research has been very important for the val-idation of the models. The methods developed concernthe measurement of porosity, tortuosity, flow resistivity,viscous and thermal characteristic lengths, thermal per-meability and also the mechanical properties of porousmaterials (Young’s modulus and the Poisson ratio).


Acoustic characterization of air saturated porous materials at audible frequencies – (Contributed, 000359)

M. Sadoukia, M. Fellaha, Z.E.A. Fellahb, E. Ogamb and C. DepolliercaLaboratoire de Physique Theorique, Faculte de Physique, USTHB, BP 32 El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Bab Ezzouar, Algeria; bLMA

– CNRS (UPR 7051) / Aix-Marseille University, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, France; cLaboratoire d’acoustique de



An acoustic method based on sound transmission is pro-posed for measuring the thermal permeability, viscous andthermal tortuosity of porous materials having a rigid frameat low frequencies. The proposed method is based on atemporal model of the direct and inverse scattering prob-lems for the propagation of transient audible frequency

waves in a homogeneous isotropic slab of porous materialhaving a rigid frame. The acoustic parameters are de-termined from the solution of the inverse problem. Theminimization between experiment and theory is made inthe time domain. Tests are performed using industrialplastic foams.



Large scale modulation of high frequency acoustics fields in porous media – (Contributed, 000471)

C. Boutin, A. Rallu and S. HansENTPE. Universite de Lyon - CNRS 3237, Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-En-Velin, France


We investigate, through a multi-scale asymptotic ap-proach, high frequency acoustic fields of large correla-tion length in periodic porous media. High frequenciesmean local dynamics at the pores scale, and therefore ab-sence of scale separation in the usual sense of homoge-nization. However, as suggested by [Craster et al, PRSA,2010], meanwhile the pressure is fast varying in the pores(according to periodic eigenmodes), the mode amplitudecan present large scale modulation, hence introduces an-other type of scale separation on which the asymptoticprocedure applies. The principle of this approach is firstpresented on a network of inter-connected Helmoltz res-

onators. The equations governing the modulations carriedby a given eigenmode, at frequencies close to the eigenfre-quency, are derived. Because of the local dynamic state,the number of cells on which the carrying periodic mode isdefined, becomes a parameter. In a second part, this ”mul-ticellı procedure is extended to porous media saturated bya perfect gas. One obtains the whole family of large mod-ulation phenomena, with a strict use of the ”multiı period-icity condition. To conclude, this approach extracts, fromthe comprehensive Floquet-Bloch modal space, the partic-ular frequency range enabling large modulations, thereforelarge correlation, of high frequency acoustic perturbations.


Broadband acoustical characterization in a horn shaped impedance tube – (Contributed, 000200)

J.-M. Coulona, F. Chevillotteb, F.-X. Becotb and L. Jaouenb

aL&L Products, 1 rue Lindberg ZA Activeum, Altorf, 67129 Molsheim, France; bMATELYS, 1 rue Baumer, 69120 Vaulx-En-Velin,

France


Impedance tube is widely used to characterize acousticalmaterials, but it is restricted to frequencies correspond-ing to plane wave mode propagation. Broadband mea-surements require testing samples within tubes of differ-ent cross-sections: the smaller the diameter the higher themaximum frequency allowed. This is a critical issue formaterials or multilayer samples (i) with elastic frames forwhich shape and size affect vibrations (ii) which can not beconsidered as homogeneous for small diameters. In orderto cope with the paradox of testing large samples with asmall tube section, an impedance adaptation is necessary.

A horn above its cut-off frequency can be a good cou-pling element. A horn shape portion has been designedusing 1D and 3D modeling for the 1.6 kHz-6.4 kHz fre-quency range. This approach has been validated based oncomparisons against ”standardı impedance tube measure-ments for various materials. Selected materials representa large range of weak to important structural behaviorand single to multilayer arrangements. This opens inter-esting perspectives for the design of broadband frequencyimpedance tube apparatus.


Nonlocal macroscopic theory of sound propagation in rigid-framed porous materials – (Invited, 000128)

D. Lafarge, N. Nemati and A. DuclosLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


Macroscopic acoustic properties of rigid-framed fluid-saturated porous materials are generally well described bythe existing Equivalent-fluid macroscopic theory. This (lo-cal) theory, however, is incomplete. Indeed, it describestemporal dispersion but not spatial dispersion. In partic-ular, it is in error when the wavelengths reduce so as tobecome comparable to the size of an elementary represen-tative volume. This may always be the case at high enoughfrequencies. This may also be the case at lower frequen-cies, near resonances, when the material contains struc-

tured elements such as Helmholtz resonators. We proposehere a new (nonlocal) macroscopic Equivalent-fluid the-ory that is intended to describe both temporal and spatialdispersion. As such, this theory is expected to be moregenerally applicable than the conventional one. Here, wesolve it by the method of finite elements and compute thewavenumber of the least attenuated mode for a 2D porousmedium made of a viscothermal fluid saturating a squarearray of identical cylindrical-circular rigid solid inclusions.The same least attenuated mode wavenumber is indepen-


dently computed using a direct multiple scattering tech-nique. Excellent agreement betweeen the two is obtained,validating our proposed new nonlocal Equivalent-fluid the-

ory. Finally, this new theory is illustrated for the case ofmaterials with Helmholtz resonators.


Phase velocity and attenuation of leaky interface waves at the fluid/porous-medium interface – (Contributed,

000284)

K. Van Dalena, G. Drijkoningena and D. SmeuldersbaDelft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, Netherlands; bEindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600MB

Eindhoven, Netherlands


At the fluid/porous-medium interface the leaky Rayleigh(LR) and leaky Stoneley (LSt) waves can exist. We showthat the relation with the corresponding poles in the slow-ness plane is not unambiguous but depends on the choiceof branch cuts. To this end we compute Green’s functionsfor a point-force excitation using two approaches. Whenvertical branch cuts are used (approach I), implying thatthe Riemann sheets of the LR- and LSt-poles obey theradiation condition, a separate leaky interface wave is en-tirely captured by the corresponding pole residue. In thecase of hyperbolic branch cuts (approach II) the poles ini-

tially lie on the “principal” Riemann sheet. Then, the loopintegrals along the branch cuts necessarily contribute tothe LR-wave but do not contribute to the LSt-wave be-cause the pole is identical to that in approach I. However,at a certain frequency the LSt-pole migrates to anotherRiemann sheet and for all higher frequencies the LSt-waveis even fully captured by the loop integrals. Our resultsshow that the phase velocity and attenuation of a sepa-rate leaky interface wave can be obtained from the polelocation in approach I, but should be extracted from thefull Green’s function in approach II.


Wave propagation in Porous Piezoelectric Layer immersed in fluid – (Contributed, 000498)

P. Khuranaa and C. Glorieuxb

aKatholieke Universtiteit Leuven, Laboratorium voor Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium;bSlovak Technical University, Radlinskeho 11, 81368 Bratislava, Slovakia


In this article, we study the wave propagation in a porouspiezoelectric layer which is in contact with fluid on bothsides. The reflection and transmission from porous pie-zoelectric layer immersed in fluid is studied analytically,using transfer matrix technique. The layer is assumed tobe made of porous piezoelectric material having 6mm sym-metry. An elastic wave is assumed to be incident on the

layer which results into reflected wave in upper fluid halfspace and transmitted wave in lower fluid half space. Theanalytical expressions of the reflection and transmissioncoefficients are obtained. The effects of angle of incidence,frequency, porosity, material properties, and thickness oflayer on the reflection and transmission coefficients areobserved numerically for a particular model.


Ultrasonic investigation on water-saturated porous scatterers under different boundary conditions –(Invited, 000298)

S. Derible and H. FranklinLOMC, CNRS UMR 6294, Universite Le Havre, 25, rue Philippe Lebon, 76600 Le Havre, France


The goal of the following studies is to inverse the Biotparameters of some manufactured water-saturated porousmaterial (plate or cylinder) under the different cases ofboundary conditions presented below. Porous plate withopen and sealed pore condition: the normal reflection andtransmission coefficients of a given open pore plate aremeasured. They are compared with the coefficients ob-

tained when the pores of the faces of the plate are sealedwith thin quick setting cement. The backscattering coef-ficient of a porous cylinder is measured. The superficialpores are sealed whether with a thin Teflon R© tape or withquick setting cement. In the first case the cylinder behaveslike a ”softı cylinder. Porous plate with different boundaryconditions on its faces: the normal reflected signal onto an


open pore plate is recorded when the plate is completely immersed in water and when its upper face is in the air.These two experiments allow us to separate the fast andslow echoes on the signals.


Biot-JKD model: simulation of 1D transient poroelastic waves – (Invited, 000058)

E. Blanca, G. Chiavassab and B. Lombarda

aLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20; bEcole Centrale Marseille, 38

rue Joliot Curie, 13451 Marseille, France


We investigate the time-domain numerical modeling ofBiot poroelastic waves. The viscous dissipation inside thepores is described by the model of dynamic permeabil-ity of Johnson-Koplik-Dashen (JKD). Some coefficients ofthe Biot-JKD model are proportional to the square root ofthe frequency. In the time-domain, they introduce shiftedfractional derivatives of order 1/2, which involves a con-volution product. A diffusive representation replaces theconvolution kernel by a finite number of memory variablesthat satisfy local-in-time ordinary differential equations.

Based on the dispersion relation, the coefficients of thediffusive representation are determined by optimizationon the frequency range of interest. A numerical modelingbased on a splitting strategy is proposed: the propaga-tive part is discretized by a fourth-order ADER schemeon a Cartesian grid, whereas the diffusive part is solvedexactly. Comparisons with analytical solutions are pro-posed, demonstrating the efficiency and the accuracy ofthe approach.


Parametric study of a metaporous made of solid inclusions embedded in a rigid frame porous material– (Contributed, 000206)

C. Lagarrigue, O. Dazel, J.-P. Groby and V. TournatLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


With the growing interest for sound absorbing materials,research is brought to optimize porous material whoseacoustic absorption coefficient should to remain largeacross a broad frequency range. Embedding rigid inclu-sions in a porous plate can enhance its acoustical prop-erties and create an efficient sound insulating materialfor low frequencies. The excitation of additional acous-tic modes when periodic arrangements of inclusions areused can lead to enhanced acoustic energy dissipation dueto the viscous and thermal effects in the material poreswhen the wavelength is comparable with the radius of the

inclusions. By acting on the characteristics of individualcells (periodicity, shape, type ...), it is possible to combineabsorption related to the medium with additional reso-nant effects at low frequencies. A parametric study isperformed in order to determine the influence of the ge-ometry, orientation and resonance frequency of infinitelyrigid inclusions embedded in a porous plate. The behaviorof these structured materials is computed by finite elementmethod to determine the ”optimal” inclusion in order toobtain an efficient absorbing material.


On the use of periodic inclusions embedded in porous lining to enhanced attenuation in waveguides –(Contributed, 000076)

B. Nenniga, Y. Renoub and Y. Aureganb

aLaboratoire d’Ingenierie des Systemes Mecaniques et des MAteriaux, Supmeca - 3, rue Fernand Hainaut - 93407 St Ouen Cedex;bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


Acoustic liners are often used to limit noise propagationin acoustic waveguides with a grazing flow such as ventila-tion, exhaust or aircraft engine. Standard liners are most

often made of perforated plate backed by honey comb orwith porous material.

The aim of this work is to study the influence of a set ofperiodic rigid inclusions embedded in a porous lining to


enhanced attenuation. Only an elementary cell of this pe-riodic waveguide is studied using the Bloch waves formal-ism. This yields a quadratic eigenvalue problem involv-ing the Bloch wavenumber solved with the finite elementmethod.However these configurations require to investigate param-eters often omitted in academic lattice studies: (i) Dissi-

pation; (ii) higher modes interaction; (iii) mean flow con-vection effect.These absorbing concepts as well as the computationalapproach are validated with experimental data and withanalytical solution on simple configurations. The influenceof the inclusion shape, waveguide dimension and the meanflow impact are illustrated on various examples.


Enhancement of the absorption of a backed rigid frame porous layer using a 2-dimensional periodicmulti-irregularities rigid backing – (Contributed, 000517)

B. Brouarda, J.-P. Grobya, O. Dazela, B. Nennigb and L. KelderscaLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bLaboratoire d’Ingenierie des Systemes Mecaniques et des MAteriaux, Supmeca - 3, rue Fernand Hainaut - 93407 St Ouen Cedex;cLaboratory of Acoustics and Thermal Physics, KULeuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium


The acoustic properties of a porous layer with a mediumflow resistivity and backed by a rigid plate containing peri-odic rectangular irregularities, creating a multi-componentdiffraction grating, are investigated. It extends the workproposed in [Journal of the Acoustical Society of America127, 2865-2874, 2010], to a 3D problem involving a 2Dgrating.Numerical and experimental results show that the struc-ture possesses possibly total absorption peaks at the fre-

quencies of the modified mode of the layer and/or of thetrapped mode associated to the irregularities, when de-signed as proposed. These results is explained by an anal-ysis of the acoustic response of the whole structure and es-pecially by the modal analysis of the configuration. Whenmore than one irregularity per spatial period is considered,additional higher frequency peaks are observed.


Acoustical properties of macroscopically inhomogeneous porous medium – (Contributed, 000141)

K. V. Horoshenkova, S. Masaharanona, K. Khana, A. Geslainb, J.-P. Grobyb and O. DazelbaUniversity of Bradford, Great Horton Road, BD7 1DP Bradford, UK; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM

- UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


A 140mm thick material sample with a distinctive poresize stratification was produced in the laboratory frompolyurethane binder mixed with recycled particulates.This material exhibits a high acoustic absorption acrossa relatively broad range of frequencies. It was shown thatthe observed absorption coefficient spectra depend clearlyon the sample orientation. The state vector formalismand Peano series expansion were adopted to explain theobserved acoustic absorption behaviour of the developed

material sample. A Biot-type model was used to link theacoustic pressure gradient with particle velocity in the os-cillitary flow in the material pores. The complex dynamicdensity and bulk modulus of the equivalent fluid in thematerial pores were predicted using a computationally ef-ficient model based on the Pade approximation. A goodagreement between the proposed theory and the obtainedexperimental data for the acoustic absorption coefficientwas observed.


A semi-empirical model to predict the acoustic behaviour of fully and partially reticulated polyurethanefoams based on microstructure properties – (Invited, 000134)

O. Doutres and N. AtallaGroupe d’Acoustique de l’Universite de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l’Universite, Faculte de Genie, Sherbrooke, AB, Canada J1K2R1

QC



This work investigates the links between the microstruc-ture of polyurethane foams and their sound absorbing effi-ciency, and more specifically the effect of membranes clos-ing the cells. The study is based on the complete charac-terization of 15 isotropic polyurethane foams with variouscell sizes and reticulation rates (i.e. open pore content):(i) characterization of the microstructure properties fromSEM pictures, (ii) characterization of non-acoustic param-eters from direct and indirect methods. Existing ana-lytical links between microstructure properties and non-acoustic parameters are first applied to fully reticulatedmaterials. Then, they are improved empirically to account

for the presence of the closed pore content. The proposedexpressions associated to the Johnson-Champoux-Allardporous model allow for a good estimation of the sound ab-sorbing behaviour of all tested polyurethane foams, fullyreticulated or not. It is shown that the reticulation rateis an important parameter having a large influence on theacoustic behaviour, i.e. it dominates the cell size influence.The semi-empirical model is applied and validated using4 new PU foams, not used in the first characterizationset. Finally, its practical use is illustrated by optimizingacoustical materials with graded properties.


Inverse method for porous material characterization using the constraint satisfaction problem approach– (Contributed, 000291)

N. Dauchez and P.-A. YvarsSUPMECA, 3, rue Fernand Hainaut, 93407 Saint Ouen Cedex, France


The Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) approach hasbeen used successfully in optimization procedure for sev-eral engineering applications [Yvars P.A., A CSP approachfor the network of product lifecycle constraints consistencyin a collaborative design context, Engineering applicationsof artificial intelligence, 2009. ]. In this paper this methodis evaluated in an inverse procedure for recovering porousmaterial parameters from acoustical data. The sought pa-rameters are the five of the Johnson-Champoux-Allardmodel: porosiy, resistivity, tortuosity, viscous and ther-mal characteristic lengths. First, the CSP algorithm is

presented: it is based on interval arithmetic and domainreducing algorithms. The procedure is applied to one vir-tual porous material to show its potential. Acoustical in-put data are the density and bulk modulus of the equiv-alent fluid to the material at two frequencies (50 Hz and1000 Hz). Then, the method is applied to one sound ab-sorbing material. Acoustical data are obtained using animpedance tube. Results are compared to those obtainedwith classical non acoustical methods. The efficiency ofthe proposed method is finally discussed.


Estimation of acoustic and elastic properties of plastic foam using acoustic-to-frame coupling – (Contributed,

000746)

H.-C. Shin, S. Taherzadeh and K. AttenboroughThe Open University, DDEM, Maths, Computing and Technology, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA Milton Keynes, UK


Synthetic partially reticulated polyurethane foams are de-ployed for many situations for noise and vibration con-trol. So understanding the behaviour of these foams whenexposed to acoustic and/or mechanical waves is essen-tial. Much progress has been made through identificationand non-acoustic measurements of parameters introducedin the seminal works by Biot and, subsequently, by Al-lard, that describe the acoustical and elastic properties.Conversely, these parameters can be estimated from mea-surements of vibroacoustical responses. In principle mea-

surements of acoustic-to-frame coupling should be moreeffective than measurements that focus on either acous-tic or frame behaviour separately. This idea has beenpursued in many papers co-authored by Walter Lauriksand Jean- Francois Allard. This paper describes recentdemonstrations that pore-related and elastic parametersof air-saturated plastic foam can be estimated from dataobtained by conjunctive use of microphones and a laserDoppler vibrometer.


A direct link between microstructure and acoustical macro-behaviour of real double porosity foams –(Contributed, 000757)


F. Chevillottea, C. Perrotb, L. Jaouena, F.-X. Becota, E. Guillonc and G. HouvenaghelcaMATELYS, 1 rue Baumer, 69120 Vaulx-En-Velin, France; bLaboratoire de Modelisation et Simulation Multi Echelle, 5, Boulevard

Descartes 77454, Marne-la-Vallee Cedex 2; cLafarge Research Centre, 95, rue de Montmurier, BP 15, 38291 Saint Quentin Fallavier,

France


The acoustical macro-behaviour of mineral open-cell foamsamples is modelled from microstructure morphology us-ing a three-dimensional idealized periodic unit-cell (3D-PUC). The 3D-PUC is based on a regular arrangement ofspheres, allowed to interpenetrate during the foaming pro-cess. Identification and dimensionning of the 3D-PUC ismade from X-ray computed microtomography and fabri-cation process information. In addition, the 3D-PUC usedallows to account for two scales of porosity: the intercon-nected network of bubbles (meso-porosity) and the inter-crystalline porosity of a gypsum matrix (micro-porosity).Transport properties of the micro- and the meso- scales

are calculated from first principles and a hybrid micro-macro method is used in order to determine the frequency-dependent visco-thermal dissipation properties. The dou-ble porosity theory provides the visco-thermal coupling be-tween the meso- and micro- scales [J. Acoust. Soc. Am.114, 73-89 (2003)]. Finally, the results are successfullycompared with experiments for two different mineral foamsamples. The main originality of this work is to maintaina direct link between the microstructure morphology andthe acoustical macro-behaviour all along the multi-scalemodelling process, without any fitted parameter.

Wed 13:20 Yves ROCARD NV-S02: Acoustic black hole and applications

Potentialities of the acoustic black hole effect for damping plate vibrations – (Contributed, 000542)

A. Pelata, J. Cuencab, F. Gautiera and L. BarguetaaLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bISVR, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK


The lightening of mechanical structures, used in the trans-port industry is nowadays an important issue because of itsconsequences in terms of saving energy. The consequentmechanical changes degrade the acoustic performance ofcomponents. Some innovating strategies for damping vi-brations of structures without increasing their mass shouldbe developed. Some wave traps, using the acoustic blackhole effect can be used for this purpose. The acoustic blackhole effect is based on a local change of the shape and thethickness of a structure in order to create weak pointswhere the vibration amplitudes are efficiently damped by

adding a small local damping layer. The aims of the pa-per is to investigate the damping capability of acousticblack holes placed on plates of different kinds: elliptical,rectangular plates, polygonal plate, stiffened plates. Mo-bility measurements on a wide frequency range using areshowing that a reduction of 10 to 20 dB can be obtainedwhen the acoustic black hole is active. Measurements ofthe vibration fields in the acoustic black hole zone using ascanning laser vibrometer are used to check the existenceof local non linearities which could explain some parts ofthe observed damping.


Analytical solution of parabolically tapered rod flexural vibration equation – (Contributed, 000104)

M. MironovAndreyev Acoustics Institute, Shvernik str., 4, 117036 Moscow, Russian Federation

Corresponding author E-mail: mironov [email protected]

As it was shown earlier the parabolically tapered end ofrod does not reflect the flexural waves with frequency highenough. The velocity propagation of waves tends to zeroby approaching to the end crossection of the rod and thepropagation time appears to be infinite. As a consequence,the wave, propagating to the tapered end of the rod, neverreaches the end of the rod. This result was obtained byWKB-approximation analysis of the tapered rod flexural

vibration equation. More thorough investigation displayshowever, that just for parabolic tapering the exact ana-lytical solutions in the form of the linear combination ofpower functions exist. The indexes of the functions are ze-ros of fourth degree polynomial. Input impedance matrixof parabolically tapered rod is calculated and new, modi-fied WKB-approximation for rod with arbitrary smoothlyvarying cross-section is suggested.



Improving the acoustic black hole effect for vibration damping in one-dimensional structures – (Contributed,

000747)

J. Cuencaa, A. Pelatb, F. Gautierb and N. S. Fergusona

aISVR, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM -

UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


Flexural vibrations are highly responsible for noise radi-ation by thin structures. In the transport industry, thedamping of such vibrations is often achieved using thickviscoelastic layers, which leads to an undesirable increaseof mass. In this regard, the acoustic black hole effect hasreceived recent attention as an efficient and lightweightmethod for damping flexural vibrations. An acoustic blackhole consists of a thin structure presenting a smooth de-crease in its wave velocity along a given direction, thus act-ing as a wave trap where the vibrations can be efficientlydamped. Such decrease of the velocity can be achievedby a variation of the mechanical parameters, namely the

thickness or the Young’s modulus. The present paper dis-cusses the practical implementation of the acoustic blackhole effect in one-dimensional structures. A numerical mo-del of the flexural wave field of a beam with arbitrarilyvarying properties along its length is developed as a de-sign and prediction tool. Experiments are performed inbeams subjected to a variation in thickness or to a vari-ation in Young’s modulus obtained by imposing a tem-perature gradient. The results show an efficient reductionof the vibration level, as well as the suppression of theresonances.


Damping of flexural vibrations in rectangular plates by slots of power-law profile – (Contributed, 000184)

E. P. Bowyer, V. V. Krylov and D. J. O’BoyLoughborough University, Ashby Road, LE11 3TU Loughborough, UK


It has been shown in our previous publications that theaddition of power-law profiled wedges to edges of rectangu-lar plates or strips results in substantial increase in damp-ing of resonant flexural vibrations in plates or strips dueto the acoustic black hole effect associated with power-law wedges. One of the problems faced by this methodof damping is having the wedge tip exposed on the outeredge of the plate or strip. One of the solutions to the prob-lems listed above is to move the wedges inside a plate, sothat they form edges of power-law slots within the plate.The present paper reports the results of the experimen-

tal investigations into the effects of such slots on damp-ing flexural vibrations. Four experimental investigationsare described: the effect of power-law tapered slots onvibration damping in steel and composite plates, the ef-fect of positioning of slots in a plate, and finally the effectof a combined slotted plate. The obtained experimen-tal results show that introducing power-law profiled slotswithin plates is an effective method of damping flexuralvibrations, which is comparable with the method usingpower-law wedges at plate edges.


Damping of flexural vibrations in composite plates and panels containing one- and two-dimensionalacoustic black holes – (Contributed, 000225)

E. P. Bowyer, D. J. O’Boy and V. V. KrylovLoughborough University, Ashby Road, LE11 3TU Loughborough, UK


In this paper, the results of the experimental investigationsinto the addition of one-dimensional and two- dimensionalacoustic black holes into composite plates and their sub-sequent inclusion into composite panels are reported. Thecomposite plates in question are sheets of composite withvisible one-dimensional or two-dimensional indentationsof power-law profile materialising acoustic black holes forflexural waves. A panel is a sheet of composite with the

indentations encased within the sample. This makes apanel similar in surface texture to an un-machined com-posite sheet (reference plate). In the case of quadraticor higher-order profiles, the above-mentioned indentationsact as one- or two-dimensional acoustic black holes for flex-ural waves that can absorb a large proportion of the inci-dent wave energy. For all the composite samples tested inthis investigation, the addition of one- or two-dimensional


acoustic black holes resulted in further increase in damp-ing of resonant vibrations, in addition to the already sub-stantial inherent damping due to large values of the lossfactor for composites (0.1 - 0.2). Note in this connection

that due to large values of the loss factor for compositematerials used, no increase in damping was seen with theaddition of a small amount of absorbing material to theindentations, as expected.


Simulation of vibrations of a 2D acoustic black hole placed in an infinite plate using the Finite DifferenceTime Domain method – (Contributed, 000505)

V. Denis, A. Pelat and F. GautierLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


The acoustic black hole effect is resulting from propertiesof propagation of flexural wave in beams and plates havingnon homogeneous thicknesses: if the thickness decreaseslocally, flexural waves slow down and the amplitude ofthe displacement field increases, leading to efficient en-ergy dissipation if an absorbing layer is placed where thethickness is minimum. A pit of power law profile placedinside an elastic plate plays the role of a vibration damperand is called 2-dimensional acoustic black hole. Theo-retical model of the phenomenon has been developed inthe case of beams (1- dimensional configuration) and forlinear medium. However, experimental testing on 2D con-

figuration tends to show some unexpected damping effectsthat are possibly related to local nonlinear phenomena. Anumerical model in the time domain based on the finitedifference method is proposed to investigate the interac-tion between an incident wave emitted by a point sourceand a 2D acoustic black hole placed on an infinite plate.The local nonlinearities are taken into account using VonKarman theory of plate. Perfectly Matched Layer (PML)is used to represent the infinite plate. Numerical simu-lations permit to quantify the influence of the local nonlinear effects on the plate damping.


Experimental study of damping flexural vibrations in tapered turbofan blades – (Contributed, 000226)

E. P. Bowyer, J. M. Lister, V. V. Krylov and D. J. O’BoyLoughborough University, Ashby Road, LE11 3TU Loughborough, UK


In this paper, the results of the experimental investigationsinto damping of flexural vibrations in turbofan blades withtrailing edges tapered according to a power-law profileare reported. Edges of power-law profile (wedges), withsmall pieces of attached absorbing layers, materialise one-dimensional acoustic black holes for flexural waves thatcan absorb a large proportion of the incident flexural waveenergy. The NACA 1307 aerofoil was used as a base mo-del for experimental samples. This model was modified toform four samples of non-engine-specific model fan blades.Two of them were then twisted, so that a more realistic fanblade could be considered. All model blades, the ones with

tapered trailing edges and the ones of traditional form,were excited by an electromagnetic shaker, and the cor-responding frequency response functions have been mea-sured. The results show that the fan blades with power-law tapered edges have the same pattern of damping thatcan be seen for plates with attached wedges of power-lawprofile, when compared to their respective reference sam-ples. The resonant peaks are reduced substantially oncea power-law tapering is introduced to the sample. Theobtained results demonstrate that power-law tapering oftrailing edges of turbofan blades can be a viable methodof reduction of blade vibrations.


Immersed acoustic black hole as a travelling wave absorber: understanding artificial cochlear mechanics– (Contributed, 000432)

S. Foucauda, G. Michona, Y. Gourinata, A. Pelatb and F. GautierbaUniversite de Toulouse - ICA - ISAE, 10 av. Edouard Belin, 31055 Toulouse, France; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du

Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9



Inner ear is constituted of fluid-filled ducts partitionedwith an elastic structure, the organ of Corti. When theear is excited by sound, travelling waves appear along theorgan of Corti and stimulate the sensory cells. A peak ofvibration is reached at a particular place depending on theexcitation frequency. The waves are strongly attenuatedafter this place. Due to the complexity of \textitin vivoexperimentations, some aspects of physiological functionsstill need to be investigated.For this purpose, an experimental setup reproducing thepassive behavior of the inner ear has been manufactured.

Standing waves are usually observed on artificial cochleadevices due to wave reflection on boundaries.Acoustic black holes are known as vibration absorbers forthin structures. In this paper, an immersed acoustic blackhole is used to reduce the reflected wave. Experimentalresults are compared with a model using the impedancematrix method. Travelling waves can be observed andthis device should allow better understanding of artificialcochlear mechanics.

Wed 13:20 Peter BARNETT SP-S01: Soundscape

From soundscape documentation to soundscape composition – (Invited, 000873)

B. TruaxSimon Fraser University, School of Communication, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Bc, Canada V5A 1S6


The World Soundscape Project (WSP) was established asan educational and research group at Simon Fraser Univer-sity during the early 1970s and documented soundscapesin Canada and Europe as part of an over-arching con-cern to draw attention to the importance of the sonicenvironment. One unique feature of the WSP collec-tion of recordings is its longitudinal documentation of theVancouver Soundscape over a 40-year period, with recor-dings from the 1970s, 1990s and the present day. Overthat same period, soundscape composition practices haveevolved from a documentary mode to an artistic practice.Multi-channel audio reproduction currently provides lis-

teners with a highly immersive auditory experience thathas greatly benefitted the practice of soundscape compo-sition by creating esthetically enhanced experiences thatare based in real-world experience but move the listenerinto an abstracted or even a completely imaginary space.The concept and perception of acoustic space is discussed,as well as issues of creating such spaces electroacousti-cally, with examples drawn from the composer’s practice.The presentation discusses how the artistic use of createdacoustic space can relate to (and potentially enhance) ourunderstanding of the human relationships to real-worldsoundscapes, and hence acoustic ecology.


A listener-centred approach to soundscape evaluation – (Contributed, 000207)

K. Foale and W. J. DaviesUniversity of Salford, Acoustics Research Centre, Newton Building, University Road, M5 4WT Salford, UK


I am conducting a Grounded Theory approach to measur-ing opinions of urban soundscapes. This approach makesit possible to focus on the soundscapes experienced by anindividual in their daily life, instead of focussing on thesoundscape of a specific location. Participants are given asmall portable recording device and asked to keep a sounddiary for two weeks. At the end of the two weeks, par-ticipants are given a 60-minute interview about their ex-periences. The methodology is designed to give peopletime to think about soundscapes in their own words, and

record what is important to them, rather than using aresearcher-centered environment and vocabulary.Early data suggests people listen in a multitude of waysthat challenge existing ideas of modes of listening, caremore about work and home environments than publicplaces, and that the role and importance of soundscapeis both quantitatively and qualitatively different in vary-ing environments. I also question the idea of what an”expert listenerı is, with examples of various ways partic-ipants have demonstrated very high aural acuity withoutany acoustics/sound engineering background.


Listening strategies in a soundscape annotation task – (Contributed, 000752)

R. Van Der Linden and T. A. AndringaUniversity of Groningen, Nijenborgh 9, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands



Listeners employ a variety of strategies in carrying out asoundscape annotation task. The soundscape annotationtool we developed is equipped with means to follow andrecord the behaviour of a subject performing a semanticannotation task. These data, combined with the actualannotations, give insight in the strategies the annotatorsuse in the task. We performed an experiment in which

19 participants annotated two real-world soundscape re-cordings. Two conditions were tested: one in which theannotators worked under time pressure, and one in whichthey had enough time to add detailed annotations andsound classes. We give a preliminary explanation of ourfindings in terms of auditory attention.


A field study on the subjective evaluation of soundscape – (Contributed, 000372)

A. Ozcevik and Z. Yuksel CanYildiz Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical, University, Besiktas, +90 34349 Istanbul, Turkey


Researches on soundscape are focused on the interactionsamong the sound source/s, the environment and the re-ceiver/s. While the effects of sound sources and soundenvironment are relatively easily described by objectivemeans, the subjective nature of human perception, whichdepends on sociological, psychological and cultural fac-tors, creates the main challenge. This paper is a study onthe subjective evaluation of soundscape aiming to createa basis to be used in further soundscape researches. Asurvey form consisting of two parts; a questionnaire and asemantic differential test, is prepared. The questionnairepart covers categories such as; personal information, us-

age of field, concordance with the expectations and soundenvironment evaluation, aiming to investigate the pleas-antness of soundscape. Semantic differential test is uti-lized to examine the quality of sound environment. Thepairs of adjectives, which are used in the semantic differ-ential test, are selected accordingly to both the vernacularlanguage of the related community and the soundscape lit-erature. Data held from the field study, which is realizedin four areas, is statistically analyzed and the soundscapesof the areas are subjectively evaluated. The informationobtained from this study will be used to progress in thenext stage which is laboratory studies.


Prediction and explanation of sound quality indicators by multiple linear regressions and artificialneural networks – (Contributed, 000577)

L. Brocolinia, C. Lavandiera, C. Marquis-Favreb, M. Quoyc and M. LavandierbaUniversite Cergy Pontoise, 5 mail gay lussac, IUT Genie Civil, 95031 Cergy Pontoise, France; bUniversite de Lyon - ENTPE, rue

Maurice Audin, 69120 Vaulx-En-Velin, France; cEquipes Traitement de l’Information et Systemes, 6, avenue du Ponceau. F 95014

Cergy-Pontoise Cedex


The purpose of this study is to develop a predictive mo-del of urban sound quality from field survey data usingmultiple linear regressions and artificial neural networks(ANNs).In order to determine a sound quality indicator, 320passers-by were asked to assess their environment mainlyfrom an acoustic point of view but also from a global per-spective (visual and air quality).The investigation took place in two large cities in France,and involved 8 different kinds of typical sound environ-ments: park, pedestrian street, boulevard, street and ur-

ban transitions such as transition between park and boule-vard. In each place, passers-by had to evaluate 26 subjec-tive variables on 10-point scales.

The collected data are analyzed according to two methods:multiple linear regressions and artificial neural networks.The resulting models are compared. The regression mo-del is more self-explanatory about the influence of eachvariable whereas the ANN model makes it possible to dif-ferentiate the influence of each variable depending on thetype of the environment.


Meaning of quiet areas in urban context through people viewpoints – (Contributed, 000078)

P. Delaitre, C. Lavandier, R. Dedieu and N. GeyUniversite Cergy Pontoise, 5 mail gay lussac, IUT Genie Civil, 95031 Cergy Pontoise, France



Quiet areas in the European Directive 2002/49/EC arecharacterized with an acoustic level. But since 2002 somestudies have shown that quiet areas can be characterizedalso with other parameters depending on personal or com-mon representations: the meaning of the sound sources,the relative aspect, the visual environment, etc. The Q-methodology has been chosen to reveal the different groupsof people who share the same representation of quiet ar-eas. Consequently, a questionnaire has been developed oninternet, where people were asked to evaluate their agree-ment in regard to 47 statements on a Likert scale. From

200 participants, 5 groups have been revealed. For thegreatest group of persons, the presence of typical sources,such as water or birds, is the most important character-istic of quiet areas. This profile brings together personswho mostly live in town. Another group gathers peoplewho seek to escape from the daily life. Another group ofpersons focuses on their psychological rest. These differ-ent points of view have to be taken into account by urbanplanners when they want to preserve or create some quietareas in an urban context.


The soundscape of nature areas: assessment and review of research approaches – (Contributed, 000803)

M. WeberDCMR Environmental Protection Agency, Parallelweg 1, 3112 NA Schiedam, Netherlands


The Environmental Noise Directive requires authoritiesto delineate (nature) areas where the acoustic quality isgood, and to protect these areas. In the Netherlands, sincedecades provinces have delineated so-called quiet areas cf.the Environmental Protection Act. In line with the noiseabatement paradigm acoustic parameters were applied asmaximum allowed levels (e.g. 40 dB Lday) and specificactivities near or in these nature areas were restricted.Underlying reasons for preserving the (acoustics) qualityof the quiet areas, such as restoration for humans or effectson animals, were hardly considered. Interestingly, some re-gional authorities adopted the END as a shift from noiseabatement towards soundscape approaches.

In the Province of South Holland (acoustic) quality in theequiet areas is assessed applying insights from internationalsoundscape research. A two step approach is applied; aeclassic’ approach of measuring noise indicators. And par-allel to measuring visitors and people living in the vicin-ity of the areas are surveyed, using a questionnaire onsound perception, overall quality assessment of the area,noise annoyance at home et cetera. The paper will discuss(dis)advantages of the approach applied, and will providesuggestions for standardisation of soundscape research inurban as well as nature areas.


The sonic atmosphere as a historical object? – (Contributed, 000074)

O. BalayCRESSON, Ecole Nationale d’Architecture de Grenoble, 60 av. de Constantine, 38036 Grenoble, France


There would be an absence, a gap in the description of thesound living environment of the past. How can we man-ufacture the history of the spread and production of anatmosphere, its materiality? The man, who is never pas-sive in his world, can identify his landmarks and create hisown arrangements with architectural forms, machines andtechniques he meets. He is sensitive to the atmospheresurrounding him and that he makes back, to the modes ofcommunication that are invented, to exchanges, frictionsand chills that are emerging. Now the making of the ”at-

mosphere” escapes to the historical strategies and resiststo the getting caught of the rules of the description, oreven to the approach of the perceptions in situ, those thatare corresponding to the heart of the experience.To find how an acoustic atmosphere is recognized by thosewho make it, we question the volume of air spaces, theirauditory matters; then we explain how those streams flowthrough the air; at last we ask how they spread and are re-ceived. Those informations exist in the archives, althoughthey are few, even if we look for them carefully.


Reporting physical parameters in soundscape studies – (Contributed, 000434)

T. GjestlandSINTEF ICT, SINTEF, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway



Most reports on soundscape studies concentrate on theperceptual aspects of the experiment. It is therefore diffi-cult to extract generic knowledge from these studies dueto the lack of a physical description of the situation. Anumber of soundscape scientists have responded to a smallsurvey and reported on both what kind of measurementprocedures they are currently using, and on what kindof data (acoustical and non-acoustical) they would like tosee in other studies. Binaural recordings are preferred bymany of the respondents, but these recordings are onlyused for subjective lab assessments and comparative stud-ies. They are not used for any objective measurements

or analysis. Simple mono recordings are used to measurestandard acoustical parameters like level, level distribu-tion, loudness, roughness, sharpness, etc. The paper willnot discuss the relevance of these parameters. Some of thesoundscape data requested by the survey respondents canonly be found and assessed subjectively, for instance iden-tification of sound sources, signal to background level forindividual sources, etc. A proposal for minimum require-ments for reporting physical parameters, and in particularacoustical parameters, in soundscape studies will be dis-cussed.


Perceptual assessment of water sounds for road traffic noise masking – (Contributed, 000675)

L. Galbrun and T. T. AliHeriot-Watt University, School of the Built Environment, EH14 4AS Edinburgh, UK


Due to their inherent positive quality and sound maskingproperties, water generated sounds are very popular in thecontext of soundscape design. This paper examines theperceptual assessment of water sounds in the presence ofroad traffic noise through the use of auditory experiments.The water sounds used in the experiments were generatedby waterfalls, streams, cascades and fountains, with mostof the sounds obtained from laboratory tests run undercontrolled conditions. This ensured an accurate and re-liable analysis of the water generated sounds, as well as

obtaining a wide range of sounds by varying several de-signs factors such as flow rate, source’s height, waterfall’swidth, waterfall’s edge characteristics and impact mate-rial. The results obtained from the auditory experimentsinclude the preferred sound pressure levels of a variety ofwater sounds against road traffic noise, as well as the pre-ferred water sounds used for masking road traffic noise.All preferences were rated in terms of relaxation, and themost significant findings obtained will be presented at theconference.


Evaluation of noise barriers for soundscape perception through laboratory experiments – (Contributed,

000683)

J.Y. Honga, H.S. Jangb and J.Y. Jeona

aHanyang University, Department of Architectural Engineering, 133-791 Seoul, Republic of Korea; bLaboratoire de Mathematiques de

Versailles, 45, avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles cedex


In the present study, soundscape qualities have been in-vestigated for the different types of urban noise barriers.Field measurements were performed: the sound pressurelevels in front and back of the barriers were measured andthe pictures were taken. Accordingly, laboratory experi-ments were conducted to evaluate the soundscape qualitywhen each noise barrier existed. The experiments con-

sisted of three parts; 1) audio-only condition, 2) visual-only condition, and 3) audio-visual condition. As a result,the soundscape design elements for designing urban noisebarriers were derived from the subjective preferences bothin aesthetical and spectral characteristics of the noise bar-riers.


Constructing ideal soundscapes: a practical study on closing the gaps between soundscape studies andurban design – (Contributed, 000820)

D. Steelea, N. Lukab and C. Guastavinoc

aMcGill School of Architecture, CIRMMT, 815 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Canada H3A 0C2; bMcGill School of Architecture

+ Urban Planning, 815 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Canada H3A 0C2; cMcGill School of Information Studies, CIRMMT, 3661

Peel street, Montreal, Canada H3A 1X1



Calls are increasingly made for urban design measures thattake non-vision sensory modalities into account, such ashearing, but agents capable of making such changes oftenlack the expertise to do so. The best progress in acous-tics so far has been through intentional soundscape de-sign, which considers sound during the urban design pro-cess rather than after. Indeed, design teams should un-derstand how complicated factors play out in-situ, suchas findings linking increased driving speeds with acous-tically treated roads. Armed with this knowledge, theycan take action to prevent further harm to urban land-scapes. In practice, however, what can happen is that 1)papers in soundscape are written in language not inter-

esting to urban designers; 2) research studies examine thecurrent environment without proposing design updates;and 3) different investigators fail to agree on what consti-tutes wanted and unwanted noise. Each issue contributesto a built environment that reflects little of our sophisti-cated understanding. In response, this presentation will1) demonstrate how soundscape research can fit into cur-rent urban design frameworks; 2) review key works in theliterature to suggest some small and large acoustically-optimized urban design strategies; and 3) encourage col-laboration channels connection soundscape research withurban design practice.


How some sounds impact on lives – (Contributed, 000784)

T. A. Andringa and J. J. LanserRijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 9, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands


How does sound annoyance influence lives and which fac-tors determine the level of annoyance? Many surveys haveinvestigated the health and well-being correlates of loud-ness. However these surveys have not focused on the ques-tion how some sounds, and not others, impact the livesof individuals. We have conducted a web-based surveywith more than 70 questions that investigated this ques-tion. The results show that 1) sound annoyance is a multi-facetted phenomenon that indicates impaired need satis-

faction and 2) that the role of loudness in sound annoyanceis less prominent than is often (implicitly) assumed. Infact sound annoyance seems to depend on three necessaryconditions: audibility, involuntary attraction of attention,and interference with need satisfaction. We present themain results of the questionnaire and provide a list ofrecommendations to prevent avoidable sound annoyancesuitable for sound producers, exposed public, and localgovernments.


A comparative case study of indoor soundscape approach on objective analyses and subjective evalu-ations of libraries – (Contributed, 000781)

P. N. Dokmeci and J. KangUniversity of Sheffield, School of Architecture, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK


In this study indoor soundscaping approaches were usedto evaluate 3 different libraries in Sheffield, United King-dom. Acoustic measurement and recordings as well associal survey on indoor soundscapes were carried out ineach library. Usage, time spent, evaluation of physicalconditions, demographics, sound perception, noise annoy-ance, and sound preferences were included in the survey.In addition, established frameworks were used for examin-ing the architectural characteristics. The recorded sound

files were analysed through ArtemiS software to exam-ine parameters including sound pressure level, frequencyspectrum, loudness, roughness, and sharpness. The sur-vey data were evaluated in terms of the correlations be-tween objective parametric results and subjective rat-ings. Relationships have been revealed between architec-tural/functional differences and the variances of objectivemeasurements within the indoor sound environment.


Plural perception of urban soundscapes in public transportation – (Contributed, 000095)

C. Semidor and C. SallenaveGRECAU - ENSAP¨ Bx, 740 cours de la Liberation - BP 70109, 33405 Talence Cedex, France



This paper deals with the study of plural perceptions ofthe urban landscape during a public transport journeydaily lived by users and non-users of electronic devicessuch as a Walkman, mobile phone... To assess possible cul-tural appreciations of the public transport users in theirrepresentation of soundscapes, this experiment was con-ducted in the tramway of Bordeaux (France) and in the”tren ligero” of Guadalajara (Mexico). The followed pro-

tocol consisted of two phases: a way out with an ”elec-tronic device” and a way back without. During thesetwo trips, we provided on the one hand recordings of thesoundscapes using the methodology developed by GRE-CAU allowing having objectifiable data and on the otherhand interviews with the subjects from which changes infeelings and behaviors were interpreted.

Wed 13:40 John TYNDALL MA-S07: Physical modelling of instruments and voice (co-organised with ’HS’)

Aeroacoustic characterisation of single and dual tooth-shaped obstacle replicas in relation to the studyof unvoiced fricative speech production – (Contributed, 000092)

Y. Fujiso and A. Van HirtumGipsa-lab, UMR CNRS 5126, Grenoble Universities, 38000 Grenoble, France


Unvoiced fricative speech production involves the noiseproduced by a complex fluid-structure interaction betweena moderate bulk Reynolds number (100<Re<10000) tur-bulent jet issued from a constriction somewhere in thevocal tract with a downstream obstacle (i.e. articulatorssuch as lips, tongue or teeth).To contribute to the physical study of human unvoicedfricative speech production, two types of simplified in-vitro tooth-shaped (single and dual) obstacle replicas areexperimentally investigated. Acoustic measurements ofthe noise emitted by an airflow passing through each of

the two replicas are performed at several moderate bulkReynolds numbers relevant to fricative production in aquasi-anechoic chamber.In order to characterise and quantify the influence of artic-ulators position and shape on the produced sound, variousgeometric parameters of the replicas are varied. Further-more, the effect of initial and boundary conditions arestudied as well by varying them. Finally, the influenceof the obstacle presence on the acoustics is modelled fordifferent experimental configurations and results are com-pared to corresponding measurements.


Analytical solution for pressure driven viscid flow in ducts of different shape: application to humanupper airways – (Contributed, 000097)

B. Wua, A. Van Hirtuma and X. Luob

aGipsa-lab, UMR CNRS 5126, Grenoble Universities, 38000 Grenoble, France; bDepartment of Mathematics, University of Glasgow,

G12 8QW Glasgow, UK


Under the assumptions of steady, viscid and incompress-ible flow, analytical solutions are presented for fully de-veloped pressure driven flow through uniform ducts withdifferent shapes. The considered geometries cover a widerange of simple shapes - such as circle, ellipse, rectangle,circular sector, triangle and limacon - which are relevantto different portions of the upper airways (e.g. glottisor/and oral tract) in normal or pathological conditionsduring breathing or speech production. In addition to theduct shape, the cross-section along the duct length can be

varied in order to mimic upper airway portions in more de-tail. Besides the geometry the Reynolds number is variedin a range covering the range relevant to the upper airwaysand speech production (0 < Re < 20000). The effect ofviscosity and unsteady inflow for the different geometriesunder study is discussed and compared for different in-put parameters: fixed area, fixed hydraulic diameter andfixed perimeter. The influence of viscosity and duct shapewith respect to the upper airways and speech productionis outlined.


Investigation of the effect of upstream airways impedance on regeneration of lip oscillations in tromboneperformance – (Contributed, 000553)

V. Freoura and G. P. Scavoneb,c

aCIRMMT, Computational Acoustic Modeling Lab, Schulich School of Music, McGill University, 555 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal,

Canada H3A 1E3; bCentre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media and Technology (CIRMMT), 527 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest,

Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1E3; cComputational Acoustic Modeling Lab, Schulich School of Music, McGill University, 555 Rue


Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1E3


The role of the vocal tract in the regeneration of lip oscil-lations in brass instruments is uncertain though influencein the high register of the instrument seems plausible. Inthis study, we have developed a sensor which measures thevariations of electrical conductance across the lips in brassinstrument performance, and therefore enables the evalu-ation of the phase of the lip opening area. By combiningthis value with the phase of the acoustic pressures on thedownstream and upstream sides of the lips, we investigatethe nature of the coupling between the lips, the down-

stream air-column and the vocal-tract in trombone per-formers. This method allows for the study of vocal-tracttuning at the fundamental frequency with a high temporalresolution (within a tone), as well as characterization ofthe oscillatory mechanism of the lips (dominant outwardversus dominant upward striking behaviour). Experimen-tal results from a pool of trombone players are discussedin light of numerical simulations where a two-dimensionalmodel of the vibrating lips is coupled to both a down-stream and upstream reflectance.


Acoustical coupling in self-oscillating computational vocal fold models – (Invited, 000592)

S. L. Thomson1) Brigham Young University, 2) University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 435 CTB, Provo, 84602, USA


One class of synthetic models used to study vocal fold vi-bration includes models with two layers that are fabricatedusing different silicone compounds with differing stiffness.It has been demonstrated, however, that unlike the hu-man vocal folds, these two-layer models exhibit acousticcoupling with their subglottal flow supply tubes. A syn-thetic vocal fold model has been recently developed thatmay not exhibit this acoustic coupling. The model in-cludes four layers of different silicone materials, includingepithelial and very flexible superficial lamina propria lay-ers. Its vibratory response is similar to that of the humanvocal folds. To determine whether this new multi-layer

model exhibits subglottal tube acoustic coupling, a corre-sponding finite element model has been developed. Themodel includes fully-coupled fluid and solid domains forflow-induced vibration simulation. The solid domain in-cludes layers corresponding to each of the synthetic modellayers and allows for large strain and stress. The fluiddomain is governed by the slightly-compressible Navier-Stokes equations, allowing for exploration of acoustic cou-pling. In this paper, simulation results for models withvarying subglottal tube lengths will be reported and usedto predict the extent to which acoustic coupling plays arole in governing the model’s flow-induced vibration.


Dynamic mechanical modelling of speech – (Invited, 000516)

A. BarneyUniversity of Southampton, Highfield, SO171BJ Southampton, UK


In voiced speech, the source of sound is the vibrations ofthe vocal folds within the larynx. The steady flow of airpassing out from the lungs is modulated by a complexfluid-tissue interaction in the larynx and excites acousti-cally the vocal tract downstream of the glottal exit. Thesystem is small and inaccessible and, being situated insidea living person, is unsuitable for many kinds of experimen-tation. In vitro models offer the opportunity for system-atic empirical studies in a controllable environment.

This paper describes experimental measurements of theflow and pressure regimes made on a driven mechanicalmodel of the vocal folds and vocal tract. The model hasbeen used in a range of studies to explore jet formationand development downstream from the glottal exit, theeffect of small changes in the duct geometry and, latterly,the interrelationship between the vibrating glottal sourceand a noise source further downstream as found in voicedfricative sounds.


The effect of wall vibrations on the air column inside trumpet bells – (Contributed, 000478)

V. Chatziioannoua, W. Kausela and T. Mooreb

aInstitute of Musical Acoustics, University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, Anton von Webern Platz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria;bDepartment of Physics, Rollins College, Winter Park, Orlando, Florida, Orlando, 32789, USA



The effect of wall vibrations on the sound of brass windinstruments is reported. There is experimental evidenceshowing that damping the vibrations of a trumpet bellalters the input impedance and transfer function of theinstrument. Numerical simulations suggest that it is theaxi-symmetric oscillations of the walls of the instrumentthat are responsible for the observed effects. Indeed, a fi-nite element analysis of the effects of such oscillations onthe air column yields results qualitatively similar to thoseof experiments. However, due to the complexity of the ge-

ometry and boundary conditions of a real instrument, theresults of simulations do not agree quantitatively with themeasured influence of the wall vibrations on the radiatedsound from an actual trumpet. For this reason, straighttrumpet bells have been manufactured that are expectedto have boundary conditions more consistent with the as-sumptions of the numerical model. The results of bothexperimental measurements and numerical simulations ofthese custom-made bells are presented in this study.


Higher order modes propagation in the human vocal tract – (Invited, 000812)

R. Laboissierea, H. C. Yehiab and X. Pelorsonc

aINSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, HEH/U Audiologie & d’Explorations Orofaciales, 5 place

d’Arsonval, 69003 Lyon, France; bUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEFALA - DELT, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901

Belo Horizonte Mg, Brazil; cGrenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique, Gipsa-lab 961 rue de la Houille Blanche BP 46 F - 38402

Grenoble Cedex


The representation of the vocal tract in terms of its crosssectional area function is useful to obtain an approxima-tion of the acoustics of the vocal tract based on planewaves, which takes into account only for longitudinal res-onance modes. However, for frequencies above 4 or 5 kHz(depending on the vocal tract geometry), transverse res-onance modes can have a significant effect and must betaken into account. In this paper, we describe a methodto calculate the vocal tract acoustics for the case of cross-sectional shapes measured by MRI. Since these shapes arearbitrary, a method to numerically derive the eigenfunc-tions and eigenmodes has been implemented. Validation

of this method has been performed by comparison withanalytical solutions for rectangular and elliptical geome-try. First a comparison between the results obtained withthis new method and the classical approximation using aconcatenation of uniform ducts of rectangular or ellipticalcross-sections is presented. The effect of higher acousticalmodes is illustrated on the basis of not only the trans-fer function but also on the radiated sound pressure field.Then, the results obtained by numerical simulation arecompared with acoustical measurements performed on me-chanical replicas of the vocal tract with various shapes.


Considerations on travelling waves in the horn equation and energetic aspects – (Contributed, 000816)

T. Heliea, T. Hezarda, L. Delebecqueb and R. MignotcaInstitut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique, 1, place Igor Stravinsky 75004 Paris; bGrenoble Images Parole Signal

Automatique, Gipsa-lab 961 rue de la Houille Blanche BP 46 F - 38402 Grenoble Cedex; cInstitut Langevin “ Ondes et Images ””,

10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France


The digital waveguide synthesis of wind resonators and ofthe vocal tract is based on decompositions into travellingwaves. Typical ones are planar waves in straight pipes andspherical waves in conical pipes. However, approximatinga bore by cascading such basic segments introduce unreal-istic discontinuities on the radius R or the slope R’ (withacoustic consequences). It also can generate artificial in-stabilities in time-domain simulations, e.g. for non convexjunctions of cones.In this paper, we investigate the case of the ”conserva-tive curvilinear horn equation” for segments such that theflaring parameter R”/R is constant, with which smooth

profiles can be built. First, acoustic states that generalizeplanar waves and spherical waves are studied. Examiningthe energy balance and the passivity for these travellingwaves allows to characterize stability domains. Second,two other definitions of travelling waves are studied: (a)one locally diagonalizes the wave propagation operator,(b) one diagonalizes the transfer matrix of a segment. Thepropagators obtained for (a) are known to efficiently fac-torize computations in simulations but are not stable if theflaring parameter is negative. A study in the Laplace do-main reveals that propagators (b) are stable for physicallymeaningful configurations.



Physical modeling of vowel-bilabial plosive sound production – (Contributed, 000377)

L. Delebecque, X. Pelorson, D. Beautemps, C. Savariaux and X. LavalGrenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique, Gipsa-lab 961 rue de la Houille Blanche BP 46 F - 38402 Grenoble Cedex


Vowel-plosives sound production involves a voluntary con-trol by the speaker and a fluid mechanical interactiondue to a pressure recovery downstream of the glottis andviscous dissipation through the constriction. Our goalis to investigate the importance of this aerodynamicaleffect and to model it accurately. In this paper, wewill first present results from measurements on a humanspeaker during production of vowel-bilabial plosive-vowelsequences. These measurements concern Intral Oral Pres-sure, acoustical pressure, EGG and lips video recordingof a male subject. The relative timings between the mo-tion of the lips, the glottal signals and the IOP are ana-

lyzed and related with Voice Onset/Offset Times. In orderto explain and predict the evolution of the IOP observedon human subject, during bilabial plosive production, amechanical model which accounts for the expansion ofthe cheeks is introduced. Lastly, the theoretical modelis tested against measurements on a mechanical replica ofthe vocal tract including a self-oscillating glottis, a con-trolled moving constriction to mimic the closure of thelips. The vocal folds and the lips replica are connected us-ing rigid or deformable (latex) tubes to account for cheekexpansion. Typical examples will be presented and dis-cussed and some synthesis examples will be played.


Description of differences between the sound of trumpets, played by a musician or simulated by physicalmodelling – (Contributed, 000365)

J.-F. Petiota and J. GilbertbaEcole Centrale de Nantes, 1 rue de la noe, BP 92101, 44321 Nantes, France; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine,

Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


This paper addresses the description and the interpreta-tion of differences concerning the sound of different trum-pets, i.e. the sound identity of instruments. Three dif-ferent trumpets, obtained by geometrical variations of theleadpipe, are considered. After a measurement of the in-put impedance of the trumpets, they are first simulatedusing the harmonic balance technique, and second playedby a ”realı musician. Different playing conditions are con-sidered, either for the simulation (virtual musician definedby the control parameters of the simulation) or for the”realı musician (playing at different dynamics). The twopopulations of sounds produced are characterized by their

spectrum in permanent regime. The differences betweenthe instruments, played or simulated, are next describedby data analysis techniques (boxplot, principal componentanalysis, discriminant analysis). The objective is to dis-criminate the variability in the sounds due to the musician(virtual or real) to those due to the instrument itself. Re-sults show that a sound identity of the instrument can bedefined, in particular for crescendo sounds. Even if thesimulated sounds and the sounds played by a musicianare obviously very different, similarities in the differencesbetween real and virtual sounds can also be noticed.


Analysis-synthesis of vocal sounds based on a voice production model driven by the glottal area –(Contributed, 000769)

T. Hezard, T. Helie, R. Causse and B. DovalInstitut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique, 1, place Igor Stravinsky 75004 Paris


The source-filter paradigm has been widely used to model,synthesize and analyse vocal sounds. In spite of their effi-ciency, most of such models neglect some physical phenom-ena which could significantly improve naturalness. In thispaper, we consider a modified source-filter model whichincludes a simplified aeroacoustic coupling between theglottal airflow and the vocal tract while keeping low-costcomputation and efficient analysis methods.

We introduce a glottal area waveform model derived fromobservations on high-speed video-endoscopic recordingsand based on the so-called Liljencrants-Fant (LF) model.The vocal tract is modelled by a concatenation of straightpipes with lossless plane waves propagation. The couplingis ensured by the standard Bernoulli equation, a flow-separation model and continuity constraints for acousticpressure and flow at the inner end of the vocal tract. This


voice production model is driven by the sub-glottal pres-sure, the glottal area and the vocal tract geometry. More-over, we introduce a sound analysis method for this model.

In conclusion, we present some synthesis, analysis andtransformation examples to evaluate the performances ofthis model and compare it with a classic source-filter mo-del.

Wed 14:00 Francois CANAC AA-S07: Variable room acoustics - Diffusion

Modelling of reverberation enhancement systems – (Contributed, 000649)

J. Roucha, I. Schmicha and M.-A. Gallandb

aCentre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment, 24 rue joseph fourier 38400 Saint martin d’heres; bLaboratoire de Mecanique des

Fluides et d’Acoustique, 36 Av Guy de Collongue 69134 Ecully Cedex


Electroacoustic enhancement systems are increasinglyspecified by acoustic consultants to address the requestsfor a multi-purpose use of performance halls. However,there is still a lack of simple models to predict the effectinduced by these systems on the acoustic field.Two models are introduced to establish the impulse re-sponses of a room equipped with a reverberation enhance-ment system. These models are based on passive impulseresponses according to the modified theory of Barron &Lee or to the diffuse stochastic fields approach introduced

by Polack. The action of the system is simulated eitherwith an energetic approach derived from Sabine’s theoryor by solving the frequency equation governing a multi-variable loop system (FMLSE).

The acoustic criteria derived from these models are com-pared with those obtained with a reference method. Thismethod is based on the numerical calculation of impulseresponses by asymptotic methods (ICARE software devel-oped at CSTB) and the resolution of the FMLSE.


Auralization of a virtual orchestra using directivities of measured symphonic instruments – (Contributed,

000758)

S. Pelzer, M. Pollow and M. VorlanderRWTH Aachen University, Institute of Technical Acoustics, Templergraben 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany


Room acoustic simulation algorithms have evolved to pow-erful tools in recent years. Additionally to traditionaltasks, such as prediction of room acoustic parameters (e.g.reverberation time, strength etc.), they are commonlyused for auralizations nowadays. For a lively and naturalvirtual representation of real sound sources, it is impor-tant to include their individual characteristics in terms ofdirectivity patterns and spatial dynamics.For a high quality auralization of a full orchestra, the ra-diation patterns of symphonic instruments were capturedusing a surrounding spherical array and stored in the freeopenDaff directional file format. Using a hybrid image

sources and ray tracing method, room impulse responses(IRs) were calculated for each orchestra instrument. Theplayer’s movements were simulated by applying an arti-ficial ehumanization’ to the position and orientation vec-tors.

The simulation generates binaural signals as well as spa-tial impulse responses in spherical harmonics (SH) format,which can then be convolved with anechoic recordings ofeach part. Using the flexible SH representation and head-tracking, a dynamical and immersive auralization can beachieved that reacts on the listeners head movements.


Scattering sound field prediction over periodic facing walls containing rectangular cavities – (Contributed,

000131)

A. Khanfira, A. Faizb, J. Ducourneaub and J. Chatillona

aINRS, 1, Rue Morvan, 54519 Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France; bFaculte de Pharmacie de Nancy, 5, rue Albert Lebrun, 54001 Nancy,

France



The ”Institut National de Recherche et de Securiteı(INRS) is interested to reduce hearing risks in industrialworkplaces by improving in situ noise conditions. INRSproposes appropriate solutions to improve the acoustictreatment of facings for noise control at workplace. Thisrequires the development of theoretical and experimen-tal methods of acoustic characterization of wall facingspresent in industrial rooms. These walls which possess pe-riodic or aperiodic reliefs scatter sound waves. This workconsists in developing a theoretical model to predict theacoustic pressure field reflected and scattered over a peri-odic facing containing parallel rectangular cavities. Orig-

inally, the model is based on a study of thick slits in elec-tromagnetism. It has been adapted to study the acousticbehavior of a rectangular cavity by blocking the bottom ofthe slit. Then, the model has been generalized for severaljoint cavities by taking into account effects of coupling. Ithas been compared to FEM method and to experimentalresults obtained in a semi-anechoic room for a periodic fac-ing containing three rectangular cavities insonified by anincident spherical acoustic field. The observed agreementbetween the numerical and experimental results supportsthe validity of our model on a wide spectral range.


Ray-tracing modelling of the diffraction by half-planes and slits based on the energy flow lines concept– (Contributed, 000644)

A. Billona and J.-J. EmbrechtsbaLaboratoire d’Etude des Phenomenes de Transfert et de l’Instantaneite : Agro-industrie et Batiment, Batiment Fourier Avenue Michel

Crepeau F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 1; bUniversity of Liege - Acoustics Labo, Campus du Sart-Tilman, B28, B-4000 Liege 1, Belgium


Geometrical acoustics models are currently the most pop-ular prediction tools in room-acoustics due to their lowcomputing load. However, they seldom take into accountthe diffraction occurring at free edges or apertures. More-over, the existing diffraction models implemented in geo-metrical acoustics algorithms are either limited to specu-larly reflected paths or either present excessive complex-ity. Recently, a diffraction model based on an approxi-

mation of the far-field direction of the Poynting’s vectorhas been implemented in an acoustic ray-tracing software.This model can handle both diffuse and specular reflec-tions and sets no limit in terms of order of reflection ordiffraction by half-planes. Results for single and doublediffraction problems are presented here. Moreover, thismodel is developed to handle diffraction occurring at slitsand comparisons with experimental results are shown.


Measurement of sound diffusion coefficients of scattering furnishing volumes present in workplaces –(Invited, 000162)

A. Faiza, J. Ducourneaua, A. Khanfirb and J. Chatillonb

aFaculte de Pharmacie de Nancy, 5, rue Albert Lebrun, 54001 Nancy, France; bINRS, 1, Rue Morvan, 54519 Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy,

France


Scattering furniture (desks, chairs, cupboards, oe) are of-ten present in workplaces. Predictive software tools likeRay+ for mapping the acoustic pressure field in work-places employ acoustic characteristics such as the absorp-tion or diffusion of scattering wall facings or furnishingvolume. In this work, we used a measurement system fordetermining the in situ sound diffusion coefficient of scat-tering furniture. The measurement technic is based onVorlander and Mommertz method originally operating infree-field conditions. In order to overcome problems of par-asite echoes coming from reverberation of the other inner-walls of the building and from noisy sources present on

the site, we used a dedicated emission/reception system.An acoustic array using multipolar weighting allows spa-tial filtering of the parasite echo and an impulsive soundsource enables the use of a broad temporal window, re-sulting in adequate time separation of the different signalsreceived by the antenna. Measurements of sound diffusioncoefficient of a desk, chairs, one or several seated persons,cupboards, panels containing one or several cavities, etc,have been carried out for several incidence angles. Thesemeasures allow constituting a first database of sound diffu-sion coefficients per octave of scattering furniture in work-places.


Searching for a theoretical relation between reverberation and the scattering coefficients of surfaces ina room – (Invited, 000065)


J.-J. EmbrechtsUniversity of Liege - Acoustics Labo, Campus du Sart-Tilman, B28, B-4000 Liege 1, Belgium


The Sabine formula gives an opportunity to relate the re-verberation time to the global absorption properties ofa room. On the other hand, the scattering propertiesof surfaces also influence the reverberation. However, ifthe physical principles governing this influence are alreadyknown, there’s presently not such a clear link between the”quantity” of scattering, the scattering coefficients of sur-faces and reverberation. This link, like the Sabine for-mula, would help to specify the scattering properties ofsurfaces in room acoustics projects. This paper does notgive a general solution to the problem, but it is rather areflection based on existing research and a tentative of ap-

proach based on the acoustic radiative transfer (or trans-port) equation. This equation is first of all expressed forroom acoustics problems, especially concerning the bound-ary conditions which explicitly include the surfaces’ scat-tering coefficients. It is then applied to a diffuse soundfield, showing that the scattering coefficients do not explic-itly influence reverberation under such a strong assump-tion. In a second application, the transport equation isapplied to a room containing a pair of parallel surfaces.In that case, the influence of scattering coefficients is de-scribed.

Wed 16:40 Paul LANGEVIN PU-S05: Structural health monitoring

Structural health monitoring using acoustic pressure response – (Contributed, 000093)

V. Aroraa, Y.H. Wijnantb and A.D. BoerbaUniversity of Stavanger, Kjell Arholmsgt. 41, 4021 Stavanger, Norway; bStructural Dynamics and Acoustics, University of Twente,

7500AE Enschede, Netherlands


The subject of structural health monitoring is emergingas an increasingly important component of overall nonde-structive evaluation programs.Presently, vibration-basedand contact acoustic emission techniques have been widelyused for structural health monitoring. Both vibration-based and acoustic emission techniques require attachingtransducers to structures. In many applications, suchas those involving hot structural materials for thermalprotection purposes or in rotating machines, non-contactmeasurements would be preferred because the operatingenvironment is prohibitive leading to potential damagein contact sensors or their attachments. There are someexamples of optical techniques, such as laser-based tech-niques that do not require contact measurements but these

non-contact methods are very expensive with respect tohardware and computational effort. In such cases, non-contact acoustics techniques are a very attractive optionfor determining the location and extend of damage in thestructure. In this paper, a new method of SHM usingacoustic pressure response is proposed. In the proposedmethod, the acoustic pressure responses are used to ob-tain vibro-acoustic mode shapes of the vibrating structure,which are subsequently used for damage detection of thestructure. The proposed acoustic-based SHM facilitatesless expensive acoustic field measurements and fast dataprocessing. In total, this will lead to an online structuralhealth monitoring system.


Damping analysis in flexural vibration of sandwich beams with debonding – (Contributed, 000353)

I.M. Moustapha, A. El Mahi, R. El Guerjouma and O. DazelLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


The paper presents, an analysis of the damping of sand-wich composites with debonding. These sandwich com-posites consist of two thin faces composed of glass fibresand epoxy resin bonded to light weight and weaker corematerial of PVC foams. Natural frequencies and damp-ing parameters are investigated using beam test specimensand an impulse technique. Modelling of the damping of asandwich composite with debonding is established consid-ering finite element analysis which evaluated the different

energies dissipated in the material directions of the coreand the skins. The effects of debonding variable lengthson the natural frequencies and the damping were studiednumerically and compared with experimental results. Theresults show that the natural frequencies and damping aresensible to debonding length. These properties offer thesensitive indicators of damage of sandwich materials dur-ing lifetime.



Hilbert-Huang Transform versus Fourier based analysis for diffused ultrasonic waves structural healthmonitoring in polymer based composite materials – (Contributed, 000427)

S.E. Hamdia, A. Le Duffa, G. Plantiera, L. Simonb, R. El Guerjoumab and M.H. Ben Ghozlenc

aGroupe ESEO, rue Merlet de la Boulaye, 49009 Angers, France; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR

Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; cFaculte des Sciences de Sfax, Rte Soukra km 3.B.P. 1171, 3000 Sfax,

Tunisia


The use of time-frequency distributions for analysis ofdiffused signals, which takes into account the non-stationarity of these signals, may be vital for structuralhealth monitoring applications. Although this type ofanalysis may bring new information into the signals analy-sis, the interpretation of a time-frequency distribution maynot be simple, which may affect the damage identification.In addition, the large number of available tools for time-frequency analysis with different assumptions about thesignal features (i.e. assumptions about linearity, station-arity, etc.), may cause a problem when selecting the mostappropriate technique for signal analysis, and then may

affect the interpretation of results. In this paper, inducedholes in a Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) com-posite plate, considered as damages, are visualized on dif-ferent time-frequency representations. In particular, rep-resentations obtained from traditional Fourier based anal-ysis methods like spectrogram are compared to that pro-vided by the Hilbert-Huang transform, recently developed.Such a comparison of these techniques can be very usefulto justify the accuracy of the HHT and for guiding thechoice of the appropriate monitoring strategy of a givenprocess.


Interaction of fundamental Lamb modes with a point impact damaged zone in composite plates –(Contributed, 000601)

D. Singh, R. El Guerjouma and M. BentaharLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


Due to high specific strength and stiffness for low weight,composite materials are increasingly used in modern in-dustry. However, one weakness of such materials is theirsensitivity to impacts, which may cause severe and harm-ful damages. The crack-like defects created by impactsmay lead to local decays in composites properties, i.e., inthe vicinity of the impacted zone. Furthermore, the an-gular spreading of the shock wave produced by the pointimpact makes the conical shape of impact damage. Inthis work, we study the interaction behavior of A0 and S0Lamb waves with a conical damaged zone created duringa point impact on the surface of a carbon fiber reinforced

composite (CFRC) plate. A 3-Dimensional Finite Elementmodel is used to simulate the scattering by the damagedzone of the above mentioned guided modes. The damagedzone inside the composite plate has been modeled as aconical shaped geometry with decayed material stiffnessproperties. The directivity pattern of the scattered fieldfor the A0 and S0 modes are predicted from 3D FiniteElement simulations and plotted graphically for variouspositions of the defect. The results will be used as a ba-sis for the quantification of the detection sensitivity forimpact zones in CFRC using guided wave sensors.


Carbon nanotubes and graphene-based microsonar for embedded monitoring of microporosity – (Contributed,

000636)

B. Lebentala, N. Sridib, F. Bouanisc, C.-S. Cojocaruc, F. Bourquina and A. GhisbaIFSTTAR (ex-LCPC), 58 bd Lefebvre, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France; bCEA-LETI, Minatec Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054

Grenoble, France; cLPICM-Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France


Nanoporosities play a most significant role in the durabil-ity of cementitious materials, so that nanoscale featuresare a promising target for SHM. However, to this day, nosensor features the resolution required to investigate non-destructively these nanofeatures. To fill in this loophole,

we are devising a SHM-targeted, carbon nanotubes andgraphene based capacitive ultrasonic nanotransducer formicroporosity assessment in concrete.In this paper, we report on the feasibility of the keybuilding block of the proposed sensor: we have fabricated


ultra-thin graphene and single-walled carbon nanotubesmembranes. A breakthrough laser vibrometry experimentshows that the membranes can feature above-nanometeramplitudes of vibration over a large range of frequenciesspanning from 100 kHz to 5 MHz.

A detailed numerical model of the nanotransducer showsthat upon embedding in a cementitious material it coulddetermine the volume and content of the porosity in itsvicinity. Such information would be invaluable in the eval-uation of structural durability.


Creep-rupture prediction by naive bayes classifiers – (Contributed, 000717)

M. Darwichea, G. Bousalehb, M. Feuilloyc, D. Schangc and R. El Guerjoumaa

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bUniversite Libanaise, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, 1600 Saida, Lebanon; cEcole Superieure d’Electronique de l’Ouest, 4, rue

Merlet de la Boulaye, BP: 30926, 49009 Angers Cedex 01


The purpose of this study was to predict the failure ofcomposite materials by developing and evaluating an arti-ficial learning algorithm that could predict their life time.This will be done by predicting whether a specimen willbreak within 30 seconds or not. Specimens were testedaccording to the creep test by the traction method. NaiveBayesian classifiers have been developed retrospectively ina group of 90 samples and tested prospectively in a groupof 30 samples to evaluate and ensure the performance of

this learning method. Each sample was characterized bya number of relevant parameters. During the five cross-validations, the learning machine achieved a mean sensi-tivity of 78% and a mean specificity of 82%. The meanarea under the ROC curve (Receiver Operating Curves)reached 0.88. The study can be regarded as a very impor-tant step in the term of prediction of composite materialtime life remaining.


Non Destructive Evaluation and Structural Health Monitoring of structural materials by means ofnonlinear acoustics and acoustic emission – (Contributed, 000815)

R. El Guerjouma, M. Bentahar, J.-H. Thomas and A. El MahiLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9

Corresponding author E-mail: rachid.el [email protected]

Damage characterization of structural heterogeneous ma-terials as concrete, rocks, or composites by classical linearacoustical methods does not generally give the expectedsensitivity to early damage detection. As such, acousticalnonlinear methods appear like an interesting alternative.In this contribution we present a NonLinear ResonanceSpectroscopy (NLRS) approach and use some NLRS fea-tures as Resonance frequency shift, Q-factor change asa function of the peak amplitude and Acoustical SlowDynamics (ASD) to characterize damage in concrete andpolymer-based composite. Materials are characterized atintact and gradually damaged states. Besides, damage wasmonitored using the Acoustic Emission (AE) generated by

the material during the damage process. A classificationof the AE signals is proposed to identify the different dam-age mechanisms and to understand their contribution tothe evolution of the NonLinear behaviour of the materialsunder investigation. In this contribution we report obser-vations of non linear features corresponding to a polymer-based composite sample taken at the intact as well as pro-gressively damaged states. These features are correlatedto Acoustic Emission data recorded during the differentdamage steps. This work shows the relevance of this ap-proach in developing new highly sensitive methods for NonDestructive Evaluation and Structural Health Monitoringpurpose.

Wed 17:00 Francois CANAC AA-S01: Acoustics of offices

Acoustic of open spaces - Overview of standardization work – (Contributed, 000032)

Y. Le MuetSAINT GOBAIN ECOPHON, 19 RUE EMILE ZOLA, 60290 Rantigny, France



NF S 31-199 uses the concepts of discretion. The under-lying idea is that ensuring good intelligibility in the scopeof communication (the workstation) will reduce the dis-turbance to distant workstations . Indeed, there is a con-tradiction inherent in open office areas: voice, useful totransfer knowledge and expertise in the room, turns outto be a disturbance few moments later, a few meters away.The complexity of the acoustics of open spaces brought thecommission AFNOR S30 D in 2007 to initiate the draftingof a new document, complementary to NF S31-080.The central themes are that communication and concen-tration have declined from a model space analysis dis-

tinguished in three zones, each corresponding to differentacoustic issues: the workstation, the team and the depart-ment. The paper proposes the state already in a numberof strategies, including the provision of workstations withissues and interactions between employees, reducing theambient noise level or the mastery of sound propagationin space. This presentation proposes to make an inventoryof the progress of the drafting work for four sub-categoriesof open space, ranging from call center to open space tothe public


Efficiency of an acoustic table screen between two work stations in open plan offices – (Invited, 000053)

I. Schmicha, C. Rougiera, P. Jeana and P. ChevretbaCentre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment, 24 rue joseph fourier 38400 Saint martin d’heres; bINRS, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027,

54519 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France


In order to improve the acoustic comfort of the users inopen plan offices, several solutions are proposed. Oneof them consists in the installation of a small absorbingscreen between two face to face work stations. The heightof this table screen is variable. Nowadays it is difficult topredict accurately the efficiency of this kind of installation.A typical case of an office work station has been modeledand different heights of the table screen have been investi-gated through simulation. Two simulation methods havebeen compared: The first one (ICARE software developed

at CSTB) uses asymptotic methods and is based on beamtracing including edge diffraction. The second method(MICADO 3D software developed at CSTB) uses the re-solution through the Boundary Element Method where theGreen function is optimized by the use of a source imagetechnique. The simulation results show the insertion lossfor the table screen and permits to determine the most effi-cient height for the protection between two work stations.Finally, the simulations results are compared to measure-ment results done in a semi-anechoic room by INRS.


Objective and subjective assessment of disturbance by office noise - Relevance of the use of the speechtransmission index – (Contributed, 000148)

A. Ebissoua, P. Chevreta and E. ParizetbaINRS, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France; bLaboratoire Vibrations Acoustique INSA Lyon, 25 bis

avenue Jean Capelle, Villeurbanne, F-69621 Lyon, France


This experiment is part of a study aiming to assess thedisturbance experienced by workers in open-plan offices.Previous studies have shown that a sound environmentrich with speech sounds can be detrimental to one’s per-formance. The magnitude of this Irrelevant Speech Effect(ISE) depends on the intelligibility of the ambient speech.This has led to the use of the STI to model the induceddecrement in performance. However, a decrease in perfor-mance is only one aspect of the more general concept ofdisturbance. When attempting to model the ISE in thisregard, other components should be explored. In this firstexperiment, fifty-six subjects perform a classical seriation

task during 10-minutes blocks. They are confronted tosound evironments typical of open-plan offices. In eachblock, a voice emerges from the noise, with a STI valuein the 0.3 - 0.7 range. Both their performance and re-sponse times are recorded. A silent condition is used as areference. After each block, they are presented with theNASA-RTLX questionnaire for a subjective assesment oftheir workload. Comparisons between speech conditionswill be made in order to understand the influence of am-bient speech intelligibility on objective and subjective dis-turbance.



Sound level prediction in open-spaces: implementation of diffraction in RAYPLUS software – (Contributed,

000149)

P. Chevret and J. ChatillonINRS, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France


This study addresses the problem of diffraction by screensin open-plan offices. A numerical model, based on a ray-tracing method, was implemented. The initial model usedwas a piece of software whose purpose was to predict soundlevels in industrial premises. Diffraction was introducedinto the model via the Uniform Theory of Diffraction(UTD). For the purposes of validation, a campaign of testswas conducted in a semi-anechoic chamber. A first seriesof measurements of diffraction by a single screen and bya low-divider partition on a double desk made it possibleto validate the experimental conditions through compar-

isons with the UTD. In the same experimental context,the predictions of the octave band spectra with the mod-ified model were of good accuracy. In a second series ofmeasurements, a removable ceiling was suspended abovethe double desk. The acoustic field behind the low di-vider was then made up of a mixture of the field diffractedby the low divider and of the field reflected by the ceil-ing. The results of the comparisons between calculationsand measurements in this unitary configuration show thatthe modified model can be an excellent tool for predictingsound levels in an open-plan office.


Prediction of sound pressure levels at workplaces – (Contributed, 000518)

F. ProbstDataKustik GmbH, Gewerbering 5, 86926 Greifenberg, Germany


The sound pressure levels at work places are determinedby the sound emission of the noise relevant facilities likemachinery and by the acoustic properties of the room.A strategy has been developed to create virtual models ofsuch sources by single point sources with frequency depen-dent directivity or by acoustically impervious cuboids cov-ered by grids of point sources. In a pre-process the sourcedistribution is developed from the sound power level andthe directivity or by levels at defined positions around thesource determined by measurements. This emission is cou-

pled to a hybrid propagation calculation that allows to ap-ply absorptive treatment of surfaces as well as screeningobjects. Low order reflections are calculated deterministicapplying the mirror image method, while higher reflectionorders are taken into account by a fast ray tracing cal-culation. The method is applicable to develop low noiselayouts in offices, machine halls or other work places onthe basis of standardized emission levels according to themachine directive.

Wed 17:00 Yves ROCARD NV-S07: Mid-Frequency

Automatic recognition of the components of a Hybrid FE-SEA model – (Contributed, 000399)

L. Kovalevsky and R.S. LangleyUniversity of Cambridge, Engineering Department, Trumpington street, cb21pz Cambridge, UK


The hybrid finite element/statistical energy analysis(FE/SEA) method [Journal of Sound and Vibration, 288,669-700 (2005); Journal of the Acoustical Society of Amer-ica, 122, 3445-3463 (2007)] is a vibro-acoustic analysis ap-proach based on a non-parametric model of uncertainty. Itallows the prediction of the ensemble mean and variance ofthe response of a complex built-up system across a largerange of frequencies, with a small number of degrees-of-freedom, and without the use of Monte-Carlo simulations.This approach considers the structure as an assembly offully deterministic components, modelled using FE, and

highly random components which are modelled with SEA,and a diffuse field reciprocity relation is used to model thecoupling.The main difficulty of this method is the choice of thedifferent components. The work presented here addressesthis issue. The aim is to develop an algorithm that canautomatically recognise the SEA and FE components ina hybrid model based on a relatively coarse-mesh finiteelement analysis.



On the usefulness of entropy in statistical energy analysis – (Contributed, 000507)

A. Le Bot, A. Carbonelli and J. Perret LiaudetLaboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systemes, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex


Statistical energy analysis is well-known method in thefield of high frequencies. This method is founded onan analogy with thermodynamics and is largely inspiredfrom results of statistical mechanics. But nowadays, themethod is limited to the prediction of vibrational energiesby application of the first principle of thermodynamicsthat is an energy balance on individual subsystems. Inthis study, we propose to extend statistical energy analy-

sis by introducing the concept of vibrational entropy. Theexplicit formula given the vibrational entropies in termsof energies and number of modes is given. The entropycreated during the energy echanges between subsystemsis also given. Some examples are described which illus-trate the meaning of vibrational entropy and vibrationaltemperature.


High-frequency acoustic modelling: complex envelope applications to industrial cases – (Contributed,

000264)

A. Carcaterraa, T. Svatona,b, O. Gianninia and A. SestieriaaSapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy; bUniversity of West Bohemia – NTIS, Univerzitnı 22, 30614

Pilsen, Czech Republic


In the context of mid- and high-frequency in acousticsand vibrations, the modeling of complex problems gen-erates several difficulties. Part of them are related to theextreme large number of degrees of freedom the analystmust introduce in the discretised model. This makes theproblem computationally heavy and very sensitive even tosmall uncertainties in the data. For this reasons in thelast decade a systematic effort has been produced fromacademic and industrial groups to introduce new methodsto deal with mid- and high- frequency problems. Recentlyseveral European project have been devoted to this sub-

ject and among them MID-FREQUENCY. In this frame,this paper reports significant results in the application ofa relatively new model called CEV – Complex EnvelopeVectorization, able to solve high-frequency vibro-acousticcoupled problems through the introduction of a suitablevariable transformation. The method has been the subjectof several prior investigations by the authors in the lastyears and in the present paper it is applied to real casesmet in design of car acoustics. The results are indeed veryencouraging and give a new horizon to the application ofCEV.


The Variational Theory of Complex Rays: a predictive computational tool for complex 3-D mid-frequency acoustic problems – (Contributed, 000545)

H. Riou, P. Ladeveze and L. KovalevskyLaboratoire de Mecanique et Technologie, Bat. Leonard de Vinci 61 Av du president Wilson 94235 Cachan Cedex


The Variational Theory of Complex Rays (VTCR) is apredictive computational tool that has been developed tosolve mid-frequency problems. This is a wave approachthat involves exact solutions of the governing equation,and a non classical variational formulation for handlingboundary conditions of the problem. No fine discretiza-tion is therefore necessary to find an approximated so-lution, and the model sizes are consequently drasticallyreduced in comparison with the element based methods.

This results in a more efficient prediction technique for vi-bration problems, especially in the mid-frequency ranges.This presentation discusses how the VTCR can be used forthe analysis of complex 3-D acoustic problems. Its perfor-mances will be compared to the element-based methodsthrough validation examples, on order to highlight its su-perior efficiency over the standard numerical predictiontechniques.



Wave decomposition method for identification of structural parameters – (Contributed, 000320)

M. Ruzeka, J.-L. Guyadera and C. PezeratbaLaboratoire Vibration Acoustique, 25 Jean Capelle, LVA, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du



This paper presents a newly-developed inverse methodbased on decomposition of the vibration field into naturalwaves. It is adapted for 1D and 2D structures which aredescribed by one equation of motion. The method permitsto identify the parameters of the equation of motion. Theimportant feature of this approach is that it does not ne-

cessitate any knowledge of the boundary conditions. It isa so-called local method. Several experimental test wereperformed. Two examples are presented: determinationof the axial force in the straight beam and determinationof flexural rigidity of the plate.

Wed 11:20 Pierre CHAVASSE MI-G01: Measurement and instrumentation

Quantitative analysis by the ultrasonic method of the effect of fluid of quenching on elastic and acous-tical properties of hardened steel – (Contributed, 000028)

A. Markou, H. Nounah, M. Ezzaidi and I. AboudaoudUniv. Ibno Zohr Faculty of science Departement of physics, 4 Rue Smara cite amicale des fonctionnaires Inezgane Morocco, 80350

Inezgane, Morocco


We have studied by an ultrasonic non destructive testingsystem the effect of fluid of quenching on acoustical andelastic properties of hardened steel, the measurements areperformed by an ultrasonic transducer with 5 MHz in thecenter frequency, working simultaneously as a transmitterand receiver. The measurements are made for three sam-ples of steel, each of these specimens are hardened accord-ing to different conditions of tempering (different dura-tions and fluids of quenching). From the signals backscat-

tered by these samples, we have determined the ultrasonicvelocities and attenuations of ultrasonic wave propagatingin these specimens. In this study the results show that thetempering is more efficient for the sample which is quench-ing more times in water and then the acoustical and elasticproperties are best than those tempered in air. Then inthis work we have able to follow by an ultrasonic systemthe influence of the fluid of quenching on acoustical andelastic properties of hardened steel.


Sound characteristics of a pipe with dynamically rough boundary – (Contributed, 000035)

A. Romanova, K. V. Horoshenkov and S. J. TaitUniversity of Bradford, Great Horton Road, BD7 1DP Bradford, UK


Observing the acoustic field in the pipe above a dynami-cally rough water surface can provide a better understand-ing of the hydraulic roughness patterns and the changein these patterns which are caused by the hydraulic tur-bulence interacting with pipe wall roughness. This workpresents results from a novel experimental setup, which al-lows for simultaneous measurements of the acoustic field inthe pipe and water surface behavior. The acoustic and hy-draulic characteristics were studied under controlled lab-oratory conditions, where six hydraulic regimes were usedwith a rough pipe bed condition. The acoustic techniquemakes use of acoustic Gaussian pulse which is transmitted

in air above the turbulent water in the pipe. The scatter-ing of the pulses was recorded on four non-equidistantlyspaced microphones. The results obtained for the six flowregimes demonstrate that the statistical properties of theacoustic field are linked to the statistical properties ofthe dynamically rough water surface. This study demon-strates that the cross-correlation function of the four mi-crophone pairs and the frequency spectrum statistics canbe used for the flow water level and surface waves airbornemeasure. Statistical analysis methodology for the abovetechniques is briefly described.



Development of a sonic boom measurement system at JAXA – (Contributed, 000043)

K. VeggebergNational Instruments, 11500 N. Mopac C, Austin, 78759, USA


The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is ac-tively conducting supersonic transport research toward therealization of civil supersonic aircraft. Technology thatprecisely measures sonic booms is essential to demonstrat-ing JAXA’s sonic boom reduction concept in the planneddrop test of a research aircraft. This is a part of the D-SEND Program (Drop Test for Simplified Evaluation ofNon-Symmetrically Distributed sonic boom). Capturingdetailed multichannel sonic boom histories to validate air-craft design concepts that reduce sonic booms, which isnecessary for next-generation supersonic transport.The first step was the development of a ground based real-time monitoring and data-logging system that measures

sonic booms indoors and outdoors as well as the result-ing vibration of the windows and walls of the test build-ings at the Northern European Aerospace Test range inSweden. The ground-based measurement system is beingexpanded to include an aerial measurement system dis-tributed at altitudes up to 1,000 m to reduce the effectsof atmospheric turbulence. This system will be based onstand-alone computers controlled via wireless LAN dis-tributed aloft for making high-accuracy audio frequencymeasurements. The objective is to accelerate the devel-opment of civil supersonic aircraft by demonstrating thelow-boom design technology in planned drop tests.


Water distribution measurement in sand using sound vibration and SLDV – (Contributed, 000068)

T. Sugimotoa, Y. Nakagawaa, T. Shirakawaa, M. Sanoa, M. Ohabab and S. Shibusawab

aToin Univ. of Yokohama, 1614, Kurogane-cho, Aoba-ku, 225-8503 Yokohama, Japan; bTokyo Univ. of Agriculture and Technology,

3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, 183-8509 Fuchu, Japan


Now in agriculture, it tends to save the agricultural wa-ter as much as possible. Therefore, the irrigation methodusing the minus pressure difference of soil water attractsattention. This method has the nature keeping the watercontent inside the ground. In other words, when there arecrops, it is the mechanism which supplies the water con-tent which is same quantity with the water content thatit absorbed. However, effective saving water is not ableto be performed, because the water distribution in soilis difficult to grasp. Therefore, we propose a method of

monitoring and imaging of the water content in the root-ing zone using a sound vibration and the scanning laserDoppler vibrometer (SLDV). From the experimental re-sult, we can confirm that the distribution of the propaga-tion velocity was a very effective method to the water dis-tribution which is in the shallow position near the groundsurface. Also, in the experiment which used negative pres-sure irrigation, we can confirm that it was caught in thewater distribution which changes time wise by measuringat both of the vibration measurement.


An additional configuration to standard ASTM E2611-09 for measuring the normal incidence soundtransmission loss in a modified impedance tube – (Contributed, 000135)

O. Doutres, R. Panneton and Y. SalissouGroupe d’Acoustique de l’Universite de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l’Universite, Faculte de Genie, Sherbrooke, AB, Canada J1K2R1

QC


This paper presents a three-microphone two-load (3M2L)method for measuring the normal incidence sound trans-mission loss of a noise control system or material in a mod-ified impedance tube. In the standard ASTM E2611-09,the downstream section of the impedance tube includestwo microphones flush with the interior surface of thetube and the proposed four-microphone two-load (4M2L)method to assess the normal incidence sound transmis-sion loss requires the use of two arbitrary acoustic ter-minations. The method presented here is conceptually

identical but (i) the downstream section is reduced to asimple movable rigid backing with one microphone flushmounted on it and (ii) the two arbitrary acoustic termi-nations are replaced by two air cavities. It thus requiresone microphone less and fewer transfer functions. Thestandard switching technique used to correct the varia-tions between microphones is validated on a symmetricalair layer. The proposed 3M2L method is then applied to anon-symmetrical non-homogenous specimen and validatedcompared to the standard 4M2L method.



An automatic method to detect defaults in the measurement chain of a sound level meter, used forunattended noise measurements – (Contributed, 000210)

E. Aflaloa, F. Duponta, P. Cellardb and J.-N. Durocherba01dB-Metravib, 200 Chemin des Ormeaux, 69578 Limonest, France; bLaboratoire national de metrologie et d’essais, 29, avenue

Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes Cedex, France


The built-in electrical check (multi-frequencies charge in-jection) allows testing the entire measurement chain, in-cluding the microphone. It consists in injecting a sinu-soidal charge (1 or 2 levels) into the microphone mem-brane, at selected frequencies. The principle is to collectreference values (initialisation stage) and to check overtime that the deviation between the reference values andthe measured values does not exceed a maximum prede-

fined deviation value. A multiple-frequency check offersthe advantage of a better assessment of a possible degra-dation of the microphone membrane as well as the elec-tronic components. The checking procedure lasts from 10to 30 seconds and occurs between two measurements, soas to make their validation easier. The purpose of the pa-per is to describe the results obtained for different typesof defaults in the measurement chain.


Designing ultrasound generator for induced crystallization – (Contributed, 000261)

J. Irudayaraj and B. Kanickai RajSt. Joseph’s College, Trichy, GRACE House, 39, 4th CROSS WEST, GOKULAM NAGAR, KATTUR, 620 019 Trichy, India


Ultrasound imaging is a modern technique which relieson pezoelectric or qurtz crystal transducers. It convertsmechanical waves to electrical signals and vice versa. Thecharacteristics and properties of a crystal can be improvedby the influence of ultrasound. We devised an ultrasonicgenerator which generates 12 or 15 MHz ultrasonic waveThe heart of the Ultrasonic circuit is IC MAX 038 whichis a wide band oscillator. The frequency is well stabi-

lized by IC 3B. The output of MAX 038 is amplified byoperational amplifier and is given to piezo crystal whichis sufficient in level to drive the crystal. The micro con-troller 16f877A reads the frequency and displays on theLCD. Various types of crystal have been grown under theinfluence of ultrasound and without the ultrasound. It isinteresting to note that Ultrasound has an important roleto tailor the properties of crystals.


Damage mechanisms identification of polymer based composite materials: time-frequency investigationof acoustic emission data based on Hilbert-Huang transform – (Contributed, 000323)

S.E. Hamdia, A. Le Duffa, G. Plantiera, A. Souricea, L. Simonb and R. Ferona

aGroupe ESEO, rue Merlet de la Boulaye, 49009 Angers, France; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR

Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


Presented in this paper, a time-frequency damage char-acterization procedure in Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer(GFRP) composite materials based on the analysis of theacoustic emission (AE)signals by the Hilbert-Huang trans-form (HHT). It is to be noted that the study of damageby means of AE in polymer composites prompted the pos-sibility of correlating a specific damage mechanism withits acoustic signature. Several studies highlighted the rel-evance of frequency spectral analysis in order to recon-struct the whole damage process. Thus, the assessment ofthe time-varying dominant frequencies present in a typi-

cal AE signal acquisition, can make easier the assessmentof its structural damage potential. The main difficulty indefining a relationship between a specific damage modeand its acoustic signature is that the AE signals in GFRPmaterials are usually non- stationary and comprise over-lapping transients. Signals of this kind require, first of all,a joint time-frequency analysis. In this context, the newlydeveloped HHT is exclusively used in the present workfor AE signals waveform analysis to describe the damagebehavior as a first step for in situ detection of structuraldamages in polymer based composite materials.



Self-calibrating method for sound reflection index measurements – (Contributed, 000555)

C. Glorieuxa and M. Rychtarikovab

aK.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; bSlovak Technical University, Radlinskeho 11, 81368 Bratislava, Slovakia


Different measurement methods exist that can be usedfor determination of sound reflection from flat surfaces.Diffuse field methods are robust, but require the mate-rial/sample of interest to be brought into a reverberantroom. In engineering praxis, often measurements in situare required. Technical norms for sound reflection indexmeasurements in situ are being developed, with a simpleand accurate measuring procedure method being one ofthe main objectives. In classical sound reflection indexmeasurements, the wall reflectivity is obtained by deter-mining the transfer function between a loudspeaker and

a microphone placed in front of the wall, and comparingthe spectrum of the wall reflection with the one of the sig-nal obtained in a free field situation without wall. Thisarticle proposes a self-calibrating method for determiningthe sound reflection index by exploiting the direct soundinformation in the transfer function, avoiding the need ofa free field measurement. Effects of differences in acousticshadowing between the direct and reflected waves, of ge-ometrical inaccuracies, of loudspeaker directivity, and ofnumerical windowing efects on the spectrum of the reflec-tion coefficient, are addressed.


Visualization and analysis of the vibrations of a human face induced by a bone conduction device usinghigh speed digital holography – (Contributed, 000657)

M. Leclercq, M. Karray, V. Isnard, F. Gautier and P. PicartLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


This paper proposes a first attempt to visualize and ana-lyze the vibrations propagating at the surface of a humanface’s skin induced by a bone conduction device. The pro-posed method allows qualitative visualization and quanti-tative measurement of the surface movements illuminatedby a coherent laser beam.To do this, we developed a new approach in a so-called”quasi-time-averaging regime” allowing the retrieval of thevibration amplitude and phase from a sequence of digitalFresnel holograms recorded with high image rate. The ex-perimental set-up is based on off axis digital Fresnel holog-raphy and a high power continuous wave laser. The sensor

is a high speed CMOS camera permitting recordings witha high spatial resolution (1024×1024 pixels) up to 2.4kHz.The set-up is able to provide full field measurements inthe frequency bandwidth 100Hz - 600Hz.Recording in the quasi-time-averaging regime leaded tothe development of a dedicated algorithm able to extractthe vibration using only three holograms from the se-quence. The design of the algorithm depends on the ratiobetween exposure time and vibration period. Results ex-hibit propagation of vibrations at the skin surface, ampli-tudes being at most at 200nm, and speed velocity can beestimated at each frequency.


A new acoustic three dimensional intensity and energy density probe – (Contributed, 000670)

F. Aymea, C. Carioub, M. Ichchouc and D. Juved

aEcole Centrale de Lyon, 36,Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France; bAirbus, 316 route de Bayonne, 31060 Toulouse, France;cLaboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systemes, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex; dLMFA Ecole Centrale de

Lyon, 36, avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France


The acoustic field inside aircraft cavities is very complex.Indeed, there is often a combination of direct, diffuse andmodal fields depending on the measurement point and onthe frequency band considered. This is directly linked tothe fact that different types of sources are present. Insuch cavities, like a cockpit, sources can be panels radiat-ing not necessary in a normal way, avionics systems, airvents, etcoe

To find efficient solutions to reduce the noise inside aircraftcavities, a good knowledge of the directivity of the acous-tic field in the three dimensions is a great advantage. Inthis frame, a new intensity acoustic probe has been devel-oped to compute acoustic intensity vector and, acousticdensity of energy based on four 1/4” microphones mea-surements around a small sphere. Its originality consistsin the possibility to arrange such probes in an antenna.


Several calculation methods have been studied to com-pute those quantities. Results are compared with threeuni-dimensional intensity measurements, considered as thereference, in different environments. The probe providesacoustic quantities which can be input data for ener-

getic identification methods. Finally, acoustic tests arein progress in a cockpit mock-up, coupling both probemeasurements and energetic identification method.


Sound level meter directional response measurement in a simulated free-field – (Contributed, 000672)

G. I. Goulamhoussen and R. A. WrightCirrus Research plc, Bridlington Road, Acoustic House, YO14 0PH Hunmanby, UK


Sound level meter directional response has to be measuredin free-field, a condition that is usually met by using ananechoic chamber. However, using one is not always a pos-sible option for cost or availability reasons. This paper de-scribes an automated method that uses a structure, builtto provide a simulated free-field, and a time-selective tech-nique to remove the room reflections from the frequencyresponse, thus enabling the directional response of an ins-

trument to be measured without an anechoic chamber.The proposed method is then compared to the classicaltoneburst method for validation. Finally, the effects ofsome parameters (i.e. external noise, temperature, mi-crophone positioning, air fluctuations...) on the obtainedresults are discussed, as well as their associated uncertain-ties.


Estimation of the primary stability of a dental implant using an ultrasonic device: an in vitro study –(Contributed, 000691)

R. Vayron, V. Mathieu and G. HaiatLaboratoire MSME, 61, avenue du Generale De Gaulle, batiment P2, bureau 352 C, 94010 Creteil, France, Metropolitan


Dental implants are widely used for oral rehabilitation.However, there remain risks of failure that are difficult toanticipate. The objective of this in vitro study is to inves-tigate the potentiality of quantitative ultrasound (QUS)to assess the amount of bone in contact with titaniumdental implant. To do so, the implant is initially com-pletely inserted in the proximal part of a bovine humeralbone sample. The 10 MHz ultrasonic response of the im-plant is then measured and a quantitative indicator I isderived based on the rf signal obtained. Then, the im-

plant is unscrewed by 2π radians and the measurement isrealized again. The procedure is repeated seven times andthe indicator is derived after each rotation of the implant.Analysis of variance (ANOVA) (p<10-5) tests revealed asignificant effect of the amount of bone in contact withthe implant on the distribution of I. The results show thefeasibility of our QUS device to assess implant primarystability. This study paves the way for the developmentof a new approach in oral implantology.


On the effects of derivation method on statistical data in environmental noise measurement – (Contributed,

000728)

R. A. Wright and G. I. GoulamhoussenCirrus Research plc, Bridlington Road, Acoustic House, YO14 0PH Hunmanby, UK


Statistical Levels (percentiles or Lns) are widely employedfor analysis and interpretation of large sets of noise data,and can be obtained either from implementations in SoundLevel Meters or by post-processing. The type of sourcedata and the sampling rate are often not specified. Sam-ples can either be regular instantaneous snapshots of timeweighted sound pressure level, or short samples of inte-

grated sound level. The choice of sampling rate can vary.Due to the statistical nature of Lns the sample size shouldbe an important consideration in determining the qualityof the resulting data. In cases where the noise level distri-bution is bimodal or multimodal, a simple ’bin-counting’algorithm may result in significant differences in Ln valuescompared to a more sophisticated algorithm using inter-


polation. Analysis is presented on the effect on Ln dataof different choices of source data and sampling rate, withinput data including a range of different ’real-world’ noiseclimates and regular electrical signals of varying impul-sivity. The inverse relationship between sample size and

uncertainty is investigated. The paper describes the testprocedure for Lns described in DIN 45657:2005 and sug-gests alternative tests intended to provide better coverageof potential variation in results due to differences in im-plementation.


Distributed noise monitoring in intensive care units – (Invited, 000856)

G. Memolia, D. Dawsonb, R. Barhama and M. GroundsbaNational Physical Laboratory, Acoustics Group, Hampton road, TW11 0LW Teddington, UK; bSt Georges Hospital - University of

London, Blackshaw Road, SW17 0QT London, UK


Intensive Care Units (ICUs) can be extremely noisy places,with staff conversation and equipment alarms are oftencited as extremely disturbing. These noises are frequentlyimplicated in causing sleep disruption and may have dele-terious effects on patient recovery and staff wellbeing alike.This study aims to assess the acoustical environment inthe General Intensive Care Unit at St. George’s Hospitalin London, and produce a longitudinal noise map. Thestudy exploits novel noise measurement instrumentationutilising MEMS microphones, which makes a distributednoise system economically viable. This presents the firstever opportunity to produce detailed noise maps based on

measurement in a hospital ward environment. The noisemap will identify the areas within the ICU that are sys-tematically noisier than surrounding areas, and providedetails about temporal variations which can be correlatedto specific activities as well as any systematic link withtime of the day or week. As a first step, characterising theperformance of the instrumentation, especially the mea-surement microphone at its installed location, is essentialfor assuring the accuracy of gathered data. Results of lab-oratory simulations of the measurement environment arepresented, together with some initial acoustic data gath-ered from the ICU.


Distributed wireless environmental noise monitoring systems – (Contributed, 000045)

K. VeggebergNational Instruments, 11500 N. Mopac C, Austin, 78759, USA


Wireless technology extends the concept of PC based dataacquisition beyond the limits of cables and wired infras-tructure for new remote or distributed measurement ap-plications. This is an overview of wireless networking ba-sics and how to deploy reliable wireless measurement ina variety of outdoor or harsh environments for reliableand secure data acquisition systems. Case applicationsof distributed outdoor noise monitoring systems will illus-trate networking layers and topologies for specific appli-cations using IEEE 802.11 networks for reliable and se-cure wireless data acquisition systems. One example is a10-node autonomous, distributed wireless monitoring sys-

tem placed in various locations throughout the HistoricCenter of Mexico City. It takes permanent measurementsof the noise levels and streams the data back to a mainmonitoring station every five minutes along with the mea-surements of noise produced during takeoff at the Inter-national Airport of Mexico City. Another example fromFrance called SAVE (Surveillance of Acoustics and Vibra-tion in the Environment) is a noise and vibration manage-ment system for construction site managers. It is basedon multiple laptop based front ends placed throughout aconstruction site and connected wirelessly to a central su-pervisor for continual monitoring and reporting.


0 and 90 Reference Directions for a Sound Level Meter – (Contributed, 000209)

E. Aflaloa, M.R. Vaabenb, P. Pourtaua, D. Vauchera and P. Pischeddaa

a01dB-Metravib, 200 Chemin des Ormeaux, 69578 Limonest, France; bG.R.A.S. Sound & Vibration A/S, Skovlytoften 33, DK-2840

Holte, Denmark



Unattended noise measurements are more and more com-mon for noise assessment in the environment. Multiplesources are usually measured with a random position withrespect to the measurement point. Noise generated byground transportation, leisure activities, construction sitesis coming from all directions, although mainly the hori-zontal direction. Placed vertically and configured for areference direction of 90 from its axis, the goal is to meetthe requirements of the IEC 61672 standard on sound levelmeters taking into account noise incidence from the hori-zontal direction. The main technical difficulty is the cri-

terion for the maximum level difference allowed betweentwo random incidence angles (directivity). The objectivecan be fulfilled using a cone-shaped device on top of themicrophone. When measuring attended noise with the ins-trument in hand, the sound level meter must be pointedat the source according to standard IEC 60651. The pur-pose of the paper is to describe the different research &development phases to fulfil IEC 61672 sound level meterstandard for 0 and 90 reference directions with the samedevice.

Wed 13:40 Ray STEPHENS AB-G01: Animal bioacoustics

Crista acustica in insect ears modeled by an inhomogenous granular chain – (Contributed, 000630)

E. Delevoyea and V. TournatbaCEA-Leti MINATEC-Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du



Insect ears are found on the thorax (in some Hemiptera),the abdomen (in grasshoppers, cicadas, some moths), orthe front tibia (in crickets, katydids). Crista acustica -also named Siebold’s organs- is the sensory organ linkedto tympanum when located in forelegs. It is a collection ofindividually-tuned scolopidia -the most fundamental unitof mechanoreceptor organs in insects- that can discrimi-nate frequencies. A remarkable geometrical property ofthe arrangement of the soma or cell body of hearing sens-ing cells -the inner hair cells in the cochlea of mammalsand human beings and the scolopidia in the hearing or-

gans of invertebrates- has not yet been explored. We willfocus on the arrangement of the cells of the scolopidia ofcrista acustica in the fore tibia of certain Orthoptera (eg,grasshoppers, crickets, katydids). It consists of a collec-tion of perfectly aligned sensory cells which forms a creston top of a hollow tracheal tube behind the tympanum.Such a crest can interestingly be modeled as an inhomoge-nous granular chain linked to a substrate. We will showthat the dynamical response in both time and frequencydomains of this neurally tunable chain also strongly de-pends on its anatomical pre-arrangement.


Sound reception and radiation in a small insect – (Contributed, 000839)

N. Mhatrea, F. Montealgre-Za, R. Balakrishnanb and D. RobertaaUniversity of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences, Woodland road, University of Bristol, BS8 1UG Bristol, UK; bCentre for Ecological

Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bangalore, India


Insects are small; this is a fact of their life. In somecontexts this is an advantage, such as insects do not in-jure themselves through the effects of gravity. In othercontexts this is a disadvantage, especially in the contextof sound production and reception. The wavelengths ofsound that insects such as crickets produce and receive areseveral times larger than their body size. For sound pro-duction, this is particularly challenging and inefficient, assub-wavelength radiation (size to lambda ratio > 1:100)requires great energy expenditure to produce sufficientsound pressure. In receiving sound, they face the recip-

rocal problem and are inefficient receivers. In addition,because of their size they cannot rely on cues other an-imals use to detect the direction of sound. Nonetheless,sound is extremely important to these insects as they useit for mate attraction and to evade predators. We in-vestigate this problem by combining the technique of mi-croscanning laser Doppler vibrometry with finite elementmodelling; and explain some of the biomechanical tricksa tiny tree cricket uses to overcome the disadvantages ofsize.


Acoustic communication in crocodiles – (Contributed, 000336)

N. MathevonUniversite de Saint-Etienne, 23 rue Michelon, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France



All species of crocodiles are known for their ability to pro-duce sounds in several communication contexts. Howeverand despite the importance of sound communication inthe life of crocodilians, knowledge about their vocal worldremains superficial. This paper aims to present recentadvances in our understanding of crocodile bioacoustics.Through experiments both in the laboratory and the field, we have brought evidence of the biological role of young

crocodilian calls, especially at hatching time and later onduring mother-offspring interactions. By analyzing theacoustic structure of emitted signals and by using play-back experiments with modified signals, it has also beenpossible to identify the relevant acoustic cues that elicitbehavioral responses of offspring and mothers. It is nowtime to do more comparative research among crocodilianspecies.


Skylarks (Alauda arvensis) increase their duty cycle in a territorial context – (Contributed, 000012)

N. Geberzahn and T. AubinCNPS CNRS UMR 8195, Universite Paris Sud - Batiment 446, 91405 Orsay, France


Birdsong usually serves to attract mates and to repel ter-ritorial rivals and is often produced by males only. Duringterritorial conflicts song may provide information on thesignaller’s physical strength, and on its motivation to fight.Males may vary aspects of their singing behaviour whenengaged in territorial interactions, and such variation maybe an honest signal of certain traits of the signaller suchas body size, condition or motivation. This informationmay be used by receivers in territorial decisions. We stud-ied contextual variation in the song of skylarks, Alaudaarvensis, a songbird with a large vocal repertoire and acontinuous and versatile singing style. We challenged sub-

jects with simulated territorial intrusions by broadcast-ing conspecific song and recorded their vocal responses.When challenged, males increased their duty cycle. Dutycycle was calculated by subtracting all silent pauses withina song (inter-syllable pauses) and dividing the remainingeon-song-time’ by the total song duration. We found nocontextual variation in other acoustic parameters (pitch,syllable and inter-syllable duration, song rate and songversatility). Duty cycle might be an honest signal for thecompetitive ability and might be perceived as such by sky-larks - this hypothesis will be tested in the future.


Mother-pup vocal recognition in Australian sea lion: individual signatures and environmental con-straints – (Contributed, 000091)

I. Charriera, B. J. Pitchera and R. G. HarcourtbaCNPS, UMR 8195, Universite Paris Sud, bat. 446, 91405 Orsay, France; bMacquarie University, Marine Mammal Research Group,

GSE, Macquarie University, 2109 Sydney, Australia


Parent-offspring recognition is essential for species whereoffspring survival is dependant on maternal care, and thereis high risk of confusion between individuals. Australiansea lions (Neophoca cinerea) are colonial breeders, givingbirth to one pup and suckling it for 18 months. Moth-ers alternate periods at sea foraging with periods in thecolony, reuniting with their pup every time they return.Both mother and pup vocalisations show individual vo-cal signatures. We investigated the acoustic parametersinvolved in the mother-pup vocal recognition using play-back experiments with modified calls. Further, we exam-ined the efficiency of these vocal signatures in three habi-

tat types within the colony using propagation tests. Bothmothers and pups great attention to amplitude modula-tions and to the exact frequency values of the call, andonly pups use frequency modulations to recognise theirmother. Propagation tests revealed that one particular en-vironment was extremely harsh and did not allow accuratetransfer of the individual signature components whateverthe distance. In two other environments, amplitude mod-ulation was only reliable to a distance of 16m, but bothFM and frequency spectrum could be transmitted over32m. The area in which mother-pup reunions occur is animportant factor in the success of individual recognition.


Do dolphins rehearse shows when at rest? Evidence from vocal copying – (Contributed, 000156)

D. Kremersa, M. Briseno Jaramilloa, M. Boyeb, A. Lemassona and M. HausbergeraaUniversity of Rennes 1, Station Biologique, 35380 Paimpont, France; bPlanete Sauvage, La Chevalerie, 44710 Port Saint-Pere,

France



It is known that delphinidae can associate heard soundswith salient events/objects and mimic these sounds,mostly in the corresponding context. Thus, one can won-der whether dolphins, as other animals and humans, havea sort of sensory memory of events. Here we show that agroup of five bottlenose dolphins in the Planete Sauvagedolphinarium (France) produced, during their nighttimeresting periods, non-dolphin sounds that they heard dur-ing performance shows. In total, 3246 vocalizations wererecorded during >120 hours (2588 vocalizations during>100 hours at day, 658 vocalizations during >20 hoursat night). Generally in the middle of the night, these

animals produced vocal copies of whale sounds that hadbeen broadcast during daily shows. Recordings made be-fore the whale sounds started being broadcast revealedthat they have never emitted such sounds before. Theseunusual vocalizations differ from all other sounds in thedolphins’ repertoire. The similarity between the dolphins’copies and the model whale sounds was substantiated bya discriminant function analysis with measured acousticparameters and a playback experiment with human audi-ence. This is to our knowledge the first evidence for theproduction of sounds heard during day salient events in anocturnal resting context in marine mammals.


Anthropogenic outdoor sound and wildlife: it’s not just bioacoustics! – (Contributed, 000266)

G. DutilleuxLaboratoire Regional de Strasbourg, 11, rue Jean Mentelin, 67035 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France


The two last decades have seen the growth of a large bodyof scientific and technical literature regarding the effects ofanthropogenic noise on terrestrial wildlife and their miti-gation. These effects range from behavioral modificationslike signalling louder, increasing the signalling rate or re-dundancy, signalling at a higher pitch, signalling outsidenoisy periods, but also alterations of intraspecific or in-terspecific interactions. Moreover it is now proven thatman-made noise may lead to reduced reproductive success,reduced species richness or reduced density. The careful

design of experiments helps avoid methodological biasessome more ancient studies in this field may suffer of. Thispaper reviews the published literature from an engineer-ing perspective. The focus is put on recommendations forimpact assessment and mitigation. The analysis carriedout emphasizes that more attention paid to anthropogenicnoise emission aspects, especially road surfaces, and prop-agation issues, in particular micro-meteorology and therange of validity of the prediction methods used, wouldsignificantly improve the guidance available.

Wed 13:40 Philip DOAK AH-G01: Aeroacoutics

In memory of Phil Doak – (Invited, 000879)

J.S. BoltonPurdue University, Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, 140 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2031, USA


In this presentation, Phil Doak’s history will be reviewedfrom his birth in North Dakota to his retirement in EastMeon, Hampshire. Professor Doak had degrees from TheJulliard School in New York, and from the University ofOklahoma and studied at MIT before moving to Manch-ester in the UK, and then Liverpool University, and finally,Southampton University. The reasons for his move from

the US to the UK will be described. It was at Southamp-ton University that he became founding Editor of the Jour-nal of Sound and Vibration, in which capacity he servedfor almost forty years. In addition, the main areas ofhis research will be highlighted, including room acoustics,aeroacoustics, duct acoustics and sound propagation out-doors.


Jet noise: a perspective on recent developments and future directions – (Invited, 000090)

P. J. MorrisPenn State University, 233 Hammond Building, University Park, 16802, USA


Jet noise predictions can be made based on empirical cor-relations, methods combining RANS CFD and an acous-tic analogy, or by numerical simulation. To make pre-

dictions for new designs, only the latter two approachesare viable. Recent predictions based on the RANS-basedmethods have shown some promise, though they are very


limited in the range of conditions that have been consid-ered. These approaches are described and differences be-tween them are highlighted. How these methods fit intothe concept of jet noise generation by two source mecha-nisms (fine scale and large scale) is addressed. They arealso contrasted with ideas based on wavepacket models of

noise generation by large scale turbulent structures. Noisepredictions based on direct simulation, sometimes coupledwith a wave extrapolation method, offer a wealth of infor-mation. How this database can be used to identify noisesource mechanisms as well provide guidance for noise re-duction is discussed.


Indirect Combustion Noise: Experimental Investigation of the Vortex Sound Generation in a ChokedConvergent-divergent Nozzle – (Contributed, 000540)

N. Kings, L. Enghardt and F. BakeGerman Aerospace Center (DLR), Mueller-Breslau-Str. 8, 10623 Berlin, Germany


Combustion noise in gas turbines consists of direct noiserelated to the unsteady combustion process itself and indi-rect noise. The latter is produced by vorticity or entropyfluctuations originating from the combustor as they ac-celerate when passing through the turbine. The soundgeneration mechanism through the acceleration of vortic-ity alterations was studied in a model experiment. Withina swirl-free and a swirling tube flow, vorticity fluctuationswere generated artificially by injecting temporally addi-tional air into the mean flow which were convected and

accelerated in a choked convergent-divergent nozzle. Theproduced acoustic waves were detected downstream of thenozzle. In addition, the spatial and temporal changes ofthe velocity field upstream of the nozzle were determinedwith Hot-Wire Anemometry measurements. Direct andvortex sound was identified and separated by varying thedistance between the air-injection inlet and the nozzle.The intensity of the swirling flow and of the vorticity fluc-tuation was modified. Increasing the air-injection into themean flow augments the generated indirect noise.


Modeling of combustion noise spectrum from turbulent premixed flames – (Contributed, 000734)

Y. Liu, A. P. Dowling, T. D. Dunstan and N. SwaminathanUniversity of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ Cambridge, UK


Turbulent combustion processes generate sound radiationdue to temporal changes of the total heat release fluctua-tions within the flame volume. The temporal correlationof the heat release rate fluctuations has not been investi-gated sufficiently in prior literature due to the difficultyin acquiring heat release rate data from high-fidelity nu-merical simulations and measurements. In this work, thistemporal correlation and its role in the modeling of com-bustion noise spectrum are studied by analyzing directnumerical simulation (DNS) data of turbulent premixedV-flames. The resulting correlation model is applied to

the prediction of far-field combustion noise using differentreference time scales. The comparison with recent mea-surements of open turbulent premixed flames show thatthe correlation model captures the essential shape of thecombustion noise spectrum. Reasonable agreement in thepeak frequency and peak sound pressure level (SPL) isalso achieved for two turbulent time scales. Further workfor the DNS of a Bunsen flame is suggested to study apromising convective time scale Lf/Uave where Lf is theflame length and Uave is the mean flow velocity.


Estimation of whistling of an orifice in a reverberating duct at low Mach number – (Contributed, 000495)

R. Lacombea, P. Moussoua and Y. Aureganb

aEDF R&D, 1, avenue du General de Gaulle, 92241 Clamart Cedex, France; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat.

IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9



Single hole circular orifices can generate pure tone noisein industrial pipes. This phenomenon results from vortexshedding with lock-in, as a consequence of an acoustic am-plification of incipient pressure waves inside the orifice andof an acoustic resonator outside. Key features of this phe-nomenon are the ability of an orifice to amplify acousticwaves in a range of frequencies and the acoustic feedbackmechanism. First, the study deals with the estimation ofthe whistling ability of an orifice from an incompressibleflow simulation. As the studied flow is limited to low Machnumber, this kind of simulation fairly describes the hy-drodynamic instability. Superimposed harmonic velocity

perturbations allow then to identify the impedance of anorifice and so to define the frequency at which amplifica-tion occur. The next step of the study deals with whistlingfeatures of orifices in a reverberating duct. The extractedimpedance is used in a network model, taking into ac-count acoustic propagation and acoustic reflections. A lin-ear stability analysis is then performed and the whistlingfrequency is predicted. The parameters controlling thewhistling amplitude are finally identified. All the resultsof the study are compared to experiments, showing wellagreements for the whole procedure.


Mathematical definition of noise sources: the basic problem in aeroacoustics – (Contributed, 000180)

A. FedorchenkoIndependent Researcher-Consultant, Dm. Ulyanov Street 27/12-1-50, 117449 Moscow, Russian Federation


Recent advances in the noise control technology were at-tained for the most part by purely empiric efforts, withoutdue knowledge of the mechanisms of aerodynamic soundemission. This fact is confirmed by the impartial analy-sis of many publications in which diverse practical meansof noise reduction were offered and tested. The newestexperimental approaches aimed at identifying the sourcesof aerodynamic sound, primarily the method of acousticimaging via using a microphone array, are considered, andtheir inherent limitations are pointed out. Unfortunately,the family of ”acoustic analogies” is still used by many forthe mathematical definition of aerodynamic noise sources,though the ineradicable flaws of such models had been

lately disclosed. On this weak theoretical basis the cur-rent experimental techniques, as well as the methods ofdirect numerical simulation (DNC, LES,oe), failed to de-termine the instant distributions of the true multicom-ponent sources of sound inside the zone of generation.Alternatively, the author’s two-medium theory is beingsuggested to decompose an initial-boundary-value prob-lem posed for the basic system of nonlinear gas-dynamicsequations. This theory reveals the physics of sound gener-ation, refutes the delusions brought by acoustic analogies,and opens new promising pathways in the field of flow-noise control.


Experimental investigation of the aerodynamic noise radiated by a three-dimensional bluff body –(Contributed, 000373)

J. Fischer, L.-E. Brizzi, J. Laumonier and V. ValeauInstitut Pprime, CNRS - Universite de Poitiers - ENSMA, ENSIP, 6 rue Marcel Dore, Batiment B17, BP 633, 86022 Poitiers, France


The reduction of aerodynamic noise is an important aspectof the development of recent cars in automotive industry.The present work is an experimental study of the aero-dynamic noise radiated by a three-dimensional simplifiedautomotive model. This body is investigated through ve-locity (Particle Image Velocimetry), wall pressure and far-field acoustic measurements in an anechoic wind-tunnelat low Mach number (below 0.15). After an aerodynamiccharacterization of the generated flow, the goal is to dis-

cuss the localization of acoustic sources in the vicinity ofthe model. Therefore, different methods of acoustic imag-ing, based on the beamforming technique, are performedby using an Underbrink multi-arm spiral array. The ar-ray is successively located laterally and above the model.The techniques used are previously validated numericallyand experimentally. Results show the contribution of thedifferent noise sources (leading edge, roof, A-pillar vortexand strut) depending on the frequency.


Stochastic prediction of broadband shock-associated noise including propagation effects – (Contributed,

000428)


C. Henrya, C. Baillyb and G. Bodarda

aSNECMA, Rond-Point Rene Ravaud, Reau, 77550 Moissy-Cramayel, France; bLaboratoire de Mecanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique,

36 Av Guy de Collongue 69134 Ecully Cedex


Noise reduction is a major concern for engine manufac-turers like Snecma. During the cruise phase, BroadbandShock-Associated Noise (BBSAN) originating from the aftof civil engines has been identified as an important sourceof noise. Within this framework, Snecma wishes to im-prove its prediction capabilities of BBSAN. A statisticalmodel which uses a RANS calculation for input is beingdeveloped. The model is applicable to both single-streamand dual-stream engines.

BBSAN sources are located in the mixing layers betweenprimary and secondary streams and between secondaryand flight streams. When the acoustic waves propagatefrom the sources to the ambient medium, they are re-fracted by the mean flow gradients. This propagation ef-fect is taken into account using a ray tracing approach.The final paper will present the acoustic results on a dual-stream configuration. It will include thorough compar-isons with measurements on the same configuration to as-sess the validity of the model.


Experimental study of flight effects on underexpanded supersonic jet noise – (Contributed, 000506)

B. Andrea, T. Castelaina,b and C. Baillya

aLaboratoire de Mecanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique, 36 Av Guy de Collongue 69134 Ecully Cedex; bUniversite de Lyon, 43

Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France


Broadband shock-associated noise is a component of jetnoise encountered in imperfectly expanded supersonic jets.It is going to be responsible for a dominant part of cabinnoise levels at cruise condition for the next-generationcommercial aircraft including composite fuselage. A flightsimulating facility has been built in the anechoic roomof the Centre Acoustique at Ecole Centrale de Lyonand extensive aero-acoustical measurements have beenperformed to study flight effects on broadband shock-associated noise.

In the final paper, flight effects will first be characterizedby far field acoustic measurements. In a second step, themain features will be linked to modifications in the jet dy-namics due to the secondary stream, with aid of schlierenvisualizations, static pressure measurements and particleimage velocimetry. The representation of shock-associatednoise as the result of an interaction between vortical struc-tures and shocks will be assessed and modelling will beaddressed.


Time reversal method for localization of sources of sound generated in viscous flows – (Contributed,

000535)

R. Marchiano, P. Druault and P. SagautUPMC/CNRS, Institut Jean Le Rond D’Alembert - UMR CNRS 7190, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie - 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris,

France


Localisation of sources of sound in viscous flows is animportant issue in aeroacoustics. That topic interestsboth academic and industrial communities. Time rever-sal method is a method widely used in linear acoustics forvarious purposes such as imaging or synthesizing complexwavefields. Nevertheless, time reversal method cannot besimply transposed to aeroacoustics due to basic assump-tions on which it relies. Here, an extended procedure isproposed to deal with the problems of reversing informa-tion in presence of flows and dissipation, two phenomenacontradictory with the time reversal method. It is theoret-ically shown that time reversal method can be extended

by using both the flow reverse theorem and the proper-ties of the matched filter theory. Three cases have to bedistinguished: steady flows with no dissipation, steadyflows with dissipation and unsteady flows. For the firsttwo cases, it is shown that time reversal method exten-sion theoretically works. The latter configuration cannottheoretically be correctly treated. Then, numerical simu-lations supporting these results are presented. A specialattention is paid to configurations dealing with viscous un-steady flows, which give good results contrarily to what ispredicted.



Scattering of wavepacket by a flat plate in the vicinity of a turbulent jet – (Contributed, 000541)

A. V. Cavalieria, P. Jordana and Y. GervaisbaUniversite de Poitiers, 43 route de l’Aerodrome, 86036 Poitiers, France; bInstitut Pprime, CNRS - Universite de Poitiers - ENSMA,

ENSIP, 6 rue Marcel Dore, Batiment B17, BP 633, 86022 Poitiers, France


We present an investigation on the effect of the presence ofa flat plate in the vicinity of turbulent, subsonic jets. Ex-periments have been performed to measure the changes inthe velocity field and in the sound radiation for a numberof Mach numbers and distances between the plate and thejet axis. Results show a significant increase of sound radi-ation at lower frequencies with dipolar behaviour. There

is exponential decay of the scattered sound with the platedistance, in agreement with scattering of the evanescentwaves in the jet near field. The final paper will presenta comprehensive comparison of the experimental resultswith a model based on Parabolized Stability Equations,with sound propagation calculated using a tailored Green’sfunction.


Aeroacoustic study of a simplified wing-flap system in generic configurations – (Contributed, 000682)

B. Lemoine and M. RogerLMFA, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, Bat. KCA, 69130 Ecully, France


Airframe noise produced by the high-lift devices of an air-craft significantly contributes to noise exposure aroundairports. The VALIANT project supported by the ECwith this in mind is aimed at providing a reliable experi-mental database as well as to assess numerical and theo-retical models predicting far-field levels and directivity. Inthis context, the proposed paper is about the interactionof a flat-plate wing and a non-lifting airfoil. Aerodynamic

and acoustic measurements performed for several configu-rations (various streamwise and transverse distances, flowspeeds and incident turbulence rates) are described. Anoriginal analytical model in an overlapping configuration isdeveloped, based on the half-plane Green’s function withuniform flow and an iterative scattering procedure. Themodel is compared with other analytical approaches fromthe literature and assessed against the measurements.


Acoustic-vorticity coupling in linear flows using Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) method – (Contributed,

000783)

G. Favraud and V. PagneuxLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


The evolution of linear acoustic and vorticity perturba-tions in incompressible linear flow is studied. In the par-ticular case of the plane Couette flow, two major phe-nomenons occur: acoustic wave generation by vortexes,and acoustic wave transformations. A straight forwardorder 1 Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) method is de-veloped to perform a systematic study of all 2D incom-pressible linear flows. A small correction based on theconservation of a constant quantity is made to avoid nonuniformities. All the considered flows are decomposed asa weighted sum of a hyperbolic flow and a solid rotation

flows. Three modes naturally come out of such an ap-proach: two acoustic modes with opposite phase velocities,and one vorticity mode. The acoustic mode acquire a vor-ticial component and are not curl-free. In the same timethe vorticity mode are not divergence-free. The two abovementioned coupling phenomenons are also studied. Theyare due to Landau-Zenner type non-adiabatic transitions,and are of an order exponentially small with respect to theshear rate of the flow. The efficiency of the couplings de-pending on the flow class is investigated. The hyperbolicflow provides the most efficient coupling.


Hidden Markov Modeling for humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) call classification – (Contributed,

000280)


F. Pacea,b, P. R. Whitea and O. Adamc,d

aISVR, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK; bBaker Consultants, Cromford Station, DE4

5JJ Matlock Derbyshire, UK; cInstitut Jean le Rond dAlembert - Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris VI, 11 rue de Lourmel 75015

Paris; dCNPS, CNRS UMR 8195, Universite Paris Sud, Batiment 446, 15, rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France


This study proposes a new approach for the classificationof the calls detected in the songs with the use of HiddenMarkov Models (HMMs) based on the concept of subunitsas building blocks. HMMs have been used once before forsuch task but in an unsupervised algorithm with promisingresults, and they are used extensively in speech recognitionand in few bioacoustics studies. Their flexibility suggeststhat they may be suitable for the analysis of the variedrepertoire of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)calls because they cope well with variations in the call du-rations, which is a common feature in humpback whale

vocalizations. Another attractive characteristic of HMMsis that highly developed tool-set is widely available as aconsequence of the widespread use of their employmentfor human speech analysis.We describe the HMM classifi-cation method and show that a high level of performancecan be achieved with modest requirements both in terms ofcomputational load and storage. Training stage requiresminimal manual input and once trained the recognitionprocess is fully automated. We will present how the clas-sification performance is affected by different amount oftraining.


A new optimization method of the geometric distance in an automatic recognition system for birdvocalisations – (Contributed, 000105)

M. Jinnaia, N. Boucherb, M. Fukumic and H. TaylordaKagawa National College of Technology, 355 Chokushi-cho, 761-8058 Takamatsu, Japan; bSoundID, PO Box 649 Maleny, 4552

Queensland, Australia; cUniversity of Tokushima, 2-1 Minami-josanjima, 770-8506 Tokushima, Japan; dWissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin

Institute for Advanced Study, Wallotstrabe 19, 14193 Berlin, Germany


We have been developing an automatic recognition systemfor bird vocalisations. Many biologists have been using theearly 32 bit version of our system and we have been work-ing on a 64 bit version. The software segments a waveformof the bird vocalisation from the three hours continuousrecording and extracts the sound spectrum pattern fromthe waveform using the LPC spectrum analysis. Next, thesoftware compares the sound spectrum pattern (the inputpattern) with the standard pattern (that was extracted inadvance) using a similarity scale. We use a new similarityscale called the ”Geometric Distanceı. The Geometric Dis-

tance is more accurate than the conventional similaritiesin the noisy environment. In the 64 bit version, the soft-ware matches an input pattern with the 40,000 elements ofthe standard patterns per second and per processor, and itis 2.8 times faster than the conventional cosine similarity.In this paper, we introduce an automatic segmentationmethod of the bird vocalizations and a new optimizationmethod of the Geometric Distance. The new optimizationmethod offers improvements of an order of magnitude overthe conventional Geometric Distance.


Improvements in an automatic sound recognition system using multiple parameters to permit recog-nition with noisy and complex signals such as the dawn chorus – (Contributed, 000268)

N. Bouchera, M. Jinnaib and A. SmolderscaSoundID, PO Box 649 Maleny, 4552 Queensland, Australia; bKagawa National College of Technology, 355 Chokushi-cho, 761-8058

Takamatsu, Japan; cUniversity of New England, Armidale, 2350 Armidale, Australia


We have been studying the problem of automatically rec-ognizing calls in noisy recordings along with those with acomplex structure such as the Dawn Chorus (when largenumbers of different species call simultaneously in compe-tition). Our aim is to identify and quantify the callers. Wedemonstrate high accuracy and the ability to quantify the

relative call rate of the various species. In particular thistechnique is ideally suited in situations where the callersare very diverse in call types (such as high frequency par-rot calls coexisting with low frequency emu calls). Wecurrently are targeting calls with S/N of 5 dB or better,although noisier calls can be recognized.



A fully automatic wildlife acoustic monitor and survey system – (Contributed, 000269)

N. Bouchera, M. Jinnaib and A. SmolderscaSoundID, PO Box 649 Maleny, 4552 Queensland, Australia; bKagawa National College of Technology, 355 Chokushi-cho, 761-8058

Takamatsu, Japan; cUniversity of New England, Armidale, 2350 Armidale, Australia


We describe a fully automated, PC based wildlife moni-toring and survey system that is used for diverse speciesstudies. The system uses a wide-area recorder that canrecord over areas of up to several square kilometres. Therecorder can run, unattended for more than a month. Therecordings can either be analysed in real time to producea particular response (e.g. send an SMS if a rare parrot

is detected), or can be analysed later on a PC. Any num-ber of different species can be analysed simultaneously. Insurvey mode, calls can be counted and recognised witha summary of species and call frequency produced. Thesystem has been successfully tested with the dawn chorusand against human surveys.


The effects of antioxidants on metabolic changes under conditions of noise action – (Contributed, 000055)

M. Melkonyan, A. Manukyan, S. Karapetyan, T. Meliqyan and K. KocharyanYerevan state Medical University after M. Heratsi, Koryun str 2, Department of Medical Chemistry, 3741 Yerevan, Armenia


The aim of the current study is to investigate the effects ofendogenous antioxidant alfa-tocopherol and several bioac-tive compounds as preventive measures against hazardouseffect of noise action on living systems. The previously ob-tained results testify to the noticeable decrease of the mainendogenous antioxidant alfa-tocopherol content, lipid per-oxidation processes activity increase both in the tissues ofexperimental animals under noise action and in the blood(plasma and erythrocytes) of the female employed in highnoise level conditions. Correlation of changes of the stud-ied parameters with increase of atherogenic coefficient inthe blood of employees, confirms our assumption of theleading role of the disorders in pro- and antioxidant sys-

tems in the development of different pathological states,particularly atherosclerosis and heart diseases under thenoise action. The introduction of alfa-tocopherolacetatehas had a considerably expressed regulatory effect on thestudied parameters both in experimental animals and peo-ple. Our investigations also revealed regulatory effects ofseveral peptides, possessing adaptogenic and immunostim-ulating properties on the studied parameters in tissues ofwhite rats under noise action. The results obtained tes-tify that the functional activity of the studied peptidesin certain extent depend on their effects on the pro-andantioxidant systems in tissues.


Metabolic changes in the tissues of experimental animals in the conditions of high level noise action –(Contributed, 000024)

M. Melkonyan, L. Hunanyan, G. Zaqaryan, A. Manukyan and L. AyvazyanYerevan state Medical University after M. Heratsi, Koryun str 2, Department of Medical Chemistry, 3741 Yerevan, Armenia


The goal of this investigation is to study the anti- andprooxidants balance in tissues in acoustic stress condi-tions, as we take into account great amount of real factsconcerning it’s role in the pathogenesis of many diseases.The experimental animals (white mongrel rats) underwent91 dBA noise level influence with maximum energy in therange of medium and high frequency. Intensity of lipidperoxidation and protein oxidation, the changes in thecontent of alfa-tocopherol, activity of antioxidant enzymesin different tissues have been studied. Simultaneouslystructural components of biomembranes and structuraland immunological changes in the immunogenesis organs:

thymus, spleen and lymph nodes were studied as well. Therevealed shifts in the thymus, spleen and lymphatic nodesafter the 6 hours influence of noise, are, in our opinion,transient, since the whole syndrome corresponds to a rela-tively late stage of the stress syndrome tension phase. Thedata obtained revealed significant changes in the intensityof lipid peroxidation,alpha-tocopherol content in all stud-ied tissues, in the content of phospholipid glycerides in thebrain mitochondrial and erythrocyte membranes, depend-ing on both the sex of animals and the duration of noiseaction.


Thu 8:00 Lord RAYLEIGH Keynote lecture: Dr. Marc Deschamps

Multi-scale characterisations of materials and structures by ultrasonic methods – (000870)

M. DeschampsInstitut de Mecanique et d’Ingenierie de Bordeaux (I2M), UMR CNRS 5295, Arts et Metiers ParisTech, Universite de Bordeaux, 351

cours de la Liberation, 33405 Talence, France


The characterisation of materials or structures by using ul-trasonic techniques is based on the analyses of wave prop-agation. These inspections reveal elastic material prop-erties or defects presence in the structure. These lasttwenty years, many different experimental set-ups havebeen developed to improve the devices and to extend thefrequency range investigations, as large as possible. Thedifferent methods of wave generation and detection canbe based on the usual piezoelectric sensors, non-contacttechniques using air-coupled transducers, and either mi-crowave or laser radiation. This complementary arraycovers the frequency band from tens of KHz to hundredsof GHz and provides facilities to characterise materials

and to detect defects from submicron dimension up toairplane size. From a theoretical point of view, a mul-tifaceted perspective is required for interpreting and ex-tracting a maximum of reliable data from the experimentsthat are performed with diverse physical and geometri-cal parameters. As a result, the material models understudy can combine anisotropy, continuous heterogeneity,presence of inclusions, viscoelasticity, piezoelectricity, heatconductivity, acousto-optic and opto-acoustic interactionsand electromagnetism. Characterization of materials andNon Destructive Testing are areas of application address-ing the currently growing industrial demand for materialsin aeronautics, transport and civil engineering.

Thu 8:00 Paul LANGEVIN Keynote lecture: Pr. Stuart Bolton

The influence of boundary conditions and internal constraints on the performance of noise controlmaterials – (000877)

J.S. BoltonPurdue University, Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, 140 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2031, USA


Theories governing wave propagation in noise control ma-terials are now well- developed. As a result, it is, in prin-ciple, possible to design optimal noise control materials,whether sound absorption or barrier performance is thegoal. However, it is now understood that details of theboundary conditions applied to poroelastic materials suchas foams have a dramatic impact on their performance. Itis important to understand these effects if the best perfor-mance is to be obtained under particular circumstancesand if the opportunity to achieve enhanced performancein particular frequency ranges owing to these sensitivitiesis to be realized. Here, these effects will be described and

demonstrated. First, the impact of front and rear surfaceboundary conditions on the performance of layers of foamswill be demonstrated and the possibility of enhanced lowfrequency performance will be discussed. Next, the im-pact of material inhomogeneity will be discussed as willthe effects of segmenting poroelastic materials into finite-sized, constrained pieces. It will be shown, for example,that internal constraints can greatly enhance barrier per-formance, but that a weight penalty is inevitably incurred.Finally, a connection will be drawn with recently devel-oped cellular metamaterials, whose performance similarlydepends on finite length-scales and internal constraints.

Thu 19:00 Lord RAYLEIGH Invited Conference and Concert: Pr. Barry Truax

A soundscape composition concert: real and imaginary spaces – (000874)

B. TruaxSimon Fraser University, School of Communication, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Bc, Canada V5A 1S6


Multi-channel audio reproduction provides listeners witha highly immersive auditory experience that has greatlybenefitted the practice of soundscape composition by cre-ating aesthetically enhanced experiences that are based inreal-world experience but move the listener into an ab-stracted or even a completely imaginary space. This con-cert presents three octophonic works by the author that il-lustrate this potential, beginning with Pendlerdrøm (1997)

(Commuter Dream), which takes the listener to Copen-hagen train station where a commuter arrives at the endof the day and waits for a local train, lapsing at two pointsinto a daydream in which previous sonic elements return asmemories that swirl around the space. Island (2000) takesthe listener to an imaginary island where hyper-realisticsounds are accompanied by processed versions of the samesounds, suggesting a magical quality to this space. The


listener progresses from the shoreline up a river, into awatery cavern, then to a windy mountain peak, through anighttime forest and finally to the opposite shore. ChaliceWell (2009) takes the listener to mythical underground

caverns beneath Glastonbury Tor in England. All threeworks were realized with computer-controlled diffusionand digital signal processing techniques such as granulartime-stretching, convolution and waveguide resonators.

Thu 9:00 Peter BARNETT AH-S06: Thermoacoustic refrigerators

Synchronization of a standing wave thermoacoustic prime-mover by an external sound source – (Contributed,

000357)

G. Peneleta and T. Biwab

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bDepartment of Mechanical Systems and Design, Tohoku University, 980-8579 Sendai, Japan


Since the early observations made by Christiaan Huygensin his experiments with two pendulum clocks placed on acommon support, synchronization phenomena have beenextensively studied in the field of nonlinear science. Exam-ples of synchronization phenomena are abundant in manyfields of science, from mechanical or electrical engineeringto chemistry or living systems, provided that a self- sus-tained oscillator may be driven by an external force or an-other oscillator. In this study, we investigated the effect ofsynchronization of a very simple standing wave thermoa-coustic oscillator, when it is driven by an external sound

source, i.e. a loudspeaker. Experiments are performedby controlling both frequency detuning and driving am-plitude in order to draw the Arnold tongues associatedto this particular device. The transition from the syn-chronized to the quasi-periodic regime is also studied, anddifferent kinds of bifurcation are observed depending onthe driving amplitude. In our opinion, the experimentsperformed in this study are of interest for teachers, be-cause they exhibit universal concepts in a particular devicewhich is both very demonstrative and easy to reproducewith minimum equipment.


The influence of stack temperature gradient on the acoustic power – (Contributed, 000690)

M. Abidat, M.Z. Dar Ramdane, M. Hamel, L. Merahi and O. HirecheUSTO-MB University, Faculte de Genie Mecanique,USTO-MB, BP 1505, Oran ElM’Naouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria

Corresponding author E-mail: miloud [email protected]

A numerical study of a standing-wave thermoacoustic en-gine startup is presented. The aim of this work is to studythe effect of stack temperature gradient on the acousticpower. The analysis of the flow and the prediction of theheat transfer for different lengths of the heat exchangersare performed by solving the nonlinear unsteady Navier-Stocks equations using the finite volume method imple-mented in -ANSYS CFX- CFD code. Indeed, increasing

the stack temperature gradient contributes to a rise of theamount heat exchanged between the working gas and theheat source and sink. This heat is transported to the stackand therefore more acoustic power is produced. The re-sults show that the increases in the aerothermodynamicsparameter of the working gas are proportional to the in-crease of the stack temperature gradient.


Weakly nonlinear acoustic oscillations in gas columns in the presence of temperature gradients –(Contributed, 000358)

G. Penelet, T. Chareyre and J. GilbertLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


This study deals with the description of nonlinear propa-gation of guided acoustic waves in the presence of temper-ature gradients. Nonlinear propagation of guided acousticwaves has been extensively studied in the past decades. Itis nowadays well-established that, in the frame of weaklynonlinear acoustics, it is possible to derive a Burgers equa-

tion describing nonlinear and lossy propagation in tubes,with possible account of the variation of the tube’s cross-section. However, the effect of a temperature gradient onnon linear propagation has not been studied a lot. Thistopic may be worth studying in the field of thermoacous-tics, where both high amplitude acoustic waves and steep


temperature gradients are present. In this study, the ap-propriate Burgers equation is first derived, describing thepropagation of a single wave in a tube submitted to a lineartemperature gradient. This equation can be solved using afrequency domain numerical model, which allows to quan-

tify the impact of temperature gradients in specific cases.The case a weak temperature gradient along a waveguideexhibiting variable cross section, and the case of a strongtemperature gradient along a straight duct closed at bothends will be treated in this study.


Investigation on streaming sources in thermoacoustic prime mover – (Contributed, 000800)

R. Paridaens, S. Kouidri and F. Jebali JerbiLIMSI-CNRS, BP 133, 91403 Orsay, France, Metropolitan


Thermoacoustic devices either prime mover, heat enginesor refrigerators are not known for their high efficiency.Even though these systems have many advantages regard-ing environmental constraints, they are not yet used inthe industrial applications. Energy conversion efficiencyimprovement of thermoacoustic systems is now in the pri-ority of the thermoacoustic community. One of the rea-sons of the relative low efficiencies is in the physical un-derstanding which is not well achieved. The appearance ofsteady mass flow of second order usually called streamingand superimposed to the oscillating flow in these systemsis shown as an important dissipating energy phenomenon.

From energy consideration and despite their low level, thisDC flow involves heat transfer to the wall which is undesir-able loss mechanism. This phenomenon which is a quiteold topic is still widely investigated experimentally andtheoretically. The design, construction and performancemeasurements of the traveling wave thermoacoustic enginewill be presented and discussed. A non-linear acoustic ap-proach has been developed in order to determine the con-tribution of the different sources of streaming generation.The purpose is to emphasize on the physical interpretationof each source.


Measurements of temperature and velocity fluctuations in oscillating flows using thermal anemometry- application to thermoacoustic refrigerators – (Contributed, 000786)

A. Bersona, G. Poignandb, E. Jondeauc, P. Blanc-Benonc and G. Comte-BellotcaDurham University, School of Engineering and Computing Sciences, Science Site, South Road, DH13LE Durham, UK; bLaboratoire

d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; cLaboratoire de

Mecanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique, 36 Av Guy de Collongue 69134 Ecully Cedex


This paper summarizes our recent work on the develop-ment of thermal anemometry to measure velocity andtemperature fluctuations in oscillating flows. First, wedemonstrate that velocity cannot be measured accuratelyby hot-wire anemometry in oscillating flows when the flowreverses its direction. Indeed, there is no unique andwell-defined correlation between the flow velocity and heattransfer near flow reversal, which prevents the recovery ofvelocity fluctuations from the anemometer signal. Second,we detail new procedures for the measurement of tem-perature fluctuations in oscillating flows using cold-wire

thermometry. Thermal inertia alters the response of thesensor to temperature changes. The thermal inertia of thecold-wire (operated by a constant-current or a constant-voltage anemometer) is corrected instantaneously usingthe same wire but in the heated mode (operated by aconstant-voltage anemometer). The new procedures arevalidated in an acoustic standing-wave where temperaturefluctuations amplitudes lower than 0.2K at approximately1000Hz are successfully measured. Experiments near theedges of the stack in a thermoacoustic refrigerator demon-strate the nonlinearity of the temperature field.


Low Mach number simulation of a loaded standing-wave thermoacoustic engine – (Contributed, 000302)

L. Maa, C. I. Weismana, D. G. Baltean Carlesa, P. Le Quereb and L. BauwenscaUPMC - LIMSI, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; bLIMSI, LIMSI - UPR3251, 91403 Orsay Cedex, France; cUniversity

of Calgary, Dept of Mechanical and Manufacturing Eng., Calgary, Canada AB T2N 1N4



Numerical simulations of a loaded standing-wave thermoa-coustic engine are performed using a low Mach numbermodel. This work uses a simplified model based on cou-pling the nonlinear flow and heat exchange in the heat ex-changers and the stack with a linear acoustic model of theresonator and load. The two-dimensional unsteady numer-ical solution in the heat exchangers and stack region showsthe amplification process until saturation is obtained. Theinfluence of the load model on the wave saturation is stud-

ied, yielding a specific load range for saturation at levelscomparable with experiments. In order to investigate theenergy conversion within the standing-wave thermoacous-tic engine, the acoustic power developed is calculated andthe efficiency is estimated. Finally, the effect of the dis-tance between stack and heat exchangers (with particularconsideration of the case where the heat exchangers andstack are directly in contact) is also discussed.


Numerical simulation of a thermoacoustic engine startup – (Contributed, 000695)

M. Abidat, M.Z. Dar Ramdane, L. Merahi, M. Hamel and O. HirecheUSTO-MB University, Faculte de Genie Mecanique,USTO-MB, BP 1505, Oran ElM’Naouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria

Corresponding author E-mail: miloud [email protected]

In this paper, a numerical study of a standing-wave ther-moacoustic engine startup is presented. The aim of thiswork is to study the effect of the heat exchangers length onthe acoustic power of the thermoacoustic engine (TAE).The analysis of the flow and the prediction of the heattransfer for the different lengths of the heat exchangersare performed by solving the non linear unsteady Navier-

Stocks equations using the finite volume discretisationmethod implemented in the ANSYS-CFX CFD code. Theresults show that the increase in the local specific work isproportional to the increase of the heat exchangers length.The same method, presented in this paper, can also be ap-plied to thermoacoustic refrigerators.


Experimental and theoretical analysis of a small scale thermoacoustic cooler driven by two sources –(Contributed, 000526)

P. Lotton, G. Poignand, A. Podkovskiy, G. Penelet and M. BruneauLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


Being concern by scaling down thermoacoustic coolers toprovide practical solutions for thermal heat management,especially in microcircuits, a current architecture has beenproposed recently [Acta Acustica 97(6), 926-932, Novem-ber 2011]. A non-resonant small cavity fitting the stackdimensions is driven by two loudspeakers coupled throughthe stack. One of them creates the acoustic pressure fieldinside the stack while the other one creates the particlevelocity field.This cooler has both advantages of being compact andflexible, as the acoustic field in the stack can be controlled

to access the optimal field which optimizes thermoacousticeffects. Moreover, the working frequency is not related toresonance conditions, therefore either a quasi-isothermalstack (regenerator) or a quasi-adiabatic stack can be used.

Experimental results, which validates theoretical ones [1],are presented to illustrate the thermal behaviour of a stackand a regenerator in this device. The performances com-pared with those of classical devices having equivalentstack (standing wave or Stirling devices) show the poten-tiality of this compact thermoacoustic cooler.


Development of a thermoacoustic travelling-wave refrigerator – (Contributed, 000763)

M. Pierensa, J.-P. Thermeaua, T. Le Pollesb and P. DuthilaaInstitut de Physique Nucleaire d’Orsay, IPN - 15, rue Georges Clemenceau - 91406 Orsay Cedex; bHEKYOM, 2 rue Jean Rostand,

91400 Osray, France


Thermoacoustic phenomenon deals with the interactionbetween heat and sound. This physical field is studiedfrom the later seventies to develop heat machines for en-

ergy conversion. A thermoacoustic refrigerator uses a me-chanical work, induced by an intense acoustic wave, topump heat from a cold source and rejecting heat to an


ambient source. In the framework of the European projectcalled THATEA focusing on energy conversion efficiencies,a thermoacoustic travelling-wave refrigerator has been de-veloped. This system provides 200W of cooling power ata cold temperature of 233 K with a COP of 30% rela-

tive to the theoretical Carnot COP. We first explain theworking principle of such a system, then we present thedevice, and finally we give results obtained from experi-mental campaigns.


Sensitivity of ultra high frequency pulse tube cryocooler from acoustic viewpoint – (Contributed, 000317)

W. Dai, L. Yu, G. Yu, X. Wang and E. LuoTIPC of Chinese Academy of Sciences, ZhongGuanCun Dong Rd.29, Hai Dian, 100190 Beijing, China


High frequency Stirling type pulse tube cryocoolerpromises higher specific power which is attractive for manyapplications. For the past several years, we have beenworking on a 300 Hz pulse tube cryocooler. At such ahigh frequency, acoustics plays an important role in de-termining the cryocooler performance. This paper studiesthe dependence of cryocooler performance on the dimen-

sions of inertance tube, connecting tube and void volumeinside the system from the acoustic viewpoint. While sim-ilar influence exists in case of lower frequency systems, thecryocooler are more sensitive to these parameters when thefrequency increases up to 300 Hz. Such a study is helpfulin guiding the design of the system.


Numerical simulation of a thermoacoustic couple – (Contributed, 000172)

A. I. Abd El-Rahmana and E. Abdel-Rahmanb,c

aDepartment of Physics, American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, 11835 New Cairo, Egypt; bAmerican University in

Cairo, Department of Physics - School of Sciences & Engineering, Youssef Jameel Science and Technology Research Centre (YJSTRC),

11835 New Cairo, Egypt; cMechanical Power Engineering Department, Cairo University, 12613 Cairo, Egypt

Corresponding author E-mail: ehab [email protected]

Here we report a 2D computational fluid dynamics simula-tion of the non-linear oscillating-flow behavior in a helium-filled half-wavelength standing thermoacoustic refrigera-tor. The finite-volume method is used, and the solid andair domains are represented by large numbers of quadri-lateral and triangular elements. The calculations assumea periodic structure to reduce the computational cost andapply the dynamic mesh technique to account for the os-cillating adiabatic equivalent wall boundaries. The simu-lation uses an implicit time integration of the full unsteadycompressible flow equations with a conjugate heat trans-fer algorithm (ANSYS FLUENT). A Typical run involves

12000 elements and a total simulation time of five seconds.Simulation Results for drive ratios Dr = 0.28% − 2% arecompared to the Swift linear theory and the numericalanalysis of Worlikar et al., and show better agreement withthe experimental values of Atchley. A maximum coolingeffect of three degrees is predicted at a non-dimensionalwave number kx = 3π/4, measured from the resonatorrigid end. This simulation provides an interesting tool forunderstanding the bulk and micro-structural flow behaviorin TAR, characterizing and optimizing their performance,and building models of thermoacoustic flow analysis.


Methods for transfer matrix evaluation applied to thermoacoustics – (Contributed, 000346)

F. Bannwart, G. Penelet, P. Lotton and J.-P. DalmontLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


The design of a thermoacoustic (TA) prime-mover partlyrelies on the knowledge of its onset conditions, i.e. theresonance frequency of the self-sustained oscillations andthe minimum heat power supply which is necessary forthe outbreak phenomenon. These onset conditions can be

calculated once the transfer matrix of the TA core is deter-mined, whichever by analytical modeling or acoustic mea-surements. The latter, however, consists in an interestingoption to avoid thermophysical or geometrical considera-tions of complex structures, mainly with respect to the TA


regenerator, as the TA core is treated as a black box. Twoexperimental methods are considered in this work: theTwo Loads Method and the Impedance Method. Thesemethods are here presented, discussed and compared onseveral aspects, taking into account simulated and exper-imental results for a stack and a regenerator submitted toa steep temperature gradient. Regarding these aspects of

investigation, the Two Loads Method was proved to bethe best for the stack, meanwhile the Impedance Methodfor the regenerator. In the second case, important exper-imental difficulties arise due to intrinsic properties of theregenerator. Therefore, the Impedance Method was con-ceived towards the investigation into this specific problem-atic and has succeeded on its purpose.


Amplification and saturation of the thermoacoustic instability in a standing-wave prime mover –(Contributed, 000398)

M. Guedra, T. Devaux, G. Penelet and P. LottonLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


In this paper, a thermoacoustic standing-wave device isstudied, which consists of a quarter-wavelength straightresonator equipped with a 600 CPSI ceramic stack. Tran-sient regimes leading to steady state acoustic pressure aremeasured under various heating conditions and for sev-eral locations of the stack inside the resonator. Experi-ments show interesting behaviours such as an “overshoot”for the acoustic pressure before its final stabilization, ora periodic “on-off” of the wave. A discrete time modelis proposed to reproduce these transient behaviours. Foreach time step, the temperature distribution along the de-

vice is computed first by solving non-linear diffusion equa-tions, then the amplification rate of the acoustic wave iscalculated from the imaginary part of the resonant fre-quency of the system. Nonlinear saturating acoustic ef-fects such as the thermoacoustic heat flow inside the stackand the Rayleigh’s streaming in the resonator are intro-duced in the model, and their impact on the dynamics ofwave amplitude growth are quantified. The results showgood agreement between the experiments and theory, interms of amplification process and final stabilized pressureamplitude.

Thu 9:00 Ray STEPHENS EA-S05: Electroacoustics for room acoustics

Simulation and application of beam-shaped subwoofer arrays – (Invited, 000561)

E. W. StartDuran Audio BV, Koxkampseweg 10, 5301KK Zaltbommel, Netherlands


This paper discusses the prediction and application ofDDS-controlled, directional subwoofer arrays with config-urable 3D sound radiation characteristics (e.g. cardioid,hyper-cardioid, dipole etc.). In order to optimise and con-trol the dispersion of beam-shaped sub arrays, an accu-rate sound radiation model is indispensable. The radia-tion impedance of the transducers (i.e., the acoustic load)and the cabinet diffraction are determined by the size ofthe array and the relative position of the loudspeakers in

the array. Besides these diffraction and coupling effects,other acoustic boundary conditions can have a significanteffect too. The most common one is the ground planecondition. Therefore, the hybrid PSM-BEM model imple-mented in the DDA software, has been extended with anoptional ground plane condition. Measurements show thatthe improved model yields very accurate results for variousarray set-ups with different radiation characteristics.


A method steering a null toward a point in high reverberate non-minimum phase acoustic space –(Contributed, 000549)

K. Fujiia, T. Yoshiokaa, Y. Kuwaharaa, M. Muneyasub and M. Morimotoa

aUniversity of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, 671-2280 Himeji, Japan; bKansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, 564-8680 Suita, Japan


In this paper, we propose a method capable of steeringa null toward a point in high reverberate non-minimumphase acoustic space. This method is characterized by

applying the cascade connection of recursive and non-recursive adaptive filters to steering the null. The cas-cade connection completely expresses the structure of the


acoustic paths from a sound source to microphones. Theacoustic paths can thereby estimated with high precision.However, as well known, the recursive adaptive filter hastwo problems. One is that the performance of the recursiveadaptive filter is apt to become unstable. We solve thisproblem by applying the lattice structure to the recursiveadaptive filter. The stable performance is guaranteed bylimiting the reflection coefficients to less than unity. An-other is that the response of the recursive filter diverges

when the minimum phase condition is not satisfied. Wehence separate the recursive filter into the minimum andthe non-minimum phase components. We next transformthe latter into a non-recursive filter and connect it to theoutput of another microphone. The cascade connectioncan thereby steer the null with high stability and preci-sion even in high reverberate non-minimum phase acousticspace.


Influence of model parameter variability on the directivity filters of compact loudspeaker arrays –(Contributed, 000706)

A. Mattioli Pasquala, M. Pachebatb and P. Herzogb

aUniversidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Engenharia, Campus Universitario, 37200-000 Lavras, Brazil; bLMA, CNRS, UPR

7051, Aix-Marseille Univ, Centrale Marseille, 13402 Marseille, France


Sound directivity control is made possible by a numberof independently driven loudspeakers mounted on a com-pact cabinet. Recently, a control system for such a multi-channel source based on its acoustic radiation modes hasbeen proposed. These modes form an orthogonal set ofvelocity patterns on the source surface, and emerge fromthe eigendecomposition of a free-field radiation operatorthat depends on frequency. So, since the diaphragm ve-locities are driven by electrical signals, each directivityfilter is a set of voltages giving rise to a radiation mode.Moreover, these filters must take into account the acous-tic coupling between the transducers if they interact in-side a hollow cabinet. Usually, nominally identical driversare distributed over a spherical frame in the shape of

a Platonic solid, which leads to frequency-independentradiation modes. Furthermore, if the individual driverspossess identical electromechanical features, the directiv-ity filters are frequency independent too. However, theelectromechanical parameters of commercial loudspeakerunits might present a significant deviation from their nom-inal values due to their manufacturing process. This workdiscusses the effects of electromechanical parameter vari-ability on the frequency independence of the directivityfilters of Platonic solid loudspeakers. In addition, a do-decahedral loudspeaker array, whose parameters of the in-dividual drivers are experimentally characterized, is inves-tigated as a case study.


Study on room modal equalization at low frequencies with electroacoustic absorbers – (Contributed,

000430)

E. Rivet, R. Boulandet, H. Lissek and I. RigasEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IEL LEMA, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland


In closed spaces, a recurring problem at low frequenciesis the occurrence of standing waves, thus creating annoy-ing acoustic resonances. Such unwanted phenomena arelikely to affect the frequency response of rooms such asoffices, concert halls or home theaters. Due to large wave-lengths, the low-frequency treatments require the embodi-ment of heavy enclosure, large barriers, or bulky silencers.To that purpose, electroacoustic absorbers, based on con-ventional loudspeakers with shunt synthetic electric loads,can be used to improve sound rendering and meet acous-tic quality specifications. Electrodynamic loudspeakers

are good candidates for this type of noise control applica-tions. Their mechanical resonance, typically of the orderof tens of Hertz, is within frequency range where acous-tic modes are to be controlled. The interactions betweenthese dynamic systems are significant, and some of theacoustic energy of the sound field can be dissipated pas-sively through internal damping in the loudspeaker. Thispaper investigates the optimized design and placement ofelectroacoustic absorbers in a recording studio so as todamp the low-frequency acoustic resonances.


Thu 9:00 John TYNDALL MA-S05: Instrument making and acoustics

Mutual benefits of collaborations between instrument makers, musicians and acousticians – (Invited,

000119)

D. SharpOpen University, DDEM, MCT Faculty, Open University, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA Milton Keynes, UK


Effective collaboration between instrument makers, mu-sicians and acousticians can be of great benefit to allparties, leading to improved instrument designs, greaterunderstanding of an instrument’s playing characteris-tics, and an improved knowledge of the physical pro-cesses that occur within an instrument. As a workingrelationship develops between an instrument maker, a

musician and an acoustician, the trust that builds upcan facilitate increasingly more detailed investigations.Through a series of case studies involving brass and wood-wind instruments, this paper charts the development ofseveral maker/player/acoustician collaborations, showinghow they have evolved over the years and highlighting thebenefits experienced by all the different partners involved.


Physical and perceptual differences between two trumpets of the same model type – (Contributed, 000127)

A. Mamou-Mania, L. Placidob and D. Sharpc

aIRCAM, 1 place Igor Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France; bUniversite Paris 1 CES/CNRS, 106-112 boulevard de l’Hopital, 75647 Paris

Cedex 13, France; cOpen University, DDEM, MCT Faculty, Open University, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA Milton Keynes, UK


For large-scale musical wind instrument manufacturers,the ability to produce instruments in a repeatable fash-ion is essential. In this paper, two mass-produced trum-pets of the same model type are compared in terms ofphysical and perceptual differences. Input impedance andbore profile measurements show significant acoustical dif-ferences due to the presence of a tiny leak in the bore ofone of the two instruments. Psychophysical tests demon-

strate that these acoustical differences do not necessarilyresult in perceptible differences in the playing characteris-tics of the two trumpets. Only a small number of trumpetplayers successfully distinguish between the instrumentswhen subjected to a playing test, although those that doare shown to be able to provide distinct and consistentquality assessments for each one.


Dense and hard woods in musical instrument making: comparison of mechanical properties and per-ceptual ”qualityı grading – (Contributed, 000198)

E. Fouilhea, A. Houssayb and I. Bremaudc

aLMGC Montpellier 2 University, CNRS UMR 5508, CC048, Place Eugene Bataillon, F-34095 MONTPELLIER Cedex 05, 34095

Montpellier, France; bLaboratoire du musee de la musique, Cite de la musique, 221 Avenue Jean Jaures, 75019 Paris, France; cWood

Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories, for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dubendor, Switzerland


Musical instruments are composed of parts which havedifferent functions, and call for particular wood charac-teristics. Besides the lightweight ”resonance woodı forsoundboards, dense hardwoods appear in many parts: xy-lophone keys, drum barrels, woodwinds, bows, back, sidesand necks of string instruments, and their fittings: bridges,tail-pieces and pegs, etcoeCan the mechanical/acousticalproperties of these woods be correlated to the perceptual”qualityı choice made by instrument makers? The studyis based on a sampling of 214 wood pieces from 60 species,classified in 3 groups: (i) tropical woods used in classi-cal/modern making, such as ebonies and rosewoods; (ii)

European hardwoods with historical and/or traditionaluses; (iii) potential alternative woods, which might over-come current shortage in the supply of appropriate qual-ity of preferred woods. Density and dynamic mechani-cal properties (modulus of elasticity and ”quality factorıor damping) are measured by vibrational and ultrasonicmethods, at the scale of the laboratory or of the work-shop. We compare choices made by two makers, one ofxylophones, and one of violin accessories, first betweenthese two empirical grading, then by confronting themwith measured mechanical properties. It appears that the”perceptualı selections by these two makers are different.



Towards a steelpan making model - Residual stress field effects on dynamical properties – (Invited,

000202)

M. Monteila,b, O. Thomasc, J. Frelata, C. Touzeb and W. SeilerdaIJLRDA-UPMC, 4 place jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; bUME (Unite de Mecanique), ENSTA - ParisTech, Chemin de la Huniere,

91761 Palaiseau, France; cLMSSC-CNAM, 2 rue conte, 75003 Paris, France; dLaboratoire PIMM, Arts & Metiers Paristech, 151

boulevard de l’hopital, 75013 Paris, France


The steelpan is a tuned percussion instrument fromTrinidad and Tobago. It is made of oil barrels that aresubjected to several stages of metal forming that stretchand bend the structure. The top of the barrel is pressed,hammered, punched and burnt in order to obtain a sort ofmain bowl within which convex substructures are formed.Due to the thickness of the metallic structure, geometricnonlinear vibrations are a key feature of the peculiar toneof the instrument.We are interested in developing a numerical model ac-counting for all the transformations encountered by thestructure during the steelpan making. Simultaneously, areal pan is built by a panmaker and numerous measure-

ments (geometry, modal analysis, stress measurements)are realized after each step.

The first step (the sinking) has thus been studied. Aspecial attention is paid on the effects of the prestresseson dynamical properties of the thin curved structure.Analytical-numerical models with simplified geometry(beams and plates) are used to quantify the effects of theprestresses on the eigenfrequencies. Then, a finite elementmodel is derived for a quantitative comparison with mea-surements at several surface points. All these data allowsfine modeling of the know-how of the pan maker for thesinking.


Quantitative evaluation of the curvature induced mistuning in long wind instruments – (Contributed,

000321)

S. Felixa, J.-P. Dalmonta and C. J. Nederveenb

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bAcacialaan 20, Acacialaan 20, 2641 AC Pijnacker, Netherlands


The present work attempts to quantify, both theoreticallyand experimentally, the effect of the curvature of the aircolumn of wind instruments on their acoustical properties.The curvature-induced mistuning, that is, the change inresonance frequencies compared with a straight tube hav-ing the same axis length, is characterized as a length cor-rection, that can be deduced from a direct calculation of

the resonance frequencies, or from the input impedance.This length correction exhibit a strong frequency depen-dence, denoting a complex inharmonicity, that can be, insome cases, musically significant. Details are given on theinharmonicity as a function of the curvature of the waveg-uide axis, and quantitative results are given on variousexample of bent portions of real wind instruments.


Correlating differences in the playing properties of five student model clarinets with physical differencesbetween them – (Contributed, 000340)

P. M. Kowal, D. Sharp and S. TaherzadehOpen University, DDEM, MCT Faculty, Open University, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA Milton Keynes, UK


This paper reports work that is part of a larger projectconcerned with correlating differences in the perceivedplaying characteristics of musical wind instruments withphysical differences between them. Here we focus on fivedifferent student model clarinets. Some of the practicaldifficulties of (i) directly measuring the bore profiles of theclarinets and (ii) measuring their input impedances are

discussed. Results are presented which show significantdifferences in bore profile between the five instruments,leading to clear differences in the frequencies and mag-nitudes of their resonance peaks. In addition, the initialfindings of playing tests designed to establish clarinettists’perceptions of the instruments are described.



A vibro-acoustical and perceptive Study of the neck-to-body Junction of a solid-body electric Guitar– (Contributed, 000348)

A. Patea, J.-L. Le Carroua, B. Navarretb, D. Duboisa and B. Fabrea

aEquipe LAM - D’Alembert, 11, rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France; bCICM Univ Paris 8 MSH Paris-Nord / Equipe LAM UPMC,

11, rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France


The string motion of the solid body electric guitar is cap-tured by an electromagnetic transducer sending an electri-cal signal to an amplification system, providing the soundto be perceived. Transducer and amplification have beenso far well investigated, but the vibrational aspect of theinstrument in connection with lutherie has been rarelyconsidered. The aim of the present study is to analysemechanically and perceptually the own influence of a sin-gle construction parameter on the vibrational behaviourof the whole instrument and on the perceived sound.Nine guitars, whose single difference is the neck-to-bodyjunction, were made specially for this study: three necks

are screwed to the body, three are glued and three gui-tars have a neck-through construction. The guitars havebeen studied using vibro-acoustical methods: modal anal-ysis and conductance measurements at the frets and at thebridge. They have been then played by twenty-two pro-fessionnal guitarists along with semi-directed interviews.As expected, we could not observe no greater differencesin the modal behaviours between two different construc-tions (neck junction) than between two identical construc-tions. However a pyscholinguistic analysis of the inter-views shows that the musicians discriminate more subtledifferences between the guitars.


About the electric guitar: a cross-disciplinary context for an acoustical study – (Contributed, 000349)

A. Patea, B. Navarretb, R. Dumoulinc, J.-L. Le Carroua, B. Fabrea and V. DoutautdaEquipe LAM - D’Alembert, 11, rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France; bCICM Univ Paris 8 MSH Paris-Nord / Equipe LAM UPMC,

11, rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France; cGRANEM - UMR MA 49 - Universite d’Angers, 13, allee Francois Mitterrand BP 3633,

49036 CEDEX 0 Angers, France; dITEMM, 71, avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France


The electric guitar was born in the 1930s from the will ofguitarists to be heard while playing in orchestras includ-ing louder instruments. It then became the broadly-spreadinstrument that we know.Because of its mass-production and of the imitation-likelearning methods, it appears that only a few models(shape, woods species, construction parameters) of elec-tric guitar have stood out and have been the master copies

of most of the other electric guitars all around the world.These models are few but each of them strongly differsfrom the others organologically or sociologically speaking.A new research topic is emerging at LAM, which is aboutthe vibro-acoustical study of the electric guitar in connec-tion with lutherie. In this article, this topic is put back inan organological, scientific, musicological, sociological andeconomic context context.


How far can the resonance frequencies give informations about the playing frequencies? The trumpetexample – (Contributed, 000381)

P. Evenoa, B. Kieffera, J. Gilbertb, J.-F. Petiotc and R. Caussea

aIRCAM, 1 place Igor Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences

Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; cEcole Centrale de Nantes, 1 rue de la noe, BP 92101, 44321 Nantes, France


Measurements and calculations of the input impedance ofwind musical instruments are now well mastered. Thepurpose of this work is to study experimentally how farthe resonance frequencies of brass instruments, taken fromtheir input impedance, are able to give informations aboutthe playing frequencies. Three different trumpets, ob-tained by changing only the leadpipe of the same instru-ment, were considered for the experiment. After a mea-surement of the input impedance of these trumpets, four

musicians were asked to play the five first playable notes(regimes 2 to 6), for four different fingerings. This exer-cise was done for three nuances and was repeated threetimes. Finally, these 3×4×5×4×3×3=2160 notes allow usto make a quantitative assessment of the relations betweenthe resonance frequencies and the playing frequencies. Re-sults show first, a limited influence of the musician on theoverall intonation of the instrument. Second, the pitch ofthe notes does not vary much with the nuances. Finally,


the results confirm the fact that variations of the resonancefrequencies lead to variations of the playing frequencies ofthe same order.


Scraping technique for clarinet reeds derived from a static bending simulation – (Contributed, 000425)

P.-A. Taillarda and J.-P. DalmontbaSchola cantorum basiliensis, Cerisier 16a, 2300 La Chaux-De-Fonds, Switzerland; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine,



Reed scraping is an art mastered only by a few clarinetists.The published empirical methods do not agree on how todetermine where to scrape. In order to understand theproblematic more clearly, a purely mechanical and simpli-fied approach is attempted. The reed is modeled by finiteelements and a simulation of free static bending shows thatthe longitudinal flexural stress dominates the problem. Bytargeting a stress field on different areas of the reed, it isobserved that the strain is mainly longitudinal and onlyslightly lateral, due to the strong anisotropy of the cane.

Thus, a bending moment imposed on the axis of the reedcauses almost no translation of the edges of the reed. Alocal decrease in thickness causes a localized increase incurvature, when the stress field remains constant. Withthis result, a series of ClaripatchTM was developed to im-pose a localized decrease in curvature on the mouthpiece’slay. Using these patches and assuming some hypothesesbased on observations, simulations and on the viscoelasticproperties of the reed, one can deduce how to scrape it,according to the musical preferences of the clarinetist.


An optimization algorithm for the design of woodwind instruments – (Contributed, 000463)

A. Lefebvrea and G. P. Scavoneb,c

aMcGIll University, 555 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Canada H3A 1E3; bCentre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media

and Technology (CIRMMT), 527 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1E3; cComputational Acoustic Modeling Lab,

Schulich School of Music, McGill University, 555 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1E3


Most of the playing characteristics of woodwind instru-ments are controlled by their geometry, that is, by theshape of the bore and the dimensions and positions ofthe toneholes. An optimization algorithm is proposed todetermine the geometry that minimizes the tuning andharmonicity error for all fingerings. The estimation of theerror for a specific configuration of the geometry is at theheart of the method. At each iteration, the transfer-matrixmethod is used to calculate the reflection coefficient at anumber of frequencies for each of the fingerings to deter-mine the first few resonance frequencies. As an instrument

grows in complexity, this operation becomes costly. Thechoice of the optimization variables, bounds and the cri-teria are presented. This approach is applied to a numberof instruments including flutes, clarinets and saxophones.The results reveal the importance of bore shape deviationsand tonehole diameter variations in obtaining instrumentswith good intonation. The geometries obtained with ourmethod depend critically on the model of the excitationmechanism and must be specified as accurately as possi-ble. Results are presented that display the differences inthe geometry obtained for varying excitation models.


Modal analysis comparison of two violins made by A. Stradivari – (Invited, 000496)

S. Le Contea, S. Le Moyneb and F. OllivierbaCite de la musique, 221 avenue jean jaures, 75019 Paris, France; bInstitut jean le rond d’alambert, 2 pl de la gare de ceinture, 78210

Saint Cyr L’Ecole, France


The Music Museum in Paris keeps in its collection five vio-lins made by the maker Antonio Stradivari, names Stradi-varius (1644-1737). Two of them, called the Davidov andthe Tua have been made according the same mould, at

the same period and the most important using the samewood - not only the same specie but also using the woodcoming from the same tree. Indeed it has been shownthanks to a dendrochronological study of these two violins


that the wooden plates are the same. Even though theviolins has not the same history there are kept in their in-tegrity. To evaluate the difference in the making process ofthis two musical instrument an experimental modal anal-ysis of the soundboard was performed by processing itssound field. A non intrusive method, the Impact PlanarNearfield Acoustic Holography, was used. This technique,

developed by the authors, implements the well known in-verse method NAH on the basis of the acoustic impulseresponse field and is well adapted to modal analysis. Toquantify the shift between the two responses a compari-son has been made with a reproduction of another famousviolin called the Allard.


Comparison of the vibroacoustical characteristics of different pianos – (Contributed, 000522)

X. Boutillona, K. Egeb and S. Paulelloc

aLaboratoire de Mecanique des Solides, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France; bLaboratoire Vibrations Acoustique, INSA de

Lyon, 25 bis Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; cStephen Paulello Piano Technologies, 32 rue du sabotier, Hameau

de Coquin, 89140 Villethierry, France


A recently proposed vibro-acoustical model of the pianosoundboard (X. Boutillon and K. Ege, ”Vibroacoustics ofthe piano soundboard (part 2): reduced models, mobilitysynthesis, and acoustical radiation regime”, submitted tothe JSV) predicts the modal density, the point-mobility atdifferent locations, and whether the acoustical radiation inthe far field is efficient (beyond a coincidence frequency)or not. This model is potentially valid up to several kHz;it is based on the wood elastic properties and on the ge-

ometry of the soundboard (overall dimensions, thickness,rib spacing, rib and bridge dimensions, cut-off corners). Ahypothetical rule has also been devised for the equivalentdynamical rigidity of the ribbed zone of the soundboard.This rule will be discussed and the predictions of the mo-del will be compared for pianos of various types and sizes.Consequences in terms of piano manufacturing and instru-ment making will be given.


Analysis of mechanical admittance of violins in the mid- frequency range – (Contributed, 000567)

B. Eliea, M. Curtitb, B. Davidc and F. GautieraaLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bITEMM, 71 Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France; cTelecom ParisTech LTCI - UMR CNRS 5141, 37-39 rue Dareau,

75014 Paris, France, Metropolitan


In the 60’s, Schelleng proposed a simple model describingthe mechanical behavior of violins using lumped circuits.The interest of such modeling is to reduce the complexityof musical instruments by describing them in the low fre-quency range using a few parameters. We propose in thisstudy a method to globally quantify the mechanical behav-ior of violins on a larger frequency range, using only a fewparameters. Bridge mobilities (or admittances) are impor-tant characteristics of the instrument, which describe thelevel of coupling between the strings and the instrumentbody. These admittances have complex variations versusfrequency because of modal overlap. Modal density and

damping factors can be computed in the mid frequency do-main using adapted signal processing techniques: they canbe estimated accurately from measured impulse responsesby using the high-resolution ESPRIT method. An aver-age admittance, computed by means of a moving average,is also used for highlighting the underlying tendency ofthe coupling level between the strings and the instrumentbody. Characteristic parameters of the bridge admittanceare used to compare instruments and characterizations ofinstrument’s tuning. This study is a part of the PAFIproject, aiming to develop a set of tools dedicated to ins-trument makers.


Analysis of dead tones of classical guitars – (Contributed, 000582)

H. Ricateaua, B. Elieb, M. Curtitc, J.-C. Valierea, B. Davidd and F. GautierbaPPRIME CNRS - UPR 3346, Batiment B17 6 rue Marcel Dore, 86022 Poitiers, France, Metropolitan; bLaboratoire d’acoustique

de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; cITEMM, 71 Avenue Olivier

Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France; dTelecom ParisTech LTCI - UMR CNRS 5141, 37-39 rue Dareau, 75014 Paris, France, Metropolitan



The dead tones are phenomena frequently occurring onclassical guitars, even on high quality guitars. It is per-ceived as a tone decaying much faster than its closestneighbors. The present study aims to propose globalparameters enabling the identification of singular guitartones, such as dead tones. It is based on the estima-tion of energy decay curves (or EDC) of a set of differ-ent notes recorded on different guitars. The EDC of tonesperceived as ”pathological” by guitar makers are found tobe significantly larger that the EDC of ”normal” tones.The mechanical admittance of the bridge is measured for

each studied configuration. It is shown that large valuesof EDC are associated to a strong coupling between thestrings and the soundboard. An analysis of each partial,based on the high resolution method, ESPRIT, enables tostudy the relationships between the partial decay timeswith the level of coupling. The analysis is intended to beperformed from measurements realizable in the workshopof an instrument maker. The present study is a part ofthe PAFI project, which aims to develop a set of toolsdedicated to instrument makers.


What do we know on “ resonance wood ”” properties? Selective review and ongoing research –(Contributed, 000602)

I. BremaudWood Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories, for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dubendor, Switzerland

Corresponding author E-mail: iris [email protected]

Amongst the many different wood species used in musicalinstrument making, the term ”resonance wood” usuallyrefers to material for soundboards of strings (in Westernclassical instruments, principally softwoods and mostlyspruce: Picea abies or spp.). As material properties ofsoundboards are believed to play a significant role in theacoustic behaviour of a completed instrument, many ref-erences have dealt with ”resonance wood” for nearly onecentury. This paper aims at depicting this landscape, fo-cusing on wood vibrational properties, their natural vari-ability and microstructural determinants, and how theyare influenced by external factors. Some characteristics of”resonance wood” are quite well known (ranges of den-

sity, of specific dynamic modulus of elasticity and vis-coelastic damping along the grain), whereas others arestill not fully characterised (anisotropy and frequency de-pendence). The interactions with hygrometry or various”treatments” (biological, chemical, thermal or ”ageing”)are also the object of ongoing research. Finally, although”resonance wood” may be essentially defined by the factthat it is selected by a maker and effectively used for build-ing instruments, this viewpoint has been little studied. Itcalls for interdisciplinary approaches connecting the em-pirical criteria of evaluation used by luthiers, with woodscience, material perception studies, and acoustics.


Measuring leakages in flute pads – (Invited, 000724)

B. Fabrea, R. Auvraya, M. Curtitb and J.-Y. Roosenc

aUPMC - Lutherie, Acoustique, Musique, IJLRA, 11 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France; bITEMM, 71 Avenue Olivier Messiaen,

72000 Le Mans, France; cFlutes Roosen, rue Simart, 75018 Paris, France


The fine adjustment of pads in modern flutes is crucialto the player. Craftsmen need several years of experienceto reach a point where they can do a fine and rapid ad-justment of all the flute pads. Pad adjustments can havea compensating role for small geometrical defects of theflute chimney or keys. They are also expected to be ef-ficient under severe mechanical and moisture conditions,and during several years. Many pad types are developedby instruments and pads makers to match those require-ments, resulting in different inner structures, skins or fas-

tening means. We present a simple experimental setupto measure the leakages associated with different typesof flute pads. The quasi-static measurements allow us tocompare the different types of pads. The different values ofthe acoustic resistance associated with these leakages arethen used to feed an acoustic model, in order to discussthe significance of the results in terms of the acoustic re-sponse of an instrument. This acoustic response can thenbe compared to actual measurements of input admittancesof instruments equipped with different pads.


Characterization and modelling tools for bow making – (Contributed, 000741)


F. Ablitzera, J.-P. Dalmonta and N. Dauchezb

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bSUPMECA, 3, rue Fernand Hainaut, 93407 Saint Ouen Cedex, France


The aim of this work is to supply bow makers with dedi-cated characterization and simulation tools. As the possi-bility to tighten the bow and evaluate its behavior comesat the end of the making process, a tool helping the makerto validate conception choices earlier would be usefool.To this purpose, a model of bow taking into account pre-stress and geometric nonlinearity is developed. A non-destructive method for determining mechanical properties

of the stick and hair is proposed. The needed equipmentis affordable and easily transferable in a workshop. Oncethe bow properties determined, the model is able to pre-dict the static behavior of the tightened bow and allowsto calculate bow properties that are difficult to measuredirectly. The interest of the developed model and experi-mental method with regards to bow making are discussed.


The three-mass model for the classical guitar revisited – (Contributed, 000749)

B. E. Richardson, H. R. Johnson, A. D. Joslin and I. A. PerryCardiff University, School of Physics and Astronomy, 5 The Parade, CF24 3AA Cardiff, UK


Input admittance and sound-pressure response functionsfor the guitar show several prominent peaks in the low-frequency range. The lowest three peaks can be modelledvery effectively using a coupled three-mass model describ-ing the interaction between the lowest modes of the sound-board and back plate and the air-cavity resonance. Whilstthere has been considerable qualitative or speculative dis-cussion of the frequency placement of these modes, therehave been very few quantitative studies which have at-tempted to identify the important acoustical features ofthese peaks. It is known that the frequency placement of

strong peaks influences the ”localı response of the playedinstrument, but psychoacoustical studies have shown thatthe ”residual responseı of these peaks has a ”globalı influ-ence at frequencies above the resonances. In this study,we are using a three-mass model for the guitar coupled toa lossy string. The model generates plucked-string soundswhich are then used for psychoacoustical evaluation ofthe relative influence of parameters such as plate mass,stiffness, damping and radiativity on the perceived soundquality of the guitar. The results of this work-in-progresswill be presented at the conference.


Spectral enrichment and wall losses in trombones played at high dynamic levels – (Invited, 000754)

J. P. Chicka, S. M. Logieb, M. Campbellb and J. GilbertcaUniversity of Edinburgh, School of Engineering, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JL Edinburgh, UK; bUniversity of Edinburgh,

School of Physics and Astronomy, JCMB, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JZ Edinburgh, UK; cLaboratoire d’acoustique de



The characteristic spectral enrichment in the radiatedsound of a brass instrument played at high dynamic levelsis primarily a result of two closely coupled effects: thenonlinearity at the input to the tube, ie the lip aper-ture/mouthpiece effect; and the gradual nonlinear distor-tion of the wave form as it travels along the length of theinstrument. In an instrument such as a trombone, whichis largely comprised of cylindrical tube, the nonlinear dis-tortion of the wave form can be dramatic, to the point ofdeveloping into a shock wave. The higher frequency com-

ponents of the sound wave suffer more from viscothermalwall losses than do the lower frequency components. Theselosses act to damp the high frequency components to someextent. Experiments using cylindrical tubes of length anddiameter representative of those of a trombone, have beencarried out. The results of these experiments are com-pared with numerical simulations based on weakly nonlin-ear shock theory in an attempt to better understand therelationship between nonlinear distortion and the effect ofthe viscothermal losses.



Flue organ pipe operating regimes and voicing practices – (Contributed, 000814)

D. SteenbruggeGhent University College, Prinses Clementinalaan, 15, 9000 Gent, Belgium


A combination of certain pipe voicing parameters, includ-ing wind pressure, sets up a specific feedback cycle op-erating regime when the pipe is blown. It is the mostimportant voicing adjustment. In most blowing condi-tions maximum energy is expected to be transferred tothe acoustic field inside the pipe when the jet injects airin phase with the acoustic pressure, the phase delay on thejet then being about half a period and the pipe soundingat its fundamental passive resonance frequency. In thisstudy the relationship between this optimum concept andvoicing practices is investigated. A procedure to determinethe operating regime of pipes from various registers and

organs using data from in situ acoustic and flow measure-ments was developed. Correlations were sought with pipescaling, pitch range and tonal architecture. Principal pipesturn out to usually operate at pressures above this theo-retical optimum, and acoustic power is traded for spectralrichness, leading to different voicing styles. As a generalrule, voicers appear to intuitively attempt to put forththe distinctive acoustic features of the resonators. Erraticvariations in operating points throughout pipe ranks werealso observed, the resulting differences being more or lesssuccessfully compensated by other voicing parameters.

Thu 9:00 Pierre CHAVASSE MI-S03: Signal processing

Ultrasound material backscattered noise analysis by a duo wavelet-regression analysis – (Contributed,

000094)

F. BettayebResearch center on welding and control, CSC, Route de Dely Brahim, Bp:64, Cheraga, 16800 Algiers, Algeria

Corresponding author E-mail: fairouz [email protected]

Internal material defects detection by ultrasound non de-structive testing is widely used in industry, ultrasonic dataare obtained from traveling waves inside the matter andcaptured by piezoelectric sensors. The natural inhomo-geneous and anisotropy character of steel made mate-rial causes high acoustic attenuation and scattering effect.This adds complexity to data analysis. In this researchwe address the non linear features of back scattered ultra-sonic waves from steel plates and welds.Indeed structuralnoise data files captured from specimens, and processedby a wavelet energy filtering approach, show significantinsights into the relationship between backscattered noiseand material microstructures. This algorithm along with

correlation coefficients, residuals and interpolations calcu-lations of processed ultrasonic data seems to be a well-adapted signal analysis tool for viewing material microstructural dimension scales. Experiments show a challeng-ing 3D interface between material properties, calculationsand ultrasonic wave propagation modeling. As well as theyindicate a quasi linear signal energy distribution at microstructural levels. It suggests probable incidence of mi-crostructure acoustic signatures at different energy scalesof the material phases. Multi polynomial interpolations ofthe processed noise data exhibit an attractor shape whichshould involves chaos theory noise data modeling.


Audio convolution by the mean of GPU: CUDA and OpenCL implementations – (Contributed, 000117)

D.A. MauroLaboratorio di Informatica Musicale (LIM), Dipartimento di Informatica e Comunicazione (DICo), Universita degli Studi di Milano,

Via Comelico 39/41, 20135 Milano, Italy


This paper focuses on the use of GPGPU (General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units) for au-dio processing. This is a promising approach to problemswhere a high parallelization of tasks is desirable. Withinthe context of binaural spatialization we will develop aconvolution engine having in mind both offline and real-time scenarios, and the support for multiple sound sources.Details on implementations and strategies used with both

dominant technologies, namely CUDA and OpenCL, willbe presented highlighting both advantages and issues.Comparisons between this approach and typical CPU im-plementations will be presented as well as between fre-quency (FFT) and time-domain approaches. Results willshow that benefits exist in terms of execution time for anumber of situations.



Optimal control by transmit frequency in tissue harmonic imaging – (Contributed, 000185)

S. Menigot and J.-M. GiraultImagerie et cerveau, Hopital Bretonneau 1 Bd Tonnelle 37044 Tours


Ultrasound imaging systems usually work in open loop.The control of the system is thus a sine wave whosefrequency is often fixed around two-thirds of the centerfrequency of the transducer in tissue harmonic imaging.However, this choice requires a knowledge of the trans-ducer and does not take into account the medium speci-ficities. Our aim is to seek the command which maximizesthe tissue harmonic contrast. We proposed an iterativeoptimization algorithm that automatically saught for the

parameters of the optimal control. To simplify the prob-lem of optimal control, we looked for the optimal frequencyof the command. Both experimentally and in simulation,its value did not correspond to the usual value. The con-trast can be improved by 2 dB to 5 dB depending on thelevel of pressure. By providing a closed loop system, thesystem automatically proposes the optimal control with-out any a priori knowledge of the system or of the mediumexplored.


Ultrasound contrast agents modeling using an extended Volterra model – (Contributed, 000240)

F. Sbeitya, J.-M. Giraulta, S. Menigota and J. Chararab

aImagerie et cerveau, Hopital Bretonneau 1 Bd Tonnelle 37044 Tours; bUniversite Libanaise,


Harmonic imaging has historically occurred with the intro-duction of ultrasound contrast agents such as microbub-bles. These agents, due to their nonlinear behavior, haveprovided a great increase in the contrast of ultrasound im-ages. Although this modality has revolutionized the clini-cal practice, it still suffers from the presence of harmonicsin the echo of the tissue that reduce its efficiency. One wayto overcome this problem was to turn to the sub-harmonicimaging based on the reception of sub-harmonics gener-ated by microbubbles at high pressure levels. Modeling ofthe signals backscattered by microbubbles was performedwith nonlinear models such as Volterra series. These mod-

els have exhibited high efficiency in modeling harmonics.However, they are inadequate to model sub- and ultra-harmonics. In this paper, we propose an extension of theVolterra series in order to model these sub- and ultra-harmonics. Results showed that signals backscattered bythe medium infused with microbubbles can be accuratelyrepresented by the derived model. The gain achieved withour method was 2.3 dB compared to the standard Volterramodeling. In the frequency domain, the spectrum of thesimulated signal has described perfectly that of the mi-crobubble.


The maturity characterization of orange fruit by using high frequency ultrasonic echo pulse method –(Contributed, 000263)

I. Aboudaouda, B. Faiza, E.H. Aassifa, A. Mouddenb, D. Izbaima, D. El Abassia and M. Malaininea

aUniv. Ibno Zohr Faculty of science Departement of physics, BP 8106 cite Dakhla Agadir Morocco, 80350 Agadir, Morocco; bEcole

Superieure de Technologie d’Agadir, B.P 33/S Agadir, Maroc, 80000 Agadir, Morocco


In this present work, our objective is to study the fea-sibility of the control of the maturity of orange fruit bythe ultrasonic echo pulse method with immersion in wa-ter. This study relates to two varieties of orange (Naveland Mandarin) which are the most harvested particularlyin the region of Souss-Massa-Draa in Morocco. Contraryto the works already published in this field, we worked inthe high frequencies by the means of a focusing transducerwith 20MHz as a central frequency. By taking into accountthe strong attenuation of the ultrasounds in the textureof fruits and vegetables, we limited our study only to the

characterization of the external layer called the flavedocharacterized by its very small thickness. The use of thehigh frequencies will allow us a characterization of highresolution of the orange peel with a high space resolution.This control is based mainly on the measure of the ultra-sonic parameters eventually velocity and attenuation inorder to check the aptitude of this ultrasonic method to de-tect the degree of maturity of the fruit without passing bypenetrometric and biochemical measurements which aremostly correlated with human perception concerning thefirmness of the fruit but they are generally destructives.



Quadratic approximation in focusing with linear arrays – (Contributed, 000113)

P. CervenkaCNRS UMR 7190, UPMC (P6) Institut Jean le Rond d’Alembert, 2, place de la gare de ceinture, 78210 Saint-Cyr-L’Ecole, France


Imaging systems based on linear arrays with delay-and-sum beamforming require estimating the path differencesbetween each pixel and the array elements.

Considering the quadratic approximation, the linear partis related to the steering direction whereas the quadraticterm refers to the curvature of the wavefront. The severalways for handling this approximation are presented, e.g.,closest second order development for each pixel, paraxialdevelopment, Fresnel approximation, down to the Fraun-hofer (linear) approximation. The domains of validity ofthese developments are scarcely described in the litera-

ture. They are estimated here by considering the largesterror encountered on the array in the path differences.The quadratic approximation is usually considered as notenough efficient in terms of either the computation sav-ings, or the extent of the domains of validity. It is shownthat settings of practical interest can be found by optimiz-ing the quadratic coefficient as a function of range. Thisprocedure yields the computation saving of the paraxialapproximation, still keeping quite large angular domainsof validity. The solutions are conveniently displayed withgeneral graphs where ranges are counted in array lengths,and array lengths are given in wavelength units.


Empirical optimization of frequency parameters in chirp inversion imaging – (Contributed, 000273)

A. Zaylaaa, S. Menigota, J.-M. Giraulta and J. Chararab

aImagerie et cerveau, Hopital Bretonneau 1 Bd Tonnelle 37044 Tours; bUniversite Libanaise,


Contrast ultrasound imaging is become a significant imag-ing technique for the last ten years. Physiological andpathological information are accessible thanks to mi-crobubble injection and nonlinearity detection. To im-prove both resolution and penetration, frequency modu-lated (FM) signals called chirps combined with compres-sion filter have been utilized by radar technology. Re-cent studies applied the use of chirp in harmonic imag-ing. However, the setup parameters of the chirp are im-portant to enhance the microbubble nonlinearities andthus the contrast. The present study aimed to empiri-cally optimize the harmonic energy backscattered by the

microbubble through polynomial FM law. Two imagingtechniques were implemented: harmonic chirp imaging(HCI) and chirp inversion imaging (CII). In simulation,the frequency parameters of chirps were saught for mi-crobubbles of different sizes (1 µm and 2.5 µm). PII waspreferable over SHI for contrast enhancement. Moreover,the use of parabolic chirps with PII was the optimal choiceand optimal frequency parameters were selected manually.This work requires a lot of simulation and another ad-vanced technique should be considered to get the optimumsettings automatically.


Random excitation by optimized pulse inversion in contrast harmonic imaging – (Contributed, 000275)

S. Menigot and J.-M. GiraultImagerie et cerveau, Hopital Bretonneau 1 Bd Tonnelle 37044 Tours


Over the past twenty years, in ultrasound contrast imag-ing, new physiological information are obtained by thedetection of non-linearities generated by the microbub-bles. One of the most used techniques is the pulse in-version imaging. The usual command of this system isa fixed-frequency sinus wave. An optimal choice of thiscommand requires the knowledge of the transducer andof the medium to obtain the best CTR. However, theseinformation are experimentally inaccessible. Our goal isto seek the command which maximizes the CTR. Amongone hundred noise, we identified the one which maximized

the CTR. A new suboptimal control was made from theparameters of a nonlinear autoregressive filter and fromsuboptimal noise. The CTR was then iteratively opti-mized by the method of Nelder-Mead which adjusted thefilter parameters. The gain compared to the case in whichwe used at the optimal frequency can reach about 1 dBand 4 dB in comparison to the center frequency of thetransducer. By adding a closed loop, the system automat-ically proposes the optimal command without any a prioriknowledge of the system or of the medium explored andwithout any hypothesis about the shape of the command.



Multi-scale sample entropy and recurrence plots distinguish healthy from suffering foetus – (Contributed,

000289)

I. Voicu and J.-M. GiraultImagerie et cerveau, Hopital Bretonneau 1 Bd Tonnelle 37044 Tours


Currently, the assessment of the state of fetal well-beingusing ultrasound is a challenge in the obstetrical world. Toassess the fetal well-being, parameters are derived from thefetal heart rate and fetal movements.We estimated the fetal heart rate using a multi-sensor,multi-gate pulsed Doppler system and we propose to studythe complexity of heart rate by calculating the multi-scale

entropy and the parameters deduced from the recurrenceplots.

The article presents a preliminary study that evaluates therelevance of complexity parameters in assessing the stateof fetal well-being. Our results show that complexity pa-rameters can distinguish healthy from suffering foetus.


Ultrasound medical image deconvolution using CLEAN algorithm – (Contributed, 000290)

L.-T. Chiraa, J.-M. Giraultb, T. Mateob, S. Menigotb and C. Rusuc

aUniversite Francois Rabelais de Tours, 10 boulevard Tonnelle, bp 3223, 37032 Tours, France; bImagerie et cerveau, Hopital Bretonneau

1 Bd Tonnelle 37044 Tours; cTechnical University of Cluj Napoca, 15 Constantin Daicoviciu, 400020 Cluj Napoca, Romania


The problem of reconstruction of ultrasound medical im-ages using blind deconvolution algorithm has been recog-nized as one of the most important aspect in ultrasoundimages. The image resolution is deteriorated by manyparameters such as the diffusive effect in tissues, whichproduce the speckle noise. We intend to implement anonlinear algorithm based on joint use of the well knownCLEAN method and the Hybrid Parametric Inverse Filter-

ing method. This method suppose an iterative process forextracting the ”brightnessı small objects presents in theimage using a ”dirty beamı Point Spread Function. ThePSF is obtained with HYPIF algorithm, a blind techniquefor ultrasound medical images. The technique is appliedfor the 1D signals extracted from RF ultrasound images(simulated and experimental). The results are comparedwith Wiener filter.


Power estimation of acoustical sources by an array of microphones – (Contributed, 000344)

J. Lardies, H. Ma and M. BerthillierFEMTO-ST, Departement de Mecanique Appliquee, 24 rue de l’Epitaphe, 25000 Besancon, France


The problem of estimating the strengths of signals arriv-ing at an array of microphones when the arrival directionsare known is addressed. The approach taken here is toassume that the signal field at the array is comprised ofP independent plane-wave arrivals from known directions.In practice, of course, the directions of arrival are rarelyknown exactly, however this difficulty can be overcome byusing the standard MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification)algorithm, which constitutes an angular pseudo-spectrumand an indicator of directions of arrival of different sig-

nals. The problem then reduces to estimating the signalpowers from each of the P directions. Five estimators arepresented for power estimation of acoustical sources. Theconventional beamformer, the Capon estimator, the ro-bust Capon estimator, the least squares fit estimator ofthe observed cross-spectral matrix of the array and a newestimator called the covariance vector estimator. Numer-ical and experimental results are presented showing thatthe performances of the covariance vector estimator arebetter than other estimators.


Choi-Williams time-frequency representation of acoustic signals – (Contributed, 000423)

A. Elhanaouia, E.H. Aassifa and G. Mazeb

aUniversite IBN ZOHR, BP 28/S, Faculte des Sciences, 80000 Agadir, Morocco; bLOMC, IUT, Universite du Havre, Place Robert

Schuman, Place Robert Schuman, 76610 Le Havre, France



This work concerns the study of acoustic signals that arebackscattered by thin aluminum tubes. This study is donewith the help of Choi-Williams time-frequency methodby virtue of its interesting properties. This techniquewas chosen because it reduces the amplitude of the in-terferences. This can make the interpretation of time-frequency image easier. However, the resolution of time-

frequency image is acceptable if the involved parameter iswell chosen. As a result, the determination of longitudinaland transverse velocities of aluminum from Choi-Williamstime-frequency technique reveals a good agreement withthe theoretical method of proper modes as mentioned inscientific literature.


Source localisation in an unknown reverberant environment using compressive sampling in the fre-quency domain – (Contributed, 000459)

G. Chardon and L. DaudetInstitut Langevin, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France


We introduce a source localisation method dealing with anunknown reverberant environment. The measured acous-tic field is decomposed as the sum of a diffuse field anda source field, using a priori knowledge on these field, i.e.structured sparsity deduced from the governing equationsof acoustics. Simulations and experimental results in 2Ddomains, using greedy algorithms as well as optimisation-

based methods, show that the method is robust with re-spect to noise and sensors localisation. Additionnaly, thedensity of sensors required can be lower than the Nyquistfrequency. These facts make this method a interestingalternative to standard localisation methods particularlywhen a large number of narrowband sensors are deployed.


A UAV motor denoising technique to improve localization of surrounding noisy aircrafts: proof ofconcept for anti-collision systems – (Contributed, 000488)

P. Marmaroli, X. Falourd and H. LissekEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IEL LEMA, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland


Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become very af-fordable and small in recent years, and are increasinglyused in a wide range of monitoring and surveillance ap-plications. A major problem when operating with swarmof UAVs is the risk of mid-air collisions. Sensor technol-ogy to detect other aircrafts in order to prevent collisionscurrently receives a lot of attention in the research com-munity. Therefore acoustic technologies could play an im-portant role in anti-collision systems for small lightweightUAVs. Since most of aircrafts rely on active propulsion us-ing propellers or jets, they emit noise which reveals theirpresence and position. It is therefore possible to detect

the range and the bearing of other aircraft to avoid col-lisions without relying on active communication withinthe swarm. Because acoustic sensing is passive, relativelysmall, cheap, and low power consuming, the work is fo-cused on the design of microphone array and its on-boardprocessing to deliver anti-collision alerts. But trackingacoustic sources in air faces number of substantial chal-lenges because of low signal to noise ratio of the sur-rounding aircrafts noises compared to the self noise of theequipped listening UAV. In this context we therefore con-centrate on self-noise reduction techniques for on boardmicrophone array processing.


Interpolation of room impulse responses in 3d using compressed sensing – (Contributed, 000688)

R. Mignota, L. Daudeta and F. OllivierbaInstitut Langevin “ Ondes et Images ””, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; bUPMC - Institut Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, 2

place de la gare de ceinture, 78210 Saint Cyr L’Ecole, France


In a room, the acoustic transfer between a source and areceiver is described by the so-called ”Room Impulse Re-sponseı, which depends on both positions and the room

characteristics. According to the sampling theorem, di-rectly measuring the full set of acoustic impulse responseswithin a 3D-space domain would require an unreasonably


large number of measurements. Nevertheless, consideringthat the acoustic wavefield is sparse in some dictionaries,the Compressed Sensing framework allows the recoveryof the full wavefield with a reduced set of measurements(microphones), but raises challenging computational andmemory issues. In this paper, we exhibit two sparsity as-sumptions of the wavefield and we derive two practical al-gorithms for the wavefield estimation. The first one takes

advantage of the Modal Theory for the sampling of theRoom Impulse Responses in low frequencies (sparsity infrequency), and the second one exploits the Image SourceMethod for the interpolation of the early reflections (spar-sity in time). These two complementary approaches arevalidated both by numerical and experimental measure-ments using a 120-microphone 3D array, and results aregiven as a function of the number of microphones.


A normalization method for life-time prediction of composite materials – (Contributed, 000708)

M. Darwichea, G. Bousalehb, M. Feuilloyc, D. Schangc and R. El Guerjoumaa

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bUniversite Libanaise, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, 1600 Saida, Lebanon; cEcole Superieure d’Electronique de l’Ouest, 4, rue

Merlet de la Boulaye, BP: 30926, 49009 Angers Cedex 01


The objective of this study is to predict the rupture ofspecimens of composite materials. During a creep experi-ment, with traction method, the specimens have differenttime of rupture (130 seconds, 159 seconds, 539 seconds...).The acoustic activity during the test involves three phases(phase 1, phase 2 and phase 3). When we apply ournormalization method (cumulative acoustic emission vs.time), we can notice that all tests look very similar, andwe can see that there is a proportionality relation between

the transition time tm (phase 1 -> phase 2) and the time ofrupture tr. The technique works significantly better thanother recent works. To validate this technique we haveachieved a K-cross validation, on 7 specimens. The pro-portionality between tm and tr of the 7-cross validationshad a mean value of 0.1218 and a standard deviation of0.0018. The mean errors that we got is about 8.58% (±4.65). It is a very important result in life-time prediction.


Identification of circumferential acoustic waves propagating around the tube by multiresolution analysisand time-frequency representation – (Contributed, 000721)

M. Laaboubia, E.H. Aassifa, R. Latifb, G. Mazec, A. Dlioua, A. Elhanaouia and Y. NahraouibaUniversite Ibn Zohr, Faculte des Sciences Laboratoire LMTI, Dpt de Physique B.P 8106 Cite Dakhla, 80000 Agadir, Morocco; bESSI

ENSA Ibn Zohr University, ENSA BP 1136, 80000 Agadir, Morocco; cLOMC, IUT, Universite du Havre, Place Robert Schuman, Place

Robert Schuman, 76610 Le Havre, France


This paper describes a technique based on MultiresolutionAnalysis (MRA) of the wavelet transform. This techniqueis applied for decomposition of the original acoustic signalbackscattered by a thin tube. The Multiresolution tech-nique was used as a tool to filter the wave modes containedin the original signal. The time-frequency representation

using the Smoothed Pseudo-Wigner-Ville (SPWV) distri-bution is applied on the decomposed acoustic signal. Theresults obtained show that this technique of the Multireso-lution analysis can identify not only single circumferentialwave mode but also multimode effectively. This methodo-logy permits to obtain the interesting results.


Noise-robust speech recognition system based on power spectral subtraction with a geometric approach– (Contributed, 000794)

J. Cardenasa, E. Castillob and J. Mengb

aFac. Ing. Electrica, Universidad Central de Las Villas, Carr. Camajuani KM 5 1/2, 50100 Santa Clara, Cuba; bUniversity of New

Brunswick, Room C119 Head Hall, 15 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, Canada E3B 5A3



Power spectral subtraction (PSS) is a technique used toimprove the signal-to-noise ratio in many applications inthe recent years. This paper reports a successful appli-cation of a geometric-based PSS algorithm to improvethe performance of automatic speech recognition undernoisy conditions. The selected algorithm performs signif-icantly better than other traditional spectral subtractionalgorithms in the presence of low SNRs with low compu-tational cost for speech enhancement. The performancecontribution of the algorithm was assessed with CMUSPHINX-III speech recognition system using TIDIGITSspeech corpus. Data was corrupted with seven noise types

taken from the NOIZEUS database under seven differentnoise conditions (SNRs from -5 dB to 20 dB) for cleanand multi-condition training setups. After extensive test-ing, results demonstrate that the selected algorithm is ca-pable of improving recognition performance by 15% overthe baseline approach at 0dB SNR when multiconditiontraining is used. The algorithm is particularly robust fornoisy environments with low SNRs such as those presentin car and airports. The algorithm is suitable to enhancethe performance of speech recognition systems in mobileapplications.


Alleviation of uniform ambient noise in underwater acoustic communication receivers using spectralsubtraction – (Contributed, 000836)

S. Kamal, S. Menonkattil Hariharan and S. P.R. PillaiDepartment of Electronics, Cochin University of Science & Technology, 682022 Ernakulam, India


The acoustic medium of the ocean is exceedingly turbidwith a multitude of simultaneously active noise sourceslike water currents, shipping noise, drilling, construction,off-shore oil rigs, marine life, shore waves and other hydro-dynamic activities. These inherent mechanisms producesspectrally overlapping acoustic waves that radiate into thedepths of the ocean, and the superposition of these signalsfrom across large area of the sea surface cumulatively con-stitutes a spatially homogeneous uniform ambient noisefield. It is often difficult to utilize such a cluttered andexacerbated acoustic channel for communication or otherobservational purposes. In this paper a method based

on spectral subtraction, for alleviating the uniform acous-tic ambient noise is presented. Spectral subtraction is atechnique used to retrieve the power spectrum of a non-stationary signal of interest in a uniform noise field bysubtracting an estimated average of noise spectrum fromthe originally observed signal spectrum. The noise spec-trum is estimated while the signal of interest is absent orsilent and will cyclically updated in a periodic manner atintentionally put blanking periods in communication sig-nals. The method can be used with acoustic receiver frontends as a preconditioning stage for improving the overallsignal quality.


High-resolution deconvolution applied to non destructive testing – (Contributed, 000843)

E. Carcreffa,b, S. Bourguignonb, J. Idierb and L. Simona

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bIRCCyN, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 1 rue de la Noe, 44321 Nantes, France


Ultrasonic non destructive testing consists in emitting anacoustic wave in a material and then locating the reflectedechoes produced by impedance changes, due to flaws ormedium discontinuities. In some cases, echoes can overlapin the A-scan (typically for layered materials), yielding adifficult analysis: techniques such as matched filtering mayfail and advanced techniques are necessary to locate theechoes. Sparse deconvolution methods have been recentlyapplied to such problems. The challenge is to estimate asparse sequence composed by the echoes locations (timesof flight) and amplitudes. Usually, deconvolution is ad-dressed by considering restoration at the acquisition sam-

pling scale. This limits the precision of the spike locationand may cause spike splitting. In this paper, we considera high-resolution formulation of the deconvolution prob-lem with a more precise restoration grid. To do so, weextend the approach proposed by Soussen et al. (IEEETrans. Signal. Process, 2011) which minimizes a datamisfit least-square criterion, penalized by a L0-norm term.The method has been tested on synthetic and experimen-tal data. Compared to classical deconvolution algorithms,results show a better estimation of times of flight for asmall increase of the computation time.


Thu 9:00 Yves ROCARD NV-S01: Smart vibroacoustics

Design and optimization of a semi-active metacomposite for the control of acoustic interaction –(Invited, 000375)

M. Colleta, M. Ouissea, R. Ohayonb and M. Ichchouc

aDepartement de Mecanique Appliquee R. Chaleat, 24 chemin de l’Epitaphe - 25000 Besancon; bLaboratoire de Mecanique des

Structures et des Systemes Couples, 292, rue Saint Martin 75141 Paris Cedex 03; cLaboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des

Systemes, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex


Based on recent works on application of Floquet-Blochtheorem to periodical mechanical systems includingfrequency-dependent parameters, we propose in this paperan extension to vibroacoustic behavior analysis of smartstructures. The objective is to optimize electronic circuitsused to shunt some piezoelectric patches distributed onthe structure, in order to minimize the acoustic radiation

of the structure. The proposed approach is based on thecomputation of the multi-modal wave dispersion curvesinto the whole first Brillouin zone of the structure, and as-sociated propagation characteristics in the acoustic fluid.The impedance of the shunt circuit is then optimized inorder to render the acoustic waves evanescent.


A reduced global semi-active vibroacoustic control strategy, statement and preliminary validations: –(Invited, 000845)

T. Loukil, O. Bareille and M. IchchouLaboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systemes, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex


In this talk, a control strategy is presented and numeri-cally tested. This strategy aims to achieve the potentialperformance of fully active systems with a reduced energysupply. These energy needs are expected to be compa-rable to the power demand of semi-active systems, whilesystem performance is intended to be comparable to thatof a fully active configuration. The underlying strategy iscalled ıglobal semi-active controlı. This control approachresults from an energy investigation based on management

of the optimal control process. Energy management en-compasses storage and convenient restitution. The pro-posed strategy monitors a given active law without anyexternal energy supply by considering purely dissipativeand energy-demanding phases. Such a control law is of-fered here along with an analysis of its properties. A sub-optimal form, well adapted for practical implementationsteps, is also given. Moreover, a number of numerical ex-periments are proposed in order to validate test findings.


Auxetic transverse isotropic foams: from experimental efficiency to model correlation – (Invited, 000546)

M. Gravadea, M. Ouissea, M. Colleta, F. Scarpab, M. Bianchib and M. Ichchouc

aDepartement de Mecanique Appliquee R. Chaleat, 24 chemin de l’Epitaphe - 25000 Besancon; bThe University of Bristol, Department

of Aerospace Engineering, Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science, BS81TR Bristol, UK; cLaboratoire de Tribologie

et Dynamique des Systemes, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex


The wide use of porous materials in vibro-acoustics ledup to study a novel material that can exhibit interest-ing behaviours for vibro-acoustics applications, and pos-sibly improve the efficiency of performances. This paperis focused on the analysis of absorbing foams, which arerendered auxetic (Negative Poisson’s ratio) thanks to aspecific forming process. It first illustrates the efficiencyof auxetic foams compared to melamine samples using ex-perimental results. Then a study is conducted in orderto improve the identification of mechanical and couplingmodelling parameters for the considered auxetic trans-

verse isotropic foam. The method associates a prelimi-nary parameters sensitivity analysis with an optimizationstudy. A global sensitivity analysis of the outputs of in-terest is performed using the Fast technique in order toestimate the first-order and total effects of the numerousparameters of the model. The results of the analysis arethen used to perform the optimal identification of the pa-rameters by readjusting finite elements analyses resultsover experimental data. The results and benefits of thepreliminary use of parameters sensitivity analysis associ-ated with optimization are finally presented.


Thu 9:00 Paul LANGEVIN PU-S04: Non destructive testing and evaluation

Non contact surface wave measurements for the evaluation of concrete submitted to tidal solicitation– (Contributed, 000810)

O. Abrahama, F. Benmeddourb, G. Villaina, M. Choinskac and O. Duranda

aIFSTTAR, MACS, CS4, Rout de Bouaye, 44341 Bouguenais, France; bIEMN, Le Mont Houy, F-59313 Valenciennes, France; cCNRS

6183 Universite de Nantes et Saint Nazaire, 2 rue de la Houssiniere, BP 92208, 44322 Saint Nazaire, France


Within the FUI project Mareo several NDT techniqueshave been tested to evaluate the properties of repairedconcrete beam under tidal solicitation. Surface waves area good candidate to non destructively assess the mechan-ical properties of cover concrete (the first centimetres).They can provide information on gradient of propertiesin the first few centimetres if frequencies between 40kHz

up to 150kHz are used. In this paper we follow in situwith a laser interferometer robot in this frequency rangethe evolution of cover concrete properties at three termsseparated by several months. This information is con-fronted with measurements performed on concrete slabsexperiencing accelerated tidal solicitations in lab and tothe other NDT techniques.


Polymer concrete damage characterization using coda wave interferometry (CWI) and linear resonance– (Contributed, 000605)

S. Toumia, M. Bentahara, C. Mechria, F. Boubeniderb and R. El Guerjoumaa

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bUniversity of sciences and technology Houari Boumedienne, Laboratory of physics of materials B.P. 32 El Allia- Bab Ezzouar, 16111

Algiers, Algeria


This work aims to develop an experimental method, whichis able to detect the presence of damage in mesoscopicmaterials using multi-scattered acoustic waves. In partic-ular, we use the coda wave interferometry (CWI) tech-nique in order to detect and locate damage in polymerconcrete samples. Concrete samples are locally damagedusing quasi-static bending tests. In order to character-ize damage, we have experimentally determined nonlinearthreshold at resonance (bending resonance modes). After-ward, CWI is applied in the absence and in the presence ofthe generated linear resonances. Experiments show that

CWI doesn’t detect any damage even when the excitationlevel is increased. This result has been confirmed whenthe acoustic path is parallel and perpendicular to the cre-ated bending. However, the presence of linear resonancesrevealed to be interesting. Indeed, at the same drive lev-els when CWI is applied simultaneously with the linearresonance, we notice an important sensitivity to damage.Finally, by tracking the effect of damage on the recordedsignals along the damaged samples, the proposed originalcombination offers the possibility to locate damage.


Probing materials damage at various depths by use of Time Reversal Elastic Nonlinearity Diagnostic:Application to concrete – (Contributed, 000415)

C. Payana, T.J. Ulrichb, P.-Y. Le Basc and M. GuimaraesdaAix-Marseille Univ, LCND, IUT Aix en Provence, 413 Av. Gaston Berger, 13100 Aix En Provence, France; bGeophysics Group, Los

Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, Los Alamos (nm), 87544, USA; cEarth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National

Laboratory, MS D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; dElectrical Power Research Institute, Charlotte, Charlotte, 28262, USA


Time Reversal Elastic Nonlinearity Diagnostic (TREND)is based on the use of time reversal to focus energy ata prescribed location. This focused elastic wave energy isthen analyzed for nonlinear frequency content. By varyingthe frequency content of the focused waveforms, the tech-nique can be used to probe different depths relative to the

surface, i.e., the TREND will probe the surface and pene-trate to a depth defined by the wavelength of the focusedwaves. We show the validity of this concept by comparingthe results obtained from nonlinear resonant ultrasoundspectroscopy and the present results in the presence ofhomogeneously diffused damage in concrete.



Quantitative linear and nonlinear resonant inspection techniques for characterizing thermal damage inconcrete – (Contributed, 000414)

C. Payana, T.J. Ulrichb, P.-Y. Le Basc and M. GuimaraesdaAix-Marseille Univ, LCND, IUT Aix en Provence, 413 Av. Gaston Berger, 13100 Aix En Provence, France; bGeophysics Group, Los

Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, Los Alamos (nm), 87544, USA; cEarth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National

Laboratory, MS D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; dElectrical Power Research Institute, Charlotte, Charlotte, 28262, USA


In the context of license renewal in the field of nuclearenergy, maintaining in service and re-qualifying existingconcrete structures for ten years is a great challenge. Theintegrity of concrete in the concrete pedestal and biologi-cal shield wall in nuclear plants remains unknown. Thesestructures have been subjected to radiation and mediumtemperature for a long period of time. This paper aims atproviding some quantitative information related to the de-

gree of micro-cracking of concrete and cement based ma-terials in the presence of thermal damage. We developa methodology based on linear resonant ultrasound spec-troscopy, numerical simulations and nonlinear resonant ul-trasound spectroscopy to get quantitative values of nonlin-earity. We show the high sensitivity of derived nonlinearityto thermal damage and its correlation with the evolutionof concrete microstructure.


Locating weak changes in a multiple scattering environment – (Contributed, 000766)

T. Planesa, E. Larosea and V. Rossettob

aISTerre, 1381, rue de la piscine, 38400 Saint Martin D’Heres, France; bLPMMC - CNRS, 25, avenue des martyrs, 38000 Grenoble,

France


We present an imaging technique allowing to locate a weakperturbation appearing in a multiple scattering environ-ment. This technique is based on the direct dependencein space and time of the coda (diffuse waves) decorrela-tion resulting from the apparition of an extra scatterer,which one wishes to image. The inverse problem solution- the location and scattering cross section of the defect - is

obtained using a maximum likelihood computation. TheLOCADIFF technique has been applied to locate a mil-limeter change in concrete using ultrasounds with a preci-sion of the order of one centimeter. The size of the defect iscomparable to the size of the heterogeneities constitutingthe sample.


Flaw detection on Inconel600 R© using separation of single and multiple scattering contributions –(Contributed, 000304)

S. Shahjahana, A. Aubryb, F. Rupina, B. Chassignolea and A. Derodeb

aEDF R&D, Site des Renardieres, Avenue des Renardieres - Ecuelle, 77818 Moret Sur Loing, France; bInstitut Langevin, 10, rue

Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France


Flaw detection using ultrasonic non destructive testingon coarse grain steels commonly found in nuclear powerplants is disturbed by a high backscattered noise. Thisleads to a decrease of the detection capabilities of commonultrasonic testing techniques, particularly at high frequen-cies and large depths for which multiple scattering domi-nates. Recent studies have shown that the contribution ofsingle scattering could be extracted from multiple scatter-ing in complex medium. These results were obtained ona model random medium made of parallel steel rods im-mersed in water. They showed that the ability to detect

a target could be significantly increased using a specificfiltering method, based on matrix properties, in supple-ment with the D.O.R.T. method. In this work, this newmethod is now applied to real materials. Experimentalresults on a nickel based alloy (Inconel600 R©) mock-up ex-hibiting manufactured flaws are presented and comparedto other detection techniques. The experimental set-upuses a 64-element ultrasonic array, around 3 MHz. Despitea high backscattering noise due to multiple scattering, thefirst results show a dramatic improvement of the detectionperformances.



Ultrasonic imaging of bubble motion in a fiber preform – (Contributed, 000328)

N. Samet, P. Marechal and H. DufloLaboratoire Ondes et Milieux Complexes,

Corresponding author E-mail: samet [email protected]

During the Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process, bub-bles can appear and move between fiber strands and fiberfolds. In this study, a monitoring method for the size andvelocity of air bubbles using an ultrasonic phased arraytransducer is proposed. This method is tested in a flow ofknown viscous silicone oil along a sample of fiber preform.By ultrasonic imaging the fiber preform immersed in a vis-cous flow, a position-time map (xfl, t) is obtained for eachacquisition date tacq. These data could be converted to

(xfl, z, tacq) data. The bubble motion is extracted fromthe raw data by separation of the static component fromthe dynamic part of the signal. As a result, a modified C-scan is obtained and both the instantaneous position andvelocity of a bubble could be extracted in the (x, z) plane.Through these measures, the evolution of the bubbles isrelated to the processes that generate them in order toconsider improvements to the RTM technique.


Comparison of ultrasonic reflectometry and FTIR analysis for thermal ageing effect detection for paintfilms on steel plates – (Contributed, 000791)

F. Augereaua, X. Zhanga, D. Lauxa, G. Despauxa, E. Leclezioa, B. Fayolleb, Y. Zahrab and M. Kuntzc

aUniversite Montpellier 2 - IES - UMR CNRS 5214, place Eugene Bataillon, cc 082, 34095 Montpellier, France; bENSAM Paristech,

151 boulevard de l’hopital, 73013 Paris, France; cEDF R&D, Material & Mechanics of Component Dpt, Site des Renardieres, 77818

Moret Sur Loing, France


The aim of this experimental work is to provide a non de-structive evaluation tool for quality control on paint filmsused for industrial purpose after deposition and in opera-tion. The most sensitive conditions have to be found forultrasonic inspection and the measured acoustic param-eters have also to be linked to the state of the complexchemical structure of polymers. Ultrasonic reflectometryis tested to investigate the thermal ageing of epoxy coat-ings. As function of frequency and incident angle, the mostsensitive modes have been identified from simulation andvalidated by experiments using an ultrasonic reflection go-niometer system working around 5 MHz. Scanning Acous-

tic Microscopy has been complementary used to check thebonding quality and the layer homogeneity. The effect oflocal variations of the coating thickness on the sensitivityof this acoustic reflection method is presented as well asacoustic beam diffraction limitation. Next, these 100µmthick paint films on steel plates have been submitted tothermal ageing tests up to 110C for several weeks. Evo-lutions of the acoustic angular reflection coefficient versusexposure time are presented with the corresponding IRspectra variations to compare the chemical coating oxida-tion kinetics with the sensitivity of ultrasounds to elasticproperties.


Ultrasonic modeling of a viscoelastic homogeneous plate – (Contributed, 000165)

A. El Mouhtadi, J. Duclos and H. DufloLaboratoire Ondes et Milieux Complexes,


An ultrasonic method for determination of acoustical andgeometrical properties of a viscoelastic plate immersed ina known fluid (water) is presented. The method utilizesplane longitudinal waves that are normally incident upon ahomogeneous plate with attenuation obeying a frequencypower law and dispersion described by Szabo’s model. Itrequires only the knowledge of the fluid properties andrecording of two chirps: one without and one with thespecimen inserted between the transmitting and receiv-ing transducers. The transmission coefficient of the plateis measured and compared to the predicted one, in which

the diffraction of waves emitted by the transducer is takeninto account. An inverse scheme based on a nonlinear leastsquares algorithm allows then simultaneous determinationof the plate thickness, density, attenuation (longitudinal)and phase velocity at a given frequency. The techniqueinvolves an estimation of standard errors of parameter es-timates. An example is given and discussed for a Plexiglasplate. It is shown that thickness and velocity are esti-mated with a good accuracy (10−3). Density is estimatedalso with a reasonable accuracy (10−2), whereas estimatedattenuation is less precise.



Non-destructive characterization of stiffness profile in a solid material – (Contributed, 000759)

T. Tonteri, A. Salmi and E. HaeggstromUniversity of Helsinki,


We present work on developing a non-destructive test ofstiffness, which could find use in wear evaluation and pro-duction quality control of parts, coating and materials.For example characterization of surface corrosion of met-als and quality control of functionally graded materials.We explore a technique, which generates a virtual ul-trasound source inside a sample. We measure the sonic

time-of-flight (virtual source-receiver) as the virtual sourceprobes increasingly deep into the sample. From this time-of-flight data the sound velocity inside the sample is re-constructed as a function depth. This allows the stiffnessprofile of the sample to be determined.

In this presentation we show the result of experiments.


Compared performances of Levenberg-Marquardt-like methods vs Genetic Algorithm ones for elasticconstants evaluation of orthotropic materials in a non principal coordinate-system – (Contributed, 000574)

P. Guya, T. Monniera, P.-A. Bodiana and B. Chassignoleb

aMateriaux, ingenierie et sciences, Batiment Blaise Pascal 7, avenue Jean Capelle 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex; bEDF R&D, Site des

Renardieres, Avenue des Renardieres - Ecuelle, 77818 Moret Sur Loing, France


The evaluation of the elastic properties of an orthotropicmaterial has widely been studied and reported in manypapers. In the case of composite materials the principlesymmetry axes correspond to those of the sample, andnine constants have to be determined. But in the case ofanisotropic polycristals, such as austenitic stainless steelwelds, it is not the always the case. Then, the characteri-zation of the elastic properties of the material from time ofultrasonic velocities measurement requires to recover thenine elastic constants allowing to express the stiffness ten-

sor in the material’s principal coordinate system but alsothe three Euler angles related to the sample’s coordinatesystem with respect to the materials one. Moreover, thecomplexity in the inversion process increases and classicalalgorithms are often trapped by local minima of the objec-tive function. In this paper, the performances of a classicallocal inversion algorithm will be compared, on simulateddata, with the ones of a Genetic Algorithm. The influenceof several parameters, such as noise or initialisation setwill be studied and discussed.


Modelling of the ultrasonic propagation in polycrystalline materials – (Contributed, 000188)

L. Ganjehi, V. Dorval and F. JensonCommissariat a l’energie atomique, Centre de Saclay - PC120, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France


In some polycrystalline materials, ultrasonic non destruc-tive testing is affected by structural noise and attenuation.Those phenomena can cause significant loss in detectionperformances. Thus, the presence of a microstructure is alimiting factor of ultrasonic inspection capabilities and itmust be accounted for when designing new NDE methods.Modelling work has been underway at CEA-LIST in thesoftware CIVA to describe attenuation, structural noiseand beam distortions appearing when a wave propagatesin a heterogeneous medium such as a polycrystalline ma-

terial. The objective is to develop new simulation toolsbased on metallurgical data input. To achieve this goal,a theoretical model relating ultrasonic scattering to prop-erties of the microstructure and its integration to existingalgorithms, allowing us to compute structural noise andattenuation from material properties is proposed. Furthernumerical study and comparisons with experimental re-sults have been performed to study the influence of thetype of structure (simple or duplex), the shape (equiaxedor elongated) and the size of grains.



An analytical model for the scattering of guided waves by partly through-thickness cavities with irreg-ular shapes in 3D – (Contributed, 000448)

L. Moreaua, M. Caleapb, A. Velichkob and P.D. Wilcoxb

aUPMC CNRS LIP, 15 rue de l’ecole de medecine, 75006 Paris, France; bUniversity of Bristol, Queen’s Building, University Walk,

BS81TR Bristol, UK


This paper presents an analytical model for the three-dimensional scattering of Lamb and SH waves by a partlythrough-thickness, flat-bottomed cavity with an irregularshape. In this model, both the scattered field and thestanding field in the thinner plate beneath the cavity aredecomposed on the basis of Lamb and SH waves, by in-cluding propagating and evanescent modes. The ampli-tude of the modes is calculated after writing the nullityof the total stress at the boundary of the cavity, and thecontinuity of the stress and displacement vectors under thecavity. In the boundary conditions, the functions depend

on the through-thickness coordinate, z, and on the angu-lar coordinate, θ, because the cavity is not circular. Thisis dealt with by projecting the z-dependent functions ontothe basis of the guided waves displacements vectors, andby expanding the θ-dependent functions in Fourier series.

Example results are presented for the scattering of the S0,SH0 and A0 modes by elliptical cavities of varying depth,and the scattering of the S0 mode by a cavity with an ar-bitrary shape. Validation is made by comparison with afinite element model.


3D modelling of Rayleigh wave acoustic emission from a crack under stress – (Contributed, 000593)

W. Ben Khalifaa, K. Jezzinea and S. GrondelbaCEA-LIST, Batiment 611 - Point Courrier 120, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France; bIEMN-DOAE, Universite de Valenciennes et

du Hainaut Cambresis, Le Mont Houy, 59313 Valenciennes Cedex 9, France


Acoustic emission (AE) is a non-destructive testingmethod used in many industrial applications (testing forleaks, or monitoring weld quality, etcoe) for the exam-ination of large structures subjected to various stresses(e.g. mechanical loading) in different domains (aerospace,pressure-vessel industries in general, etc...). The energyreleased by a defect under stress can propagate as guidedwaves in thin structures or as surface Rayleigh waves inthick ones. A limited number of sensors are needed tomonitor large structure placed at various positions. Then,AE-data analysis is used to calculate the spatial location ofthe signal origin by using the signal arrival times at a num-

ber of sensors. The French Atomic Energy Commission isengaged in the development of a tool for simulating AEexaminations. These tools are based on specific models forthe AE sources, for the propagation of guided or Rayleighwaves and for the behavior of AE sensors. Here, the cou-pling of a fracture mechanics based model for AE sourcemodel and Green functions of Rayleigh wave is achievedthrough an integral formulation relying on the elastody-namic reciprocity principle. Predictions computed withthis three dimensional model are compared to results fromthe literature for validation purpose.


Modeling of the interaction of an acoustic wave with immersed targets for telemetry of complex struc-tures – (Contributed, 000647)

B. Lua,b, M. Darmona, C. Potelb, L. Fradkinc and S. Chatillona

aCEA, LIST, CEA Saclay, Point Courrier 120, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France, Metropolitan; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de

l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; cSound Mathematics Ltd., 11

Mulberry Close, CB4 2AS Cambridge, UK


This study is part of the development of simulation toolsfor ultrasonic telemetry. Telemetry is a technique chosenfor monitoring sodium-cooled fast reactors, which consistsin locating various reactor structures using an ultrasonicinspection performed by immersion. In order to model theinteraction between the acoustic wave and the immersed

structures, classical diffraction models have been firstlyevaluated for rigid structures, including the geometricaltheory of diffraction (GTD) and the Kirchhoff approxi-mation (KA). These two approaches appear to be com-plementary. Combining them so as to retain only theiradvantages, we have developed the so-called refined KA


based on the physical theory of diffraction (PTD). Therefined KA provides an improvement of the prediction inthe near field of a rigid scatterer. To deal with the scat-tering from a finite impedance target more representativeof the reactor structures, the initial (non refined) KA mo-del is then extended. The obtained model, the so-called

”generalı KA model, is compared to a reference modeland provides a satisfactory solution for the application totelemetry. Finally, a complete simulation tool for teleme-try is built by coupling this general KA diffraction modelwith a stochastic model developed for wave propagationin inhomogeneous media as sodium.


Structural noise and coherent backscattering modelled with the ATHENA 2D finite elements code –(Contributed, 000306)

S. Shahjahana, F. Rupina, T. Fouquetb, A. Aubryc and A. Derodec

aEDF R&D, Site des Renardieres, Avenue des Renardieres - Ecuelle, 77818 Moret Sur Loing, France; bEDF R&D, 1, Avenue du

General de Gaulle, 92141 Clamart, France; cInstitut Langevin, 10, rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France


The ability to detect and characterize flaws is a key el-ement in the structural integrity and safety program ofnuclear operators. Ultrasonic propagation in coarse grainsteels is hampered by ultrasonic wave attenuation andhigh backscattered noise leading to a decrease of the de-tection and characterisation capabilities of common ul-trasonic testing techniques. Nevertheless, this structuralnoise can be considered as a fingerprint of the materialas it contains information about its microstructure. Ac-curate interpretation of experimental data necessitates anaccurate comprehension of complex phenomena that oc-curs in multiple scattering media and thus robust scatter-ing models. In particular, numerical models can offer the

opportunity to realise parametric studies on controlled mi-crostructures. However, the ability of the model to simu-late the propagation in complex media has to be validated.In this study, the finite element code ATHENA 2D devel-oped by EDF R&D is coupled with a Voronoı tessellationdescription of the medium. Two different microstructuraldescriptions of a statistically isotropic bulk material weresimulated. The structural noise was characterised by ob-serving the coherent backscattering enhancement (a typi-cal signature of multiple scattering), and by the singularvalues of the response matrix of the medium. These re-sults were compared to experimental data carried out onnickel based alloys (Inconel 600 R©).


A complete FE simulation tools for NDT inspections with piezoelectric transducers – (Contributed,

000637)

S. Imperialea,b, S. Marmorata,b, N. Leymariea and S. Chatillona

aCEA LIST, Centre de Saclay - point courrier 120, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France; bPOEMS, INRIA Rocquencourt, 78153 Le Chesnay,

France


An ultrasonic inspection system involves the generation,propagation and reception of short transient signals. Pie-zoelectric transducers and particularly phased arrays areincreasingly used in ultrasonic Non Destructive Testing(NDT) because of their ability to focus or deflect an ultra-sonic beam in parts of complex geometries. To accuratelymodel the sensitivity in transmission and reception of suchsensors, a transient Finite Element (FE) model has beendeveloped including not only piezoelectric effects but alsoall electrical elements such as pulser/receiver system and

cabling. A particular attention is devoted to the differ-ent boundary conditions used to model the emission andreception regimes of the sensor. The definition of the in-spection domain is made easier by a decomposition domaintechnique allowing, in the same time, local time steppingand efficient absorbing layers to optimize calculation cost.In order to illustrate all the capabilities of this simulationtool, several cases of NDT inspections are then presentedthrough the analysis of the ultrasonic beam snapshots andthe electrical signal read on the receiver.


Investigation of ultrasonic phased array inspection of a planar crack using finite element method –(Contributed, 000797)

M. Mardani Kharat, S. Sodagar and G.R. RashedPetroleum University of Technology, Abadan Institute of Technology, North Bovardeh, Postal code 63165, 0 Abadan, Iran



The characteristics of the ultrasonic field radiated by a lin-ear phased array transducer and the echo information ofthe inspected area are the main basis of designing a phasedarray inspection system. In this paper, a theoretical inves-tigation is accomplished on the ultrasonic wave diffractionusing the ultrasonic phased array method for evaluationof the planar cracks. For this purpose, the ultrasonic wave

field resulting from a phased array transducer and its in-teraction with the planar crack is modelled using finiteelement method. The modelling results are employed tostudy the parameters affecting on the behaviour of the re-flected and diffracted waves. To investigate reliability andefficacy of the proposed approach, phased array numericalresults are compared with the experimental results.


Non Destructive Testing of sandwich composites: adhesion defects evaluation; Experimental and FiniteElement Method simulation comparison – (Contributed, 000337)

E.B. Ndiaye and H. DufloLaboratoire Ondes et Milieux Complexes,


Control and detection of defects like disbond and delami-nation in sandwich composite material is important todayin aerospace industry. For experimental investigation, dis-bonding was introduced at different locations in sandwichcomposite by insertion of a Teflon film between honeycomband the glue film, or by suppression of glue on small area(before curing process). The A0 Lamb mode was excitedclose to 100kHz frequency. The transmitted and reflected

wave signals were detected by velocimetry laser after in-teracting with the structure, and the boundaries of thehoneycomb. A Finite Element Method simulation is alsocomputed to simulate behavior of the Lamb wave in caseof disbond area. Good correlation between the experimen-tal and FEM simulation results was observed. The resultsdemonstrate the effectiveness of Lamb waves to detect de-lamination or disbonding in sandwich composite material.


Comparison of different approaches in characterization of impact defects of composite plates – (Contributed,

000342)

J. Liu and N. F. DeclercqGeorgia Tech - CNRS, Metz Technopole 2-3 rue Marconi 57070 Metz


Composite plate materials are widely used in almost allbranches of modern industries and everyday life. Charac-terization of impact defects of these composite plates is ofgreat interest in the quality control and safety monitor-ing. A variety of nondestructive methods are available forthis purpose; immersion (water-coupled) ultrasonic test-ing is one of them and is known for its high reliability andefficiency.In this paper, several immersion ultrasonic approachesare compared for their application to characterize impact

damage of carbon/epoxy plates. Two sample plates withdamage caused by controlled impact are tested. Threetesting configurations are discussed and several time-domain and frequency-domain data processing methodsare applied. The comparison of the results shows thatwith an optimized combination of testing configuration,transducer and frequency selection and data processingmethods, the defects can be more accurately and easilycharacterized than conventional ways.


Issues concerning using mode conversion of guided waves to size defects in plates – (Contributed, 000608)

P. McKeona, S. Yaacoubib, N. F. Declercqa and S. Ramadanb

aUMI Georgia Tech - CNRS 2958, Metz Technopole, 2 rue Marconi, 57070 Metz, France; bInstitut de Soudure, 4 boulevard Henri

Becquerel, 57970 Yutz, France


Lamb waves have been used for damage detection in platesby measuring what amounts to transmission and modeconversion coefficients. These coefficients are indicative of

the size of the defect, and relationships can be measuredvia numerical simulation. When size constraints do not al-low for the modes to separate in time, the two-dimensional


Fourier transform is often employed to resolve the strengthof various modes in a single wave packet. However, dueto the finite and discrete nature of the simulated signals,various issues arise concerning the detectability of low am-plitude converted modes. The impact of using various win-dow functions in the spatial domain will be investigated

and compared. A technique will be introduced to help de-tect smaller amplitude waves when analytical dispersioncurves may not be available to predict the abscissa andordinate, i.e. frequency and wavenumber, locations basedon a baseline subtraction technique employed in the two-dimensional frequency space.


Porosity evaluation of PoSi wafer using a nondestructive ultrasonic technic – (Contributed, 000440)

J. Bustilloa, J. Fortineaua, M. Capelleb, F. Vander Meulena, L. Haumessera, G. Gautierb and M. Lethiecqa

aUniversite Francois Rabelais de Tours, GREMAN, ENIVL, Rue de la Chocolaterie BP 3410, 41034 Blois, France; bUniversite Francois

Rabelais de Tours, GREMAN, 16 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, BP 7155, 37071 Tours Cedex 2, France


The manufacturing processes of porous silicon (PoSi) byelectrochemical etching now allow samples with variabledepths and variable degrees of porosity to be obtained.However, thickness and porosity measurement methods ofPoSi are generally destructive. Therefore in this studya nondestructive ultrasonic method is investigated. Forthis, an immersion insertion-substitution technique hasbeen used. Samples with different porosities and depthsare studied. The thickness of the wafer (550 microns) and

high sound speed in pure silicon (8450 m.s-1) require trans-ducers with high central frequencies (from 15 to 50MHz).The acoustic parameters of the wafer, such as velocityand attenuation are measured. These measurements arecompared with those obtained through a one-dimensionalmultilayer model of the wafer, using a homogenisation ap-proach for the porous layer. An inverse method is usedto find the PoSi parameters, such as the thickness of thelayers or the porosity.

Thu 9:00 Lord RAYLEIGH PU-S07: Therapeutic ultrasound

Ultrasound contrast agents: from imaging to therapy – (Invited, 000625)

A. BouakazINSERM U930 CNRS ERL3106, Universite Francois Rabelais, CHU Bretonneau, 2 Blvd. Tonnelle, 37044 Tours, France


Contrast agents, consisting of tiny gas microbubbles arecurrently approved for ultrasound imaging in cardiologyand in radiology. The microbubbles have a mean size ofabout 3 microns and are encapsulated by a thin biocom-patible layer. Multiple clinical studies have established theutility of ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) in improvingaccuracy of echography for the diagnosis of many diseasesand in reducing health care costs by eliminating the needfor additional testing. Future clinical applications of UCAextend beyond imaging and diagnostic, offering to ultra-

sound technology a new therapeutic dimension. Since afew years, novel therapeutic strategies are explored usingmicrobubbles and ultrasound. Our current data demon-strate that in the presence of microbubbles, ultrasoundwaves destabilize transiently the cell membrane allowingthe incorporation of drugs, including genes into the cells.Moreover, the microbubbles might be used as a drug vehi-cle to achieve a spatially and temporally controlled localrelease. Besides, microbubbles are able to identify diseasedtargets through specific targeting.


Ultrasound Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Nanometric Contrast Agents with PLGAShell in Suspension – (Contributed, 000040)

F. Coulouvrata, K. Astafyevab, J.-L. Thomasc, N. Taulierb, J.-M. Conoira and W. Urbachb

aCNRS, Institut Jean Le Rond d’Alembert - UMR CNRS 7190, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie - 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France;bUniversite Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Parametrique, UMR CNRS 7623, 15 rue de l’ecole de medecine, 75006 Paris,

France; cCNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris - UMR CNRS 7588, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie - 4 place Jussieu, 75005

Paris, France



Dispersion and absorption are examined for dilute suspen-sions of Ultrasound Contrast Agents of nanometric size(nACUs), with typical radii around 100 nm. This newgeneration of contrast agents is designed for targeted de-livery of drugs. Compared to standard contrast agentsused for imaging, particles are of smaller size to pass theendothelial barrier, their shell made up of biocompatiblepolymer (PLGA) is stiffer to undergo a longer time lifeand they have a liquid (PFOB) instead of a gaseous core.Ultrasound propagation in dilute suspension of nACUs ismodelled by combining i) a dilatational mode of oscilla-tion assuming an incompressible shell with a visco-elastic

behaviour of Maxwell type (relaxation), and ii) a transla-tional mode of oscillation induced by visco-inertial interac-tion with the ambient fluid. Experimental measurementsof the dispersion and absorption properties of nACUs so-lutions over the 1-100 MHz frequency range are performedfor various temperatures and concentrations. They allowto fit with good accuracy three unknown parameters of thenACUs shell: the thickness, the Young modulus and theviscosity (or equivalently the relaxation frequency). Ob-tained values are compatible with literature data and offerinsight into the behaviour of PLGA shells in suspension[Work supported by programme Emergence-UPMC].


Ultrasonic neuromodulation in a rat model: in vivo determination of the acoustic pressure thresholdand spatial distribution in the brain – (Contributed, 000689)

Y. Younan, T. Deffieux, B. Larrat, M. Fink, J.-F. Aubry and M. TanterInstitut Langevin - Ondes et Images, 10, rue Vauquelin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR7587, INSERM U979, 75005 Paris, France


The recent discovery that low-intensity pulsed ultrasoundcan be used to stimulate the brain non-invasively and with-out any noticeable tissue damage is expected to have amajor impact in neuroscience in the coming years. Never-theless, this emerging field also raised a lot of unansweredquestions: how does ultrasound affect neurons on a molec-ular and cellular level? Does it correspond to a pure me-chanical interaction? A controversy even rose on whetheran intensity threshold exists for inducing a neurologicalresponse or if such an effect always occurs whatever theultrasonic intensity. In this study, the motor responses of

rats (N=6) were investigated as a function of the in situ ex-citation pressure level and a sharp threshold was observedat 0.5MPa. Moreover a set of micro CT-based simulationswere performed in order to investigate the pressure dis-tribution in the cranial cavity. The presence of modes inthe cavity was observed thus refuting the hypothesis of alocalized excitation in the state of art experiments. Thecorresponding mechanical stress imposed on brain tissuegive new insights for understanding the underlying poten-tial mechanisms.


In-vitro and in-vivo siRNA transfection by an ultrasonic confocal device – (Contributed, 000355)

J.-L. Mestasa, N. Grandjeana, L. Reslanb, J.-C. Beraa, C. Dumontetb and C. Lafona

aINSERM, Universite Lyon 1, Unite 1032-LabTAU, Application des ultrasons a la therapie, 151 Cours Albers Thomas, 69424 Lyon

Cedex 03, France; bINSERM, Universite Lyon1, CRCL-Unite 1052, Centre Leon Berard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France


The internalization of genetic materials, molecules ortracer particles in cells aims at understanding the intra-cellular mechanisms or can be considered for new thera-pies. The sonoporation is more and more used for suchobjective. The goal of this work is to assess the trans-fection potential of an ultrasonic device which combined2 focused transducers (1.1MHz; Diameter and radius ofcurvature: 50mm) placed confocally. In this study in-vitro transfection tests were first carried out. 2ml tubes(Eppendorf) containing 0.5ml of cellular medium (follicu-lar lymphoma RL; RPMI1640+10%SVF; 2x106cells/ml)and 45µl/ml of siRNA (20nMol; Qiagen; Allstar NegControl) were placed at the device focal point. Trans-fection and mortality rates were evaluated according to

the duration of irradiation (8s to 60s), the pulse repe-tition rate (≤500Hz) and the duty cycle (0.12 to 1%)for the peak intensity Isppa=10.8kW/cm2. Maximaltransfection rates of 60% associated with very low mor-tality (<5%) were measured. Preliminary tests of tu-mor transfection (RL; Volume∼1cm3) implanted subcu-taneously in mouse CB17-SCID were performed. SiRNA(7.5 µg/ml) were injected into the tumor before ultra-sonic irradiation (PRF=250Hz; DC=1%; Scanning rate1mm/s; Isppa=10.8kW/cm2). The transfection rate wasdetermined by flow cytometry after tumor removal andfragmentation. In-vivo transfection rate reached 16% ofthe studied samples.



Blood-brain barrier disruption with focused ultrasound enhances delivery of dopamine transportertracer (PE2I) into the brain – (Contributed, 000402)

J.-M. Escoffrea, S. Serrierea, S. Bodarda, A. Novella, S. Chalona and A. Bouakazb

aUniversite Francois Rabelais de Tours, UMR-S930 and ERL3106, 10 ter bd Tonnelle, 37032 Tours, France; bINSERM U930 CNRS

ERL3106, Universite Francois Rabelais, CHU Bretonneau, 2 Blvd. Tonnelle, 37044 Tours, France


PE2I is one of the most selective ligands for dopaminetransporter. However it is associated with blood-brainbarrier (BBB) permeability limitations. The aim of thisstudy was to investigate the use of ultrasound and mi-crobubbles to increase its delivery through the BBB andby determining the optimal experimental conditions thatachieve a transient and safe BBB disruption. First, westablished the ultrasound conditions that achieved a tran-sient BBB disruption in rats using a non-permeant marker,Evans blue. Hence SonoVue R© (450µL/kg) and Evans blue(100mg/kg) were intravenously administered. BBB leak-age was obtained using ultrasound insonation through therat skull at 1.6MPa, PRF 1Hz, duty cycle 1%, burst 10ms

during 120sec. BBB disruption was observed in all treatedanimals (N=4) by histological analysis. The same experi-mental conditions were applied to enhance brain uptake ofPE2I. Biological samples were analyzed using a scintilla-tion counter apparatus. The results showed 50% and 20%increase of 125I-PE2I uptake in the striatum and cere-bral cortex, respectively, in the treated rats (N=5) ver-sus control (N=4). Similar enhancements were observedusing SonoVue R© at half concentration. This innovativemethod provides a great potential for intracerebral deliv-ery of molecular ligands that could be used for the therapyof brain diseases.


Cavitation level-acoustic intensity hysteresis: experimental and numerical characterization – (Contributed,

000199)

P. Labellea, C. Inserrab and J.-C. Berab

aUniversite Lyon 1 / INSERM, LabTAU - U1032, 151 Cours A. Thomas, 69424 Lyon, France, Metropolitan; bApplication des ultrasons

a la therapie, Pole sante Lyon est, 151 cours Albert Thomas 69424 Lyon cedex 03


In therapeutic applications such as sonoporation, inertialcavitation is commonly considered as the main candidateinducing membrane poration. Thus, characterizing iner-tial cavitation, as related to bubble size distribution andmedium history, is of great importance. When applyingsuccessive ultrasonic shots for increasing acoustic intensi-ties, the inertial cavitation level sharply increases aroundthe inertial cavitation threshold. The curve of the inertialcavitation level versus acoustic intensity is different whendecreasing the acoustic intensity: the threshold obtainedis lower. This effect, characterized by the area of the hys-teresis loop, and attributed to the change in bubble sizedistribution, is studied experimentally and numerically. In

our experiments, when increasing the time off between twoshots, the inertial cavitation curve for decreasing intensitytends towards the curve for increasing intensity. Numer-ically, the main mechanisms responsible for this hystere-sis were identified as rectified diffusion and fragmentationduring acoustic excitation, and dissolution and rising bub-bles when acoustic excitation is off. Starting from a givenbubble size distribution, the change in bubble size distri-bution is obtained for increasing and decreasing acousticintensity. The hysteresis of inertial cavitation(quantifiedby bubbles collapse energy)and its dependence on time offshow qualitative agreement with experimental results.


Doxorubicin-liposomes loaded microbubbles for ultrasound-triggered doxorubicin delivery – (Contributed,

000159)

J.-M. Escoffrea, A. Novella, B. Geersb, I. Lentackerb and A. Bouakazc

aUniversite Francois Rabelais de Tours, UMR-S930 and ERL3106, 10 ter bd Tonnelle, 37032 Tours, France; bLaboratory of General

Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Gent, Belgium; cINSERM U930 CNRS ERL3106, Universite Francois

Rabelais, CHU Bretonneau, 2 Blvd. Tonnelle, 37044 Tours, France



Doxorubicin (Dox) is a potent chemotherapeutic whosesevere side effects limit its clinical efficacy. Microbubble-assisted ultrasound has become a promising strategy fornon-invasive local drug delivery to increase the drug con-centration locally and to reduce systemic side effects. Theaim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of admin-istration of Dox-liposomes loaded on MB combined withultrasound in human glioblastoma cells. Experiments werecarried out with free Dox or Dox-loaded MBs on a cell sus-pension of U-87MG cells. Ultrasound waves were trans-mitted at 1MHz frequency with a pulse repetition periodof 100µs, 40 cycles per pulse and for 30s. Cell viability was

evaluated by Trypan blue assay 24h and 48h later. UsingDox alone, the cell viability was 63±3% and 26±2% at24h and 48h later, respectively. The combination of ultra-sound at 600 kPa and Dox-loaded MBs induced a 2.5-folddecrease of cell viability compared to the incubation ofDox-loaded MBs alone at 24h and 48h after treatment,respectively. At 24h, this combination was 3 times moreefficient than the doxorubicin treatment alone. The con-clusions drawn from this study show the potential of thisstrategy for a controlled, efficient, and safe drug delivery.Project funded by the EU Project SONODRUGS (NMP4-LA-2008-213706).


Noninvasive temperature measurement during High Intensity Focused Utrasound (HIFU) treatments;What are the problems, and is it really necessary? – (Invited, 000413)

G. Ter Haar, V. Bull, J. Civale and I. RivensInstitute of Cancer Research, Physics Department, Royal Marsden Hospital, SM2 5PT Sutton, Surrey, UK


Real-time measurement of temperature is the holy grailof HIFU treatment monitoring as it allows calculation ofthe delivered thermal dose, an indicator of successful ab-lation. Much HIFU treatment monitoring research con-centrates on improving MR and ultrasound thermometry,although many factors fundamentally limit measurementaccuracy for both modalities. Temporal and volumetricaveraging of highly localised rapid heating can underesti-mate peak temperatures. In MR, any attempt to improvetemporal or spatial resolution results in lower contrast andcompromises temperature resolution. While US imagingoffers higher temporal resolution, the relatively low signalto noise ratio is problematic. In both cases, cavitation can

significantly impair measurement. In MR thermometry,temperature resolution depends on accurate knowledge ofthe proton resonance frequency coefficient. Whilst this iseasily obtained for water, measurement in tissue is harder.Current ultrasound guided clinical HIFU treatments relyon visualising bubbles created in tissue. Ultrasound ther-mometry requires accurate knowledge of the temperaturedependent speed of sound for the tissue, which is knownto be highly variable. Given these confounding factors,it is questionable as to whether it is really temperaturewe require, or whether improvements in the ability to de-tect coagulation in tissue might lead to greater success inablative therapies.


Treatment of liver metastases using High Intensity Focused Ultrasound: clinical results – (Invited,

000311)

D. MelodelimaInserm U1032, 151, cours Albert Thomas, 69424 Lyon, France


In this study an ultrasound device that uses a toroidalHIFU transducer guided by ultrasound imaging was eval-uated clinically for the treatment of colorectal liver metas-tases during an open procedure. Our long-term objec-tive is to associate HIFU with hepatic resection. Here wereport the first clinical results obtained on six patientswith liver metastases and scheduled for elective surgicalresection of their tumors. The principal objective wasto validate the effectiveness, tolerance and safety of theHIFU parameters defined during preclinical studies. Inaddition, the response to HIFU was assessed using theultrasound imaging probe integrated in the HIFU device

and compared directly with histological analysis. TwelveHIFU lesions were performed during hepatectomy. Thedimensions measured on ultrasound imaging were corre-lated (r=0.91) with dimensions measured during histolog-ical analysis. The average coagulated dimensions obtainedfrom a single 40s exposure were a diameter of 18.7±2.0mm and a depth of 27.5±6.3 mm. This HIFU treatmentusing a toroidal transducer is feasible, safe and well toler-ated. This device is capable of achieving selective ablationof predefined liver regions. Ultrasound imaging evidenceof complete ablation of the target region can be taken toinfer histological success.



High amplitude ultrasound pulse generation using time-reversal through a multiple scattering medium– (Contributed, 000316)

B. Arnal, M. Pernot, M. Fink and M. TanterInstitut Langevin - Ondes et Images, 10, rue Vauquelin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR7587, INSERM U979, 75005 Paris, France


In histotripsy, soft tissues can be fragmented using veryhigh pressure ultrasound pulses. Using time-reversal cav-ity is a way to generate high pressure pulses with a lim-ited number of acoustic sources. The principle was alreadydemonstrated by Montaldo et al. using a solid metal cav-ity, but low transmission coefficient was obtained due tothe strong impedance mismatch at the metal/water in-terface. We propose here to use a waveguide filled withwater containing a 2D multiple-scattering medium madeof steel rods (diameter 0.8mm) positioned randomly withcontrolled density and width. Numerical simulations andexperiments performed with a linear probe (1.5MHz) ex-

hibited an amplification of the focal pressure and an en-larged directivity. The optimal density and width of themultiple-scattering medium has been consistently deter-mined both numerically and experimentally. This opti-mum results from a tradeoff between the gain provided bymultiple paths and the losses. The signals recorded by thelinear array (total duration of 1.2ms) were time-reversed.After reemission, the beam focused back at the initial lo-cation with a gain x12 in amplitude and improved beamsteering capabilities. Such a device could become a poten-tial alternative to expensive high power phased arrays.


a multi-element MR-guided interstitial ultrasound probe for the thermal ablation of brain tumors:initial testing in a canine model – (Contributed, 000556)

M. S. Canneya, K. Beccariab, R. Souchona, F. Chavriera, P. Merletc, C. Lafona, J.-Y. Chapelona and A. CarpentierbaLabTAU, INSERM and CarThera, 151 Cours Albert Thomas, 69424 Lyon, France; bNeurosurgery Department, Pitie-Salpetriere

Hospital, 47-83 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; cSHFJ, DSV, CEA, Paris-Diderot-Paris 7 University, 91420 Orsay, France


In this work, an interstitial ultrasound probe, designedfor performing thermal ablation of brain tumors underMR guidance, was tested in a canine model. The ul-trasound device consisted of a multi-element, interstitialdevice operating at intensities of 20-30 W/cm2 and a fre-quency of 6 MHz. The device was used to perform heat-ing in the brains of 3 healthy Beagle canines. Treat-ments lasted from 4-6 minutes and were monitored us-ing a 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system toobtain 3D real-time temperature maps. Custom softwaredisplayed temperature and thermal dose during exposures.After treatment, contrast-enhanced MR images were ob-

tained and compared with predicted regions of thermalnecrosis from real-time temperature maps. Temperaturesof greater than 55C were induced in vivo during heat-ing and regions of ablation of 1-2 cm3 were visible onpost-treatment MR images. Regions of damage on post-treatment images compared well with predicted regions ofthermal necrosis using MR thermometry. Interstitial ul-trasound applicators, operated under MR guidance, maybe a viable, minimally invasive treatment for the thermalablation of brain tumors. Work supported by the FrenchMinistry of Research, OSEO and CarThera


Todoidal transducer with two large focal zones for increasing the coagulated volume – (Contributed,

000312)

J. Vincenota, D. Melodelimaa, A. Vignota, F. Chavrierb and J.-Y. Chapelonb

aInserm U1032, 151, cours Albert Thomas, 69424 Lyon, France; bLabTAU, INSERM, 151 Cours Albert Thomas, 69424 Lyon, France


In this work, a toroidal High Intensity Focused Ultrasound(HIFU) transducer was developed for the treatment ofliver metastases. It generates an enlarged focal zone com-posed of a first ring-shaped focus (located at the focalplane) and an overlap of ultrasound beams between thetransducer and this focal ring. The objective was to com-bine this toroidal geometry with electronic focusing of the

ultrasound beam. This was done in order to create a coag-ulated volume sufficient for the destruction of a metastasiswith a diameter up to 3 cm. The working frequency of thetransducer was 2.5 MHz. The transducer is divided into32 rings of 77 mm2 each. In vitro tests were conductedand have shown that this toroidal geometry and the useof electronic beam steering allows the creation of lesions


with a diameter of 40 mm and a depth of 38 mm. Thistreatment was obtained in 10 minutes without any me-chanical displacement of the transducer. In conclusion,these results indicate that the treatment of a liver metas-

tasis up to 3 cm in diameter is conceivable with safetymargins using a single exposure which is obtained rapidlyand without juxtaposing single lesions.


Study of the emissive properties of ultrasound systems for physiotherapy and aesthetic treatments –(Contributed, 000842)

C. Gilibertia, P. Calicchiab, A. Bedinia, R. Palombaa and S. De Simoneb

aINAIL ex ISPESL, Via Urbana 167, 00184 Rome, Italy; bInstitute of Acoustics and Sensors, Via del Fosso del Cavalliere,100, 00133

Rome, Italy


The widespread use of ultrasound in physiotherapy and re-cently in aesthetics (medical and nonmedical) and the va-riety of devices based on ultrasonic emission at relativelylow cost and available to a wide range of users, requiresa deep knowledge of the emissive mode of theese equip-ments. In order to provide a contribution for improvingthe quality and safety of treatments, a study on the techni-cal performance and emissive characteristics of few devicesavailable on the market was carried out, according to theinternational standard IEC 61689:2007. Emissive proper-ties were assessed for two systems working at 1 MHz and

3 MHz, respectively, used for physiotherapy and aesthet-ics; the characterization of the ultrasonic pressure fieldsof these devices was related to the electronic characteris-tics of their controls. The results highlighted few criticalaspects related to the non perfect accord between controland US transducer, to the effects of internationally-definedparameters values, when they are found out of range, ac-cording to the definition of an acceptable systems’ qual-ity, and to the need of extensively describe such systemsincluding a suitable set of measurements aiming at theircharacterization as a whole.


Ellipsoid fitting for movement tracking and HIFU lesion simulation on mobile organs – (Contributed,

000795)

E. Constanciela, J.-M. Maria, S. Pichardob, F. Chavriera and C. Lafona

aApplication des ultrasons a la therapie, Pole sante Lyon est, 151 cours Albert Thomas 69424 Lyon cedex 03; bThunder Bay Regional

Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B 6V4


Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent cause of cardiac ar-rhythmia. In order to treat it in a minimally invasive way,a transesophageal HIFU system is being designed. To pre-dict the shape of the HIFU lesion and design the heatingprocedure, simulations must be performed on a beatingheart model. The complex movements of the left atriummake the displacement estimation difficult. However asimple model fitting, here an ellipsoid, could allow esti-mating with a reasonable accuracy the tissue movement.

A fitting algorithm has been designed and is tested onnumerical phantoms of ovoid shape. Fitting ellipsoids atmultiple times allows matching their surfaces, deriving themovement and extrapolating to the entire volume. Lesionsize with and without movement are then simulated usingthe Rayleigh model and the Bio Heat Transfer Equation,and compared. Future work will apply this fitting on realatrium data extracted from 4D CT sequences.

Thu 10:40 Ray STEPHENS EA-S06: Miniature transducers

Potential of MEMS technologies for manufacturing of high-fidelity microspeakers – (Invited, 000568)

E. Lefeuvrea, I. Shahosseinia, J. Moulina, M. Woytasika, E. Martincica, G. Lemarquandb, E. Sturtzerc and G.PillonnetcaInstitut d’electronique fondamentale, bat. 220 Av Georges Clemenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite

du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; cInstitut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon - Site

de l’UCBL, 6, rue Ampere 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex



The use of microspeakers has drastically grown overthe past few years in reason of the important increaseof mobile electronics devices having sound reproductionfunctions. Consumer electronics devices such as mobilephones, tablets or camcorders are the most representa-tive exemples of everyday used devices with embeddedmicrospeakers. Since 2009, this market exceeds one bil-lion microspeakers per year. However, in parallel to thesales increase, the performances of these small-size trans-ducers have been only very little improved in terms ofsound quality, efficiency and power density over the lastdecade. Several reasons can explain such stagnation, suchas the limits of conventional manufacturing techniques, or

the focus put on selling points other than sound repro-duction. The proposal made here is to take advantage ofMicrosystems technologies for improving microspeaker’sperformances. Indeed, such a technological leap appearsas a very promising way to overcome the major shortcom-ings of micro speakers made using conventional technolo-gies. This paper illustrates, in the case of a silicon mi-crospeaker, the gains that can be expected from MEMStechnologies. The design and the microfabrication processof the device will be fully detailed. Experimental acousticchacacteristics will be compared to that of conventionalmicrospeakers of same size and power range.


Efficiency optimization of an electrodynamic MEMS microspeaker – (Contributed, 000614)

I. Shahosseinia, E. Lefeuvrea, J. Moulina, M. Woytasika, E. Martincica and G. Lemarquandb

aInstitut d’electronique fondamentale, bat. 220 Av Georges Clemenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite

du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


This paper presents the optimization of a novel planarstructure of MEMS electrodynamics microspeaker. Themobile part of the device is a microstructured silicon mem-brane suspended by a whole set of silicon springs. Its ac-tuation principle relies on the Lorentz force, exactly likein conventional microspeakers broadly used in mobile elec-tronics devices. The presented structure includes a planarcoil electroplated on top of the silicon membrane, and apermanent magnet part based on magnet rings bondedonto the silicon substrate. Four different configurationsof the permanent magnet part are studied. In each case,

the dimensions of the planar coil are determined in or-der to maximize the electroacoustic conversion efficiency.The optimization method takes into account technologicallimits of microfabrication. Simulations based on analyti-cal and finite element modelling show that the efficiency ofoptimized MEMS microspeaker could be up to ten timesgreater than that of conventional electrodynamics micros-peakers used in mobile phones. The simulation resultsare confirmed by experimental measurements on MEMSmicrospeaker prototypes.


High overtone Bulk Acoustic Resonators: application to resonators, filters and sensors – (Invited,

000705)

S. Ballandrasa, T. Barona, E. Lebrasseura, G. Martinb, D. Gachonc, A. Reinhardtd, P.-P. Lassagned, J.-M. Friedta,L. Chommelouxe and D. Rabusbafemto-st, 26 chemin de l’epitaphe, Equipe CoSyMa, 25000 Besancon, France; bFemto-st, 26 chemin de l’Epitaphe, 25030 Besancon,

France; cLaboratoire PROMES-CNRS, UPR 8521, Rambla de la thermodynamique, 66100 Perpignan, France; dCEA LETI, CEA /

Leti 17 rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble cedex 9; eSENSeOR SAS, Parc de Haute Technologie - Lot n3 694, Avenue du Docteur

Maur, 06250 Mougins, France


Acoustelectric devices have been used now for severaldecade to stabilize oscillators, to filter radio-frequency sig-nals or to allow for physical and even chemical detectionand measures.Among all the structures that have beendeveloped in that purpose, one has been revealing par-ticularly interesting for the development of high qualityfactor resonator on an extended range of frequency. It isbased on the generation of high overtones in bulk acousticwave resonant structure and therefore are currently calledHBARs. These devices may be fabricated along variousapproaches but they always consist of a thin (or thinned)

piezoelectric layer deposited or bonded onto a high qual-ity single crystal material. The spectral response of thiskind of device exhibit a periodic comb of peaks modulatedby the transducer response, yielding resonances on a verylarge spectrum with various characteristics and properties.We present here the basic principles of such devices, theirremarquable properties, the etchnologies required to man-ufacture them and the various applications they can beapplied for. A focus is partcularly dedicated to oscillatorstabilization and to wirelss sensor development.



New electrostatically excited Silicon resonator vibrating in a thickness extensional mode – (Contributed,

000715)

S. Ballandrasa, M. Evanb, B. Dulmetb, G. Martinb and T. Barona

afemto-st, 26 chemin de l’epitaphe, Equipe CoSyMa, 25000 Besancon, France; bFemto-st, 26 chemin de l’Epitaphe, 25030 Besancon,

France


This paper presents a new micro-mechanical BAW res-onator built in Silicon, using an electrostatic excitation.The device is based on a one-port design with a 1µm gapto apply the superimposition of static bias voltage anddynamic excitation to the silicon plate. A thickness ex-tensional mode is exploited, yielding a frequency opera-tion near 10 MHz with a standard 400µm thick Si plate.The resonator presented in the paper is based on a sin-gle p-doped (100) Silicon plate bonded onto a Corning R©glass substrate by using the anodic bonding technique.The glass layer is machined to create the electrostaticgap mandatory for the electrical excitation. The micro-

fabricated resonator was tested in one-port configurationusing a network vector analyzer. The electromechanicalcoupling factor and many resonator features, includingthe quality factor Q, change with the DC bias polarisa-tion, as expected theoretically. After the static capaci-tance compensating, the Q factor near 9000 have been ob-served with a promising coupling w.r.t. quartz resonatorvalues. The resonator was tested in air at different tem-peratures between 0C and 100C and the TCF was foundat -28ppm/C. The stabilization of a RF oscillator usingthis resonator is still under development.


Comparison of various models to compute the vibro-acoustic response of large CMUT arrays – (Contributed,

000740)

M. Berthillier, P. Le Moal and J. LardiesFEMTO-ST, Departement de Mecanique Appliquee, 24 rue de l’Epitaphe, 25000 Besancon, France


Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasound Transducers(CMUT) is a promising alternative to piezo-electric trans-ducers for medical imaging. CMUT generally comprisesmore than 10 thousand unitary cells. When immersed ina fluid the cells are strongly coupled by the fluid, leadingto cross talk effects. Accurate simulation tools that takeinto account properly all these coupling are very muchCPU time consuming. From an engineering point of viewit will be interesting to use simplified models to conductparametric studies. We propose in this paper to evaluatevarious simplified models in term of accuracy and CPU

time. As a test case, we chose a typical 1D CMUT array inwhich groups of several hundreds of cells, called elements,are electrically connected. The reference model takesinto account explicitly the contribution of all the cells tocompute, in the harmonic domain, the displacement fieldon the transducer surface and the radiated pressure. Afirst class of simplified models is built by introducing con-straints on the cells displacements of the reference model.A second class of simplified models considers infinite arrayfor which periodic conditions can be defined.


Phononic crystal slabs: fundamentals and applications – (Invited, 000748)

A. KhelifFranche-Comte Electronique Mecanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies, 32 avenue de l’Observatoire 25044 Be-

sancon Cedex


We present in this paper theoretical and experimentalstudies of guided acoustic wave propagating in phononiccrystal slabs. By the insertion of scatters or the depositionof pillars on slabs, we are able to built up these artificialcrystals. With appropriate choice of the geometrical pa-rameters, we show that these structures can display com-

plete band gaps in silicone membrane based on a Braggor a local resonance mechanism. Additionally, the intro-duction of defects inside the perfect crystals allows us toachieve high quality factor acoustic resonators as well asacoustic filters at high frequency regime in the phononiccrystal slabs.



A model to predict baffle effects in linear array of cMUTs – (Contributed, 000764)

A. Boulme, N. Senegond, F. Teston and D. CertonUniversite Francois-Rabelais de Tours, 10 Bd tonnelle, 37032 Tours, France


cMUTs are a very promising alternative to the piezoelec-tricity in echographic imaging probes. Many authors havemodeled cMUT arrays but only few works have been ded-icated to the simulation of devices working in real configu-ration, i.e. where each element is made of a finite numberof cMUTs. In previous studies, we pointed out that, insuch conditions, interactions between cMUTs could causesome strong cut-off frequencies in the useful frequencybandwidth, leading to undesirable oscillations at the endof the impulse response. This phenomenon is comparablewith baffle effects in multi-source radiators. Even if ori-

gins of these cut-off frequencies are well known in sonararrays, this phenomenon have poorly been explored forarrays of cMUTs. This paper is a deep theoretical inves-tigation of these interactions. The linear array of cMUTsis modeled like a linear system. Input electrical quantities(voltage applied to each element of the array) are linkedto output acoustic quantities (pressure emitted by eachelement) with a global ”transferı matrix. The Eigenvaluesdecomposition of the transfer matrix is used to discussand to explain origins of cut-off frequencies in the radi-ated pressure spectrum.

Thu 13:40 Francois CANAC AA-S02: Practical aspects of room or building acoustics

Offices and dwellings: what building acoustics for sustainable development? – (Contributed, 000013)

M. Asselineau, A. Gaulupeau and M. SerraPEUTZ & Associates, 10 B rue des Messageries, 75010 Paris, France


Sustainability has proved to be a major concern since thebeginning of this century. Among the 14 targets for sus-tainable projects as defined in the French standards, onespecifically deals with acoustic comfort. Over the years,those standards have been developed to cope with variouskinds of buildings. However, due to the lack of discussion

between specialists it has sometimes proved rather hard tobe applied. Furthermore, a lack of coherence may some-times appear between sustainable standards by HQE, na-tional standards by Afnor, and national regulations. Thispaper aims to submit a few questions on those matters.


Acoustical standards and criteria documentation of sustainability in hospital design and construction– (Invited, 000276)

J. B. Evans and C. N. HimmelJEAcoustics / Engineered Vibration Acoustic & Noise Solutions, 1705 West Koenig Lane, Austin, 78756, USA


The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED) rating system, developed by the United StatesGreen Building Council (USGBC) has multiple categories,including a 2009 version for healthcare buildings. De-termination and award of Interior Environmental Qual-ity (IEQ) rating points for Acoustics requires theoreticalcalculation in design phase of ambient sound, privacy andintrusive outdoor noise relative to allowable criteria or per-formance validation testing after construction. This casestudy discusses the required acoustical criteria for IEQCredits 1 and 2. Floor plans showing patient, procedure,consultation and meeting rooms are presented and dis-cussed with regard to the criteria. Design phase calcula-tion procedures undertaken to document conformance are

presented with results. Because conflicts between opera-tional requirements and acoustical criteria create designchallenges, commentary is offered about design alterna-tives that aided or inhibited rating success.Standards and Criteria covered include: Leadership inEnergy and Environmental Design (LEED) for Health-care 2009, a third-party certification and benchmarksystem created by U.S. Green Building Council (US-GBC),Guidelines for Design and Construction of HealthCare Facilities, Facility Guidelines Institute (FGI), 2010,referenced in LEED HC 2009 ”Sound and VibrationControl,ı ASHRAE Handbook of HVAC Applications,2007 American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.



Facade sound isolation: a few questions – (Contributed, 000014)

A. GaulupeauPEUTZ & Associates, 10 B rue des Messageries, 75010 Paris, France


Since 2000 it has been compulsory to use European acous-tic criteria in France. This means that requirements asformulated in French regulations must be expressed us-ing those European criteria. The applicable regulationpertaining to facade sound isolation with regards to landbased transport noise is dated May 30, 1996. Accordingly

it had to be revised. This was an opportunity to makeimprovements on the following points: clarification of thesimplified method, coherence with the thermal regulation,and introduction of isolation requirements with regards toair traffic noise. This paper will submit the modificationsintroduced by the soon to be published regulation.


Solid borne noise in buildings: how does one cope? – (Contributed, 000015)

M. Serra and M. AsselineauPEUTZ & Associates, 10 B rue des Messageries, 75010 Paris, France


In France there are regulations regarding the sound iso-lation of the facade with regards to road and rail noise.However, there are no provisions regarding structure bornenoise from such sources. For example, should there be atunnel by the building, on what basis does one decide whatthe applicable noise level target value should be? Should

it really be expressed as a sound level or should it be de-scribed as a velocity level? Furthermore, is the end useraware of the problem and ready to implement some solidborne noise control measures? This paper aims to addressthose matters through a couple of case studies.


Architects and Acousticians: are they able to understand each other? – (Contributed, 000615)

A. MuckenhirnAT3E, 43/45 rue Jean Jaures, 94500 Champigny Sur Marne, France


Good architectural projects need a suitable understand-ing between the various members of the design team. Butcan really people as different as an architect and an acous-tician reach such an understanding? One is mainly con-cerned with the appearance of the building (and what itcosts too!), while the other one usually happens to be con-cerned with plenty of non visible items. Does it mean thatas long as it does not interfere with the architect’s visionof space, it’s acceptable? Each member has a goal to reach

on the project. And more since regulations and labels areincreasingly discerning. So the point is: does the architectreally understand and integrate the acoustic elements theacoustician gives to him? And, inversely, does the acous-tician know the impact of his recommendations on thearchitect’s work? Through her professional experience asan acoustic engineer and her education as an architect, theauthor submits in this paper a few illustrations of thosepoints.


Acoustic treatments for building curved surfaces: practical applications – (Contributed, 000778)

G. Beillarda and C. Ramaugeb

aALHYANGE Acoustique, 60 rue du Faubourg Poissonniere, 75010 Paris, France; bALHYANGE Acoustique, 14 avenue Carnot, 44017

Nantes, France


Curved walls are not rare in building architectures. Acous-tic reflections by these surfaces may create sound focusingissues damaging the room acoustic qualities [Martijn L.S.

Vercammen, Reflection of sound by concave surfaces, Pro-ceedings of 20th International Congress on Acoustics, Au-gust 2010, Sydney, Australia]. With the increasing num-


ber of building acoustic norms, acoustic treatments haveto be found out and settled in order to guaranty the bestacoustic comfort in specific architecture rooms. The aimof this paper is to present practical applications of build-ing focusing problems. Indeed first measurements havebeen carried out to characterize the phenomenon. Re-sults are then compared with 3D model simulations by

image source method. Different acoustic treatments con-figurations have been also simulated afterwards in order tochoose the most appropriate technical solutions respectingarchitectural constraints and acoustic requirements. Fi-nally, these configurations are settled and checked in lastin situ measurements.


Micro-perforated sound absorbers in stretched materials – (Contributed, 000829)

C. Nockea, C. Hilgea and J.-M. ScherrerbaAkustikburo Oldenburg, Katharinenstr. 19, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany; bBARRISOL S.A.S, Route du Sipes, 68680 Kembs, France


The theory of microperforated panel sound-absorbing con-structions has been introduced by D.-Y. Maa in 1975.Since then many variations of micro-perforated sound ab-sorbing devices and materials have been introduced. Ma-terials that have been used to be micro-perforated havebeen metal, wood, plastics and many others. In 2001a nearly invisible micro-perforation has been introducedto the stretched material making it highly sound absorp-tive. Over the last ten years different set-ups made ofmicro-perforated layers, porous materials as well as plate

resonators have been investigated. In this contributionmeasured sound absorption coefficients of various set-upswith micro-perforated stretched foils and different otheracoustic materials will be presented. For these assem-blies no closed calculation model exists so far. Theoreticalapproaches towards layered sound absorbers with micro-perforated components will be suggested. Future develop-ments in the field of micro-perforation in room acousticswill be discussed. Finally applications will be presented.

Thu 13:40 Philip DOAK EN-S01: Outdoor sound propagation: meteorological, ground effects, uncertainties...

Time-domain simulations of outdoor sound propagation: experimental validation on a complex site –(Contributed, 000571)

D. Dragnaa, P. Blanc-Benona and F. Poissonb

aLMFA, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France, Metropolitan; bInnovation et recherche

SNCF, 40 avenue des terroirs de France, 75012 Paris


Simulations of outdoor sound propagation using a time-domain approach have proved to be efficient to deal withcomplex situations. Indeed, the main effects on acousticpropagation can be taken into account. In particular, re-cent works [Dragna et al., AIAA J. 49, 1420-1428 (2011);Dragna et al., AIAA-Paper 2010-3758 (2010)] have shownthat impedance of the ground surfaces and topographycan be modeled efficiently in time domain. In this paper,results from an experimental campaign carried out near arailway high speed line in 2010 are compared to those ob-

tained with a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) solverof the linearized Euler equations. During the experi-ments, the topography of the site and the different surfaceimpedances have been determined. Meteorological mea-surements have also been performed. A blank pistol isused to obtain impulsive signals. The different measuredparameters are used as input data into the FDTD solver.Comparisons are realized in both the frequency domain,and in the time domain.


Time-domain numerical modeling of acoustical propagation in the presence of boundary irregularities– (Contributed, 000482)

O. Faurea, B. Gauvreaua, F. Junkerb and P. Lafonb

aIFSTTAR Nantes, Departement IM, Route de Bouaye, CS4, 44344 Bouguenais Cedex, France; bEDF R&D, 1 Avenue du General de

Gaulle, 92141 Clamart Cedex, France



Numerical reference models are necessary to validate engi-neering methods used for acoustical predictions in realisticsituations. These situations include irregular geometriesand characteristics that are not accurately known. Thiscan be due to the complexity of the propagation medium,space and time variability of its physical properties, mea-surements uncertainties, etc. The objective of this work isto compute sound propagation through such complex me-

dia using two numerical methods. The first one is based onthe resolution of the Linearized Euler Equations with highorder finite difference schemes (FDTD). The second one isbased on a discrete representation of the Huygens principleusing nodes and transmission lines (TLM). The requiredimprovements of the numerical codes are exposed. Firstexamples of numerical studies dealing with irregular ge-ometries and impedance ground properties are presented.


TLM OpenCL multi-GPUs implementation – (Contributed, 000390)

G. Guillaume, N. Fortin, B. Gauvreau and J. PicautDepartement Infrastructures et Mobilite (IFSTTAR/IM), Route de Bouaye, CS4, 44344 Bouguenais Cedex


Time-domain methods attracts much attention since a fewyears due to their ability to describe sound propagationin complex environments. However, such approaches re-quires a substantial computational power and a supercom-puter remains still relevant for sound propagation simula-tions in huge domains. Graphics processing units (GPUs)are massively parallel computing environments, that aremore and more used for scientific computations purposes.Among time-domain methods, the transmission line mod-

eling (TLM) method is especially well adapted to thiskind of hardware architecture. The paper presents anOpenCLTM implementation of the TLM method, this lan-guage being compatible with a wide range of availablecomputational hardware, either with Central ProcessingUnits (CPUs) or with GPUs devices. The algorithm isapplied to evaluate the impact of various scenarios of veg-etation cover on urban frontages and building roof topswithin the framework of the VegDUD project.


Numerical predictions for environmental acoustics: simulation of atmospheric fields and integration ina propagation model – (Invited, 000445)

P. Aumonda, B. Gauvreaua, C. Lacb, V. Massonb and M. BerengieraaDepartement Infrastructures et Mobilite (IFSTTAR/IM), Route de Bouaye, CS4, 44344 Bouguenais Cedex; bMeteo-France CNRM/GAME,

Av. Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse Cedex 1, France


Outdoor sound prediction is both a societal stake and ascientific issue. Thus this paper deals with numerical sim-ulations of micrometeorological (temperature and wind)fields for environmental acoustics. This is carried outthrough new developments in the reference mesoscale me-teorological model at Meteo-France (”Meso-NHı). Meso-NH predictions at very low scales (about 1m) includingnew developments (drag force approach) are validatedboth numerically and experimentally under stable, unsta-ble and neutral conditions.Then, these information can be used as input data foracoustic models. Our time domain acoustic model is basedon Transmission Line Matrix method (TLM). Its develop-

ment has been done in order to be applied to outdoorsound propagation, i.e. in order to take into account to-pography, ground impedance, meteorological conditions,etc. The numerical validation of the TLM method by com-parison with other models shw the relevance of its use inthe context of environmental acoustics.Finally, thanks to these models, simulated noise levels indifferent propagation conditions were compared to in situmeasurements. Satisfying results were obtained regardingthe observed phenomena variability. A feasibility study ona more complex experience (LTMS) leads to consider theTLM as an accurate and promising method in the contextof environmental acoustics.


Long distance propagation of high level impulsive noises – (Contributed, 000707)

P. Naz, M. Portafax and S. CheinetInstitut franco-allemand de recherches de Saint-Louis, 5 rue du General Cassagnou, BP 70034, 68300 SAINT-LOUIS - France



The noises generated by the high level impulsive sourcespropagate a great distance away, but their characteristicscan be strongly modulated by environmental parameters(inhomogeneities in the atmosphere, ground’s characteris-tics). The performances in terms of detection and localiza-tion of sources are disrupted by the spatial and time fluctu-ations in these parameters. This contribution presents the

current efforts at ISL to measure, understand and predictthis variability. Experimental tests are realized at variouspropagation ranges. The results illustrate the variabilitiesin terms of level, spectral content and precision of the an-gular localization. The metrology, identification and fore-cast of the relevant environmental parameters to explainthese fluctuations in performance will be discussed.


Propagation of spherically diverging N-waves in a turbulent atmosphere: experiment – (Contributed,

000643)

P. V. Yuldasheva, E. Salzea, S. Olliviera, M. Averiyanovb, V. Khokhlovab and P. Blanc-Benona

aLaboratoire de Mecanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique, 36 Av Guy de Collongue 69134 Ecully Cedex; bM.V.Lomonosov Moscow

State University, Faculty of Physics, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State, University,Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation


Studies on propagation of high amplitude N-waves in tur-bulent atmosphere are relevant to the sonic boom prob-lem which involves high interest due to development ofnew civil supersonic aircrafts. In this problem it is impor-tant to predict the effect of turbulence on the statisticalcharacteristics of random variations of the wave amplitudeand shock rise time. In the present work, in relation tothe sonic boom problem, the propagation of high ampli-tude spark-generated N -waves through a layer of thermalturbulence was studied in a model laboratory-scale exper-iment which is more controlled and reproducible than fieldmeasurements. Evolution of statistical distributions of the

wave amplitude and shock rise time was investigated atdifferent propagation distances from the spark source. Theresults were compared to experimental data known fromthe literature, where N -waves were propagated through akinematic turbulence. It was shown that for similar prop-agation distances, turbulent length scales, and index fluc-tuations in both experiments, kinematic turbulence leadsto stronger distortion of the N -wave field. Moreover, withkinematic turbulence the probability to observe intensefocusing at caustics is to 2 or 3 times greater than withthermal turbulence.


Laboratory-scale experiment for the propagation of N -waves in a turbulent and refracting mediumwith ground effects – (Contributed, 000633)

E. Salze, S. Ollivier, P. V. Yuldashev and P. Blanc-BenonLaboratoire de Mecanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique, 36 Av Guy de Collongue 69134 Ecully Cedex


Acoustical propagation in a refracting atmosphere close tothe ground leads to the formation of a geometrical shadowzone in which sound can be scattered by turbulence. Lab-oratory scale experiments allow to control and study sep-aratly ground reflection, refraction and turbulence effects.Therefore, a new experiment which allows quantitativestudy of outdoor nonlinear propagation has been designedto compare measurements to theoretical models. A sparksource is used to generate short duration (∼ 20 µs) andhigh pressure (∼ 1500 Pa) N -waves. A convex surfacemodels the effect of an upward refracting atmosphere, anda heating grid generates thermal turbulence (∼ 1 % indexfluctuations). Previous studies showed that the micro-

phone directivity and limited frequency response have agreat influence, leading to distorted measured waveformsand overestimation of the rise time. Acoustical measure-ments were completed by schlieren visualizations of theshock wave. Without turbulence, the waveforms and pres-sure levels are measured and compared to calculated so-lutions, accounting for microphone filtering. Evidence ofirregular reflection is given, and scattering of sound intothe shadow zone by turbulence is discussed.

This work is supported by the French/Russian Interna-tional Program for Scientific Cooperation PICS RFBR 10-02-91062 / CNRS 5603.


Diffraction-assisted rough ground effects – (Contributed, 000265)

I. Bashir, S. Taherzadeh, T.J. Hill and K. AttenboroughThe Open University, DDEM, Maths, Computing and Technology, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA Milton Keynes, UK



Sound propagation over a smooth hard surface can besignificantly altered by introducing roughness. For neargrazing sound propagation over a smooth hard surface,the first destructive interference occurs at relatively highfrequencies. However, the ground effect dips, correspond-ing to the first destructive interference, observed in ExcessAttenuation (EA) spectra measured over rough surfaces,are at significantly lower frequencies. Sound propagationover periodically spaced roughness elements and randomlyspaced roughness elements with different cross-sectionalprofiles (semi-cylindrical, rectangular and wedge-shapedstrips) is investigated. Periodic spacing results in multiple

distinct maxima, compared with the single broad EA max-ima observed for random spacing. Roughness also causessurface waves. These surface waves are strongest neargrazing incidence and their amplitudes and the frequenciesat which they occur depend on the roughness height andmean centre-to-centre spacing. Numerical models such asMultiple Scattering Theory (MST) and the Boundary El-ement Method (BEM) are used to make predictions ofthe EA spectra which are compared with measurements.[Work supported by European Community FP7 projectnumber 234306].


Use of short range outdoor sound propagation and acoustic-to-seismic seismic coupling to deduce soilstate – (Contributed, 000753)

H.-C. Shina, S. Taherzadeha, K. Attenborougha and W.R. Whalleyb

aThe Open University, DDEM, Maths, Computing and Technology, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA Milton Keynes, UK; bRothamsted

Research, West Common, AL5 2JQ Harpenden, UK


In horticulture, the soil structure, moisture content andstrength have profound effects on plant growth. Whensoils are regarded as porous media, sub-surface wave prop-agation can be indicative of the soil status. Such propaga-tion can be initiated by sources of airborne sound throughacoustic-to-seismic coupling. Measurements of the ratio ofnear-surface sound pressure to acoustically induced solidparticle motion can be exploited to estimate the acous-tic and elastic properties of soils. Traditional methods ofmonitoring seismic signals by use of buried geophones areinvasive and may affect the soil samples of interest. This

paper describes a non-invasive acoustic-seismic technique.A loudspeaker was used to generate airborne sound, andthe reflected sound and the subsequent vibration of the soilsurface were recorded by microphones and a laser Dopplervibrometer respectively. These data were used to estimateacoustic and elastic soil parameters through an optimisa-tion process minimising the differences between the dataand model predictions based on incorporation of a modi-fied Biot theory in a Fast Field Program. Example resultsof laboratory and field measurements are reported.


Guided inversion procedure thanks to a sensitivity analysis on porous road surfaces – (Contributed,

000318)

G. Benoita, E. Gourdonb and C. Heinkelec

aCETE Normandie-Centre - LR de Blois, 11 rue Laplace, CS2912, 41000 Blois, France; bDepartement Genie Civil et Batiment, Rue

Maurice Audin 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin cedex; cLaboratoire Regional de Strasbourg, 11, rue Jean Mentelin, 67035 Strasbourg Cedex 2,

France


Measuring the loss of acoustic performances allows to as-sess the extent of the clogging of a porous road surface.Here the inversion from in situ measurements on an equiv-alent fluid model is proposed in order to identify the mi-crostructure related parameters such as porosity or resis-tivity. To achieve this task, a sensivity analysis of 2 mod-els, based on a bayesian index, has been carried out to dis-sociate the effects of each parameter of the model. In the

following, frequency ranges and conditions under which aninversion has the best chances to be successful is determi-nated. The models used in this paper are Biot-Allard mo-del and Johnson-Champoux-Allard model, involving re-spectively 3 and 5 parameters. This analysis showed thanon some frequency ranges only one parameter is influent.This helped to build an inversion procedure which will betested with surface impedance measurements.


A new design procedure of a half-plane noise barrier with a non-straight top edge – (Contributed, 000139)


T. HidakaTakenaka R&D Institute, 1-5-1, Otsuka, 270-1395 Inzai, Chiba, Japan


This paper introduces noise reduction of the ”noise barrierwith a non-straight top edge” that has a periodic struc-tural feature on its top edge along the length. The topedge geometry of this noise barrier is created by optimiza-tion of the diffracted sound field based on the Maggi-Rubinowicz theory. To further enhance the noise bar-rier performance, the rear of the top edge is covered withporous sound-absorbing material. The excellence of thiscomplex system is improvement of its noise reduction byover about 3 to 5 dB at the point behind the barrier in

frequency ranges from 125 Hz to over 4 kHz comparedwith an ordinary noise barrier of the same height. It willnot create a zone in which sound is augmented, either.Originally designed primarily for temporary hoarding ata construction site, this noise barrier is expected to effec-tively serve against a wide range of noise sources. Thispaper reports a case example of use of this noise barrierand outlines the characteristics of its noise reduction per-formance and mechanism.


Use of vegetation for abatement of road traffic noise in a 1:10 scale street model – (Contributed, 000651)

J.Y. Jeona, H.S. Jangb and T.H. Parka

aHanyang University, Department of Architectural Engineering, 133-791 Seoul, Republic of Korea; bLaboratoire de Mathematiques de

Versailles, 45, avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles cedex


Sound propagation over the building elements has beenevaluated to measure the traffic noise level from the streetcanyon the adjacent courtyard. In this study, a 1:10 urbanscale model was constructed to evaluate the noise abate-ment by use of vegetation as sustainable means. The mo-del materials were selected by measuring absorption coef-

ficients and ground impedances in a 1:10 and a full scaletesting environment; the ground, foot path, low barrier,facade and roof were treated with vegetation. Sound pres-sure levels and reverberation times were measured in thescale model and were compared with the results of com-puter simulation.

Thu 14:40 Ray STEPHENS PU-S13: Sensors, transducers and acoustics microsystems

Dual mode transducers based on cMUTs technology – (Contributed, 000709)

D. Grossa, A. Boulmea, N. Senegonda, G. Ferinb, M. Legrosb, B. Romana, F. Testona and D. Certona

aUniversite Francois-Rabelais de Tours, 10 Bd tonnelle, 37032 Tours, France; bVermon, 180 rue du General Renault, 37038 Tours,

France


More and more medical ultrasonic applications arestrongly interested by the development of dual acousticsources enable to emit high frequency ultrasound (echo-graphic imaging) and low frequency pressure field (thera-peutic ultrasounds). The use of the piezoelectricity to fab-ricate such device requires overcoming strong technologi-cal bottlenecks. The objective of this paper is to demon-strate that the technology of capacitive micro-machinedultrasonic transducer is able to take up this challenge.To this end a demonstrator was designed and manufac-tured. The first part of the paper is devoted to the de-sign of the low and high frequency cMUTs. For the low

acoustic source, a dedicated time domain model was used,taking into account the nonlinearity of the cMUT. Sev-eral simulations were conducted to optimize the emittedpressure field intensity at 1 MHz for a set of diaphragmwith different sizes and geometries. The high frequencysource was designed on the help of a linear model, whereoutput parameters were central frequency, bandwidth andcollapse voltage. The second part of this paper reports aset of characterization results and performances of the fab-ricated device: electrical impedance, mechanical displace-ments performed in water and acoustic pressure fields.


Sensor design methodology for downhole sonic measurements – (Contributed, 000558)

H. Hori and Y. WadaSchlumberger, 2-2-1 Fuchinobe Chuo-ku, 252-0206 Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan



The first sonic logging tools were mainly used to providelithology identification in oil wells. Since this time, soniclogging evolved from monopole to multi-pole measure-ments in order to characterize formations and boreholesfor safe and efficient well placement. Sonic tools trans-mit and receive acoustic waveforms propagating along theborehole. Acquired waveforms are to be processed for ex-tracting interpretable borehole and formation properties.The purpose of such tool hardware is to record quality

acoustic waveforms in a wide variety of boreholes and for-mations for different applications. The challenges lay indesigning sensors to acquire signals for new measurements.We initiate and iterate hardware designs by utilizing nu-merical modeling followed by prototype evaluation, beforevalidating the final design in actual oil wells. This paperpresents general methodologies of downhole sonic sensordesign based on numerical modeling and prototype evalu-ation.


Displacement field of the membrane of condenser microphones at high frequencies: Improvement ofanalytical solution – (Contributed, 000409)

T. Lavergne, S. Durand, M. Bruneau and N. JolyLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


Condenser microphones are reciprocal transducers whoseproperties (sensitivity, bandwidth and reliability) makethem powerful measurement tools. For their common useunder standard conditions they have been appropriatelycharacterised for nearly thirty years. But nowadays, theirminiaturisation (using MEMS processes) and their newuses for metrological purposes under non-standard condi-tions (i.e. in high frequency ranges, in gas mixtures, and atvarious static pressures and temperatures) require a muchdeeper characterisation with respect to these new uses.Though recent literature on this topic [JASA, 128(6),pages 3459-3477 (2010)] leads to satisfying results accord-

ing to these new requirements, the analytical solutiongiven is not always sufficiently precise to interpret phe-nomena and must be improved to characterise more accu-rately the displacement field of the membrane up to highfrequencies (up to 100 kHz).Thus, the aim of the work presented here is to propose animproved analytical solution (especially by taking into ac-count more appropriately the finite surface correspondingto the holes in the backing electrode) and to deduce resultsof interest, in particular concerning metrology purposes.


Modelling of the electrical admittance of a piezoceramic cube using Ultrasonic Resonance Spectroscopy– (Contributed, 000483)

O. Dialloa, E. Lecleziob and G. Feuillarda

aUniversite de TOURS, Enivl Rue de la Chocolaterie, 41034 Blois, France; bUniversite Montpellier 2 - IES - UMR CNRS 5214, place

Eugene Bataillon, cc 082, 34095 Montpellier, France


Ultrasonic Resonance Spectroscopy allows the character-ization of piezoelectric materials thanks to the study oftheir mechanical and electrical resonances. In order tosimplify the method, the present work deals with the mod-elling of electrical admittance of rectangular shaped pie-zoelectric materials. First, the natural mechanical andelectrical resonant frequencies of a piezoelectric cube arecalculated from the stationary points of the Lagrangian ofthe system.Then the electrical resonances are identified taking into ac-count the short-circuit electrical boundary conditions andthe electrical admittance is determined as a function of

the frequency from calculations of the charge quantity onboth electrodes of the cube.

Experimental measurements are carried out on a PMN-34.5PT ceramic cube. According to properties determinedby mechanical velocity measurements, the cube presents afirst resonance around 125 KHz. Experimental admittancemeasurements confirm the electrical modelling of the cubevibrations. To show the valitdity of the method for NonDestructive Evaluation applications, it is then applied toa piezoelectric material with unknown properties in orderto determine its properties.


Integration of high frequency piezoelectric transducer for Lab-On-Chip – (Contributed, 000480)


J. Gaoa, J. Carliera, S. Wanga, P. Campistrona, D. Callensa, S. Guob, X. Zhaob and B. Nongaillarda

aIEMN-DOAE-UMR CNRS 8520, Avenue Poincare - BP 60069 - 59652, 59650 Villeneuve D’Ascq, France; bWuhan University, Physics

department, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China


Acoustic wave systems have been widely used for medi-cal diagnosis, non destructive evaluation of materials andviscosity measurements. The amplitude and phase of theacoustic wave is modified through the interaction betweenthe acoustic wave and the propagating medium. For sev-eral application such as the detection or characterizationof microscopic particles and the measurement of proper-ties of chemical solutions, the choice of high frequencyultrasound allow us to reduce the volume of the analyzedsample and increase the sensitivity and the spatial resolu-tion for the detection of microscopic objects.

We developed a 1GHz integrated microsystem based onlongitudinal bulk waves which propagate inside a siliconwafer. In order to develop high frequency acoustic wavescharacterization in Lab-On-Chip, an heterogeneous tech-nology has been developed based on the use of silicon, sil-icon dioxide, ZnO, PDMS. Silicon based acoustic mirrorshave also been developed to guide the acoustic beam in aplane parallel to the surface of the substrate and throughthe microfluidic channel. Vertical mirrors not only guidethe acoustic wave in the parallel plane, but also eliminatea part of the acoustic noise of the system. The applicationachieved until now concerns particle detection in water.


Modeling of pseudo-periodic 1-3 piezo-composites for ultrasonic transducers – (Contributed, 000401)

R. Rouffauda, A.-C. Hladky-Hennionb, M. Pham Thic, E. Leveuglec and F. LevassortaaUniversite Francois Rabelais de Tours, UMRS Imagerie et Cerveau, 10, boulevard Tonnelle, BP 3223, 37032 Tours Cedex 01, France;bIEMN departement ISEN, UMR CNRS 8520, 41 boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France; cThales Research and Technology

[Palaiseau], Route departementale 128, 91120 Palaiseau


For SONAR applications, large area piezoelectric elementswith high piezoelectric properties are required. Piezoelec-tric single crystals deliver high electromechanical couplingfactor and the integration of these materials in a 1-3 pie-zoelectric composite fabrication process in using the stan-dard ”dice and fillı method (DFM) allows delivering thick-ness coupling factor over 80%. But, it is difficult to obtainthese materials in large size while keeping homogeneousproperties. A recent alternative process by a laminationtechnique (LMT) is highly appropriate for large area 1-3 piezo-composite samples. In this paper, piezoelectriccomposites with either PMN-28PT single crystal or PMN-34,5PT ceramic and polymer were characterized and mod-

eled by Finite-Element Method (1 MHz). For compar-ison, piezo-composites were fabricated by DFM and byLMT. Theoretical and experimental electrical impedancesas a function of frequency and electroacoustic responsesof transducers integrated these materials were compared.Several differences were observed and have been attributedto a lack of the periodicity for LMT fabrication process, in-ducing the reduction of spurious resonant modes. In fact,these modes, in many instances, damage significantly theelectromechanical efficiency of the 1-3 piezo-composites.The control of this parameter allows us to fabricate opti-mized samples.


Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process for lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thick films fabrication andhigh frequency medical imaging – (Contributed, 000475)

A.-P. Abellarda, F. Levassorta, D. Kuscerb, J. Holcb, J.-M. Gregoirea, O. Noshchenkob, M. Kosecb and M. Lethiecqc

aUniversite Francois Rabelais de Tours, UMRS Imagerie et Cerveau, 10, boulevard Tonnelle, BP 3223, 37032 Tours Cedex 01, France;bJozef Stefan Institute, 39 jamova cesta, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; cUniversite Francois Rabelais de Tours, GREMAN, ENIVL, Rue

de la Chocolaterie BP 3410, 41034 Blois, France


High frequency ultrasonic devices operating over 20 MHzare required for medical diagnostics including skin andeye imaging. The main component in an ultrasonic trans-ducer is a piezoelectric material such as PZT. It is usuallysurrounded by one or several matching layers, a focus-ing lens and a backing. Geometric and electromechani-cal properties of the piezoelectric layer strongly contribute

to transducer performance. High-frequency operation re-quires piezoelectric materials with a thickness of few tensof micrometers that can be obtained by thick-film tech-nologies.

The use of a lens in high-frequency transducers implies asignificant decrease of transducer sensitivity due to losses.


So our interest is to use geometrical focusing of the acousti-cal beam. For this, the piezoelectric layer must be curved.Here, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is used to depositpatterned piezoelectric structures on curved substrates.A stable suspension and an optimized deposition processhave been developed to deliver homogeneous, crack-freedeposits with uniform thickness. Deposited films were sin-

tered, functionally and electromechanically characterized.Thickness coupling factors similar to those measured inbulk ceramics were observed.Finally, the piezoelectric structures were used to fabricatehigh-frequency ultrasonic transducers which were charac-terized and integrated in an echographic probe to obtainin-vivo skin images.


High-frequency acoustic imaging with focused transducer for rapid micro echography of interfacesthrough buried structures non-perfectly planar – (Contributed, 000500)

G. Despaux and C. De MelloInstitut d’Electronique du Sud, Place Eugene Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5


The high frequency micro acoustic imaging (10MHz -1GHz) reaches its limits when it is necessary to observethrough absorbing or thick layers, not perfectly flat, athigh frequency for a good resolution. The objective ofthis paper is to present a new method of acquisition andsignal processing to image with high resolution buried de-fects through layers not perfectly flat and to reconstructthe topography and see possible delaminations. Typicallya displacement of the focused transducer is achieved tomaintain a constant temporal position of the echo of the

interface to be examined. This allows the creation of animage of the interface, but the acquisition time and com-plexity of the device is often prohibitive. This method,in the continuity of a paper presented at the 2010 CFA,does not use a hardware control of the transducer, buta software control. Applications of this method allow theimaging of multilayers power electronics devices composedof stacks of conductive substrates or not conductive, withmicroelectronic circuits. Two types of representations areused: images and 3D reconstruction movies.


Development of Love Wave devices based on delay line configuration for the high detection and moni-toring of carbon monoxide – (Contributed, 000573)

M. Vanottia, V. Blondeau-Patissiera and S. BallandrasbaFemto-st, 26 chemin de l’Epitaphe, 25030 Besancon, France; bfemto-st, 26 chemin de l’epitaphe, Equipe CoSyMa, 25000 Besancon,

France


Carbon Monoxide is produced by incomplete combustion.Its high toxicity and the lack of detection capability ofhuman olfaction render CO a dangerous compound whichis known as the ”silent killerı. Therefore, there is the ne-cessity to develop a device to detect the presence of lowCO concentrations in indoor air. We here report on resultsobtained for CO detection by using SAW devices function-alized with new materials such as cobalt corroles.During the tests, CO sensors have been exposed to changesof several experimental parameters (temperature, flow,pressure, presence of analyte gas). In order to exclu-

sively extract the information concerning CO adsorption,we used a specific differential setup comprising two SAWdevices

A minimum of 450ppb of CO concentration have beenmonitored and the experimentations have shown a greatrepeatability and stability of measurements. The testbench permits the regeneration of the trapping sites ofCO allowing the reusability of the devices. These good re-sults pave the way to the detection of other gas and evenparticles.


A new spice-like modeling tool for bio- and electroacoustic systems including thermoviscous effects –(Contributed, 000627)

E. Delevoyea, P. Honzika, N. Delormeb and Y. Arthauda

aCEA-Leti MINATEC-Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; bASYGN, Analog System Design, 445 rue

Lavoisier, F-38330 Montbonnot, France



A dedicated toolbox has been developed within ASYGNa recent software tool that simulates aVLSI circuits ata high-level of modeling. It accounts in both time- andfrequency- domain for the specific feature of bio- andelectro- acoustic systems especially when some of the con-stituting elements are very thin or narrow. The modelscorrespond to systems of complex equations in which someof the complex coefficients can be frequency dependent.Results are solved and viewed in real time. The tool wasdeveloped to introduce some improvement in the model ofthe auditory system of the cricket. In 2007 Reeve et al.

designed and tested an electrical equivalent circuit basedon Michelsen 1994. The latter results from two majorsimplification namely the absence of thermoviscous effectsand of any acoustical role of a septum located in the mid-dle of a transverse acoustic trachea. Thanks to the weakcouplings the model can be subdivided into independentelements such as tubes, cavities or membranes simply con-nected together. Thermoviscous effects and the role of themedial septum can now be fully investigated. Our resultswere first validated using Matlab. Our model reveals in-teresting feature compared to its historical counterpart.


Design and fabrication of an acoustic bragg mirror for miniaturized quartz resonators – (Contributed,

000702)

E. Lebrasseur, T. Baron, S. Alzuaga, J.-J. Boy, L. Couteleau and S. BallandrasFemto-st, Departement Temps-Frequence, 26 Chemin de l’Epitaphe, 25030 Besancon, France


The use of a Bragg mirror for the confinement of the en-ergy in the resonator appears nowadays as a promising wayto achieve monolithic resonators, with simplified packag-ing, free of the constraint effects induced by the traditionalquartz cases and free of low resonant frequencies distur-bances. Moreover, this approach offers the possibility ofbatch processing on four inches wafers. The expected ben-efits are a diminution of the quartz layer thickness, a rigidholding from the backside of the device, and the trans-

fer of the electrical connections to the topside only. Thepackaging is further simplified by the fact that only thetopside needs to be encapsulated, for instance by quartzbonding technology. In this work we present the designand fabrication of an acoustic Bragg mirror used to en-hance the performances of traditional quartz resonators.The best materials configurations are determined by sim-ulations and the mirror is fabricated by wafer bondingtechnology based on metallic compression.


Modelling of wide frequency range silicon microphone for acoustic measurement – (Contributed, 000862)

D. Ekeoma and L. RuferbaMicrosonics, 39, rue des Granges galand, 37550 Sain-Avertin, France; bTIMA Laboratory, 46, rue Felix Viallet, 38031 Grenoble,

France


Microphones are acoustic pressure variation sensors. Theirbandwidth and sensitivity range from 20 Hz to 200 kHzand from 0.5 mV/Pa to 1.0 mV/Pa respectively. Thesespecifications are inadequate for aero-acoustic applica-tions, such as characterization of the ”N-wavesı generatedby supersonic flights that require wide frequency range(up to 1 MHz) microphone with flat response and high-pressure levels (up to 4 kPa).This work demonstrates with numerical simulations, thefeasibility of a wide frequency range and high pressurelevel piezoresistive microphones based on MEMS tech-nology. An accurate lumped-element model was usedto optimize the microphone dynamic response. Mechan-ical lumped parameters were extracted from structural

FEM simulations, while squeeze film fluid parameters wereextracted from FEM simulation of linearized Reynolds’sequation, finally acoustic radiation parameters were ex-tracted from a weak coupling between the FEM and theBEM.

Microphones with rectangular and circular membrane, vi-brating in bending mode and suspended by four beamswere simulated. In both cases we were able to achieve thespecifications require for aero-acoustic applications: A fre-quency flat response up to 980 kHz and an electrical sen-sitivity of about 10.5 µV/Pa. The electrical noise andmechanical thermal signal to noise ratio were 6.4 µV/Paand 67 dB respectively.


Thu 16:20 Lord RAYLEIGH PU-S08: Bones and ultrasound

Measurement of bone elasticity in the lab with ultrasound: problems, methods and open questions –(Invited, 000600)

Q. Grimal and P. LaugierLaboratoire d’Imagerie Parametrique, 15 rue de l’ecole de medecine, 75006 Paris, France


Cortical bone has anisotropic elastic properties deter-mined by the microstructure and the quality of the min-eralized collagen matrix. Knowledge of the stiffness coef-ficients is an issue for phenotyping, analyzing the biome-chanical response to local strains or assessment of novelquantitative ultrasound (QUS) methods. Precise mea-surement methods which can be used routinely are stilldemanded. Since the work of Lang in the 60’s, US meth-ods have been popular to measure bone elasticity becausethey are mostly non destructive and can be adapted toany size and shape of samples. Traditional mechanical

methods do not have this versatility. Adaptability of USstem from the possibility to choose the frequency. How-ever different properties are measured depending on thefrequency due to the heterogeneity of bone tissue. In thepast years we have implemented a variety of US methodsto measure bone. This includes (i) through-transmissionand reflection methods dedicated to imaging bone elastic-ity with a resolution range 30micron-3mm; (ii) assessmentof anisotropy from parallelepiped samples with various as-pect ratios. We will present the recent developments anddiscuss the precision and accuracy of the methods.


Nonlinear ultrasound monitoring of single microcrack propagation in cortical bone – (Contributed,

000034)

S. Hauperta, S. Guerardb, D. Mittonc, F. Peyrind and P. LaugieraaLaboratoire d’Imagerie Parametrique, 15 Rue de l’ecole de Medecine 75006 Paris; bLaboratoire de biomecanique, 151 Bvd de l’hopital

75013 Paris; cLaboratoire de Biomecanique et Mecanique des Chocs, IFSTTAR UMR T9406 25 avenue Francois Mitterrand 69675

Bron; dEuropean Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 rue Jules Horowitz BP220 38043 Grenoble Cedex


Accumulation of bone microdamage is suspected to leadto severe impairment of mechanical properties with an in-crease in skeletal fragility and fracture risk. The objectiveof the study was to evaluate the sensitivity of nonlinearresonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) measurementsto the propagation in cortical bone of a single microcrackinduced by 4-point bending mechanical loading. Twelvehuman cortical bone specimens were machined as paral-lelepiped beams (50*2*2mm) to unambiguously identifyresonant modes for NRUS measurements. A central notchof 600 µm was made to control crack initiation and prop-agation during four-point bending loading. During sta-ble crack propagation, load and displacement curves were

recorded to extract mechanical parameters (J-integral Jand stress intensity toughness K ). Before and after tough-ness experiments, the nonlinear ultrasonic elastic coeffi-cient (αf) was monitored by NRUS for all notched sam-ples. Despite substantial between-sample variability, αf

increased significantly (up to 50-fold) while no signifi-cant variation was observed for linear resonant frequency.Moreover, the crack length, assessed under epifluorescencemicroscope, was found to be significantly correlated to thenonlinear elastic parameter αf (r2=0.7, p=0.01). These re-sults strongly suggest that NRUS measurements are sensi-tive to damage accumulation and can be used as a markerof microcrack length.


Measurement of anisotropic elasticity of cortical bone with resonant ultrasound spectroscopy – (Contributed,

000512)

S. Bernard, Q. Grimal, S. Haupert and P. LaugierLaboratoire d’Imagerie Parametrique, 15 rue de l’ecole de medecine, 75006 Paris, France


Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) is a methodable to precisely characterise all the terms of the stiff-ness tensor of an anisotropic material from a single mea-surement of the mechanical resonant frequencies of a sam-ple. A previous attempt to apply this method to bonewas unsuccessful due to high mechanical damping of bone

which causes resonance peaks to overlap. We built a cus-tom RUS setup and applied a signal processing methodwhich allows retrieving resonant frequencies even in thecase of strong peak overlapping. We have tested the sys-tem by measuring a sample (about 4*7*8 mmˆ 3) of fibercomposite material which is a good substitute for bone in


terms of elasticity (anisotropy) and attenuation. Despitethe strong damping, we were able to recover 13 differentresonant frequencies among the 20 first frequencies pre-dicted by the theory. The elastic coefficients estimatedfrom the measured resonant frequencies were confirmed

by time-of-flight elasticity measurement performed in theprincipal direction of the sample. These results indicatethat it should be possible to fully and precisely character-ize the elasticity of small cortical bone specimens with aRUS system.


Improvement of the precision of Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) measurements at the calcaneus bytilting of the beam incidence angle – (Contributed, 000768)

R. Barkmann, M. Daugschies, K. Rohde and C.-C. GluerUniversitatsklinikum S-H, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24105 Kiel, Germany


QUS measurements at the calcaneus can be used for the es-timation of osteoporotic fracture risk, but the use for ther-apy monitoring is unclear yet. One reason might be thelimited precision of commercial devices. Our intent was toinvestigate the impact of the beam incidence angle at thecalcaneus on the precision of the speed of sound (SOS).We developed a device with an array (120 elements) asreceiver (d=100mm) and one single element emitter ofthe same size. Both are placed on opposite sides of thefoot and mounted on a c-arm which can be rotated andtilted. SOS of 6 volunteers was measured three times with

repositioning with our device (angles from 0 to 14, stepsize 3.5) and with the commercial device Achilles Insight.The pair of angles used by the Achilles and those yieldingthe highest amplitude of the first oscillation was analyzed.The precision of the Achilles was 9.4 m/s, the precision ofour device at the Achilles angles was 2.9 m/s and 2.0 m/sat the individually defined angles. We achieved a betterprecision with our device than with the Achilles Insight,which can even be improved by measuring under the op-timal tilting angles.


Modeling ultrasound interaction with cancellous bone: investigation on the nature of the two compres-sional waves – (Contributed, 000287)

F. Meziere, M. Muller, E. Bossy and A. DerodeInstitut Langevin, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France


Although ultrasound might be useful to assess bone qual-ity, the mechanisms of ultrasound propagation in trabec-ular bone are still poorly understood. For example thepropagation of a short pulse that leads, under some con-ditions, to two transmitted longitudinal waves, a fast anda slow one, is not well explained yet. The objective ofthis work is to further investigate the nature of these twolongitudinal waves in simplified bone model media. Theapproach is to determine if the fast wave could result froma guided propagation in the solid matrix, the slow wave be-

ing due to the propagation in the surrounding fluid (bonemarrow). In this context, we studied the propagation ofthe coherent waves through simplified and customizablebinary structures, obtained by a random addition of scat-terers, with characteristic dimensions, material propertiesand anisotropy similar to those of bone. The benefit ofsuch simplified structures is that ultrasound propagationin the entire medium can be theoretically studied from theproperties of a single scatterer.


Efficacy of bisphosphonate zoledronic acid is substantially improved by low intensity ultrasound in thetreatment of breast cancer bone metastases in animals – (Contributed, 000173)

S. Tardoskia, D. Melodelimaa, J. Ngoa, D. Goehrigb and P. Clezardinb

aINSERM U1032, 151 cours albert thomas, 69424 Lyon, France; bINSERM U1033, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon, France


Breast tumor cells metastasize to the skeleton and stim-ulate osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, leading to theformation of osteolytic lesions. Bisphosphonate drugs are

potent inhibitors of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.The feasibility of combining the action of a bisphosphonate(zoledronic acid) with low intensity ultrasound was tested


in this study. Mechanical effects (1.24 MHz) were createdusing pulsed ultrasound (200 µs) at 400 mW/cm2 (SATA)repeated every 1 ms. Thermal effects (2.85 MHz) were pro-duced using 7 acoustic watts in continuous mode. Fifty-eight mice bearing bone metastases were included and ran-domized into 8 groups. A single dose of zoledronic acid wascombined with a single or daily application of ultrasound(repeated for 15 days). Each ultrasound treatment lasted30 minutes. These treatment strategies were comparedwith vehicle, ultrasound alone and zoledronic acid alone.

Ultrasound alone did not have any inhibitory effect onbone destruction when compared to vehicle-treated ani-mals. As expected, zoledronic acid alone reduced bonedestruction compared to vehicle. Most importantly, wefound a further statistically significant decrease of bonedestruction as well as a reduced skeletal tumor burden inmetastatic animals that received a daily treatment withultrasound (thermal or mechanical) in combination withzoledronic acid.


Echographic response of the bone-implant interface: dependence on healing time – (Contributed, 000718)

V. Mathieua, R. Vayrona, E. Sofferb, F. Anagnostoub and G. HaiataaLaboratoire MSME, 61, avenue du Generale De Gaulle, batiment P2, bureau 352 C, 94010 Creteil, France, Metropolitan; bBiomecanique

et Biomateriaux Osteo-Articulaires,


The effect of bone healing on the ultrasonic responseof coin-shaped titanium implants is investigated. Twogroups of eight implants were inserted on the tibiae ofNew Zealand White rabbits, each group corresponding toa healing duration (7 or 13 weeks). After the sacrifice, a2-D scanning device was used in order to measure the ul-trasonic response of the bone-implant interface in vitro at15 MHz. The average value of the ratio r between the am-plitudes of the echo of the bone-implant interface and of

the water-implant interface was determined. Histologicaltechniques were used to determine the fraction of implantsurface in contact with bone (BIC). The ultrasonic quanti-tative indicator r is significantly higher (p = 2.10−4) afterseven weeks of healing time (r = 0.53) than after thirteenweeks (r= 0.49). The increase of mineralization of newlyformed bone tissue and the increase of the BIC (from 27% to 69 %) are responsible for the decrease of the gap ofacoustical impedance at the bone-implant interface.

Thu 16:40 Peter BARNETT AH-S04: Impedance conditions with flow

A review of time domain impedance boundary conditions – (Invited, 000136)

C. RichterRolls-Royce Deutschland LTD & Co. KG, Eschenweg 11, Dahlewitz, 15827 Blankenfelde-Mahlow, Germany


Over the last 15 years, time domain impedance boundaryconditions have been investigated by various authors. Ina review, a general framework of time domain impedanceboundary conditions is presented and then filled with a setof outstanding mathematical and numerical methods fromliterature. All of the authors struggled with an instabilitywith grazing flow. Mainly this is linked to the Ingard orMyers model of the sound propagation through a shearedflow. This is reviewed in a broader context including pos-sible applications of impedance boundary conditions (i.e.turbomachinery noise and noise absorber optimization)

into this discussion. Stable solutions are presented, thatgo from simple workarounds which are based on the wavenumber characteristics of the instability to a completelydifferent modeling of the physics. At one end of the scaleare seemingly trivial ideas, as the use of the Ingard/Myersboundary condition on a coarser mesh or a fully resolvedflow profile; and at the other end high fidelity DNS simula-tions of single cells and holes under gazing flow conditionsis put the whole idea of macroscopic impedance on test. Itis shown, that each solutions has its advantages for someapplications and may be infeasible in other cases.


Review of acoustic liner models with flow – (Invited, 000152)

E. J. BrambleyDAMTP, University of Cambridge, DAMTP, CMS, Wilberforce Road, CB3 0WA Cambridge, UK



Acoustic linings are routinely used in the intakes andbypass ducts of civilian aeroengines in order to reducenoise. They are often modelled as a complex impedance,Z(ω) = p/v, where a pressure p expiωt gives rise toa fluid velocity normal to the liner of v expiωt. Thispresentation will give a review of acoustic lining models,including both physical (empirically derived) models forZ(ω), and mathematical models for the boundary condi-

tion to be applied at an acoustic lining. The application ofthe boundary condition is complicated by the presence ofa mean flow over the lining; a situation typically encoun-tered in aeroengines. The controversy over the stabilityof flow over an acoustic lining will be explained, togetherwith recent attempts to resolve this controversy, both ex-perimentally and mathematically.


Boundary condition at the interface between air duct and porous material with rigid frame for thelined ducts with a grazed flow – (Contributed, 000806)

Y. Renou and Y. AureganLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


In flow ducts such as engine duct systems in aeroplanes,the reduction of noise is usually accomplished by means ofmaterials composed of a perforated sheet backed by hon-eycomb cavities (also known as SDOF liners). In frontof the complexity of modeling with accuracy the acous-tic propagation superimposed with a turbulent grazingflow, especially in the sheared boundary layer, an uniformmean flow is widely assumed for the simplication of thecomputations. The associated boundary condition is wellknown as the Ingard-Myers condition assuming the conti-nuity of normal particle displacement at the surface of theliner. The failure of this condition associated with uni-form flow was recently demonstrated with an experimen-

tal approach. The results showed that a mixture betweennormal acoustic displacement and normal acoustic veloc-ity must apply, depending on the relative importance ofthe stationnary flow and acoustic boundary layers thick-nesses, respectively. The present study aims at providingan experimental identification of the adequate boundarycondition at interface between the air duct and a porousmaterial with rigid frame in presence of a grazed flow.The correct boundary condition is deduced by fitting themeasured scattering matrix and the predicted scatteringmatrix computed by a spectral collocation method, thenew boundary condition and an accurate mode-matchingscheme.


Theoretical and numerical investigation of optimal impedance in lined ducts with flow – (Contributed,

000203)

J. Rodrıguez Sanchez, E. Piot and G. CasalisONERA - The French Aerospace Lab, 2 av Edouard Belin, F-31055 Toulouse, France

Corresponding author E-mail: Javier.Rodriguez [email protected]

Sound attenuation in ducts with flow is an important issuein aeronautics; it might be realized by covering the innerwalls with a liner characterized by its acoustic impedance.Usually, the best sound attenuation is achieved when theliner yields the highest insertion loss. In the present study,liners are considered infinite in the direction of sound prop-agation. Thus the interest lies within the liner with thehighest sound absorption. Analytic formulas for the op-timal impedance are found in the literature without flowand with a uniform flow.In this work, a linear stability analysis of the Euler equa-tions is carried out, to find the spatial modes for a rect-

angular rigid duct but with the lower wall lined. Caseswithout flow, with uniform flow and with a sheared floware considered.

The code has been validated against analytical solutions.Without flow, for an impedance very close to the ”opti-mal” one, a saddle point is found in the spectrum, calledthe double point in literature.

The link between the optimal impedance and the be-haviour of modes around the double point is investigatedthrough the group velocities, in both cases without andwith flow.


Evaluation of an adjoint-based liner impedance eduction technique – (Contributed, 000217)

J. Primus, E. Piot and F. SimonONERA - The French Aerospace Lab, 2 av Edouard Belin, F-31055 Toulouse, France



Acoustic liners placed in the aircraft nacelles play a keyrole in the reduction of turbofan noise. To determinetheir acoustic impedance, an “ eduction method ” withgrazing flow is developed. It relies on the minimizationof an objective function describing the distance betweenexperimental data on one hand and numerical results ob-tained with 2-D Linearized Euler Equations on the otherhand. The gradient of the objective function is calculatedthanks to the adjoint equations rather than with finitedifferences, which gives more accurate results and makeseasier a multi-parameter identification.

The procedure is intended to be applied in a duct withnon-intrusive acoustic velocity measurements obtained asclose as possible to a sample liner by Laser Doppler Ve-locimetry (LDV), contrary to classical methods which usedistant wall microphones. The eduction process is val-idated on results from literature and on LDV measure-ments performed at Onera, for different frequencies andflow configurations. Access to two-dimensional fields en-sured by LDV allows to study the relevance of differentobjective functions and observation domains.


Sound absorption by perforated walls with bias / grazing flow: experimental study of the influence ofperforation angle – (Contributed, 000564)

E. M.T. Moersa, D. Tononb and A. Hirschbergb

aDynamics and Control group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O.B. 513, 5600 MB

Eindhoven, Netherlands; bMesoscopic Transport Phenomena, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology,

P.O.B. 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands


Perforated walls are encountered in many acousticdampers. For most of these perforations, the main causeof damping is the interaction of flow with the acousticfield at the perforation. We discuss the effect of changingthe angle that the perforation makes with the wall on theacoustical performance.Experimental data are acquired by impedance tube mea-surements and a multi-microphone method Hereby we ob-tain the acoustic response of the perforation and flow toexcitation by an external sound source. The accuracy inthe measured normal incidence reflection coefficient is ofthe order of 1% in the frequency range 50Hz-800Hz.

The perforations have a slit-shaped cross-section(10mmx50mm). The plate thickness is 15mm. We con-sider a flow that is either purely grazing along the perfora-tion or a combination of grazing flow and flow through theperforation. Velocities below 20m/s are considered. Weconcluded that perforations for which the upstream edge(with respect to the grazing flow) makes an acute angle of30degrees with the wall, have an increased sound absorp-tion at low Strouhal numbers based on the perforationwidth in flow direction, compared to perforations with aright or an obtuse angle. We explain this qualitativelyusing the vortex sound theory.

Thu 16:40 Yves ROCARD NV-S04: Structure-borne noise source identification

Prediction of structure-borne vibration for an assembly of three structures in series – (Contributed,

000208)

M.-H. Mouleta and V. Martinb

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bCNRS, UMR CNRS/UPMC 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, 75005 Paris, France


The prediction of structure-borne sound and vibration inan assembly of two structures needs the prediction of theforces applied by the source structure on the host or re-ceiver structure. Often, the source structure excites thereceiver through an intermediary structure. Two ways arepossible to describe three structures in series: by creatinga new receiver as the assembly of the intermediary andreceiver structures or by creating a new source as the as-sembly of intermediary and source structures. A recentstudy showed in an industrial case that the prediction offorces for three structures in series was better when based

on inertance measurements of certain coupled structuresrather than of isolated structures.In the present paper, the numerical coupling (by finiteelements) of three beams in series is considered. No ro-tation degrees of freedom are taken into account. In thefirst part, three different methods used to calculate forcesapplied on the receiver beam are recalled. Then, in thesecond part, simulation results obtained with these threemethods are compared and discussed. In particular, if therotation degrees of freedom are responsible of the differ-ences observed during the measurements, such differenceswould not occur in the numerical experiments.



Operational transfer path analysis: theoretical aspects and experimental validation – (Contributed,

000443)

C. Sandiera, Q. Leclerea and N.B. Roozenb

aINSA - LVA, 25 bis avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; bDelft University of Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engi-

neering, M2i, P.O. Box 5, 2600 AA Delft, Netherlands


Operational transfer path analysis (OTPA) is a diagno-sis method aiming to identify and rank noise transmis-sion paths in dynamic systems. The particularity of themethod is to require no preliminary acquisition of a trans-fer matrix between excitation and response dofs, as it isthe case for classical TPA approaches. OTPA is basedon the identification of a transmissibility matrix betweensome input and output responses measured for various op-erating conditions. The first difficulty of the method con-

cerns the definition of this transmissibility matrix, fromeither a theoretical or experimental point of view. Thesecond difficulty is the use of this matrix for diagnosispurposes, requiring some assumptions leading to potentialmisunderstandings. Theoretical aspects of the method arefirstly discussed in this work. Secondly, an experimen-tal validation is carried out on an academic test setup,and OTPA results are compared to the classical TPA ap-proach.


Operational transfer path analysis applied to a small gearbox test set-up – (Contributed, 000825)

N.B. Roozena, Q. Leclereb and C. SandierbaDelft University of Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, M2i, P.O. Box 5, 2600 AA Delft, Netherlands; bINSA - LVA, 25

bis avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, France


Operational Transfer Path Analysis (OTPA) is very at-tractive from a practical point of view, as it not requiresan expensive measurement campaign in which transferfunctions are measured, as is the case in the traditionalTransfer Path Analysis (TPA). Instead, transmissibilitiesare measured from operational data, making the methodrelatively cheap in terms of measurement efforts. In prac-

tice, however, a lot of difficulties have to be overcome.In the paper measurements on a small gearbox are dis-cussed. Both OTPA and the traditional TPA measure-ments were performed, allowing an objective compari-son of OTPA. The difficulties for practical application ofOTPA are discussed and conclusion are drawn from thesemeasurements.


A new technical standard as a reference NVH method for dynamic forces evaluation and prediction atthe interface of an active component and a passive structure – (Contributed, 000860)

J.-P. J. Rouxa and D. D. Scouarnecb

aCEVAA, 2 rue Joseph Fourier, Technopole du Madrillet, 76800 Saint-Etienne Du Rouvray, France, Metropolitan; bValeo Systemes

Thermiques, 8 rue Louis Lormand, BP 17, 78321 La Verriere Cedex, France, Metropolitan


Component suppliers for the automotive industry have tocharacterize their products without the vehicle under de-velopment. This is currently a major topic of discussionbetween suppliers and manufacturers during the variousstages of validation plan. IACV programs aims to developa general method of prediction of applied forces at theinterface of an active component and a car body, regard-ing the vibro-acoustics comfort inside the vehicle. Thismethodological approach is a key research topic mainlydue to the difficulty to well characterize interfaces be-tween component and car body. In order to well estab-

lish NVH standard for structure-borne noise evaluationand prediction of entering forces into the chassis, a gen-eral method for the estimation of the force vector appliedby this component on a test bench with the knowledge ofmobility characteristics of source and the receiver is estab-lished. The present study is introducing this new technicalstandard as a reference NVH method (Norme IACV) forFrench car manufacturers and suppliers. In addition, weassociate with this general technical specification a presen-tation of the full process of IACV methodology adaptedto the particularity of an innovating active component.


Thu 16:40 Francois CANAC PU-S03: Phononic crystal and metamaterials

Effects of evanescent waves in phononic crystals with linear defects – (Invited, 000451)

V. Romero-Garciaa, R. Picoa, J. Vasseurb, A.-C. Hladky-Hennionb, V. Sanchez-Morcilloa and L.M. Garcia-Raffia

aUniversidad Politecnica de Valencia, Paranimf 1, 46730 Gandia, Valencia, Spain, 46730 Gandia, Spain; bIEMN departement ISEN,

UMR CNRS 8520, 41 boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France


Periodic structures with linear defects have been tradi-tionally analyzed with the ω(~k) methods with the super-cell approximation. The presence of the linear defect in-troduces guided modes at frequencies in the band gap ofthe complete structure. This methodology only considersthe propagating properties of the periodic system. In thiswork we report both theoretical predictions and experi-mental results considering both the evanescent and prop-agating waves. We obtain the evanescent properties fromthe complex band structures solving the inverse problem

k(ω) with the Extended Plane Wave Expansion (EPWE).From the Fourier transform of the complex eigenvectorswe obtain the acoustic field profile inside the system show-ing both the evanescent and the propagating properties.A good agreement between both the Multiple Scatteringpredictions and data with the EPWE simulations is ob-tained. The presence of evanescent waves is of fundamen-tal interest for the design of devices based on periodicityproviding a complete picture of the physical properties ofthe system.


Tunability of one-dimensional piezoelectric or piezomagnetic phononic crystals – (Contributed, 000077)

S. Degraevea, C. Grangera, B. Dubusa, J. Vasseura, A.-C. Hladky-Henniona and M. Pham ThibaIEMN departement ISEN, UMR CNRS 8520, 41 boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France; bThales Research and Technology

[Palaiseau], Route departementale 128, 91120 Palaiseau


Phononic crystals (PC) are the elastic counterparts tophotonic crystals and consist of periodic arrangements ofinclusions in a matrix. Due to their periodic structure anddepending on the geometry and composition, PCs mayexhibit absolute band gaps where the propagation of elas-tic waves is forbidden whatever the propagation directionof the incident waves is. We propose a way of conferringtunability to PCs, based on piezoelectric or piezomagneticinclusions. We demonstrate that the effective velocity inpiezoelectric or piezomagnetic elements can be continu-ously tuned by varying electrical or magnetic boundary

conditions. Analytical expressions of the band gaps cen-tral frequencies and bandwidths are obtained for a one-dimensional PC. The proposed method provides a contin-uous control of effective velocities with linear transductionmechanism contrary to previous works which could onlyswitch between two values of effective velocities: when thepiezoelectric effect is taken into account or not. Effectivevelocity variation measured on a PZT disk connected toan external capacitance displays a good agreement withtheoretical results.


Directional asymmetry of the nonlinear wave phenomena in a 3-dimensional phononic granular crystalunder gravity – (Contributed, 000216)

A. Merkela, V. Tournatb and V. Gusevc

aDepartamento de Fisica, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Blanco Encalada, 2008, 8370449 Santiago, Chile; bLaboratoire

d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9; cLaboratoire de

physique de l’etat condense, Faculte des Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


A periodic ordered structure of monodisperse sphericalbeads forms a granular phononic crystal. The granularcrystals combine in their dynamic behavior the effects ofthe geometrical periodicity (phononic effects), the rota-tional degrees of freedom (rotational inertia) and nonlin-earities. We report the experimental observation of theasymmetry introduced by the gravity in the nonlineartransformation of acoustic waves in granular assemblages.Because of the gravity, the contact pre–compression in-

creases with depth inducing variations with depth of notonly the linear and nonlinear elastic moduli but also ofthe linear and nonlinear dissipation of the acoustic waves.We show experimentally and explain theoretically that theamplitude of the self-demodulated wave (i.e., the ampli-tude of the wave emitted by a parametric antenna througha frequency-mixing down- conversion process) depends inthe granular media on whether the propagation of thepump waves is in the direction of the gravity or in the op-


posite direction. The measurements of the gravity-inducedasymmetry in the nonlinear acoustic phenomena allow tocompare the in-depth distributions of the contact nonlin-earity and of acoustic absorption.

This work is supported by project ”STABINGRAM”ANR-2010-BLAN-0927-03.


Transmittivity of 2D graded phononic crystals in the frequency and time domains – (Contributed, 000332)

O. Lenoira, K. Zonga, H. Franklinb and M. PredoıaaLaboratoire Ondes et Milieux Complexes, Universite du Havre, Place R. Schuman, 76610 Le Havre, France; bLOMC, CNRS UMR

6294, Universite Le Havre, 25, rue Philippe Lebon, 76600 Le Havre, France


The media of interest are composed of N parallel infi-nite rows of steel cylindrical shells, periodically spaced,immersed in water. The influence of geometrical pertur-bations from rows to rows are investigated. Either theinner radius of the shells between two adjacent rows isvaried, or the spacing between the rows is changed. Thesteel rows can also be replaced by steel-polyethylene bilay-ers. Time domain simulations have been performed usingCOMSOL R© to visualize the spread of wave packets in thestructures. In the frequency domain, the stop bands andpass bands of the transmission coefficient in the differ-

ent cases are compared. The perturbations cause eitherthe appearing of narrow pass bands in the stop bands,or the widening of the stop bands. If a harmonic planewave is normally incident on an infinite row, we highlightthe transmission (resp. the total reflection) of the wavesby the phononic crystal for certain frequencies located inpass bands (resp. stop bands). If the incident wave is sentnormally to the N rows, deviations or focalizations of thetransmitted waves with respect to the incident directionare observed.


Acousto-optic interaction in 2D LiNbO3 phoxonic crystal – (Contributed, 000490)

Q. Rolland, S. Dupont, J. Gazalet, J.-C. Kastelik and Y. PennecIEMN, UVHC, IEMN UMR 8520, F-59313 Valenciennes, France


Recently, the possibility to create simultaneously a pho-tonic and a phononic crystal, also called phoxonic crys-tal, led to a growing interest in the scientific community.Several groups have conducted intensive research to studyacoustic and electromagnetic waves in periodic structuresin order to find simultaneous bandgaps, these structurescommonly consist in arrays of holes drilled in a matrix.Such structures are expected to allow an enhancement ofthe acousto-optic interaction through the localization ofboth waves by adding defects in periodic structures.We investigate in this paper the acousto-optic interactionin LiNbO3 phoxonic crystals. The model is based on a 2D

crystal using Finite Element Method. A first work consistsin finding out the most suitable filling factor and lattice pa-rameter so as to have simultaneous bandgaps. Afterwardswe discuss how the electromagnetic wave is affected byelasto-optic and electro-optic effects. We examine the im-pact of the defect modes distribution on the acousto-opticinteraction, the results show a possible increased modula-tion efficiency caused by the strong confinement of bothwaves in the defect. The impact of crystal cuts and wavepropagation directions will be discussed.This work has been carried out within project nANR-09-NANO-004 funded by ANR (P3N2009).


Multifonctional solid/solid phononic crystal – (Contributed, 000519)

J. Vasseura, N. Swinteckb, S. Bringuierb, A.-C. Hladky-Henniona and P. DeymierbaIEMN departement ISEN, UMR CNRS 8520, 41 boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France; bDepartment of Materials Science

and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA



A two-dimensional, solid-solid phononic crystal (PC)made of a square array of steel cylinders in epoxy is shownto perform a variety of spectral, wave vector and phase-space capabilities. Over a range of operating frequencies,the PC elastic band structure shows uniquely shaped equi-frequency contours that are only accessible to excitationsof longitudinal polarization. Under this condition, the PC

is shown to behave as (1) an acoustic wave collimator,(2) a directional source for elastic waves, (3) a defect-lesswave guide, (4) an acoustic beam splitter and (5) a phase-control device. Finite-difference time-domain simulationsand experimental demonstrations are used to qualify theabove mentioned capabilities.


Phase shift and group delay in phononic crystals of pillars on a surface – (Contributed, 000652)

Y. Achaouia,b, M. Addouchea, V. Laudea, S. Benchabanea and A. KhelifaaFranche-Comte Electronique Mecanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies, 32 avenue de l’Observatoire 25044

Besancon Cedex; bLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20


The last years have seen a significant rise in the numberof studies of band gap materials for acoustic waves. Basi-cally, these artificial materials can be classified into twodistinct families: phononic crystals and acoustic meta-materials. Indeed, they can both prohibit the propaga-tion of acoustic waves in certain frequency ranges for alldirections of incidence, but the physical phenomena be-hind are markedly different. The key parameter to obtainband gaps in the case of phononic crystals is periodicity,while the local frequency resonance of each basic cell dom-inates in the case of acoustic metamaterial. Propagation

of acoustic waves in phononic crystals has been reportedfor bulk, Lamb and surface acoustic waves. Most of theexperimental studies focused on the attenuation involvedwithin band gaps. The purpose of the present paper is toinvestigate the phase shift and the groupe delay inducedby a periodic structure of pillars on a surface in a widefrequency range owning locally-resonant and Bragg bandgaps. The experimental dispersion curves are presentedaccordingly and a very good agreement between theoryand experiment is obtained.

Thu 9:00 Philip DOAK AA-G02: Building acoustics

The acoustical flows of the hydrophobic and anticeptic liquids in porous media – (Contributed, 000010)

V. TsaplevNorth-West State Technical University, 5, Millionnaya Street, Department of Physics, 191186 Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation


The paper presents the results of the experimental studiesof the acoustical flows in the porous or microcrumblingmedia. Concrete and brick walls being porous media ab-sorb water due to capillary effect. The damp penetratesinto the foundation if the waterproofing layer between thefoundation and the wall is damaged, the damp comes upthe wall due to the natural capillary effect. Just the same,if the protective covering of the concrete or brick wall isdamaged, they begin to absorb the damp from the air,growing damp by and by and worsening their protectiveproperties. There exist some ways to restore damagedwaterproofing layers. One possible way is to impregnate

walls or/and foundations by some special hydrophobic liq-uid using the ultrasound. Being then dried out, the el-ements of constructions become water-repellent, do notabsorb damp any more and remain dry. The usage ofthe ultrasound makes the impregnation much more effec-tive and fast, being at the same time the nondestructivemethod. The speed of the penetration depends on theporosity or microcrack factor. The paper presents the re-sults of the study of the dependence of the velocity of thehydrophobic liquid movement from the average diameterof the capillaries and from the acoustical intensity.


BEM for the prediction of standardized scattering and diffusion coefficients of diffusers – (Contributed,

000858)

A. Randrianoelinaa, M. Hornikxb, R. Van Luxemburgc, S. Van Eijndhovena and A. DastouriaaTU Eindhoven, Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands; bBuilding Physics and

Services, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands; cLevel Acoustics, De Rondom 10,

5612 AP Eindhoven, Netherlands



For the prediction of the scattering and diffusion coef-ficients of acoustic diffusers, a computational method isused based on the measurement methods as prescribed instandards ISO 17497-1 and AES-4id-200. The numericalcalculations concern a 2D implementation of the BoundaryElement Method (BEM) in the frequency domain. Themodelling approach aimed at reproducing the standard-ized measurement conditions as well as minimizing com-putational times. Modelling of the diffusion coefficientis mainly based on geometrical constraints from the stan-dards. The prediction of the scattering coefficient requires

to model physical processes during measurements, namely,the diffuse sound field and the specularly reflected energy.Also, the following computational aspects were consid-ered: mesh density and required number of frequenciesfor broadband predictions, and use of separate and simul-taneous sound sources. With the simulation method de-veloped, the scattering and diffusion coefficients as well asthe directivity patterns of a Schroeder diffuser and an un-dulated surface industrially manufactured have been com-puted.


Sound absorption coefficient of a porous material covered with a low open area perforated plate underhigh sound excitation – (Contributed, 000436)

R. Tayong, T. Dupont and P. LeclaireLRMA-DRIVE, ISAT, 49 rue Mademoiselle Bourgeois - BP 31, 58027 Nevers, France


The sound absorption coefficient of porous materials cov-ered with low open area perforated plate is studied un-der high sound intensities in the absence of mean flow.The theoretical considerations are based on the equivalentfluid following the Johnson-Champoux-Allard approachand the use of the transfer matrix method. To take into ac-count the high sound levels effects, the air flow resistivityof each layer is modified following the Forchheimer law.Two specimens of perforated plate are built and testedwhen backed by a polymeric foam and a fibrous mate-

rial. A specific impedance tube setup is developed for themeasurement of the surface acoustic impedance for soundpressure levels ranging from 90 dB to 150 dB at the sur-face of the perforated facing. To corroborate the validityof the presented method, prediction and measurements arecompared for the case where the perforated facing and theporous material are both directly backed by a rigid wall.Good agreement is observed between the simulation andthe experimental result.


Study of the effect of finite extent on sound transmission loss of single panel using a waveguide model– (Contributed, 000142)

I. Prasetiyo and D. J. ThompsonDynamics Group - ISVR - University of Southampton, University Road, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK


The sound transmission loss (STL) of a panel is often es-timated using an infinite plate model. However, some dis-crepancies are found between these predicted results andexperimental ones. One of the sources of such discrep-ancies corresponds to the finite extent that is naturallyfound in real structures. In the present study an ana-lytical waveguide model of sound transmission is used tostudy the effect of finite dimensions in one direction for apanel which is long in the other dimension. The resulting

model is used to investigate the effect of the finite widthon the STL through a simple case of an infinite plate stripwith simply supported boundary conditions. The resultsobtained are compared with those for the infinite plate.The resulting analytical model can also be used to pro-vide benchmark solutions for validating numerical meth-ods such as waveguide FE/BE. Examples of such bench-mark comparisons are also provided.


Elements for an acoustic classification of dwellings and apartment buildings in France – (Contributed,

000109)

C. Guigou-Carter, R. Wetta, R. Foret and J.-B. CheneCentre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment, 24 rue joseph fourier 38400 Saint martin d’heres



The aim of the study is to present elements for an acousticclassification of dwellings and apartment buildings. Thegoal would be to have similarly to energy performance ofbuilding or dwellings a classification of the acoustic per-formance from A (very good) to F (very bad) for examplethat would be easily understandable by a common per-son. The work carried out in the European COST ActionTU0901 ”Integrating and Harmonizing Sound InsulationAspects in Sustainable Urban Housing Constructionsı is

concerned with the harmonization of acoustic descriptorsused in Europe as the sound insulation classes. Soundinsulation classes exist in more than 10 European coun-tries for impact and airborne sound insulation. The differ-ent European approaches used to determine the acousticperformance classes are briefly described. A classificationthat could be implemented in France is proposed for dis-cussion.


Characterization of metallic studs used in gypsum board single frame walls – (Contributed, 000114)

C. Guigou-Carter, R. Foret, A. Igeleke and S. BailhacheCentre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment, 24 rue joseph fourier 38400 Saint martin d’heres


This work aims to characterize metallic studs used in gyp-sum board single frame walls. The sound reduction indexassociated to the direct path (cavity path) of the doublewall can be calculated using a wave based transfer matrixapproach. In the mid-high frequency range, an SEA ap-proach is preferred to model the frame between the twogypsum leaves, as point connections modeled by punctualsprings defined by its translational stiffness located at thescrews position on the frame. An experimental setup hasbeen proposed to determine the equivalent stiffness of the

stud at the screw positions. Based on these data pre-dicted and measured sound reduction index are in fairlygood agreement. In the present work, a finite element mo-del corresponding to the experimental setup is developedto characterize metallic studs in order to perform a para-metric study and investigate new studs shape. The effectsof the material physical characteristic variations, the di-mensions and metal thickness, and the shape of the studsas well as the type and number of gypsum board mountedon the frame are presented and discussed.


An alternative for intensity measurement at low frequency in small reverberant rooms – (Contributed,

000295)

E. A. Duartea, A. Moorhouseb and E. B. ViveiroscaFederal University of Alagoas, Arquitetura, Av. Manoel Severino Barbosa, s/n - Bom Sucesso, 57309-005 Arapiraca, Brazil;bUniversity of Salford, The Crescent, M5 4WT Salford, UK; cFederal University of Santa Catarina, Dept Architecture, CxP 476,

88040-900 Florianopolis, Brazil


Intensity measurement is generally used as a referencemethod, as it is more accurate then measuring sound pres-sure levels. However, the conventional two- microphonemethod only provides good accuracy in acoustically deadroom. In this paper, a novel method employing an ac-celerometer and a microphone was used in order to ob-tain sound intensity close to a wall in reactive field. Thetests were done in a reverberant room, whose conditionsare not ideal for normal intensity method because the dif-ference between the two microphone signals is swampedby the reverberant component, which gives a large, in-

phase sound pressure. Two different intensity methodswere used: the conventional two-microphone method andthe microphone-accelerometer method. Firstly, the vali-dation method was tested in a semi anechoic room. Sub-sequently, the same measurement was repeated in a rever-beration room with absorption covering one wall and, fi-nally, the same set up was tested in a reverberation roomwith no absorption whatsoever. There were found goodresults in low frequencies in all tests but especially in areverberant room, which showed differences of around 2to 4 dB between the two methods.


Analysis and noise control strategies of rolling noise due to delivery trolley – (Contributed, 000195)

F.-X. Becota, F. Chevillottea, W. Wasmineb and D. Bozzettob

aMATELYS, 1 rue Baumer, 69120 Vaulx-En-Velin, France; bACOUPHEN, 33 route de Jonage, 69891 Pusignan, France



In France and in many western countries, standard hous-ing buildings often include commercial surfaces on theground floor. While providing appreciated services dur-ing day time, this arrangement may cause highly pertur-bating noise in the upper floors of the building due todelivery operations. In particular, delivering and shelv-ing operations include displacements of trolleys resultingin rolling and impact noise. Contrary to impact noisewhich is considered in the actual standards, rolling noiseis not addressed. This is critical since impact excitationhas little similarities with excitation due to e.g. a rollingtrolley. Therefore, noise treatments designed with impactsound source may not be suitable for rolling noise sources.

Based on measured illustrations of this problematic, thepresent work aims at designing a general methodology (i)to characterise the rolling noise, (ii) to predict the noisereduction efficiency and (iii) to design/optimise the noisecontrol treatment. Discussion is based on measured dataof acceleration spectra obtained for several types of sur-faces (flat concrete, tiled/paved floor). Moreover, a modelis implemented using characterised material data for sev-eral damping materials. This methodology allows to un-derstand mechanisms of noise reduction and offers inter-esting perspectives for designing improved sound proofingmaterials.


Lieux de divertissement ouverts 24 heures aux centres des villes helleniques : degradation du confortacoustique et lacunes legislatives – (Contributed, 000442)

N. BarkasDEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, DUTH, VASSILISIS SOFIAS 12, 67100 Xanthe, Greece


La communication proposee fait partie d’un grand pro-jet de recherche universitaire (2004 - 2010) qui tented’evaluer la pollution sonore dans les centres villes en rai-son du fonctionnement des entreprises de divertissement(cafes, bars, clubs, tavernes). Ce travail de recherchepresente les resultats de l’evaluation des bruits de fonc-tionnement (mesures et sondages subjectifs) dans les zonescentrales des differentes villes grecques. Les principalesraisons de cette pollution sonore de l’environnement ur-bain sont liees au niveau eleve des emissions sonores (acause du rassemblement des installations et des systemeselectroacoustiques) et a l’augmentation du trafic pendantla nuit. En general, il s‘agit des constructions de faible

capacite d‘ insonorisation, avec des facades transparentes,qui fonctionnent dans des conditions semi - exterieures,pendant tout le jour et pendant tout l‘annee. L’enqueteest realisee pour enregistrer les echecs des constructionsen matiere d’isolation acoustique et pour identifier lesprincipales lacunes du cadre legislatif existant. Elle con-stitue aussi une tentative d’identifier les responsabilitesdes municipalites locales (qui possedent le droit exclusifde l’autorisation de fonctionnement des entreprises de di-vertissement et les avantages des taxes municipales), enexplorant la correlation etroite entre la pollution sonoreet la densite urbaine des entreprises des loisirs.

Thu 9:00 Francois CANAC PU-G02: Underwater acoustics

Shear wave speed and attenuation in water-saturated glass beads and sand – (Contributed, 000023)

N. P. Chotiros and M. J. IsaksonUniversity of Texas at Austin, PO Box 8029, Austin, 78713-8029, USA


The frequency dependence of shear wave attenuation inwater-saturated glass beads and sand contains distinguish-able frequency bands in which different power laws apply.The bands are separated by relaxation frequencies. Thisis unlike the case of the dry granular medium, which isknown to be proportional to the first power of frequency.The Biot-Stoll model of wave propagation in porous mediacaptures the lower relaxation frequency, which is drivenby a relaxation process in the relative motion between thepore fluid and the granular frame. A modification that

includes squirt flow at the grain contacts is necessary tocapture the higher relaxation frequency, which is a conse-quence of a relaxation process in the fluid motion withinthe grain contact region. There is evidence to suggestthat the viscosity of the thin fluid film in the grain con-tacts may deviate from that of the bulk fluid due to ionicforces. Comparisons are made to published experimentalmeasurements. [Work supported by the Office of NavalResearch, Ocean Acoustics Program]



Seafloor characterization by means of nonlinear multi-frequency generation – (Contributed, 000426)

L. Di Marcoberardino, J. Marchal and P. CervenkaInstitute Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, 2 place de la gare de Ceinture, 78210 Saint Cyr L’Ecole, France


In the underwater context, it is known that the frequencydiversity provides essential information to derive the na-ture of the seafloor. Actually, the information gatheredfrom each single frequency gives a complementary pic-ture of a particular environment. This presentation dealswith the realization of a multi-frequency acoustic survey-ing tool based on the saturation effect. The transmit-ter is fed with a high-power single tone-burst: numer-

ous harmonic waves are created by non linear interactionsalong the propagation. The source is unique in time andspace so that the multi-frequency responses are inherentlyperfectly matched. The receiver is a rectangular multi-element broadband array realized for measurements in thesea environment. Seabed characterization measurementswere made in the bay of Brest. First results of sedimentbackscatter response and seafloor images are presented.


Geometric decorrelation in acoustic tools for surveying the seafloor – (Contributed, 000106)

P. CervenkaCNRS UMR 7190, UPMC (P6) Institut Jean le Rond d’Alembert, 2, place de la gare de ceinture, 78210 Saint-Cyr-L’Ecole, France


Geometric decorrelation, also known as baseline decorrela-tion, is a limiting factor in the performance of interferom-eters that feature large baselines. This phenomenon canbe thus a bottle-neck in the development of new survey-ing tools, e.g. forward-looking synthetic interferometers orimaging systems based on squint synthetic aperture. Themechanism responsible for geometric decorrelation is putin evidence by using a simple model of surface scattering,

with an idealized pair of transmitter-receiver running the’stop and hop’ scenario within a 2D geometry. Geometricdecorrelation can be countered in several cases of practi-cal interest. The choice of the transmitted signals and therelevant signal processing at receive that aim at reducingor even cancelling this effect are developed. Numerical ex-amples are given in realistic configurations. The effect ofvolume scattering and surface roughness is also discussed.


Geoacoustic characterization by the image source method: a sensitivity study – (Contributed, 000391)

S. Pinsona, L. Guillona and P. Cervenkab

aIRENav, BCRM Brest, Ecole Navale, CC 600, 29240 Brest Cedex9, France; bCNRS UMR 7190, UPMC (P6) Institut Jean le Rond

d’Alembert, 2, place de la gare de ceinture, 78210 Saint-Cyr-L’Ecole, France


A new method for measuring the sound speed profile ofthe seafloor has been recently proposed (JASA, vol. 128,pp. 1685-1693): the image source method. This method isbased on a physical model of the acoustic field generatedby a point source and reflected by a layered media. Underthe Born approximation, the reflected signal can be mod-eled as a sum of contributions coming from image sources

relative to the seabed layers. Consequently, the seabedgeometry and sound speed profile can be recovered by ex-ploiting the localization of these images. We present herea study about the sensitivity with the relative noise leveland the map mesh size in the localization of the imagesources.


Mathematical modeling of the acoustic radiation by submerged elastic structures – (Contributed, 000125)

S. Iakovleva, J.-F. Sigristb, C. Leblondc, H. A.F.A. Santosd, A. Lefieuxe and K. Willistona

aDepartment of Engineering Mathematics and Internetworking, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada B3J1Y9; bDepartement Dy-

namique des Structures, CESMAN, DCNS research, Indret, 44620 La Montagne, France; cLaSIE, Universite de la Rochelle, Pole

Science et Technologie, Avenue Michel Crepeau, 17042 La Rochelle Cedex 1, France; dDepartment of Civil Engineering and Archi-

tecture, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; eDepartment of


Structural Mechanics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy


We consider a number of non-stationary fluid-structure in-teraction problems that represent several different scenar-ios of impulse acoustic loading on a fluid-contacting elasticcircular cylindrical shell. Both the submerged evacuatedand submerged fluid-filled shells are addressed, along withshell systems of higher structural complexity. We discussthe semi-analytical approach that was developed to mo-del such systems, and highlight its advantages and limita-tions. In particular, we discuss the recent enhancement ofthe approach that allowed for a much more accurate mod-

eling of the fine structure of the radiated field includingthe adequate reproduction of all types of the structure-induced waves seen in the experiments. We also address anumber of interesting and practically important acousticeffects that we observed in the systems in question. Inparticular, we discuss the effect of the acoustic phenom-ena in the internal fluid volume on the structure of theexternal acoustic field, and analyze the propagation of thewaves induced by additional structural elements incorpo-rated into the system.


Analysis of a sandwich elastic plate structure by means of its transition terms – (Contributed, 000296)

S. Deriblea, F. Coulouvratb, M. Rousseaub, J.-L. Izbickia and A. TinelaaLOMC, CNRS UMR 6294, Universite Le Havre, 25, rue Philippe Lebon, 76600 Le Havre, France; bCNRS, Institut Jean Le Rond

d’Alembert - UMR CNRS 7190, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie - 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France


In order to analyze coupled resonances, the formalism ofthe transition matrix is used. We measure at normal in-cidence R and T, the reflection and transmission coeffi-cients of two aluminum plates separated by a very thinwater layer. The transition terms are linear combinationsof R and T and the coupled resonances appear in separateterms. Under the condition that the previous coefficientshave been recorded with a common phase reference, it is

possible to isolate the resonances well. The vertical modeand the resonances of the water layer can be easily lo-cated on the spectra of the experimental transition terms.The shifts between the resonances of the structure and theresonance frequencies of the symmetric and antisymmet-ric modes of a unique plate are exhibited as well. Thetransition terms are very efficient tools for characterizingcoupled systems.


Is received level average sufficient to describe ambient noise in heavy traffic areas? – (Contributed,

000780)

T. Folegota, C. Gervaiseb, Y. Stephanc, D. Clorenneca and B. Kindad

aQuiet-Oceans, 135, rue Claude Chappe, 29280 Plouzane, France; bGrenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique, Gipsa-lab 961 rue de

la Houille Blanche BP 46 F - 38402 Grenoble Cedex; cService Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine, 13 rue du Chatellier

29200 Brest; dExtraction et Exploitation de l’Information en Environnements Incertains, 2 rue Francois Verny, 29806 Brest cedex 9,

France


The Marine Strategy Framework Directive imposes to Eu-ropean governments to monitor ambient noise. There aremultiple ways of monitoring the ambient noise. Althoughcertainly economical considerations have to be taken intoconsiderations, there is a need to discuss the representa-tiveness of ambient noise measurement by the only meansof hydrophones. A hydrophone will only give a localand punctual knowledge. As long as the measurement isnot contaminated with self-noise, mechanical noise fromthe mooring itself or the water flow around the sensor,measurement present the great advantage of providing aground truth. However, for ambient noise being stochastic

by essence, masking effects between numbers of anthropicsources are likely to occur for significant period of times.Hydrophones therefore measure the closest noise events.An ambient noise experiment done in the western partof the British Channel in 2010 has demonstrated sucheffects, and serves questioning the representativeness ofnoise monitoring exclusively based on measurement. Thechoice of the metric and the influence of the geographicalconfiguration of the monitoring scheme on noise charac-terization will be discussed. Coupling measurement withmodeling is foreseen as a solution to bring more represen-tativeness to ocean noise assessment.


Thu 10:40 Yves ROCARD NV-G01: Noise and vibration engineering

Dependence of friction noise of rough surfaces with contact area – (Contributed, 000514)

A. Le Bot, V.H. Dang and E. Bou ChakraLaboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systemes, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex


The noise emitted during the friction of rough surfacesis a wide band noise generated by the numerous impactsoccuring between antagonist asperites of surfaces. Thisstudy presents an experiment which investigates the lawbetween the acoustical power and a varying number ofidentical sliders i.e. the nominal contact area. It is foundthat in some cases, the acoustical power is proportional

to the number of sliders while the sound is constant insome others. This result is explained by introducing adissipation law of vibration at the interface of solids. Inthe regime where this dissipation process dominates, thesound is constant while in the regime where it is negligi-ble compared with other disspation processes, the soundis proportional to the number of sliders.


Automotive friction-induced noises – (Contributed, 000009)

A. Elmaiana, J.-M. Duffala, F. Gautiera, C. Pezeratb and J. GilbertbaRenault, 1 avenue du Golf, API : FR TCR AVA 1 63, 78288 Guyancourt, France; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine,



Friction-induced noises are numerous in the automotivefield. They also involve a large number of structures.Wiper squeal, seat squeak or dashboard creak are someexamples of these noises. The different names tradition-ally used to describe these noises allow a first classification,especially based on their acoustic signature.From an experimental side, an exploratory test-rig hasbeen designed. This can generate friction-induced noiseswith simple structures and automotive materials. Qualita-tive sensitivity studies have demonstrated the test-rig abil-ity to produce squealing, squeaking and creaking noises.From a numerical side, a 3-degrees-of-freedom model hasbeen studied. This model brings together the main phys-

ical concepts (stick-slip, sprag-slip, modal coupling) ex-plaining the origin of friction induced noise. Calculationsof complex eigenvalues carried out on this linearized modelpermit to highlight the concept of modal coupling insta-bility. The extreme sensitivity of the vibrational behaviorand a fortiori radiated noise towards conception parame-ters explains why these noises seem to appear randomly.Temporal simulations, in turn, permit to highlight the con-cepts of modal coupling, stick-slip and sprag- slip. Theyalso permit to obtain qualitatively the vibrational behav-ior at the origin of the squealing, squeaking and creakingnoises.


Tribological origin of squeal noise in lubricated elastomer/glass contact – (Contributed, 000603)

A. Rusanov, D. Mazuyer, J. Perret Liaudet, A. Le Bot, M. Guibert and J. Le RouzicLaboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systemes, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex


This study investigates the tribological conditions in wa-ter lubricated elastomer/glass contact which lead to self-excited vibrations and squealing noises. Friction tests wereperformed using a specific experimental device ”Lugı. Inthe experiments, friction forces and vibrational velocityhave been properly measured for a wide range of relativevelocities. The resulting friction coefficient as a functionof sliding velocity fits well a Stribeck’s law. Instabilities

appear during the transition between static and hydrody-namic regimes. Actually the negative slope of the frictionforce as a function of relative velocity in the mixed lu-brication regime enables the system to become unstable.Knowing the damping ratio of the oscillator, it is then pos-sible to predict from the friction force measurements therange of velocities that lead to instabilities.



Vibro-acoustic simulation of a car window – (Contributed, 000228)

C. BarrasHutchinson Centre de Recherche, rue Gustave Nourry, BP 31, 45120 Chalette-Sur-Loing, France


Waist seals and glass run channel are used for sealingpurposes of automotive opening windows. These sealsalso contribute in the acoustic performance of the sys-tem specifically in the 3kHz frequency band known as thecoincidence frequency.In this paper, we present the simulation of the acoustictransparency of a car window with seals around.In a first stage, the mounting of the seals around the win-dows is simulated by mean of a 2D non linear static anal-ysis in order to get the deformed and pre-stressed state ofthe seal. In a second stage, a 3D mesh of the vibro-acoustic

model is built. It is composed of the 600x600x4mm glasssurrounded by the seals. All components are meshed withvolumic elements. A thickness of 10 cm air behind theglass is also meshed in order to get the radiated acousticpower at this distance allowing experimental-simulationcomparisons. Infinite acoustic elements are finally addedto simulate an infinite space.The window is excited by a diffused field. The acoustictransparency curves are presented up to 5200Hz. Com-parisons with tests show a good correlation and give con-fidence in the vibro-acoustic model for predictive purposes.


Noise Transmission through a Glass Window excited by Low-Speed Turbulent Flow – (Contributed,

000408)

R. Bessis, Y. Gervais, L.-E. Brizzi and J. LaumonierInstitut Pprime, CNRS - Universite de Poitiers - ENSMA, ENSIP, 6 rue Marcel Dore, Batiment B17, BP 633, 86022 Poitiers, France


In order to improve on-board automotive acoustic com-fort, we investigate the effects of vortex dynamics and un-steady flow separation outside the lateral window of a car(the A-pillar) on the noise transmission through the win-dow. Different mechanisms are expected to contribute tothe transmitted aerodynamic noise. One is related to theacoustic excitation mainly generated from the transfer ofkinetic energy of the turbulent volumetric flow structuresinto acoustic energy, then transmitted through the win-dow. A second mechanism consists of direct hydrodynamic(turbulent boundary layer) excitation of the window.

Experiments have been performed in an open low-speedwind tunnel including a forward-facing step geometry inorder to generate vortex shedding above a thin glass win-dow. An anechoic cavity under the glass allows capture ofthe transmitted sound. Surface-pressure fluctuations andoutside velocities (PIV) were estimated simultaneously.Correlation-based signal processing was implemented tolink flow structures to acoustic transmission. Attempts toseparate the contributions behind noise transmission in-volving energy-based filters (POD, LSE), along with thevariations of timescales and lengthscales on the flow arealso presented and discussed.


Numeric and experimental study on several rattle noises from a generic system – (Contributed, 000583)

T. Gardina, F. Gautierb and C. PezeratbaFaurecia Automotive Seating, Route de Brieres les Scelles, 91150 Etampes, France; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du



Rattle noises encountered in automotive systems such asseats or front panels are gaining more and more impor-tance in the automotive industry. Recent progresses innoise reduction combined with the emergence of new elec-trical/hybrid vehicle and the need of mass reduction hasemphasized the appearance of this new class of noise whichwas masked in the past.Rattle noises are here studied using a vibro-impacting sys-tem under forced excitation. An experimental set-up com-

posed of a beam impacting a barrier has been designed inorder to reproduce this phenomenon. Periodic and appar-ent chaotic rattles are occurring at various combinations ofenvironmental parameters such as: excitation frequency,initial presence of clearance or pre-load, contact stiffnessand damping. Simulated bifurcation diagrams are also ob-tained representing the overall behaviour of the vibro- im-pacting system and are then compared with experiments.



Simulation of the dynamic behaviour of a geared transmission on hydrodynamic journal bearings –(Contributed, 000211)

R. Fargere, J.-F. Sigrist, R. Bosio, C. Menard and P. VelexLaMCoS / DCNS Research - Departement Dynamique des Structures, DCNS Propulsion, Indret, 44620 La Montagne, France


Geared transmissions are inherently noisy but their ca-pacity to match the speeds and torques from one machineto another makes them irreplaceable in a number of highpower applications such as marine propulsion. In suchsystems, stealthiness is often crucial and the predictionand control of the radiated noise is therefore an impor-tant research topic. In this paper, an original approach isproposed which combines (i) a mechanical model for gearsbased on finite elements which accounts for deformablebodies and shafts and (ii) the reaction forces from the

journal bearings using the ”short bearingı approximation.The equations of motion, the normal contact problem be-tween the teeth, along with the bearing reaction forcesare solved iteratively. The procedure is applied to a singlestage transmission for various running conditions and geargeometry. The influence of the helix angle is investigatedand emphasis is placed on the time and spectral represen-tations of the bearing reactions which largely control thestructure-borne noise generated by the gear mesh.


Enhancing targeted energy transfer by using several nonlinear membrane absorbers – (Contributed,

000171)

P.-O. Mattei, R. Bellet, B. Cochelin and R. CoteLMA, CNRS, UPR 7051, Aix-Marseille Univ, Centrale Marseille, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France


One of the main drawbacks of the targeted energy transfer(TET) phenomena in acoustics is the relative short exis-tence zone of TET. This communication presents how toobtain an enhanced efficiency of TET by using multiplenonlinear membrane absorbers in parallel. We show thisway, mainly thanks to an experimental set-up with twomembranes, that the different absorbers have additionaleffects that extend the efficiency and the possibilities ofobservation of TET. Different behavior of the system un-

der sinusoidal forcing and free oscillations, characterizingthe phenomena for all input energies, as well as frequencyresponses, showing successive clipping of the original reso-nance peak of the system, are presented. A model is finallyused to generalize these results to more than two NES andto simulate the case of several very similar membranes inparallel which shows how to extend the existence zone ofTET.


Propagation of vibrations induced on track: implementation of previsional models for low and highspeed trains and comparison with experimental measurements – (Contributed, 000363)

G. Marsicoa, E. Monacob, F. Amorosob, V. Limoneb, S. Curcurutoa, D. Atzoria and R. BettiaaISPRA, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy; bSonora S.r.l., Via dei Bersaglieri 9, 81100 Caserta, Italy


In recent years, the topic of vibrations in homes and work-places has grown in importance. In order to reduce the vi-brations due to road and rail traffic, several actions can beimplemented, some of which are economically very costly.As a consequence, before implementing any mitigationmeasures, the availability of appropriate simulation toolsable to characterize the effectiveness of the chosen solu-tions becomes more and more relevant. As part of thiswork, the development of a predictive software has been

addressed, combined with experimental measurements, inorder to assess with acceptable accuracy the vibration lev-els caused by rail transport - trams, low-speed and high-speed trains. Predictions are obtained by characterizingwaves propagation through the ground by the mean of sep-arate approaches for low and high velocity trains. In thispaper the results achieved has been presented, as well asthe future potential of the activity.



Laboratory investigations of low frequency sound attenuation over combustion flat perforated wallsheet – (Contributed, 000692)

Q. Qina, P. Rubinia, C. Jayatungab and V. Sandersonb

aThe University of Hull, The Acoustics Research Centre, Dept. of Eng., The University of Hull, HU6 7RX Hull, UK; bSiemens

Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd, PO Box 1, Waterside South, LN5 7FD Lincoln, UK


Steel perforated liners have been used in turbine combus-tions for several years. The main purpose of the holeson the chambers is for cooling the combustion wall byinducing cooling air flows through the holes. It wouldbe very useful if the steel perforated liners could be usedfor attenuating the combustion noise too, especially forthe low frequency noise. This paper presents a series ofacoustic attenuation measurements which were carried outin a 500 mm (width) × 500 mm (height) × 6000 mm(length) impedance tube on flat perforated steel plateswith various geometric parameters. The measured absorp-tion coefficient and impedance show that the steel perfo-

rated plates have strong sound attenuation on a certainfrequency bandwidth. Experimental data were comparedwith the predicted data that concerned the effects of air in-ertia and viscosity in apertures. The results show reason-able agreement with the prediction. The acoustic atten-uation properties, inferred from normal surface resistanceand absorption coefficient data on perforation panels withdifferent plate thickness, perforation, aperture diameterand aperture distribution are presented. The measure-ment results and analyses show that with careful designthe cooling holes on the combustion wall can be used toattenuate the noise efficiently.


A comparison between the performance of different silencer designs for gas turbine exhaust systems –(Contributed, 000589)

R. Kirbya, P. Williamsa and J. HillbaBrunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 1PH Middlesex, UK; bAAF Ltd, Bassington Lane, Cramlington, NE23 8AF Northum-

berland, UK


The dissipative silencers used to attenuate noise emanat-ing from air moving devices such as fans are normally of asimple splitter design, with parallel baffles of absorbentmaterial arranged over the width of a duct. Howeverin more specialist applications, such as the exhaust sys-tems of gas turbines, different silencer geometries are of-ten used. One such geometry is a so-called bar silencer,in which rectangular bars, or bricks, of absorbing material

are placed in a lattice arrangement over the duct crosssection. The acoustic performance of these bar silencersis investigated here using a finite element based numeri-cal mode matching scheme. The insertion loss of the barsilencers is then calculated and compared against tradi-tional splitter designs in order to investigate the relativeefficiency of each design.


Determination of efficiency of anechoic or decoupling hull coatings using water tank acoustic measure-ments – (Contributed, 000270)

C. AudolyDCNS Research, CEMIS, 83076 Toulon, France


External anechoic and decoupling hull coatings are used onships or submarines to reduce acoustic target strength andradiated noise, respectively. Measurement of test panelsin a water tank gives only the reflection and transmissioncoefficients in free field, with respects to frequency. It isshown using simple models that anechoic and decouplingefficiencies can be derived, providing appropriate modulusand phase measurement of the coefficients. Additionnally,

the influence of a non-rigid elastic backing can be simu-lated without additional measurement. That informationis of particular interest for the naval architects and spe-cialists involved in design. In this paper, the theoreticalformulation of the problem will be presented, then appliedto simulated test cases. Some experimental results on testPanels will also be shown.


Fri 8:00 Paul LANGEVIN Keynote lecture: Pr. Robin Cleveland

Shock waves in medicine – (000872)

R. O. ClevelandUniversity of Oxford, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ Oxford, UK


Shock waves have been used for more than 30 years for thetreatment of kidney stones. In shock wave lithotripsy, fo-cused shock waves are used to fragment kidney stones intopieces that were small enough to be passed naturally andthis non-invasive treatment revolutionised kidney stonetreatment. Since then shock waves have been used fora number of other indications including: gall stones, plan-tar fasciitis, bone fracture healing, skin burn healing, andneovascularisation of the myocardium. Shock waves havealso been shown to be effective at enhancing drug deliv-ery into cells and assisting with gene transfection. Therehas been a wide range of success in these areas but none

has resulted in the same paradigm shift as occurred inlithotripsy. In addition, shock waves play an importantrole in focused ultrasound surgery where they result inenhanced heating rates and can therefore accelerate treat-ment times. The presentation will discuss the principles bywhich shock waves can induce bioeffects, both desired andundesired, within the body. It will also contrast some ofthe contradictory results in the literature and discuss theopportunities to exploit shock waves going forward. [Workhas been partially supported by NIH, NSF and WhitakerFoundation].

Fri 8:00 Lord RAYLEIGH Keynote: Pr. Murray Campbell

An acoustical history of lip-excited musical wind instruments – (000865)

M. CampbellUniversity of Edinburgh, School of Physics and Astronomy, JCMB, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JZ Edinburgh, UK


From the conch shell and the cow horn to the modern or-chestral brass section, lip-excited aerophones have playeda central role in human music-making. Until the mid-dle of the twentieth century the evolution and sophisti-cation of brass instruments proceeded through a processof trial and error. In recent decades theoretical, exper-imental and computational scientific methods have beenused to study the dynamics and aeroacoustics of soundproduction in lip-excited instruments. While considerableadvances have been made in understanding the physicsof the coupling between the lips of the player and the

acoustic modes of the resonating tube, and the effects ofbore profile on sound propagation and radiation, successin applying this knowledge in the improvement of brassinstrument design has been hampered by uncertainty asto the specification of musically relevant targets for opti-misation. This question can be illuminated by consideringthe relationship between musical function and acousticalbehaviour in instruments of earlier periods. The approachis illustrated by brief acoustical histories of two lip-excitedinstruments: the trombone and the serpent.

Fri 9:00 Yves ROCARD AA-S04: Global approaches of building acoustics

Noise reduction of a double-skin facade considering opening for natural ventilation – (Contributed,

000102)

J.-P. Migneron and A. PotvinUniversite Laval,


The growing interest in natural or hybrid ventilation sys-tems brings a challenge for good integration of openingsin building facades. With a noisy environment, there isan important limitation for the use of direct openingsin common building envelopes. As a part of a researchproject dedicated to this problem, it is possible to evaluatethe impact of several double-skin configurations, modify-ing openings, space between facades or the choice of con-struction assemblies. Experimental measurements made

in laboratory conditions lead to the estimation of usualnoise reduction and sound transmission class. Moreover,the airflow at constant differential pressure was assessedas functions of the aperture and compared to sound in-sulation. Analyzing those parameters together give usefulinformation for the design of passive ventilation with asignificant airflow when acoustical performance is an im-portant issue.



Lightweight ventilated facade prototype: acoustic performance evaluation when the ventilation surfaceof the air chamber varies – (Contributed, 000245)

A. Niampira Daza and J.L. Zamora I MestreDoctorade program Ambits de Recerca en l‘Energia i el Medi Ambie, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona Tech, Sant

Cugat del Valles, 08173 Barcelona, Spain


The lightweight facades with ventilated air chambers haveadvantages as thermal radiation and damp protection,which is added to the aesthetic benefits in new buildingsand renovations.In terms of acoustic performance, this solution can bemore efficient than traditional facades rather then solidwall. However, this positive characteristic has not beenproven, as ventilation of the air chamber seems to limitpotential improvements in acoustic performance.The goal of this study was to evaluate how much addi-tional noise protection could be achieved with the stan-dard configuration of a lightweight facade and a venti-

lated air chamber versus a conventional simple solid wall.Standard acoustic evaluations were carried out with differ-ent lightweight facade configurations in which the degreeof surface ventilation was changed, but the depth of thechamber was constant.This paper shows the first results obtained for in situacoustic assays of different kinds of external cladding whenthe upper and lower open area of the air chamber was var-ied. The prototypes were installed and tested in a real fa-cade at the ETS Escola Superior Tecnica d‘Arquitecturadel Valles (Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya) as partof a research project carried out for a doctoral thesis.


Natural ventilation and acoustic comfort – (Contributed, 000086)

A. Chilton, P. Novo, N. McBride, A. Lewis-Nunes, I. Johnston and J. ReneMax Fordham LLP, 42/43 Gloucester Crescent, Camden Town, NW1 7PE London, UK


Natural ventilation offers the potential for a sustainable,low-energy, low-maintenance solution to providing air tobuilding occupants. When compared to mechanical venti-lation systems, it also gives the benefits that occupants feelmore connected with the outside world and perceive thatthey have better control over their environment. These areboth factors that improve comfort and well-being. How-ever, natural ventilation relies on larger openings in thefacade which can create problems with the ingress of ex-

ternal noise that adversely affects occupant comfort. Anoverview is given as to how these conflicting issues canbe resolved in the design process and several case studiesmaking use of acoustically attenuated natural ventilationare presented. A methodology is proposed for comparingdifferent attenuated ventilation elements using a quanti-tative rating based on a combination of both their aero-dynamic and acoustic performance.


Impact of floor drain on floating floor acoustic performance – (Invited, 000727)

J.-B. Chene and P. KerdudouCentre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment,


In the context of the new regulation about handicap ac-cessibility, a study on the implementation of italian inte-grated shower system (flushed with the surrounding bath-room floor) has been performed. In this paper we haveinvestigated the impact of floor drain when integrated infloating floor. We have first used EN ISO 140-8 standard

to evaluate this effect on a full scale sample. In a sec-ond step, we have used ISO/CD 16251-1 to evaluate onlythe floor drain decoupling between its two parts. Exper-imental results are presented and discussed. It is demon-strated that the proposed adapted technique based on theISO/CD 16251-1 is good in evaluating the decoupling.



An update on acoustics designs for HVAC (Engineering) – (Contributed, 000880)

K. MarriottIOA, 29a Ashburton Road, Croydon, CR0 6AQ London, UK


A person’s sense of comfort and their capacity for workand/or their appreciation of leisure activities deterioratequickly in poor air conditions. More seriously, a person’sgeneral health may be impaired in the long term by be-ing subjected to ill-ventilated buildings and enervating cli-mates. The relevant factors to be considered are temper-ature, relative humidity and air circulation. The mainfunction of the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning(HVAC) engineer is to engineer ways for keeping these fac-tors under control. To produce suitable air changes and

cooling within an occupied space entails the need to in-duce and control airflows which is always associated withsome level of noise. This noise can in some cases be just asunacceptable as poor ventilation in as far as it affects thecapacity to work and/or concentrate. This paper looks ata set of five typical design cases that arise and methodsthat can be applied in achieving the HVAC engineer’s envi-ronmental requirements while minimising noise generatedin the process considering standard methods and more re-cent techniques used in the design of acoustic measures.

Fri 9:00 Peter BARNETT AH-S02: Fan and turbomachinery noise

Simulations on Active Fan Noise Control – (Contributed, 000491)

H. FischerEADS Deutschland GmbH, EADS Innovation Works Germany, 81663 Munchen, Germany


Noise reduction by active noise control in jet engines andits prediction is of high interest, since the acoustic goals offlightpath 2050 can hardly be achieved by passive acoustictreatments. Numerous former test campaigns showed thatsignificant noise reduction is possible by active noise con-trol. Simulations are needed for further understanding oftest results and in order to predict the noise reduction andpossibly impact on the performance of future jet engines.Therefore an ANC prediction tool in frequency domainbased on a common 3D CAA solver has been developed.The tool is validated by measurements in a simple straight

duct with wall mounted sensors and loudspeakers. Theprimary sound field has one dominant azimuthal mode or-der. Varying complexity of the control concept leads tosignificant distinct results in noise reduction and the in-put signals of control sources. Later application of thetool will be the simulation of jet engines (i.e. inlet, fan,stator and nozzle). The CAA solver does not include therotation of fan. Established models of fan scattering andsound transmission need to be implemented. The effectof the fan models on the noise control can be assumed bymeans of the investigated control concepts.


Numerical simulation of turbulence interaction noise applied to a serrated airfoil – (Contributed, 000111)

V. Clair, C. Polacsek, G. Reboul and T. Le GarrecOnera, Departement de Simulation Numerique des Ecoulements et Aeroacoustique, BP 72 - 29, avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92322

Chatillon Cedex


Turbulent wakes generated by turbofan blades and in-teracting with the outlet guide vanes are known to bemainly contributing to broadband noise emission of aero-engines at approach conditions. Analytical approaches,such as the well-known Amiet model can be adopted toestimate the noise generated by turbulent flows impactingthin airfoils, but they are limited by the flat-plate assump-tions. The development of numerical methods allowingmore complex geometries and realistic flows is required.The method, described in the present paper, is based ona CAA code solving the nonlinear Euler equations. Theupstream turbulence is synthesized from a stochastic mo-

del and injected into the computational domain throughan adapted boundary condition. It is first validated in 2Dand 3D against academic flat plate configurations by com-parison with Amiet solutions (exact in such cases). Then,3D computations are applied to simulate the effect of apassive treatment (leading edge serrations) aiming at re-ducing turbulence interaction noise of an isolated airfoilstudied in the framework of European project FLOCON.First calculations on baseline conditions are shown to beable to reproduce the measured spectra and far-field di-rectivities, and the acoustic performances of the serrations(3-4 dB PWL reduction) are fairly well assessed too.



A high-resolution preserving sliding-mesh approach based on meshless methods: application to acousticpropagation in presence of rotor/stator features – (Contributed, 000384)

S. Khelladia, X. Nogueirab, M. Solisa, F. Bakira, I. Colominasb and J. Mardjonoc

aDynFLuid, Arts Et Metiers-ParisTech 151 bd de l’Hopital 75013 Paris; bUniversidade da Coruna, E.T.S.E. Caminos, Canais e Portos,

campus de Elvina s/n, 15071 A Coruna, Spain; cSnecma, Groupe SAFRAN, SNECMA Villaroche - Batiment n7D, 77550 Moissy

Cramayel, France


The acoustic hybrid approach is commonly used in thesimulation of turbomachinery flows. In this technique,the aerodynamic field is solved in order to define acousticsources, and then, these sources are propagated by solvinglinearised Euler equations (LEE) using a high order finitevolume solver based on MLS reconstruction. One of themost widespread numerical techniques used in the numer-ical simulations of rotor/stator or rotor/rotor interactionflow is the so-called sliding mesh method. This techniqueallows relative sliding of one grid adjacent to another grid(static or in motion). However, when a high-order method

is used, the interpolation used in the sliding mesh modelneeds to be of, at least, the same order than the numer-ical scheme, in order to prevent loss of accuracy. In thiswork we present a sliding mesh model based on the useof Moving Least Squares (MLS) approximants. It is usedwith a high-order (>2) finite volume method that com-putes the derivatives of the Taylor reconstruction insideeach control volume using MLS approximants. Thus, thisnew sliding mesh model fits naturally in a high-order finitevolume framework for the computation of acoustic wavepropagation into turbomachinery.


An optimization loop for aero-acoustics fan blade design – (Contributed, 000585)

C. Sensiau, B. Fayard, J.-M. Roux and M. LebrunSnecma, Villaroche - Rond point R. Ravaud, 77550 Moissy-Cramayel, France


In this paper we will discuss an optimization loop usedduring the fan blade design phase to get a compromise forthe efficiency of the fan and broad band interaction noiseat different design points. Indeed the aerodynamiciansdesign constraints differ from the acousticians’ ones. Tominimize the fuel consumption the fan must be designedfor a best efficiency in cruise, but to reach the environmen-tal requirements, the fan blades have to be quiet (and so

efficient) during takeoff and landing. In this work, resultsobtained with an optimization tool will be discussed. Thespace parameter is defined with design blades parameterssuch as angle at leading edge, camber, chord, thickness...A special attention will be paid to the efficiency of thefan at high RPM and the interaction broad band noise atoff-design points.


Acoustic modulation effect of rotating stator/rotor interaction noise – (Contributed, 000305)

A. Gerard, S. Moreau, A. Berry and P. MassonGAUS, Universite de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l’Universite, Sherbrooke, Canada J1K2R1


Tonal noise from fans mainly comes from the periodic un-steady blade forces and/or vane forces due to the inter-action between the rotor and its environment. To distin-guish the different interactions leading to tonal noise in theacoustic spectrum, this paper presents an original methodconsisting of slowly rotating a quasistatic part (e.g. a sta-tor). An analytical model based on the Lowson modelhas been developed to take into account relative rotationmotions between a number of rotors. This model showsthat the acoustic radiation due to the interaction betweena rotating stator and the rotor shifts in the spectrum at

frequencies nBΩ1±wΩ2, where n is the harmonic order,B is the number of rotor blades, Ω 1 is the angular veloc-ity of the rotor, Ω2 is the angular velocity of the moving”quasistatic partı and w is the order of the unsteady forcesdecomposed in circumferential Fourier series. Using thismodulation effect, every circumferential mode w radiatesat different frequency in the acoustic spectrum. The ra-diation due to the interaction between the rotor and allthe other static components remains at frequencies nBΩ1.This modulation effect can be used to acoustically opti-mize stator.



Acoustic analogy in an annular duct with swirling mean flow – (Contributed, 000196)

H. Posson and N. PeakeUniversity of Cambridge, DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, CB3 0WA Cambridge, UK


The present study aims at developing an acoustic formu-lation for the sound generated by the interaction of solidsurfaces (such as blades) with an unsteady flow in an an-nular duct with swirl. Indeed, the mean flow in betweenthe rotor and the stator of the fan or of a compressor stageis highly swirling. As a results, in order to properly predictthe rotor self-noise radiated downstream of the rotor or therotor-stator interaction noise radiated upstream of the sta-tor, the swirling mean flow effect must be accounted for,either in the source terms or in the differential operatorin an acoustic analogy. The proposed approach here, is to

develop an acoustic analogy with an operator accountingfor the swirl. It can be seen as an extension of Goldsteinformulation in uniform mean flow (Aeroacoustics, 1976).The Navier-Stokes equations are first recast to outline thedifferential operator and the associated equivalent noisesources in space and time. Then the Green’s function tai-lored to the rigid annular duct with swirl is derived in thefrequency domain. Finally, the effect of the swirl is stud-ied on simple dipole sources and finally applied to rotortrailing-edge noise.


Reduction of self-noise effects in onboard acoustic receivers of vessels using spectral subtraction –(Contributed, 000837)

S. Menonkattil Hariharan, S. Kamal and S. P.R. PillaiDepartment of Electronics, Cochin University of Science & Technology, 682022 Ernakulam, India


The engine noise, the turbulence, cavitation created by thepropellers generates severe levels of acoustic noise in thevicinity. The onboard hydrophones of acoustic receiversor other observation systems will essentially pickup thesenear-filed noise to a greater extent from their immediatesurroundings. This will introduce a major challenge in ef-fective listening of signals of interest that are camouflagedby the noise ambience. The paper discusses a methodbased on spectral subtraction for reducing the effect ofthese uniform noise field created by engines or propellersin the surroundings of acoustic receivers. Spectral subtrac-

tion is a technique used to retrieve the power spectrum of anon-stationary signal of interest in a uniform noise field bysubtracting an estimated average of noise spectrum fromthe originally observed signal spectrum. The noise spec-trum is estimated apriori to the actual communication orobservation, i.e while the signal of interest is absent orsilent. The process will repeat in a cyclical manner, atperiodic intervals to adapt with the spectral shifts thatmay have occurred in the noise field. The method can beused with acoustic receiver front ends as a preconditioningstage for improving the overall signal quality.

Fri 9:00 Lord RAYLEIGH EA-S01: Advanced techniques for transducer characterization

Nonlinear losses in electro-acoustical transducers – (Invited, 000019)

W. KlippelKLIPPEL GmbH, Mendelssohnallee 30, 01309 Dresden, Germany


The mechanical and acoustical losses considered in thelumped parameter modeling of electro-dynamical trans-ducers may become a dominant source of nonlinear dis-tortion in micro-speakers, tweeters, headphones and somehorn compression drivers where the total quality factorQts is not dominated by the electrical damping realizedby a high force factor Bl and a low voice resistance Re.This paper presents a nonlinear model describing the gen-

eration of the distortion and a new dynamic measurementtechnique for identifying the nonlinear resistance Rms(v)as a function of voice coil velocity v. The theory and theidentification technique are verified by comparing distor-tion and other nonlinear symptoms measured on micro-speakers as used in cellular phones with the correspondingbehavior predicted by the nonlinear model.



Modeling load-induced aging of loudspeaker suspension – (Invited, 000018)

W. KlippelKLIPPEL GmbH, Mendelssohnallee 30, 01309 Dresden, Germany


The mechanical suspension becomes more and more com-pliant over time changing the loudspeaker properties (e.g.resonance frequency) significantly. This aging process isreproducible and the decay of the stiffness can be modeledby accumulating the apparent power supplied to the sus-pension part and using an exponential relationship. Thefree parameters of this model are estimated from empir-ical data provided by on-line monitoring or intermittentmeasurements during regular power tests or other kinds

of long-term testing. The identified model can be usedto predict the load-induced aging for music or test signalshaving arbitrary spectral properties. New characteristicsare being introduced which simplify the quality assess-ment of suspension parts and separate mechanical fatiguefrom the initial break-in effect. Practical experiments areperformed to verify the model and to demonstrate the di-agnostic value for selecting optimal suspension parts pro-viding sufficient long-term stability.


Measurement of subwoofers with the field separation method: comparison of p- p and p-v formulations– (Invited, 000407)

M. Melon, C. Langrenne and A. GarciaConservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, 292 rue Saint-Martin 75141 Paris Cedex 03


Measurement of very low frequency sources is rather dif-ficult to perform because very few testing rooms remainanechoic in the 10-100 Hz frequency range. To overcomethis problem, the field separation method has been pro-posed a few years ago. This technique consists in measur-ing two acoustic quantities on a closed surface surround-ing the tested source. To take advantages of sphericalharmonic functions, the measurement surface should bespherical. The acoustic quantities can either be acous-tic pressure measured on two concentric (half-) spheres orpressure and velocity measured on a (half-) sphere. Then,

by using spherical harmonic expansions, contribution fromthe subwoofer is separated from reflections on the wallsof the testing rooms to recover half or free space condi-tions. This paper focuses on the choice of the measureddata set. Simulations are performed using p-p and p-vdata approaches. The effect of microphone spacing forthe double pressure layer formulation will be investigated.Finally, measurement results obtained on different sub-woofers, i.e., frequency response and directivity, will beshown to highlight simulation results.


A new impedance sensor for industrial applications – (Contributed, 000063)

J.C. Le Rouxa, M. Pachebatb and J.-P. DalmontcaCTTM, 20, rue Thales de Milet, 72000 Le Mans, France; bLMA, CNRS, UPR 7051, Aix-Marseille Univ, Centrale Marseille, 13402

Marseille, France; cLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le

Mans Cedex 9


Some years ago, the LAUM, together with the CTTM de-veloped a new impedance sensor based on a controlledvolume velocity source. The impedance of a measured sys-tem was easily and accurately obtained from 20 to 5000Hz. Due to the low level of the generated volume velocity,this sensor is mainly devoted to laboratory studies (mu-sical acoustics, porous material characterization...). Forthis measurement principle to be applied to engineeringtopics, a new device is conceived, using a recently devel-oped electrodynamic transducer. In particular, leakagesbetween its front and back sides should be reduced to a

minimum, and mechanical resonances must be rejected outof the frequency range of interest. To illustrate the capa-bilities of this new impedance sensor, the characterizationand tuning of a loudspeaker bass reflex enclosure is per-formed. The sensor measures the low frequency acousticimpedance of the enclosure seen from the loudspeaker lo-cation. The measured impedance is then compared witha lumped element model. The analysis of the impedancemagnitude is used to cancel the acoustic resonances insidethe volume and to check the correct tuning of the bassreflex system.



Calibration method for high frequency microphones – (Contributed, 000624)

S. Olliviera, E. Salzea, M. Averiyanovb, P. V. Yuldasheva, V. Khokhlovab and P. Blanc-Benona

aLaboratoire de Mecanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique, 36 Av Guy de Collongue 69134 Ecully Cedex; bM.V.Lomonosov Moscow

State University, Faculty of Physics, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State, University,Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation


In the context of the development of MEMS microphonesdesigned for the measurement of high frequency waves (>100 kHz) and weak shockwaves in air, it is necessary todefine new calibration methods in order to estimate accu-rately the frequency response of new sensors. For this pur-pose, we will present the principle of a calibration methodbased on the measurement of weak shockwaves generatedby a spark source. The influence of the sources of error will

be discussed. To demonstrate the interest of the method,measured responses of 1/8” microphones will be given forvarious mountings.

This work is supported by French National Agency (ANR2010 BLAN 0905 03) and by French/Russian InternationalProgram for Scientific Cooperation PICS (RFBR 10-02-91062/CNRS 5063)


Magnet-only loudspeaker motors: linear behavior theory vs. Nonlinear measurements – (Contributed,

000576)

A. Novaka and B. MeritbaLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bOrkidia Audio sarl, Estia 2, Technopole Izarbel, 64210 Bidart, France


A few years ago, a new concept of magnet-only loud-speaker has been proposed to improve the quality of the re-produced sound. Such a loudspeaker is called magnet-onlybecause its magnetic circuit is totally made of rare-earthpermanent magnets. Unlike the classical electrodynamicloudspeaker, no iron is used. According to the theory, theexclusive use of permanent magnets and the absence ofiron can lead to a uniform motor parameters (force fac-tor Bl, resistance Re and inductance Le) over the voice-

coil displacement and thus to a decrease of the nonlineardistortion and to an improvement of the sound quality.To our knowledge, such motor parameters have not beenconsistently quantified, neither their variations. In thispaper, the variation of the parameters of a magnet-onlyloudspeaker are measured. The goal is to verify the theoryand to show that using a simple measurement procedureone can understand better why a magnet-only loudspeakerimproves the quality of the reproduced sound.


Simulation and measurement of loudspeaker nonlinearity with a broad-band noise excitation – (Contributed,

000622)

A. Dobrucki and R. SiczekWroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland


In the paper the method of measurement of nonlinear dis-tortion using broad-band signal as the excitation is pre-sented. It consists in excitation of loudspeaker with an in-tensive broad-band noise with removed narrow frequencyband using band-stop filter. The acoustic signal producedby the loudspeaker is filtered with a band-pass filter withthe same bandwidth as previously removed. The contentof signal in this frequency band is a measure of nonlineardistortion. The measurement can be realized in succes-

sive frequency bands in order to obtain the distortion asfunction of frequency. The very high steepness of slopesin band-stop and band-pass filters is required. The filterscan be realized with a digital technology. Using Simulinksoftware the measurement of actual loudspeakers as wellas simulations can be conducted. In the paper the in-fluence of nonlinear parameters: stiffness of suspensions,force factor and inductance are presented and the resultsof measurements as well.



Coupled lumped and boundary element simulation for electro-acoustics – (Contributed, 000725)

J. PanzerR&D Team Joerg Panzer, Raiffeisenstr 5, 87775 Salgen, Germany


This paper gives a technical report on a strategy to cou-ple Lumped and Boundary Element Methods for acous-tics. The solution makes use of the superposition-principleand the use of self and mutual radiation impedance com-ponents. By this, the coupling approach features theconvenient property of a high degree of independence ofboth domains. For example, one can modify parametersand even, to some extent, change the structure of the

lumped-element network without the necessity to resolvethe boundary element system. This paper gives the math-ematical derivation and a demonstration-example, whichcompares calculation results versus measurement. In thisexample electronics and mechanics of the three involvedloudspeakers are modelled with the help of the lumpedelement method. Waveguide, enclosure and radiation ismodelled with the boundary element method.

Fri 9:00 Paul LANGEVIN EN-S03: Urban acoustics

On the diversity of urban waterscape – (Invited, 000547)

J. KangUniversity of Sheffield, School of Architecture, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK


In the last several hundred years the development ofSheffield has been shaped by waterways. In the recentcity centre regeneration, starting in the 1990s, great effortshave been made to ensure that the reconnection with therivers continues to be fostered and their role in the his-tory of the city celebrated. Waterscapes and squares havebeen embedded into the city for its vibrancy with the re-spect of the history of Sheffield. This paper examines thesoundscape with waterscape along the Gold Route formedin the city centre regeneration project. The changes of

waterscape sound levels with frequency and time at dif-ferent locations of the Gold Route are analysed. Compar-isons have also been made between different water featuresalong the Gold Route in terms of psychoacoustic parame-ters including loudness, roughness, sharpness, and fluctu-ation strength. A series of field questionnaire surveys inselected locations along the Gold Route have shown thatwater sounds are the most preferred sounds in the sound-scape.


Intelligent system for data quality assurance in extensive urban noise monitoring networks – (Invited,

000666)

D. Oldoni, R. Muthuraman, B. De Coensel, S. Dauwe, M. Boes, T. Van Renterghem and D. BotteldoorenGhent University, Acoustics Group, Department of Information Technology, St. Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Gent, Belgium


Monitoring urban noise by means of extensive measure-ment networks is nowadays becoming affordable. How-ever, a trade-off between quality and number of sensorunits is still needed. Detection of breakdowns, drifts, orcritical outliers is a crucial aspect. The simplest mod-els, based on heuristic rules derived by prior knowledge,are able to detect breakdowns mainly. However, detect-ing every possible kind of malfunction only based on priorknowledge is neither theoretically possible nor practicallyfeasible. The introduction of an intelligent learning systemis thus advisable. In this paper, a neural network approach

is followed. The proposed method is based on the synergybetween different submodels that apply both supervisedand unsupervised learning strategies. In particular, thesubmodel that uses a self-organizing map (SOM) is thor-oughly studied. It implements an unsupervised learningalgorithm, based on a series of psychoacoustic features en-coding spectro-temporal irregularities, and currently usedin auditory scene analysis models. The developed me-thodology has been applied to cheap sensors placed nearreference microphones to check the validity of the qualityassessment.



Supporting acoustic environment design in spatial planning of urban areas – (Contributed, 000181)

W. PaszkowskiSilesian University Technology, ul. Roosevelta 26-28, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland


The planned acoustic environment is a significant issueconnected with landscaping of urban areas. These spacesare developed in the processes of spatial planning. In gen-eral, spatial planning may be oriented towards developingnew spaces or adapting already developed spaces. Makinguse of acoustic environment planning at the early stagesof spatial planning permits the environment features to bedeveloped in the best possible way. The acoustic environ-ment of urban areas can be described using data originat-ing directly from these areas. In particular these are dataconcerning the following: land topography, the layout ofspatial structures, the features of the structures and sound

sources. A complete description of a sound environmentshould also include the opinions/judgments of the resi-dents. This article deals with the problems of taking intoconsideration the subjective impressions of sound recep-tion experienced by the residents in supporting acousticenvironment design. The presented method of supportingacoustic environment design as a problem of spatial plan-ning of urban areas includes the use of GIS tools. Designsupport in this method consists in linking the followingproblems: acoustic maps, spatial planning and acousticdesign.


Sound absorption mapping of highway noise barrier – (Contributed, 000192)

A. GrossoMicroflown Technologies B.V, Tivolilaan 205, 6824BV Arnhem, Netherlands


Sound propagation from highway to the urban areas canbe reduced using noise barriers.The general computational modeling takes typically intoaccount sound ray lines, reflection and diffraction, al-though the absorption distribution over the surface in notconsidered.The sound absorption coefficient can be calculated usinga PU probe, by the impedance measured ”in situı close bythe surface. Well known methods are available on the mar-

ket for estimating the sound absorption by some smallersample, which is not always relevant for the real condition.

A new methodology called Scan & paint enable absorptionmapping of big surfaces ”in situı, enabling optimization ofnoise barriers. In the first section of this paper the metho-dology for the measurement is explained. Furthermore acomparison with an ”in laboratoryı measurement is com-pared with the results.


Sparse representations for modeling environmental acoustic scenes, application to train stations sound-scapes – (Contributed, 000244)

B. Cauchi, M. Lagrange, N. Misdariis and A. ContInstitut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique, 1, place Igor Stravinsky 75004 Paris


Our daily life happens in a world of dense acoustic environ-ments. This is especially the case in train stations, wheresoundscapes are usually very complex. In this paper, wewill investigate how Non Negative Matrix Factorizationmethods can be used to obtain a low rank spectrogramapproximation, composed of spectral templates that berelated to some salients events like footsteps, whistles, etc.We thus assume here that the scene can be characterizedby a few salient events that occur several times withinthe scene. We also assume that even if the acoustic real-izations of those events cannot be considered in isolation,

those realizations have similar spectro-temporal proper-ties.

We here consider 66 recordings made in French train sta-tions, where individual salient events have been manuallyannotated. We then assess the ability of the methods toextract meaningful components by comparing the activa-tions of those components within the scene to the manuallyannotated ones. Experiments demonstrate that enforcingsparsity on the activations, i.e. constraining that only afew components is active at a time, has a positive effect.



Characteristics of a spark discharge as an adjustable acoustic source for scale model measurements –(Contributed, 000301)

C. Ayraulta, P. Bequina and S. Baudinb

aLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bLaMCoS, INSA, 18-20, rue des Sciences, F69621 Villeurbanne, France


The simulation of acoustic phenomena using urban streetscale models requires the use of a small and powerfullsound sources with a wide frequency bandwidth and om-nidirectional radiation. Among different source types ableto provide these characteristics, spark discharge in air isan interesting solution. The principle is based on the gen-eration of an electric discharge by applying a high voltagebetween two electrodes. First the gas becomes electricallyconducting, the electric current heats up the gas, caus-ing the formation of an impulsive sound signal. Thesesources have been also widely used for shock wave propa-gation, like sonic boom, for which propagation is non lin-

ear. However, the behaviour of spark discharges and theiracoustic radiation depend greatly on the electrodes gap.As very little investigation has been done of this depen-dance, this work provides a detailled characterisation of aspark discharge in function of the electrodes gap. Electri-cal characteristics, repeatability, acoustic characteristicsand the limits between linear and non linear propagationdomains are studied in function of various electrodes gaps.This experimental study is meant to be a useful resourcefor experimenters to design a spark discharge adapted totheir specific applications.


One-way approximation of the sound propagation in a urban canyon with non-flat boundaries – (Contributed,

000334)

J.-B. Doc, B. Lihoreau and S. FelixLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


From an acoustical point of view, the urban environmentappears as a complex medium of propagation. At the scaleof a street, indeed, both the medium (the air) and theboundaries (the facades, the ground and the opening tothe sky above the street) can be heterogeneous or may in-fluence the wave propagation in a complex way, inducingmultiple reflections and interference effects. To account forthese phenomena when modeling the wave propagation ina street, a wave approach is needed.

The present work aims at formulating a one-way approxi-mation of the sound propagation in a street, based on the3D parabolic equation method and taking into account theopening at the upper part of the street and the irregular-ity of the boundary. Two methods are used, in order tomodel different kind of morphology of streets: A Kirch-hoff approximation, to model an abrupt variation of thesection of the street, or a coordinate change that allowsto take into account the effect of a continuous variation ofthe street.


Sound propagation in periodic urban areas – (Contributed, 000361)

M. Molerona, S. Felixa, V. Pagneuxa, O. Richouxa and J. PicautbaLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bDepartement Infrastructures et Mobilite (IFSTTAR/IM), Route de Bouaye, CS4, 44344 Bouguenais Cedex


This paper presents an experimental and numerical studyof low frequency sound propagation in regular urban areas,under the assumption of periodic distribution of buildings.In studying extended distributions of buildings, such as-sumption is convenient to model the sound propagation,as much as it describes reasonably well some real situa-tions. Specific properties of periodic media, in particularthe presence of bandgaps, are investigated. A particularattention is paid to the influence of the opening and radi-ation above the periodic lattice. For this purpose, results

are compared with an identical lattice, closed at the up-per part. The problem is tackled using a coupled modal-Finite Elements method. The main idea is to turn theoriginal unbounded domain into an equivalent waveguid-ing structure, with the appropriate boundary conditions.The experimental study is performed in a scale model ofurban area. Numerical and experimental results are ingood agreement and show, notably, that bandgap effectsremain in such open periodic lattices.



Construction of an average indicator of potential noise exposure, and its sensitivity analysis in Mar-seilles city (France) – (Contributed, 000435)

A. Bigota, C. Boutinb, A. Davida, A. Bocquierc, S. Cortaredonac and P. VergercaSolData Acoustic, Parc de l’Ile, 21 rue du Port, 92022 Nanterre, France; bSolData Acoustic, 4 avenue Leo Lagrange, 79000 Niort,

France; cORS PACA, Southeastern Health Regional Observatory, 23, rue Stanislas Torrents, 13006 Marseille, France


The present study work was undertaken by SolDataAcoustic and the Health regional Observatory (Southeast-ern France) within a research project aiming at the studyof the links between road noise exposure and psychotropicdrug consumption at a small-area level in the city of Mar-seilles.First, we built an average indicator of potential road noiseexposure (PNEI) for the population living in each cen-sus block (the smallest sub municipal division with 1500inhabitants on average). We calculated noise exposure us-ing CadnaA software according to END method for noisemapping, and applied some improvements: we used ob-

served mean speeds (instead of speed limitations), calcu-lated mean noise level for each building (instead of max-imum levels), and took floor levels into account. Second,we performed a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impactof the variations of several parameters on model outputs.Sensitivity analysis shows that the most influent input pa-rameters, at a global scale, are speed, then traffic flow.Propagation of uncertainties was performed on those pa-rameters.Finally, uncertainties calculations on the PNEI will betaken into account in the analysis of the links betweenroad noise exposure and psychotropic drug consumption.


Indoor noise exposure assessment of primary school children living in a french urban area – (Contributed,

000744)

S. Pujola, M. Berthillierb, J. Defrancec, J. Lardiesb, R. Petitd, J.-P. Levaine, H. Houotf , C. Masselotf and F. Maunya

aUMR Chrono-environnement 6249, CHRU de Besancon, 2 place Saint Jacques, 25030 Besancon Cedex, France; bFEMTO-ST,

Departement de Mecanique Appliquee, 24 rue de l’Epitaphe, 25000 Besancon, France; cCSTB, 24, rue Joseph Fourier, 38400 Saint

Martin D’Heres, France; dInspection academique du Doubs, 26 avenue de l’observatoire, 25000 Besancon, France; eLaboratoire de

Psychologie EA3188, IUFM de l’Universite de franche-Comte, Fort Griffon, 25042 Besancon Cedex, France; fLaboratoire TheMA

UMR 6049, 32 rue Megevand, 25030 Besancon Cedex, France


The recent development of powerful noise mapping soft-wares allows to assess the exposure to environmental noiseat the scale of an agglomeration. However noise levels in-side dwellings are still unknown at such scales. To evaluateindoor noise levels and to investigate the factors which de-termine them, an eight-day noise measurement campaignwas carried out in 50 children’s home. These childrenwere randomly chosen among 8 or 9-year-old pupils at-tending the public primary schools of Besancon (France).Microphones were placed in the child’s bedroom, out-door in front of the bedroom’s facade, and in the mainroom. Equivalent sound pressure levels (LAeq) were calcu-

lated daily for day, evening and night periods. Standard-ised questionnaires were distributed to parents to describedwelling arrangement and family habits as well as to col-lect noisy events occurring every day. Events were codedby periods of 30 minutes in a time-location-activity diary(TLAD). Analyses were conducted using multilevel linearregressions. A significant part of day and evening indoornoise level can be explained by non acoustic variables, es-pecially those collected by TLAD. The results highlightthe chances of improving large scale epidemiological stud-ies based on indoor noise exposure assessment.


Some problems of elaboration and utilization of strategic noise maps in Upper Silesian Conurbation –(Contributed, 000848)

M. KomoniewskiSilesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland


The paper deals with the chosen aspects of elaborating ofstrategic noise maps in one of the strong urban area inPoland - Upper Silesian Conurbation. Presents the au-

thor’s point of view on the concept of acoustical environ-mental management in quality aspect. The organizationaland technical issues in data gathering for the needs of


preparing of acoustic map is described. Examples of EU fi-nancial support for development of innovative activities inrange of acoustical environmental protection and improve-ment is presented. The final part of the paper introduces

the conception of implementation of advisory and train-ing system for local government employees in MetropolitanAssociation of Upper Silesia.

Fri 9:00 John TYNDALL MA-S01: Violin-like instruments: from acoustics to perception

Simulated and experimental force analyses in the bridge-soundboard contact of string instruments –(Contributed, 000020)

E. RavinaMUSICOS Centre, Univ. of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15A, 16145 Genoa, Italy, 16145 Genoa, Italy


The paper describes a theoretical and experimental re-search activity oriented to analysis of static and dy-namic forces generated in the bridge-soundboard contactof string musical instruments. This contact area is funda-mental for the transmission of mechanical actions gener-ated on the strings by the player and the correspondingvibration response on the acoustic parts of the instrument,like soundboard. In particular static and dynamic forcesgenerated in these contacts areas are analyzed with respectto the generated sound. Forces in bridge-soundboard con-tact are theoretically modeled and the model is validatedby experiments, acquiring the components along the nor-

mal to the contact surfaces by means non-invasive thinfilm micro-sensors, wireless interfaced to PC. The detectedforces are significant to investigate on the friction forcesgenerated in the contact. Simultaneously acoustic acqui-sitions on the played instrument are detected. Differentplaying techniques are related to several methods of at-tack on the string by the player. The proposed approachis actually used to study the influence of different kinds ofbridges. Different tilt angles of the string on modern andbaroque assembling are subjects of analysis. Preliminarycorrelations between forces and acoustic sound levels havebeen focused and discussed.


An extended geometric model for analysis of string crossings in bowed-string instrument performance– (Contributed, 000674)

E. Schoonderwaldta and M. Demoucronb

aInstitute of Music Physiology and Musicians’ Medicine (IMMM), Schiffgraben 48, 30175 Hannover, Germany; bIPEM, Blandijnberg

2, 9000 Gent, Belgium


In earlier motion capture studies of fast repetitive bowingpatterns across two and three strings it was shown thatstring crossings were consistently timed earlier than bowreversals. This behavior might have a plausible acousticexplanation: a good attack on the new string requires thatbow force is built up before acceleration can take place.An earlier used geometric model of the bow and the violinfails to adequately describe the transfer of bow force be-tween strings because it considers string positions and bowinclination transition angles between strings to be fixed.A new geometric model is proposed that (1) takes the

compliance of the strings and the bow hair explicitly intoaccount, and (2) includes a correction of string crossingangles for stopped strings. The model requires knowledgeof the tensions of the strings and the bow hair, as well asthe depth of the fingerboard below the strings. It will beshown how these quantities can be obtained by a simplecalibration procedure. The model allows for an accuratecalculation of control parameters to drive a virtual violin,allowing to study the relation between bowing movementsand the quality of attacks in complex bowing patterns.


A real-time acoustic violin emulator for electric violins – (Contributed, 000155)

P. GaydeckiUniversity of Manchester, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Sackville Street Building, M13 9PL Manchester, UK



A stand-alone electronic device has been developed thatprocesses the raw electrical output produced by an electricviolin, generating an output signal which, when fed to anamplifier, produces a sound that approximates closely thetimbre of an acoustic or wooden instrument. The systemcomprises a high-impedance preamplifier, a 24-bit sigmadelta codec and a digital signal processor (DSP) operatingat 600 million multiplications-accumulations per second(MMACs). The device holds in its memory the far-fieldimpulse response of a wooden instrument; this is convolvedin real-time with the input signal to produce the modifiedoutput signal. The unprocessed output produced by an

electric violin is typically a saw-tooth waveform, whichresults from the slip-stick regime created under normalbowing. Similarly, such a waveform is also manifest onthe bridge of acoustic violins and for this reason the sys-tem may also be used with wooden instruments fitted withpickups mounted on the bridge. The device incorporatesa standard line-output for connection to audio amplifiersand an additional headphone driver for silent practice.Additional features include adjustable gain, a paramet-ric equalizer and a facility that enables the user to down-load and store additional impulse responses in non-volatilememory.


Finite element modelling of the violin with pre-stresses – (Contributed, 000813)

F. Olliviera, A. Rodriguea, C. Besnainoub and J. FrelatbaUPMC - Institut Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, 2 place de la gare de ceinture, 78210 Saint Cyr L’Ecole, France; bUPMC, IJLRDA, 4,

place Jussieu Tour 65/55 5eme case 162, 75005 Paris, France

Corresponding author E-mail: adrien [email protected]

We are interested in processes and actions at work in themanufacture and adjustment of the violins. Among theseactions, some regulate the dimensions of the instrumentand other mechanical state of prestress. The importanceof prestressing is well known by the violin makers but littlestudied; we carried out a model of violin by finite elementsmethod. This model takes into account the state of pre-stress and allows to study the effects of its variations onthe vibration behavior of the instrument. We offer twoexamples of the inclusion of prestress: setting the forc-

ing of the bass bar and the place of the sound post of aviolin model reduced to the case with the loading of thestrings through the mediation of the bridge. We give tocompare the effects of these two parameters to the impactof changes in thickness fields of the plates and weight ofthe bass bar. This model does not quantify the impactof setting it proposes to study, but nevertheless it allowsto identify trends and precedence. It appears from thisstudy the importance of setting and the need to take intoaccount the state of prestress in the computations.


Bowed strings and sympathy, from violins to indian sarangis – (Contributed, 000071)

M. Demoucrona and S. WeisserbaIPEM, Blandijnberg 2, 9000 Gent, Belgium; bMusee des Instruments de Musique, Montagne de la Cour 2, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium


The sarangi is an indian bowed string instrument that ischaracterized by a large set of sympathetic strings (some-times up to over 30), called taraf, going below the threemain strings. The tuning of the taraf varies among players,but generally one part is tuned chromatically and diatoni-cally, while the other part is tuned according to the rag ofthe performance, resulting in a rich and highly reverber-ant sound when the main strings are bowed. The goal ofthis research is to determine how the sympathetic stringsaffect the resulting sound, as well as their possible musical,

perceptual and aesthetical implications in classical Indiansarangi music. Starting from the simple case of westernclassical violins, in which sympathetic vibrations occur be-cause of the interaction with adjacent open strings, we willexamine changes occurring in the timbre of the instrumentwhen one string is allowed to vibrate in sympathy. Then,we will present sound analyses of several sarangis playedby various musicians, with and without taraf, in order tocharacterize the role of the sympathetic strings on the re-sulting sound.


Violins characterization through vibro-acoustic experiments – (Contributed, 000021)

E. RavinaMUSICOS Centre, Univ. of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15A, 16145 Genoa, Italy, 16145 Genoa, Italy



An approach of integrated vibratory and acoustic experi-ments oriented to identify the specific characteristics andpeculiarities of violins is presented in the paper. Today theup-level luthery handicraft needs a scientific and method-ical supports specifically oriented to underline the acous-tic peculiarities of each musical instrument, able to definethe ”signatureı of a specific instrument. The proposed ap-proach integrates vibration and acoustic non destructiveanalyses of the musical instrument considered as only copyextant: the approach has been actually developed with re-gard to the violins family but can be, more in general, pro-posed. A three-dimensional parametric model of a violin isintegrated with a FE model. The theoretical model is vali-

dated through experimental analyses of single parts of theviolin during the construction or on the complete instru-ment. Experimental modal analyses based on the use ofmicro-hammer and micro-accelerometers are applied notonly to the finished violin but also during previous signif-icant construction phases like varnishing. Mechanical andthermo-graphic detections in contact areas of relative mo-tion (e.g. string on the bridge) allow acquiring peculiarinformation. Finally acoustic experiments finalized to thethree-dimensional mapping of the sound produced by theplayed instrument allow defining the vibro-acoustic signa-ture of the violin.


Bridge admittance measurements of 10 preference-rated violins – (Contributed, 000182)

C. Saitisa, C. Fritzb, B. L. Giordanoc and G. P. Scavoned,e

aComputational Acoustic Modeling Lab, CIRMMT, McGill University, 555 Sherbrooke Str. W., Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1E3;bLAM, Institut Jean le Rond d’Alembert, UMR CNRS 7190, UPMC, 11 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France; cMusic Perception

and Cognition Laboratory, McGill University, 555 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Canada H3A 1E3; dCentre for Interdisciplinary

Research in Music Media and Technology (CIRMMT), 527 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1E3; eComputational

Acoustic Modeling Lab, Schulich School of Music, McGill University, 555 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1E3


The overall goal of the research presented here is to in-vestigate correlations between measured vibrational prop-erties of the violin and subjective judgments by violinistsand to better understand what distinguishes one instru-ment from another. The novelty of this study is that10 violins of different make and age were evaluated andpreference-rated by 13 experienced musicians in a care-fully controlled violin-playing perceptual experiment. Re-garding the vibrational properties of the instruments, the

classical bridge admittance measurements have been ex-amined so far. The five ”signatureı modes below 600 Hzwere identified in all of the tested violins. Preliminary re-sults generally show no prominent preference-related trendfor mode frequencies or damping. Results of more in-depthcomparisons between violins that had significantly differ-ent across-players average preference scores will be pre-sented at the conference.


Vibrotactile feedback in the left hand of violinists – (Contributed, 000667)

I. Wollmana, C. Fritza and J. FrelatbaLAM, Institut Jean le Rond d’Alembert, UMR CNRS 7190, UPMC, 11 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France; bIJLRDA-UPMC, 4

place jussieu, 75005 Paris, France


The long-term goal of this study is to investigate the differ-ences that can be perceived in the ”feelı of a violin acrossa certain range of instruments. As a first step, we comparethe vibration levels in violin necks and the violinists’ sensi-tivity to vibration in their left hand. Absolute vibrotactilethresholds were measured on violinists holding an isolatedvibrating violin neck, to mimic normal playing conditions(in particular the pressure and the position of the hand onthe neck). A standard alternative forced choice procedure

was used and the measurements were done as a functionof frequency in the skin sensitivity range 200-900Hz. Vi-bration levels of the neck (at different positions along theneck) were measured classically across a large set of instru-ments, using a laser vibrometer and an impulse excitationat the bridge. Results show that the neck vibration levelsare above the perceptual thresholds for most violins andmost frequencies below 900 Hz, and the relative differencebetween the two can vary a lot from violin to violin.


Old violins or new: which do players prefer? – (Contributed, 000456)


C. Fritza, J. Curtinb, J. Poitevineaua and F.-C. Taoc

aLAM, Institut Jean le Rond d’Alembert, UMR CNRS 7190, UPMC, 11 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France; bJoseph Curtin Studios,

3493 W. Delhi Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA; cD’Addario & Company, PO Box 290, 595 Smith Street, Farmingdale, NY 11735,

USA


Most violinists believe that the instruments of Stradivariand Guarneri ’del Gesu’ are tonally superior to other vio-lins - and to new violins in particular. Many mechanicaland acoustical factors have been proposed to account forthis. However, the fundamental premise of tonal superior-ity has not yet been properly investigated. We thereforedesigned a playing test in which 21 experienced violinistseach compared three violins by Stradivari and Guarneri’del Gesu’ with three high quality new instruments, un-der double-blind conditions in a room with relatively dryacoustics. We found that (1) the most-preferred violin

was new and the least-preferred was by Stradivari; (2)there was very little correlation between an instrument’sage and monetary value and its perceived quality, and (3)most players seemed unable to tell whether their most-preferred instrument was new or old. These results presenta striking challenge to conventional wisdom. Differencesin taste among individual players along with differencesin playing qualities among individual instruments appearmore important than any general differences between newand old violins.

Fri 9:00 Philip DOAK MA-S04: Sound synthesis and control

An acoustic model to control an experimental slide flute – (Contributed, 000167)

B. D’Andrea-Novela, B. Fabreb and J.-M. Coronc

aMines ParisTech - Centre de Robotique, 60 bvd Saint-Michel, 75272 Paris Cedex 06, France; bUPMC - Lutherie, Acoustique, Musique,

IJLRA, 11 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France; cUPMC and Institut Universitaire de France, B.C. 187, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris

Cedex 05, France


We consider the problem of modeling and control of a slideflute: a kind of recorder without finger holes but ended bya piston to modify the length of the resonator. To controldynamical systems, it is important to elaborate a realisticmodel, so that control laws can be tested efficiently beforethey are implemented on real size prototypes. The dynam-ical model we have elaborated takes into account the cou-pling effects between the jet and the pipe which is a linearacoustic resonator. The jet is obtained by blowing througha flue channel and formed by flow separation at the flueexit, and finally directed towards a sharp edge, called the

labium. A modal analysis is then performed using thelinearized boundary conditions to compute the suitableblowing pressure and the suitable pipe length to obtain adesired pitch. This will constitute the ”feedforward” partof our control algorithm. The Proportional-Integral feed-back term is then elaborated to regulate the system to thedesired set point, using the length of the piston measuredby an encoder and the blowing pressure measured by apressure sensor. First experimental results, obtained ona ”mechatronic” prototype developed at Mines ParisTechwill be presented.


Active control applied to wind instruments – (Contributed, 000362)

T. Meurissea, A. Mamou-Mania, R. Caussea and D. Sharpb

aIRCAM, 1 place Igor Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France; bOpen University, DDEM, MCT Faculty, Open University, Walton Hall, MK7

6AA Milton Keynes, UK


Musicians have always been interested in the evolution oftheir instruments. This evolution might be done eitherto adapt an instrument’s quality to musicians’ and com-posers’ needs, or to enable it to produce new sounds. Inthis study, we want to control the sound quality and playa-bility of wind instruments, using modal active control.The modal active control makes it possible to modify theinput impedance (frequency, gain and damping) of these

instruments. A first experiment is presented here. We con-trol the acoustic resonances of a cylinder, which is consid-ered as a simple ”brass instrumentı. Using microphones,speakers and a DSP, we modify its input impedance. Wethen test the effect of the control on the playability viatests with brass players. Our next goal will be to adaptthe control to real instruments, a trumpet at first, and toevaluate it in a musical context with a musician.



A modal method adapted to the active control of a xylophone bar – (Contributed, 000634)

H. Boutin and C. BesnainouUPMC, IJLRDA, LAM, 15, rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France


In Musical Acoustics, modal control is commonly usedto modify the vibration characteristics of musical instru-ments. The number of transducers used to control thestructures of such systems is typically reduced. In addi-tion, their localization is optimized, so that they don’t dis-turb the vibration of the instrument nor the musician play-ing. In this paper, we suggest a control method adapted tothese constraints. It allows modifying the characteristicsof the peaks of resonance in the frequency response of theplant. This is achieved using a single pair of transducers.The regulator is composed by a sum of second order res-

onant filters. First we introduce the theoretical methodused to calculate the coefficients of the regulator. Thenwe apply it to a xylophone bar equipped with piezoelec-tric transducers, of which the mechanical properties aresuitable for active control. To do that, we encode the reg-ulator in a digital signal processor. We succeed to modifythe frequency and the maximum gain of the first peaksof resonance of the bar. This method is suitable to studythe relationship between the frequency response and thesound quality of the xylophone bar.


Towards a real-time mapping of Finger Gesture to Sound – (Contributed, 000796)

V. Matsoukasa, S. Manitsarisb and A. ManitsarisaaUniversity of Macedonia, Dept of Applied Informatics, MTCG Lab, 156 Egnatia Street, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece; bLaboratoire

Signaux, Modeles et Apprentissage Statistique, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris cedex 05


The scope of this research is to develop a system forreal-time and continuous gesture following and recognitiongiven emphasis to the finger approach of gesture controlof sound. The proposed methodology can be implementedin a low cost computer vision system, which provides themeans to facilitate an interactive composition of contem-porary music. A simple web camera is used to capturefinger musical gestures in 3D space without any tangibleinstrument. Afterwards we use the PianOrasis system,

which recognizes simultaneously the gestures of all fivefingers by extracting meaningful features from each framesequence. In order to achieve this in real-time, the ”ges-ture followingı method is applied. Hidden Markov Modelsare used to update ”continuouslyı the gesture descriptors.We choose then to map high-level features of finger mo-tions to low-level audio descriptors given emphasis to thetemporal representation of mapping rather than the spa-tial. This is due to the need of real-time performance.


Extracting the angle of release from guitar tones: preliminary results – (Contributed, 000048)

B. Scherrer and P. DepalleMcGill University, CIRMMT, SPCL, Schulich School of Music, 555 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Canada H3A1E3


On the classical guitar, a performer can impart very dis-tinct qualities upon the sound s/he produces by the ways/he plucks the strings. There is, for example, a clearly au-dible difference between notes plucked using a rest stroke(a.k.a. ”bute”) and a free stroke (a.k.a. ”tire”). The dif-ference between these strokes has been shown to stem froma difference in the angle at which the string is released atthe end of the finger-string interaction. A sound analysis

tool, based on a digital waveguide model that exploits theasymmetry of the guitar body’s admittance, has been cre-ated to provide an estimate of this angle of release. Somefirst results on synthetic and real guitar tones are pre-sented. This work is an extension of a previous study inwhich the plucking position was extracted from an audiorecording.



”Listen to the Picture!ı. The StatSon Sound Sonification System, using VST and DSP – (Contributed,

000041)

M. D. Heatha and G. HunterbaKingston University, 229 Boston Road, Hanwell, W7 2AA London, UK; bFaculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston

University, Penrhyn Road, KT1 2EE Kingston Upon Thames, UK


StatSon is a proof-of-concept C++ plugin for a VST host(for example, the Cubase music production software suite)using digital signal processing (DSP). Its inputs are an au-dio signal that is converted to the frequency domain usinga phase vocoder and an image that is analysed statisti-cally. Selected statistics for the image can become pitchmanipulation parameters controlling various transforma-tions of the input signal’s loudest frequency. Arbitraryinput can be rounded to the closest semitone, scalar toneor tone from a selection of three or four note chords, al-lowing integration with existing music. A wavetable syn-

thesiser converts the transformed frequency to a mono-phonic sinusoidal output, changing typically every 10ms,producing an outcome which is sometimes reminiscent ofgranular synthesis. The output is able to track the inputand change recognisably in response to changing the im-age. The modified audio signal can therefore be regardedas a primitive ”sonificationı of the current image. The aimof the work was to create an audio effect for use live or inthe studio, whilst exploring this technology and the fieldof image sonification.

Fri 9:00 Pierre CHAVASSE NV-S05: Railway noise

Wheelflat impact noise prediction using detailed contact model – (Contributed, 000416)

J. Yang and D. J. ThompsonDynamics Group-ISVR - University of Southampton, University Road, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK


Impact noise, which has a similar excitation mechanism torolling noise, is caused by rail and wheel discontinuities.However, the requirements for the use of a Hertzian con-tact model are not fulfilled due to large variations of thecontact geometry at the discontinuity such as a wheelflat.Therefore, a detailed numerical contact model is includeddynamically in the wheel/rail interaction model to predictthe impact noise due to a wheelflat. The contact patch sizeis discretized adaptively at each time step to ensure that

all the contact points are included. The impact force canbe predicted up to about 3 kHz. For noise prediction, theequivalent roughness from a linearized frequency domainmodel is obtained from the predicted impact force. TheTWINS model is then used to generate the sound powerspectrum from the equivalent roughness. Roughness inputdata from SNCF field measurements on a wheelflat is usedto validate the model in terms of track vibration and passby noise.


Experimental assessment of wheel/rail interaction force with rolling noise analysis – (Contributed, 000239)

P.-E. Chartraina, P.-O. Matteib and E. BonginiaaInnovation & Recherche SNCF, 40 Avenue des terroirs de France, 75012 Paris, France; bLMA, CNRS, UPR 7051, Aix-Marseille Univ,

Centrale Marseille, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France


The main source of noise from railway at conventionalspeeds is rolling noise. The wheel and the rail surfaces arenot perfectly smooth, but contain small-amplitude rough-ness. This roughness causes vibration of the wheel and railwhich radiate noise. Within the LECAV project (LECtureAcoustique de la Voie, i.e. Acoustic reading of railwaytrack) a method is developed to use the sound radiatedby the wheel and the rail to characterize acoustics param-eters of wheel track system during train running. Theseparameters will allow estimating rail roughness spectrumand potentially track decay rate. This method requires to

have control over the acoustic radiation of the wheel andrail in order to estimate the interaction force between thetwo elements in the contact zone. The first part of thiscommunication is devoted to the presentation of a mea-surement campaign that has been carried out on a testtrain parked on a railway track. The second part of thepaper deals with the post-processing method. Results ofthe estimated excitation force from the simultaneous mea-surement of the acoustic sound pressure and vibration ofthe wheel are compared to the measured one to validatethe method



Assessment of the efficiency of railway wheel dampers using laboratory methods within the STAR-DAMP project – (Contributed, 000253)

B. Betgena, P. Bouveta, D. J. Thompsonb, F. Demillyc and T. Gerlachd

aVIBRATEC, 28 chemin du petit bois, BP 36, 69131 Ecully, France; bDynamics Group-ISVR - University of Southampton, University

Road, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK; cValdunes SAS, GHH-Valdunes Group, Rue Gustave Delory, 59125 Trith Saint Leger, France;dGutehoffnungshutte Radsatz GmbH, GHH-Valdunes Group, Gartenstraße 40, 46145 Oberhausen, Germany


Noise is one of the major issues for the expansion of rail-way traffic. Within a relatively wide speed range, rollingnoise is the predominant railway noise source. In recentyears, rail and wheel absorbers have been developed bydifferent manufacturers that show to be effective devicesfor the reduction of rolling noise. STARDAMP (Stan-dardization of damping technologies for the reduction ofrailway noise) is a Franco-German research project withinthe DEUFRAKO framework that unites end users, man-ufacturers and research institutes. The target of STAR-DAMP is to support the transfer from R&D of wheel and

rail dampers to their regular application. A key factor inthis context is the development of new testing methodsfor the assessment of damper performances. Today, suchtests are usually performed as field tests that are costlyand time consuming. These shall be replaced by standard-ized laboratory measurement and calculation techniques.The present contribution deals with a proposition for awheel absorber testing protocol, combining finite elementcalculations, experimental modal analysis and analyticalcalculations using TWINS software. Results for differentwheels and absorbers are presented.


Laboratory methods for testing the performance of acoustic rail dampers – (Contributed, 000310)

M. Towarda and D. J. Thompsonb

aConsultancy Group-ISVR - University of Southampton, University Road, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK; bDynamics Group-ISVR -

University of Southampton, University Road, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK


Several types of rail damper are now commercially avail-able to reduce noise radiated by railway track. Thesedampers, attached to the rail between sleepers, increasethe attenuation with distance of vibration transmittedalong the rail (decay rate). Currently, there are no stan-dardized procedures to measure the effectiveness of thesedampers without the need for their installation in a track.Track decay rates of damped efreely’ supported rails havebeen measured using two proposed methods: (i) for shortrails (4-6m length), at low frequency from the modal prop-erties of the rail, and at high frequencies directly frompoint and transfer response functions (FRFs) at either end

of the rail; and (ii) for long rails (15-32m), by integratingdecay rates derived from FRFs measured at intervals alongthe rail.Results from four test institutes show generally goodagreement between the two methods for three differentdamper designs. However, at some frequencies substantialinter- and intra- method variability is evident. Sources ofthis variability are identified and are discussed. Furthertests conducted on a 32m test track show that decay ratesof damped track can be reasonably determined by sum-ming decay rates of the efree’ damped rail and those ofthe undamped track.


Identification of the rail radiation using beamforming and a 2 D array – (Contributed, 000397)

F. Le Courtoisa, J.-H. Thomasb, F. Poissona and J.-C. PascalbaInnovation et recherche SNCF, 40 avenue des terroirs de France, 75012 Paris; bLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine,



Rolling noise is the major contribution to train pass-bynoise. Array processing provides noise maps of the sourcelocation on the train. The rolling noise contribution is lo-cated around the wheels at 2 kHz on those maps and therail is not well identified as a source, whereas models, likeTWINS, estimate that its acoustical contribution can bein the same order of magnitude as the wheel contribution

in the medium frequency range (1000 Hz). Flexion wavecauses the rail to radiate in privileged direction due to fluidstructure interaction. Beamforming processing identifiesthis acoustical radiation only under particular conditions,which is an explanation to the underestimation of the railradiation on the global noise map of the train. This arti-cle presents a simple radiation model of the rail and the


simulation result provided from beamforming processingto localize the theoretical radiation angle. An experimen-tation is performed using the classical 2 D adapted fortrain pass-by source localisation. The rail is excited in the

vertical direction using a shaker. The radiation angle isnot retrieved: the use of the classical array is not relevantto measure the radiation angle.


BRAINS - the concepts behind a quick and efficient tool for prediction of exterior and interior railwayvehicle noise – (Contributed, 000648)

A. Frida, U. Orreniusa, T. Kohrsb and S. Letha

aBombardier Transportation, Ostra Ringvagen 2, 721 73 Vasteras, Sweden; bBombardier Transportation, Am Rathenaupark, 167 61

Hennigsdorf, Germany


BRAINS (Bombardier RAIlway Noise Software) is a val-idated acoustic prediction software for interior and exte-rior noise of railway vehicles. It was originally developedto meet the specific needs in the industry for quick de-cision making in tender and early design phases. Overthe years the tool has evolved by extending the modellingscope and level of detail now making it a cornerstone of thecomplete acoustics management process. One key featureis that BRAINS handles exterior and interior noise pre-dictions with the same model input data as basis thanksto an efficient computational framework. It interacts with

the Bombardier acoustics source and material databaseand can also import data from specialised software suchas TWINS. For exterior noise BRAINS is well positionedto be used for the emerging field of ”virtual acoustic autho-risationı as an alternative to physical testing. It incorpo-rates TWINS rolling noise input as well as other sourcesrepresented by 1/3-octave band sound power and direc-tivity. For interior noise the calculations are based on anSEA model for the interior volume into which the injectedacoustic power comes from transfer functions derived fromanalytical, statistical and empirical formulations.


Investigation of the influence of non-acoustical factors on the estimation of railway induced vibrationannoyance using artificial neural networks – (Contributed, 000420)

R. Venegasa, E. Perisb, J. Woodcockb, G. Sicab, A. Moorhouseb and D. Waddingtonb

aAcoustics Research Centre, University of Salford, M5 4WT Salford, UK; bUniversity of Salford, The Crescent, M5 4WT Salford, UK


Groundborne vibration can be a source of annoyance inresidential areas situated close to railway lines. Using fielddata from case studies (N=929) comprised of face-to-faceinterviews and internal measurements of vibration expo-sure, this paper aims to investigate vibration annoyance asa function of the vibration level, socio-demographic data,and several individual and situational factors. The influ-ence of these variables on vibration annoyance is investi-gated through a sensitivity analysis performed on severalartificial neural network models. Comparisons are also

made with analyses performed using conventional regres-sion or classification techniques. The results show that thevibration annoyance prediction is improved when the non-acoustical variables are considered along with the vibra-tion level. The results further suggest that artificial neuralnetworks could provide an alternative way of calculatingvibration exposure-response relationships. The data usedin this paper were collected within the Defra funded UKstudy ”Human Response to Vibration in Residential En-vironmentsı conducted by the University of Salford.

Fri 9:00 Francois CANAC PU-S03: Phononic crystal and metamaterials

Effective wave numbers for media sustaining the propagation of three types of bulk waves and hostinga random configuration of scatterers – (Contributed, 000052)

F. Luppea, J.-M. Conoirb and A. N. NorriscaLOMC-GOA, Universite du Havre, place R. Schuman, 76610 Le Havre, France, Metropolitan; bCNRS, Institut Jean Le Rond

d’Alembert - UMR CNRS 7190, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie - 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; cRutgers University, Mechanical

and Aerospace Engineering, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA



Wave propagation through an isotropic host medium con-taining a large number of randomly and uniformly locatedscatterers is considered at low frequency and for low con-centrations of spheres, and the dispersion relation of thecoherent waves is obtained. The same problem had beenaddressed by Lloyd and Berry for spheres in an ideal fluid,and more recently by Linton and Martin for cylinders inan ideal fluid, and by Conoir and Norris for cylinders in anelastic solid. Here, the dispersion relation is derived in the

case of spheres, and extended to that of cylinders, from thecomparison of the 3d and 2d cases in an elastic solid. Thehost medium considered may support the propagation ofP different types of bulk waves, as for example a thermo-visco-elastic medium or a poro-elastic medium (P=3). Asin the previous works mentioned above, the hole correc-tion of Fikioris and Waterman is taken into account, alongwith the quasi-crystalline approximation.


Upper and lower bounds of low-frequency band gaps – (Contributed, 000260)

A. KrynkinUniversity of Bradford, School of Engineering, Design & Technolgy, Richmond Road, Chesham Building, BD71DP Bradford, UK


It is known that periodic structures (PS) exhibit frequencyintervals where sound waves do not propagate (i.e. bandgaps, BG). The existence of the band gaps is attributedto the periodicity (i.e. the Bragg BG) and the propertiesof a periodic element. The later substantially enhancesthe performance of the PS if it supports resonances thatgenerate additional BG (resonant BG). By changing ge-ometrical and physical properties of the periodic elementthe resonances can be observed below the first Bragg BG(associated with the half of sound wavelength) that makesPS effective treatment in the low frequency regime. The

aim of this paper is to approximate the limiting frequencies(lower and upper bounds) of the low-frequency resonantBGs. The PS is represented by an array of thin elas-tic shells exhibiting multiple low-frequency resonances. Inthe vicinity of lower bound the approximation is found bymeans of the Rayleigh Identity which leads to the Foldy-type equation. The upper bound of the resonant BG isapproximated with the help of matched asymptotic ex-pansions. This gives an accurate approximation for theupper bound approaching the first Bragg BG where thecontribution of higher modes has to be taken into account.


A metamaterial superacoustic absorber: the bubble raft – (Contributed, 000520)

A. Bretagnea, V. Leroyb and A. Tourina

aInstitut Langevin ESPCI ParisTech - CNRS UMR 7587 - INSERM U979, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; bMSC - Universite

Paris Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domont et Leonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France


The concept of bubble raft was introduced in 1947 byWilliam Lawrence Bragg (L. Bragg and J. F. Nye, Proc.R. Soc. London Ser. A 190, 474 (1947)) as a dynamicmodel of a crystal structure. A bubble raft is a compactassemblage of bubbles, a millimetre or less in diameter,floating on the surface of a surfactant solution. Here weshow that a bubble raft is also an acoustic metamaterialthat can be used to absorb sound in a selective frequencyband determined by the bubble size. To form the bub-ble raft we inject monodisperse small bubbles by blowingair through a 20 µm-diameter capillary at the bottom of

a cylindrical container. Reflection measurements are per-formed by acoustic pulse emission and reception with acouple of broadband air transducers at an incidence largerthan 20, i.e., larger than the critical angle for an air/waterinterface. Contrary to first intuition, the reflection is nottotal but is strongly decreased at a frequency that scaleswith the inverse bubble size. Using an MST calculation(Multiple Scattering Theory) we relate that decrease toabsorption in the bubble raft, which exhibits an effectiveviscosity 250 times higher than that of water.


Omnidirectional graded index sound absorber – (Contributed, 000521)

O. Umnova and B. ZajamsekUniversity of Salford, The Crescent, Salford, m5 4wt Greater Manchester, UK



It has been shown recently that a circular cylindrical layerwith dielectric constant, altering as with radius r can cap-ture incident light irrespective of the incidence angle anddirect it towards the absorbing core hence achieving the”black holeı effect. If effective and compact acoustical ana-logues of such structures are developed, they will act asomnidirectional broadband absorbers of sound. Follow-ing the approach previously used to design flat gradientacoustic lens and electromagnetic ”black holesı, a gradedindex metamaterial layer has been built using an array of

small scatterers with their concentration varying along thestructure radius. In an array of small rigid circular cylin-ders the effective density (which is the acoustical analogueof the dielectric constant) varies with filling fraction. Thismeans that by varying this parameter the desired depen-dence of effective density on radius can be achieved. Aporous fibrous material has been used as an absorbingcore. The device has been tested and is shown to pro-vide a nearly total absorption of sound with wavelengthsshorter than its diameter.


Discrete breathers and intrinsic energy localization in one-dimensional diatomic granular crystals –(Contributed, 000761)

S. Joba, N. Boechlerb, G. Theocharisb, P.G. Kevrekidisc, M.A. Porterd and C. Daraiob

aLaboratoire d’Ingenierie des Systemes Mecaniques et des MAteriaux, Supmeca - 3, rue Fernand Hainaut - 93407 St Ouen Cedex;bGraduate Aerospace Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125, USA; cDepartment of Mathematics and

Statistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003-4515, USA; dMathematical Institute, University of Oxford, OX1 3LB Oxford,

UK


We report the experimental observation of modulationalinstability and discrete breathers in a one-dimensional di-atomic granular crystal composed of elastic spheres thatinteract via the nonlinear Hertz potential. Our crystalconsists of an alignment of 19.05-mm-diameter steel andaluminium spheres compressed by a static load in the ax-ial direction. We first characterize the linear spectrum ofthe crystal by analyzing the low amplitudes transmitted

vibrations; we observe the existence of acoustic and op-tical bands separated by a band gap. We then illustratetheoretically and numerically the modulational instabilityof the lower edge of the optical band. We finally showexperimentally that modulational instability leads to thedynamical formation of long-lived and spatially localizedbreather structures [Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 244302 (2010);Phys. Rev. E 82, 056604 (2010)].


Effective speed of shear waves in phononic crystals – (Contributed, 000849)

A. A. Kutsenkoa, A. L. Shuvalova and A. N. Norrisbai2M - CNRS - University Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Liberation, Site Bat. A4, 33405 Talence, France; bRutgers University,

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA


The paper is concerned with the analytical and numeri-cal study of quasistatic (’effective’) speed of shear wavesin phononic crystals. The study involves the plane waveexpansion (PWE) and the new method based on the mon-odromy matrix (MM). It is introduced as a multiplicativeintegral, taken with respect to one coordinate, of the ma-

trix with components defined as operators acting on thefunctions of the other coordinates. Using these two ap-proaches, we derive closed-form estimates and develop ef-ficient numerical procedures. It is shown that the MMmethod provides the best accuracy both of the estimatesand of the numerical calculation.


Band structure and transmission of 3D chiral sonic crystals – (Contributed, 000792)

R. Pico, V. Romero-Garcia, V. Sanchez-Morcillo, A. Cebrecos and L.M. Garcia-RaffiUniversidad Politecnica de Valencia, Paranimf 1, 46730 Gandia, Valencia, Spain, 46730 Gandia, Spain


We study the properties of a novel type of sonic crys-tal formed by a periodic array of scatterers with spiralform. Such structures, previously introduced in photon-

ics, present interesting properties related to the symmetrybreaking induced by the chirality of its elements. It con-sists in a 3D periodic structure based on a local geometry


that breaks the mirror symmetry with respect to its cen-tre. The unit cell is composed by three elbow elementsconnecting all the dimensions in a loop: x-y, y-z and z-x.By periodic translation in the three main directions, thecomplete structure is generated leading to quasi-spirals

arranged in a hexagonal distribution interlaced with dif-ferent rotation phase. We investigate the phononic bandstructure of our crystal and the transmission spectrumwith the Finite Element Method.


Phononic band gaps and waveguide effects of surface acoustic waves in locally resonant structuresphononic crystals – (Invited, 000174)

A. KhelifFranche-Comte Electronique Mecanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies, 32 avenue de l’Observatoire 25044 Be-

sancon Cedex


We present in this paper a theoretical and an experimen-tal study of surface acoustic wave propagations in pillars-based phononic crystal. This artificial crystal is made upof cylindrical pillars deposited on a semi- infinite mediumand arranged in a square array. With appropriate choiceof the geometrical parameters, this structure can displaytwo kinds of complete band gaps for surface guided waves,a low frequency gap based on locally resonant mode of pil-lars as well as a higher frequency gap appearing at Braggscattering regime. In addition, we demonstrate a waveg-

uiding of surface acoustic wave inside an extended lineardefect created by removing rows of pillars in the perfectcrystal. We discuss the transmission and the polarizationof such confined mode appearing in the higher frequencyband gap. We highlight the strong similarity of such defectmode and the Rayleigh wave of free surface medium. Nu-merical simulations are based on the efficient finite elementmethod and consider Nikel pillars on a Lithium Niobatesubstrate.


Propagation in a periodic succession of slabs with mixed negative/positive index – (Contributed, 000038)

A. A. Maurela, A. A. Ourira, J.F. Mercierb and V. Pagneuxc

aInstitut Langevin/LOA, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, rue de la glaciere, 75005 Paris, France; bPOEMS-CNRS/ENSTA/INRIA, 32

Boulevard Victor, 75015 Paris, France; cLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier

Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


Metamaterials are artificial materials engineered using pe-riodic inclusions of small inhomogeneities to enact effectivemacroscopic behavior. Until recently, most studies consid-ered only ideal systems and did not address the possibleeffects of disorder.The first step in this direction was madein [Phys. Rev. B 70, 245102, 2004] where it was shownthat the presence of a single defect led to the appearanceof a localized mode. Since then, more general model ofalternating sequences of right and left handed layers withrandom parameters have been studied, notably in [M. V.Gorkunov et al., Phys. Rev. E 73, 056605, 2006; Phys.

Rev. Lett. 99, 193902, 2007]. The authors have shownthat the localization properties differ dramatically fromthose exhibited by conventional disordered materials. Westudy wave propagation in such stratified media both ex-perimentally and theoretically. Experiments confirm thatthe properties of the attenuation length differ dramati-cally from those exhibited by conventional alternated layermaterials, notably in the intermediate value of the wave-length. Analytical prediction of the attenuation length isin good agreement with the observations.


Anisotropic metamaterials for full control of acoustic waves – (Contributed, 000088)

J. Christensen and J. Garcia De AbajoIQFR-CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain



We show that a holey anisotropic metamaterial canexert subwavelength control over sound waves beyondthat achieved with naturally occurring materials [NaturePhysics 3, 851 (2007)]. We predict that, for appropri-ate choices of geometrical parameters, these metamateri-als support negative refraction, backward wave propaga-tion along a direction opposite with respect to the acoustic

energy flow, and subwavelength imaging [Nature Physics7, 52 (2011)] with both the source and the image situatedfar from the material. Acoustic subwavelength control canbe advantageous for (bio-)medical ultrasonography anddiagnostic imaging, acoustouflidic steering of microparti-cles and microorganisms, and sonochemistry enhanced bysound focusing.


Negative refraction of waves in an elastic phononic crystal matching density and index of water –(Contributed, 000187)

A.-C. Hladky-Henniona, C. Croenneb, J. Vasseura, B. Dubusa, B. Morvanc and A. N. NorrisdaIEMN departement ISEN, UMR CNRS 8520, 41 boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France; bDepartment of Physics and Astron-

omy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2; cLaboratoire Ondes et Milieux Complexes, FRE-3102 CNRS, Place Robert

Schuman, 76610 Le Havre, France; dRutgers University, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA


Left-handed media are artificial media where acousticwaves exhibit unusual properties: phase and group veloc-ities of opposite signs, negative refraction index, and theinverse Doppler effect. These phenomena arise for instancein phononic crystals (PC) and encouraging results havebeen obtained with a PC made of stainless rods immersedin a fluid. Recently, flat lenses made of elastic left-handedmaterials have been designed that exhibit negative refrac-tion of elastic waves, but without index matching betweenthe PC and the surrounding fluid medium [C. Croenne etal, Phys. Rev. B 83, 054301 (2011)]. The paper presentsnew results in the design of left-handed elastic PC using a

metal based microstructure with a water like density andvery small shear rigidity. In this structure, an isolated neg-ative branch exhibits a quasi-longitudinal behaviour andintercepts the water sound line. At this intersection pointphase matching of the velocities in the PC and in the ex-ternal medium is realized, and the equifrequency contoursare circular indicating isotropy of the phase velocity. Thepaper presents the main theoretical results on this struc-ture. Experiments are under progress on a flat elastic lens.The production of real acoustic images from a point sourceis under study. This work was supported by the FrenchANR (SUPREME project).


Flat lens for Lamb waves focusing – (Contributed, 000116)

M. Duboisa, N. Etaixa, M. Farhatb, S. Enochb, S. Guenneaub, R.-K. Inga and P. Sebbaha

aInstitut Langevin ”ondes et images”, 10 Rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05; bInstitut FRESNEL, Domaine univ. de St-Jerome

13397 Marseille Cedex 20


First proposal of negative index materials by V.G. Vese-lago [Sov. Phys. Usp. 10 (4), 509514 (1968)] has trig-gered interest for flat lens design. In 2000, J.B. Pendryproposed [Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966-3969 (2000)] totake advantage of negative refraction and flat lens geom-etry to achieve subwavelength focusing. An alternative isbased on photonic crystals. Such materials reveal stronganisotropic dispersion relation that may lead to band fold-ing and negative refraction. Flat lens behavior is observ-able in a narrow spectral range called the All Angle Neg-ative Refraction (AANR), where all incident wave vectors

are negatively refracted. Negative refraction in phononiccrystal has been recently demonstrated for elastic waves ina solid, and for Lamb waves at high frequencies in a platewith a square lattice of square holes [Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 101905 (2010)]. This paper presents the experimentalstudy of bending wave focusing by a solid flat lens in athin plate with a 45-tilted square lattice of circular holes.The dynamics of the focusing effect is observed below thefirst stop band in the acoustic dispersion surface at thecarrier frequency predicted by theory.


A multiple-scales perturbation approach to mode coupling in periodic plates – (Contributed, 000274)

O. Asfara, M. Hawwab, M. Bavencoffec, B. Morvand and J.-L. IzbickieaJordan University of Science & Technology, Box 3030, 22110 Irbid, Jordan; bKing Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, 31261 Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; cLaboratoire Imagerie et Cerveau, rue de la chocolaterie BP


3410, 41034 Blois, France; dLaboratoire Ondes et Milieux Complexes, FRE-3102 CNRS, Place Robert Schuman, 76610 Le Havre,

France; eLOMC, CNRS UMR 6294, Universite Le Havre, 25, rue Philippe Lebon, 76600 Le Havre, France


In this paper, guided ultrasonic wave propagation is ana-lyzed in an elastic plate with sinusoidal surface corruga-tions. The corrugated area acts as a finite length gratingwhich corresponds to a 1D phononic crystal (PC). Themultiple-scales perturbation technique is used to derivecoupled-mode equations describing the amplitudes of in-teracting modes. These equations are solved exactly for

the two-point boundary-value problem of the PC. Thestudy involved the coupling of the incident symmetricLamb Wave S0 to the reflected antisymmetric Lamb waveA0. The influence of the depth of corrugation and lengthof the PC is studied. Theoretical results are comparedwith experimental measurements.


Scholte-Stoneley waves on corrugated surfaces and on phononic crystal gratings – (Contributed, 000224)

R. P. Moiseyenkoa, J. Liub, S. Benchabanea, N. F. Declercqb and V. Laudea

aFemto-st, 32 avenue de l’Observatoire, 25044 Besancon, France; bGeorgia Tech - CNRS, Metz Technopole 2-3 rue Marconi 57070

Metz


Sholte-Stoneley waves (SSW) propagate at the interface ofa fluid medium and a solid medium. They have a velocitysmaller than the transverse and longitudinal velocities inthe solid, and smaller than the sound velocity in the fluid.They are thus doubly evanescent and propagate withoutloss along the interface. They were observed for periodi-cally corrugated surfaces in contact with water, with theperiodic corrugation allowing their conversion from an in-cident plane wave generated by an ultrasound transducer.We consider in this work 1D and 2D silicon-water pho-nonic crystals (PC) and study bulk wave to SSW modal

conversion at the PC surface. PC are artificial periodicstructures composed of at least two different materials.They are generally considered because of the existence ofband gaps, i.e., frequency ranges for which wave propa-gation through the PC is prohibited. As diffraction grat-ings, they can also be used for the generation of SSW, aswe show by looking for the incidence and frequency con-ditions for which they are excited.Financial support by the Agence Nationale de laRecherche under grant ANR-09-BLAN- 0167-01 is grate-fully acknowledged.

Fri 10:40 Yves ROCARD AA-S03: Acoustics of light frame buildings (wooden building...)

Predicting and measuring the acoustic performances of lightweight based buildings – (Invited, 000122)

M. Perez Abendanoa, M. Fuente De Tecnaliaa and C. Guigou-CarterbaTECNALIA, c/ Geldo Parque Tecnologico Bizkaia Edificio 700, 48160 Derio, Spain; bCentre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment,

24 rue joseph fourier 38400 Saint martin d’heres


The acoustic performances of buildings made of heavystructures and elements can be predicted from the perfor-mances of elements involved using standard series 12354.When designing a lightweight based building, the predic-tion model has to be reconsidered as there is not a stan-dardized predictive method applied to lightweight buildingelements. This paper shows different calculations of air-

borne and impact sound insulation with a new proposedtheoretical method. Calculations are compared to finalmeasured results. Other measures from Dvij and impactsound insulation using alternative Japanese ball methodare presented in order to discuss how to analyze properlya lightweight based building.


First in-situ experience with impact ball on wood construction – (Contributed, 000610)

N. BalanantCERQUAL - GROUPE QUALITEL, 82 rue de la Victoire, 75009 Paris, France



Surfing on sustainable development, the wood construc-tion is developing in France. Environmental and eco-nomics benefits are widely promoted, but the acousticsquality needs to be clarified, regarding to comfort andFrench regulation. We are currently carrying out measure-ments in-situ on 35 buildings, especially with the impactball used in Japan and Korea. This impact source is more

adapted to lightweight construction than the internationaltapping machine, and is more correlated to footstep noiseor children running or jumping. The purpose of the con-ference is to show the first results of in-situ measurementswith the impact ball, regarding both values and practiceaspects.


Geometric simplification of a wooden building connector in dynamic finite element model – (Invited,

000369)

A. Tribaleau, N. Tahani, B. Brouard, J.-M. Genevaux and O. DazelLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


The characteristics of boundary conditions of a wood joistfloor are critical in the dynamic behavior at low frequency.Furthermore, the properties of junctions between floor andwall are determinant in the vibrational energy transfer(flanking transmission). For this floor system, the junc-tion between the wall and the joist frame is usually doneby wood connectors which present a relatively complexform: folded sheet plate with nails or screws fixing). The

aim of this study is to replace the complete model of theconnector by an equivalent element in term of transferfunctions. The identification of the equivalent parame-ters is build jointly by numeric analysis and experimentalstudy. In the vibro-acoustic domain, this simplified modelreduces the number of vertices, and the resolution time ofCAD model building. This simplified structural model canthus be coupled to the acoustics of the adjacent rooms.


Prediction of structure-borne noise generated by a water evacuation duct in heavyweight and lightweightframe constructions – (Contributed, 000193)

S. Bailhache and M. VillotCentre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment, 24 rue joseph fourier 38400 Saint martin d’heres


This work aims at comparing structure-borne noise dueto building service equipment, installed in heavyweightor lightweight buildings. The case of waste water pipesrigidly fixed to a separating wall is considered, and the re-sulting structure-borne noise in the adjacent room is pre-dicted. The structure-borne sound power injected into thesupporting structure is calculated using a source and re-ceiver mobility approach. Characterization measurementsare carried out to yield appropriate input data (sourcefree velocity and source and receiver mobilities). Due tothe large distance between the duct two fixing points, the

duct is considered as two separate uncorrelated vibrationsources. The spatial average velocity of the heavy con-crete wall is then estimated from the injected power usingthe well known power balance equation, while an empiri-cal relationship between power injected and wall velocityis established for the wood-framed wall. Radiated noise inthe adjacent room is finally computed using an estimatedradiation efficiency of the walls. Comparisons betweenheavy and lightweight walls are made in terms of injectedstructural power, wall velocity field and sound pressurelevel radiated.


On the measurement and prediction of the sound absorption coefficient of air-cavity backed perforatedplates considering the holes interaction effect under low sound excitation – (Contributed, 000552)

R. Tayong and P. LeclaireLRMA-DRIVE, ISAT, 49 rue Mademoiselle Bourgeois - BP 31, 58027 Nevers, France


This paper deals with the measurement and prediction ofair cavity backed perforated plates considering the holesinteraction effect under relatively low sound excitation. A

revised expression for the radiation contribution is pro-posed to properly account for the holes interaction ef-fect. This expression is integrated in the characteris-


tic impedance expression following Atalla and Sgard [J.Sound Vib. 303, 195-208 (2007)] model. Perforated platespecimens with different centre-to-centre holes distances(pitches) are built and tested using an impedance tube.The particular cases of holes interaction effect with con-stant low porosity and of holes interaction effect with vari-

able high porosity are depicted and discussed in detail. Forthe case of constant low porosity, the resonance frequencyis observed to decrease with the pitch. For the case ofvariable high porosity, the resonance frequency increaseswhen the pitch diminishes.

Fri 13:20 Pierre CHAVASSE PU-S09: Biomedical and biological ultrasounds

Quantification of freshly-excised human lymph node tissue using high-frequency ultrasound – (Invited,

000681)

J. Mamoua, A. Coronb, E. Saegusa-Beecroftc, M. Hatac, M. L. Oelzed, E. Yanagiharac, T. Yamaguchie, P. Laugierb,J. Machic and E. J. Feleppaa

aLizzi Center for Biomedical Engineering, Riverside Research, 156 William St., 9th Floor, New York, 10038, USA; bLaboratoire

d’Imagerie Parametrique, 15 Rue de l’ecole de Medecine 75006 Paris; cKuakini Medical Center and University of Hawaii, 405 N.

Kuakini, Honolulu, 96817, USA; dUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews, Urbana, 61801, USA; eCFME, Chiba

University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Chiba, Japan


During lymphadenectomy, 5-20 lymph nodes are excisedfrom cancer patients. These lymph nodes can containclinically-important metastatic regions that can be missedbecause conventional histopathology methods do not allownodes to be examined over their entire volume. In thisstudy, novel quantitative ultrasound (QUS) methods wereapplied to more than 250 lymph nodes. Individual lymphnodes were scanned in 3D using a 26-MHz ultrasoundtransducer before histology processing. QUS estimates as-sociated with tissue microstructure were obtained from 3Dregions-of-interest. QUS estimates are hypothesized to bedifferent in noncancerous compared to metastatic tissuein lymph nodes. Four QUS estimates were obtained from

backscattered spectra and the remaining nine were derivedfrom envelope statistics. Following ultrasound scanning, a3D histology volume depicting metastatic regions was ob-tained by performing serial sectioning at 50-µm intervals.Cancer detection based on QUS estimates was performedusing linear-discriminant analyses, and areas under ROCcurves (AUCs) were estimated. The AUC for the linearcombination of four QUS estimates was 0.87 for a datasetof 95 breast-cancer nodes. Similarly, using only two QUSestimates, an AUC of 0.95 was obtained for a dataset of164 gastrointestinal-cancer nodes. These results suggestthat QUS can help guide pathologists towards suspiciousregions.


Experimental ultrasound characterization of tissue-mimicking phantoms with high scatterer volumefractions – (Contributed, 000504)

E. FranceschiniLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique,


Quantitative ultrasound technique is based on afrequency-based analysis of the signals backscattered frombiological tissues. This technique aims to estimate the sizeand concentration of scatterers in order to diagnose andmonitor diseases, such as cancer. The Gaussian Model(GM) and Fluid-Filled Sphere Model (FFSM) have beenused for many years but are limited to dilute scatteringmedium, whereas the scatterers can be densely packed(for example the cells in cancer). A model adapted todense medium is the Structure Factor model (SFM) usedin blood characterization. However, the most often usedSFM version is the Percus Yevick model (PYM) using thelow frequency limit of the structure factor called the Per-

cus Yevick packing factor. The aim of this work is to com-pare the aforementioned four scattering models with mea-sured backscatter coefficients (BSCs) on tissue-mimickingphantoms.

The tissue-mimicking phantoms consisted of polyamidemicrospheres (mean diameter 12 µm) immersed in agar-agar gel with different scatterer volume fractions rangingfrom 1 to 25%. Ultrasonic backscatter measurements weremade for frequencies from 5 MHz to 22 MHz. For largescatterer volume fraction, the experimental BSCs agreedwith predictions using the SFM in frequency dependenceand scattering magnitude.



An acoustical camera for in vitro characterization of contrast agent microbubbles – (Contributed, 000501)

G. Renauda, J.G. Boschb, A.F.W. Van Der Steenb and N. De Jonga

aErasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands; bBiomedical Engineering - ERASMUS MC, P.O.

Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands


We report on a new experimental method, termed acous-tical camera, to retrieve the radial response of single mi-crobubbles to a pressure wave by means of a low-amplitudewave called the probing wave. If the frequency of the lat-ter is much higher than the resonance frequency of the mi-crobubble, the relative amplitude modulation observed inthe signal scattered by a bubble in response to the prob-ing wave is quasi-equal to the radial strain experiencedby a microbubble in response to a pressure wave. Anexperimental setup allowing the dual-frequency and dual-focused-beam insonification of single microbubbles was de-veloped to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique. A

300µs 11MHz probing wave is employed to investigate theradial response of BR-14 microbubbles (Bracco) to a 100µs0.5MHz pressure wave. The 100µs parts of the probingsignal situated before and after the transmission of thelow-frequency excitation provide a reference to calculatethe relative amplitude modulation. Therefore asymmetryin the radial oscillation can be assessed. Compression-onlybehavior is observed for some microbubbles whereas othermicrobubbles exhibit a symmetric response, in agreementwith literature. We believe this technique is a simple andpractical approach to measure the response of single mi-crobubbles to a pressure wave.


Pulsed bi-frequency method for characterization of microbubbles in the context of decompressionsickness – (Contributed, 000197)

D. Fouana, T. Goursolleb, P. Lasayguesa and S. Mensaha

aLaboratoire de Mecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20; bBF-systemes, 229, chemin de

la Farlede, 83500 La Seyne Sur Mer, France


During hyperbaric decompression, the absolute ambientpressure is reducing; microbubbles may be generated frompre-existing gas nuclei. An accurate monitoring of the sizeand of the density of the bubble population will provide avaluable means to understand the nucleation and growthprocesses in tissues. In this aim, an ultrasonic charac-terization method based on a dual frequency techniqueapplied on a single bubble is tested.The method consists in sending two ultrasonic waveson a stationary bubble. One is a low frequency wave(30 kHz≤flf≤60 kHz), which excites the bubble near itsresonance frequency and the other is a high frequency

(fhf=1MHz) wave that measures the changes in the acous-tic cross-section induced by the low frequency activation.The resonance frequency, directly related to the radius,can be detected by looking at the spectrum. The devel-opment of an optimal sensor embedded on a diver leadsto the use of a single transducer acting as an transmit-ter/receiver of pulsed waves. The straight forward out-come is a higher probability detection and a better radiusestimation accuracy. Distinctions in the signal processingallows dedicated detection/sizing processes suitable eitherfor bubbles circulating in the blood flow (larger bubble)or for stationary bubbles in tissues (several microns).


Contrast enhanced intravascular ultrasound chirp imaging – (Contributed, 000474)

D. Maresca, G. Renaud, N. De Jong and T. Van Der SteenErasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands


Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging in combinationwith a microbubble ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) hasthe potential to image microvascular networks within thecoronary artery wall, also referred to as vasa vasorum(VV). We report the relative performance of three chirp-based UCA detection methods at IVUS frequencies (30 to60 MHz) for VV imaging: pulse inversion, subharmonicemission and chirp reversal. The contrast to tissue ratio,

the contrast to noise ratio and the artifacts of each methodwere evaluated. A mechanically rotated single elementIVUS transducer was mounted in a catheter assembly. In-terleaved sequences of coded excitations were transmittedat 1 angular position steps to form images. Imaging tar-gets were coronary artery mimicking phantoms perfusedwith a commercial UCA.



Repeatability of a protocol to evaluate the effect of storage on the mechanical properties of the kidneyin-vitro – (Contributed, 000755)

R. Ternifia,b, J.-L. Gennissonc, M. Tanterc and P. BeillasbaUMR U930 CNRS ERL 3106, 10 Bd Tonnelle Batiment Vialle Equipe 5 INSEM, 37032 Tours, France, France; bLaboratoire de

Biomecanique et Mecanique des Chocs, IFSTTAR UMR T9406 25 avenue Francois Mitterrand 69675 Bron; cInstitut Langevin -

Ondes et Images, 10, rue Vauquelin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR7587, INSERM U979, 75005 Paris, France


In biomechanical testing protocols of soft tissue, speci-mens may have to undergo freezing or other conservationmethods, which could affect their mechanical properties.In order to evaluate the effects of conservation techniques,an experimental protocol based on shear wave elastogra-phy - which provides an assessment of shear modulus (µ)- was developed and applied to porcine kidneys. First,the organ is pinned onto a polystyrene plate. Then theplate then used to position the organ with respect to anultrasound probe. This study provides an estimation ofthe repeatability of µ after repositioning a single kidney,and evaluates the effects of storing 8 fresh kidneys at room

temperature for two days. µ were computed rectangularwindows centred on the image and moving along the organdepth. When repositioning the organ, µ was more repeat-able in the cortex near the capsule than in the centralregions of the organ. These regions were also more inho-mogeneous and imaging was not always possible due toultrasound penetration issues. The cortex near the cap-sule was softer than the central regions including pyra-mids (e.g. 6.1±2.4kPa at 10% depth vs. 9.3±3.5kPa at30% depth, n=8). Storage for two days had no significanteffect on these values (p>0.25).


Spatially broad opening of the blood-brain barrier with an unfocused ultrasound transducer in rabbits– (Contributed, 000799)

K. Beccariaa, M. S. Canneyb, L. Goldwirtc, C. Fernandezc, C. Adamd, G. Autrete, O. Clementf , P. Menascheg, C.Lafonb, J.-Y. Chapelonb and A. CarpentieraaNeurosurgery Department, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, 47-83 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; bLabTAU, INSERM and

CarThera, 151 Cours Albert Thomas, 69424 Lyon, France; cPitie-Salpetriere Hospital, 47-83 Boulevard de l’Hopital 75013 PARIS,

75013 Paris, France, Metropolitan; dBicetre Hospital, 78, rue du General Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France, Metropolitan;ePARCC-HEGP, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France, Metropolitan; fHopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Service de radiologie, 20

Rue de Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France; gLaboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France, Metropolitan


The aim of this work was to study the opening of theblood-brain barrier (BBB) over a large volume using anunfocused ultrasound device in the presence of ultrasoundcontrast agents in rabbits.A mono-element planar 1MHz ultrasound transducer wasused to perform burst sonications in 24 healthy New-Zealand white rabbits after craniectomy and during in-travenous injection of Sonovue R©. The transducer wasoperated with a pulse repetition frequency of 1Hz, anda range of pulses lengths and in situ acoustic pressures(10-35ms and 0.3-1MPa respectively). Opening of theBBB was observed in contrast-enhanced images in a 4.7TMRI, through blue dye extravasation and with confocalmicroscopy. Adverse effects were analyzed on histology.

A significant BBB opening limited spatially to the extentof the ultrasound field was observed. BBB opening ap-peared during the sonication and lasted for several hours.Monitoring was possible on MRI sequences as a signifi-cant gadolinium contrast enhancement (p<0.0001). BBBopening was associated with perivascular blood red cellextravasation and transient vascular spasm.In conclusion, the BBB can be opened in large areas of thebrain with low power unfocused ultrasound, with limitedtissue damage, and could permit safe drug delivery in thebrain.Work supported by CarThera and Region Ile-de-France.

Fri 13:40 Peter BARNETT AH-S03: Infrasound: generation, propagation and applications to remote sensing

Infrasound transmission of non porous windscreens – (Contributed, 000292)

N. Daucheza, M. Hayota and S. DenisbaSUPMECA, 3, rue Fernand Hainaut, 93407 Saint Ouen Cedex, France; bCEA DIF, CEA DIF F-91297, Arpajon



Outdoor measurement of infrasound requires the use ofwindscreens to reduce the noise due to aerodynamic per-turbations. Usual methods are based on a spatial averag-ing of the pressure using a multiple-inlet pipe network or awind barrier. The size of such systems is no smaller thanseveral meters, therefore not compatible with portable in-frasound measuring chains. To overcome these limitations,a study on nonporous polymer foam windscreens smallerthan 1 meter has been carried out [J. Acoust. Soc. Am.118(3), 1335-1340 (2005); J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 127(6),

3327-3334 (2010)]. However the link between predictionand measurement of infrasound transmission has not beenclearly established. In this paper, an analytical vibroa-coustic model using the long wavelength hypothesis is pro-posed. The geometry considered is an elastic nonporousplate coupled with a cavity connected to the pressure sen-sor. A good agreement with finite element modeling andexperimental data is found. Finally, rules to design anoptimized system, related to geometry and material prop-erties, are given.


Explosion energy scaling laws for infrasound propagation analysed using nonlinear ray theory – (Contributed,

000473)

O. Gainvillea, P. Blanc-Benonb and J. ScottcaCEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France; bLaboratoire de Mecanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique, 36 Av Guy de Collongue 69134

Ecully Cedex; cEcole Centrale de Lyon, 36, avenue Guy de Collongue, 69130 Ecully, France


Using ray theory, long range propagation of infrasoundthrough the atmosphere is modeled in the frameworkof the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. In at-mospheric propagation, the high frequency hypothesis isbased on the assumption that space and time scales of at-mospheric properties are much larger than acoustic wavescales. A 3D nonlinear ray tracing code is developedto compute the temporal pressure signature at receivers.These signatures are obtained by solving a generalizedBurgers’ equation along each ray taking into account non-linear effects, shear and bulk viscosity absorption andmolecular vibrational relaxation mechanisms. The propa-gation of infrasound emitted by a motionless point source

in a realistic atmosphere is analysed. To quantify the va-lidity limits of our approach, we investigate effects of thewind, atmospheric absorption, nonlinearities, refractionand scattering by small atmospheric scales on observedphase kinds, their travel time and their waveform. Non-linear mechanisms are important to model the evolutionof waveform signatures especially to find the N-wave andU-wave shapes of, respectively, thermospheric and strato-spheric paths. The relative importance of nonlinear effectsare compared for several source energies. Sound exposurelevel and characteristic frequency are analysed in order todevelop scaling laws. Comparisons are made with mea-surements and results available in the literature.


Nonlinear effects in infrasound propagation simulations – (Contributed, 000559)

O. Gainvillea and O. Marsdenb

aCEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France; bLaboratoire de Mecanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique, 36 Av Guy de Collongue 69134

Ecully Cedex


In the framework of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-BanTreaty, long range propagation of infrasound through theatmosphere is investigated using numerical models. Thestudy problem is a cylindrical blast in an inhomogeneousatmosphere. Vertical profiles of temperature, wind anddensity obtained during the Misty Picture High explosiveexperiment conducted in May 1987 are used. The prop-agation is modeled using two codes. First, the full 2-DNavier-Stokes equations are solved with a low-dispersionand low-dissipation finite-difference algorithm initially de-

veloped for aeroacoustics. Second, a nonlinear ray tracingmodel based on weak shock and locally plane wave as-sumptions is used. In this code, the waveform evolvesalong rays following Burgers’ equation. The initialisationof the cylindrical blast wave is described for both codes.A benchmark case of propagation is defined and numeri-cal comparisons are performed. Absorption and nonlineareffects are investigated in detail for both stratospheric andthermospheric paths. Some limits of the ray tracing modelare shown and quantified.


A new magnet and coil digital microbarometer: DMB1 – (Contributed, 000661)


G. Nief, P. Millier and N. BrebionCEA, DIF, DASE, Bruyeres-le-Chatel, 91297 Arpajon Cedex, France


Since the infrasound technology was chosen to ensure therespect of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty,it has been experiencing a renewal. The development ofhigh-sensitivity, high-resolution, low-noise and low-cost in-frasound sensors has thus become a need for installing op-erational infrasound recording station, as well as for re-search purpose (study of sources, study of atmosphere asan acoustical propagation medium...). A new model of

digital microbarometer, DMB1, is proposed. The pres-sure sensitive element is a metallic bellows ; a magnetand coil device is used as an electromagnetic transducer.The digitization electronic board is encapsulated, and syn-chronised by a GPS clock. The sensor’s characteristics aredetailed and analysed in terms of noise floor, sensitivity,resolution, pass band and full range scale. A model de-scribing the behaviour of the sensor is also proposed.


Transfer function of the atmosphere over long distances – (Contributed, 000621)

P. DelormeONERA/DSNA, 29 avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92322 Chatillon, France


Propagation in the atmosphere for long range seems tobe a complex phenomenon: for instance the experimentalobservations of signals of Concorde sonic boom to severalhundred kilometers where the classical N-waves disappearscompletely. In fact the transfer function of the atmospherefor the near field is a pure delay (propagation time) with again (corresponding to the geometric attenuation).At longrange this physical model is not valid. It is well known forhigh frequency and long range it must be adjusted for theeffects of viscosity. But this model must also be corrected

at low frequencies because the atmosphere is not homo-geneous and therefore diffracts. Based on the linearizedEuler, it reveals a dimensionless number g.d /a2 (with gthe gravitational constant, d the propagation distance anda the speed of sound). This number is of order 1 when thedistance is about 10 km. The purpose of this paper is toshow how the transfer function of the atmosphere changeswhen the propagation distance increases, assuming the lat-ter is a stratified medium.


Computational method for evaluating meteorites as sources of sonic boom – (Contributed, 000626)

M. Hennetona, P. Delormea, O. Gainvilleb, C. Milletb and F. CoulouvratcaONERA, 29 avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92322 Chatillon, France; bCEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France; cCNRS, Institut

Jean Le Rond d’Alembert - UMR CNRS 7190, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie - 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France


Infrasound is one of survey technique monitoring of nu-clear explosions. Hence such explosions have to be distin-guished from natural sources of infrasounds such as me-teorite atmospheric entries. With a view to investigatemeteorites as an infrasound source, numerical simulationsof Euler equations are performed around a meteorite ofdiameter one meter entering the atmosphere at Mach 40.This configuration is selected because it corresponds bothto a well documented meteorite case and to previous near-field numerical simulations. Because of the very important

amount of released energy and to capture the shock, it isnecessary to perform the simulations on an adapted mesh.In addition, to obtain the asymptotic weak shock regimeand to initialize the nonlinear ray tracing method usedto model the long range propagation, simulations have tobe performed very far from the meteorite. The output ofthe CFD simulations are validated by studies on numer-ical convergence both in the near-field and far-field, andby comparisons with a theoretical model based on the linesource assumptions.


Sonic boom and infrasound emission from Concorde airliner – (Contributed, 000676)

J. Varnier, G. Menexiadis and I. Le GriffonOnera, Departement de Simulation Numerique des Ecoulements et Aeroacoustique, BP 72 - 29, avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92322

Chatillon Cedex



Any phenomenon of an impulsive nature, such as an ex-plosion, a gun shot or a clap of thunder, generates aninfrasonic emission which is propagated at very long dis-tance, as the atmospheric absorption has only a limitedinfluence on it. The sonic boom of aircraft, launchers ormeteorites obviously belongs to this category. During itspropagation, the signal is distorted and becomes a rum-ble, the duration of which can reach several minutes at adistance of about one thousand kilometers. However, it isoften possible to make the distinction between the emis-

sion and the natural background noise and to relate it tothe sound source of origin by using goniometry and spec-trum analysis. In this respect, the recordings of the sonicboom and the flight data of the ”Concordeı airliner pro-vide an interesting and complete experimental data base.Examples of exploitation of signals and of numerical simu-lations (sonic boom shape, direct and reverse propagationtaking into account the meteorology of the day) are givenfor distances of 100, 300, 1000 and 3000 km.

Fri 13:40 Ray STEPHENS EA-S07: Active noise: transducers and metamaterials

Advanced control for modifying the acoustic impedance at the diaphragm of a loudspeaker – (Contributed,

000382)

R. Boulandet, H. Lissek and E. RivetEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IEL LEMA, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland


Conventional techniques for acoustic impedance controloperate either by feedback control of acoustic quantities(pressure and/or velocity) or by plugging an electrical net-work at the terminals of an electroacoustic transducer,thus modifying the acoustic impedance of its diaphragm.The general idea is to absorb the incident sound energyor to contain it, by simply controlling the dynamics ofloudspeakers. The direct application is to better con-trol the low-frequency sound field in enclosed or semi-closed spaces, improve the sound insulation between ad-jacent rooms or confine the noise emitted by industrialmachines. Using a loudspeaker as a noise control devicehas several advantages: it is readily available at almost

low cost, and already well-suited for rudimentary acoustictreatments. It naturally behaves as a damped harmonicoscillator which resonance can be altered through basicelectrical means. With active control, sound absorptionwithin the frequency range around the loudspeaker reso-nance can be significantly improved. The underlying prob-lem often results in performance degradation outside thisrange, in the form of over-reflections. In this paper wepropose means for compensating such undesired effects.For illustrative purposes, computed results and measure-ments obtained in impedance tube are provided to showthe performances of a controlled loudspeaker in terms ofabsorption and stability.


Active Absorbers – (Invited, 000686)

M. Rousseaua and J. Vanderkooyb

aB&W Group ltd., Elm Grove Lane, BN44 3SA Steyning, UK; bUniversity of Waterloo, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, Waterloo,

Canada N2L 3G1


This paper explores the use of bass loudspeakers as bothacoustic sources and broadband absorbers. We developthe theory for a point active absorber immersed in theanechoic field from a point source. This will apply to nor-mal loudspeakers used as either sources or absorbers atfrequencies below about 300 Hz, where they act much likepoints. The result extends the theory of Nelson and El-liott for a point absorber interacting with a plane wave.An extra oscillatory interference term occurs which shouldlargely cancel in rooms due to the varying distances be-tween all the source images and the absorber. Responses

were measured in several small rooms from source and ab-sorber loudspeakers to both a few listening microphonesand microphones mounted very near the absorber di-aphragms. Boundary element calculations are needed toallow optimal absorber signals to be derived from the ab-sorber microphones. We use precomputed absorber signalsto avoid the serious stability issues of self-actuated activeabsorbers. Experimental results are not very clear and weanalyze several aspects which might resolve theory andexperiment.


Active electroacoustic resonators with negative acoustic properties – (Invited, 000083)


H. Lissek and R. BoulandetEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IEL LEMA, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland


Acoustic metamaterials constitute a new class of acous-tic structures, composed of periodic arrangements of engi-neered unit-cells, that exhibit macroscopic acoustic prop-erties not readily available in nature. These propertiescan either be a negative mass density or a negative bulkmodulus. However, these artificial behaviours derive fromthe engineered arrangement of the unit-cells, which do notpresent individual “meta-properties”, rather than from

their intrinsic nature. It is although possible to achieveintrinsic metamaterial properties out of a single unit-cell, according to active control techniques, such as di-rect impedance control. This paper intends to highlightthe metamaterial nature of such active concepts, justify-ing some interesting analogies between the latter and thetheory of acoustic metamaterials.


Adaptive piezoelectric metacomposite: a new integrated technology to control vibroacoustic powerflow – (Contributed, 000838)

M. Colleta, M. Ouissea, M. Ichchoub, F. Tateoa and T. Huangb

aDepartement de Mecanique Appliquee R. Chaleat, 24 chemin de l’Epitaphe - 25000 Besancon; bLaboratoire de Tribologie et Dy-

namique des Systemes, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex


Research activities in smart materials and structures arevery important today and represent a significant poten-tial for technological innovation in mechanics and elec-tronics. In order to realize smart vibroacoustic design,new methodologies are now available which allow activetransducers and their driving electronics to be directly in-tegrated into otherwise passive structures. The main re-search challenge today deals with the development of newmulti-functional structures integrating electro-mechanicalsystems in order to optimize their intrinsic mechanical be-havior to achieve desired vibroacoustic goals. The newdesired functionalities can also be implemented at the ma-terial level to create new ”adapative metacompositeı. Thispaper presents the design and characterization of a specific

metacomposite made of a periodically distributed set ofshunted piezoelectric material cells to control vibroacous-tic power flow into 2D wave guides. The main purposeof this work is to present the usesd numerical approachable to compute the multi-modal wave dispersions curvesinto the whole first Brillouin zone for damped 2D elec-tromechanical systems. By using specific indicators, weoptimize the piezoelectric shunting electrical impedancefor controlling energy diffusion into the proposed adaptivedistributed set of cells. Particular implantation’s problemsare also addressed and optimized for taking into considera-tion electromechanical lack of robustness due to electroniccoupling behavior.


Active elastic metamaterials with applications in acoustics – (Contributed, 000168)

S. A. Popea, H. Laaleja and S. Daleyb

aUniversity of Sheffield, Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, Mappin Street, S1 3JD Sheffield, UK; bUniversity

of Southam, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK


Elastic metamaterials provide a new approach to solvingexisting problems in acoustics. They have also been as-sociated with novel concepts such as acoustic invisibilityand subwavelength imaging. To be applied to many of theproposed applications a metamaterial would need to havethe desired mass density and elastic moduli over a widefrequency band. To minimise scatter in acoustics appli-cations the impedance of solid elastic metamaterials alsoneed to be matched to the impedance of the surround-ing medium. Previous work has looked at the trade-offbetween achieving the desired mass density and Youngsmodulus, combined with an impedance which is matched

to the surrounding medium. This paper will focus on ex-tending the bandwidth of the desired properties presentedin previous work to an extent where the material couldbe applied to some of the novel applications. This willinclude a consideration of the problems which arise whenthe previously developed theory and simulation is devel-oped into an experimental demonstration. This includesthe role which the control system dynamics play on theachievable performance. It will also consider the problemswhich arise when the previous one-dimensional concept isextended to higher dimensions.



Controller architectures for optimum performance in practical active acoustic metamaterials – (Contributed,

000450)

M. Reynoldsa, S. Daleya, Y. Gaoa, V. Humphreya and S. A. Popeb

aISVR, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK; bUniversity of Sheffield, Department of Automatic Control and

Systems Engineering, Mappin Street, S1 3JD Sheffield, UK


Over the last decade there has been significant interestin the design and production of acoustic metamaterialswith physical qualities not seen in naturally occurring me-dia. Progress in this area has been stimulated by the de-sire to create materials that exhibit novel behaviour whensubject to acoustic waves, such as negative refraction orthe appearance of bandgaps in the frequency response ofthe material. Proposed designs range from locally reso-nant phononic crystals to arrays of Helmholtz resonatorswithin ducts and past research has investigated both pas-sive and active materials. Much of the research into ac-tive acoustic metamaterials remains theoretical, therefore

to determine whether such materials are physically re-alisable and of potentially practical use it is importantto understand the physical restraints that may arise in aproduced active metamaterial. This paper considers a 1-dimensional active acoustic metamaterial derived from apassive, Helmholtz resonator based design, where the ap-plied control forces produce controllable double negativebehaviour. The physical dimensions and active forces re-quired to achieve the desired novel behaviour are exploredfor different architectures and any trade-offs that mighthave to be considered when producing a practically usefulactive metamaterial are identified.

Fri 13:40 Yves ROCARD EN-S07: Acoustical properties of natural materials and greening for noise control

Scattering of a cylinder covered with an arbitrary distribution of admittance and application to thedesign of a tramway noise abatement system – (Invited, 000050)

A. Joliboisa, D. Duhamela, V. W. Sparrowb, J. Defrancec and P. Jeanc

aUniversite Paris-Est - UMR Navier, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 6&8 av. Blaise Pascal - Champs-sur-Marne, 77455 Marne La Vallee

Cedex 2, France; bGraduate Program in Acoustics, The Pennsylvania State University, 201 Applied Science Building, University Park,

16802, USA; cCSTB, 24, rue Joseph Fourier, 38400 Saint Martin D’Heres, France


An urban low-height barrier meant to attenuate tramwaynoise emission for nearby walking pedestrians or cy-clists is studied. A semi-analytical solution for the two-dimensional scattering of a line source by a cylinder cov-ered by an arbitrary distribution of impedance and itsimage with respect to a vertical baffle is derived. Thisdescription is used to model the shadowing due to a semi-cylindrical noise barrier close to a tramway. After valida-tion against the boundary element method, this solutionis used in a gradient-based optimization approach of theadmittance distribution to maximize the broadband inser-

tion loss in a given receiver zone. First, a hypothetical butpassive distribution is found, showing an improvement ofmore than 20 dB(A) with respect to a purely rigid bar-rier. Second, a feasible optimized surface treatment madeof a porous layer and a micro-perforated resonant panelis proposed, with an improvement of 14 dB(A) with re-spect to an entirely rigid barrier. The optimization gainwith respect to a uniform absorbent admittance is about8 dB(A). Extra tests with the boundary element methodshow that this gain is reduced but still significant if morerealistic conditions are considered.


Reuse of textile powder remainders for acoustic applications using the Wet-Laid technology – (Contributed,

000144)

L. Berto, R. Del Rey, J. Alba and V. SanchisUniversidad Politecnica de Valencia, C/ Paraninf n1, 46730 Grao De Gandia, Spain


Nowadays, the sound insulation and the acoustic condi-tioning are problems to raise in the building constructionsand in the design of certain enclosures. Last years thelegislative scene in terms of noise and vibrations has beenchanged supposing, the final approval of the DB-HR ofthe CTE in Spain, the most important change. Within

this new legislative framework, besides to increased soundinsulation requirements appear new requirements relatedto the acoustic conditioning of certain enclosures. So that,gradually, has been created the need for look for new ma-terials with acoustic properties which meet the new acous-tics requirements. On the other hand, are well known the


economic problems, storage problems and environmentalproblems that entail the remainders in a production pro-cess. Specially, in the textile industry, tones of remain-ders are generated in the manufacturing processes. Manyof these residues are like a powder with difficult recycling,

but it can be recycled by means of the wet-laid technology.This work evaluates the feasibility of include, as solutionsto the new acoustics requirements, new nonwoven madewith textile remainders using the wet-laid technology.


Sound attenuation by crops and hedges – (Contributed, 000249)

S. Taherzadeh, K. Attenborough and I. BashirThe Open University, DDEM, Maths, Computing and Technology, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA Milton Keynes, UK


Although plants and cultivated areas could be a visuallyacceptable means of noise abatement in urban areas, theireffectiveness for reducing sound levels is still an open ques-tion. There have been several studies of the attenuationby trees bushes and crops but few theories predict all theobserved attenuation spectra fully. It is known that theattenuation due to ground effect alone can account for lowfrequency (below about 1 kHz) insertion loss spectra while

the high frequency behaviour is determined by multiplescattering from the stems/trunks and more importantlysurface viscous and thermal absorption by leaves. A sim-ple engineering model for scattering, viscous and thermallosses is proposed based on data in the literature. Thismodel is shown to give reasonable agreement with recentinsertion loss data obtained with a winter wheat crop anda laurel hedge.


A stated preference experiment to value access to quiet areas and other local environmental factors –(Invited, 000259)

A. L. Bristowa, M. Wardmanb, J. D. Shiresb, P. K. Chintakayalab and J. Nellthorpb

aLoughborough University, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU Loughborough, UK;bUniversity of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK


The local environment influences people’s perceptions oftheir quality of life and their overall well-being in manydifferent ways. Whilst there are a wide range of local en-vironmental factors that can impact on individuals’ well-being, there is relatively little empirical evidence on thissubject. In particular, there is a dearth of knowledge ontheir economic valuation, commonly expressed in termsof how much money individuals are prepared to pay forimproved conditions.The aim of this study was to estimate how much individ-uals would be prepared to pay, in terms of council tax,

to obtain improvements or to avoid deteriorations in awide range of local environmental factors. These include:urban quiet areas; fly-tipping; litter; fly-posting; graffiti;dog-fouling; discarded chewing gum; trees; light pollution(obscuring the stars); light intrusion (into the home) andodour. This study provides what we believe to be the firstvalue for quiet areas and also indicates how importantquiet areas are relative to a range of other local environ-mental factors.


Acoustical performance of complex-shaped earth berms – (Invited, 000612)

J. Defrance, S. Lallement, P. Jean and F. KoussaCSTB, 24, rue Joseph Fourier, 38400 Saint Martin D’Heres, France


Earth berms have been used for many years along rail-ways and motorways as noise abatement systems. Onone hand their construction is often cheaper than tradi-tional barriers with less negative environmental impactsand better visual integration. On the other hand theyneed more space to be built and are always proposed with

the same global symmetrical, smooth shape. In this workwe propose to assess the efficiency of various complex-shaped earth berms dedicated to ground transportationusing a 2D Boundary Element Method. For urban roadsand tramways innovative low-height berms - no more than1 m high - are proposed and study. For railways and mo-


torways taller complex-shaped systems up to 6 m high areassessed. The analysis is carried out for 1.5 m high re-ceivers’ areas (pedestrians, cyclists) as well as 4 m highones (buildings). Results are expressed in terms of acous-

tic gain obtained with the complex-shaped earth berm so-lution referred to a straight rigid barrier located at theinfrastructure’s edge.


Diffusion coefficient of vegetation: measurements and simulation – (Contributed, 000762)

Y. Smyrnova, J. Kang, C. Blackford and C. ChealUniversity of Sheffield, School of Architecture, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK


This paper reports the results of an investigation on thediffuse reflection from two typical bedding plants in Eu-rope. This is a part of a lager study on the acoustic prop-erties of vegetation, aiming at reducing noise from urbantraffic. Directional diffusion coefficients of the plants havebeen measured in a semi-anechoic chamber and polar re-sponses that represent sound energy distribution on semi-circles surrounding the plants have been obtained. The

results show that the plants diffusely reflect sound energymainly at middle and high frequencies. In parallel, a sim-ulation model based on the finite-element method for pre-dicting diffuse reflections from plants has been developed.The model takes into account impedance of foliage and soilmeasured in an impedance tube, and their geometric char-acteristics. There is a good agreement between predictionand measurement.


Field investigation of the effects of vegetation on the performance of roadside noise barriers – (Contributed,

000809)

M. Hodgson and S. DaltropUniversity of British Columbia, SPPH - 3rd Floor, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, Bc, Canada V6T1Z3


This paper describes a field experimental investigation ofthe effects of nearby vegetation on the performance ofroadside noise barriers. The effects of nearby vegetation(trees, hedges, vines, etc.) are unclear. It may decreasenoise levels behind a barrier, either by back-scattering orabsorbing sound. Foliage may also increase noise levelsby scattering sound which would normally pass above the

barrier into the shadow zone. Field test sites were identi-fied to study these effects. Traffic noise levels were mea-sured simultaneously behind foliage and no-foliage casesand the results were compared. Both increased and de-creased noise levels behind the barrier were seen in differ-ent frequency ranges, with most effects being less than 5dB.

Fri 13:40 John TYNDALL MA-S08: Acoustics of historical and archaeological musical instruments

Acoustical evaluation of the Carnyx of Tintignac – (Contributed, 000037)

J. Gilberta, E. Brasseura, J.-P. Dalmonta and C. ManiquetbaLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bINRAP Limoges et UMR 8546 CNRS-ENS, 18 allee des Gravelles, 87280 Limoges, France


The carnyx is an instrument which was used by Celticpeoples in various parts of Europe around 2000 years ago.In September 2004 an excavation at Tintignac (Naves,Correze district of France) revealed a buried horde ofbronze instruments, including a lot of parts of several dif-ferent carnyxes. Some of the parts have been put togetherto make an almost complete carnyx which is exposed inParis nowadays. In 2011, a brass copy of this carnyx hasbeen made by Jean Boisserie.

This paper discusses some acoustical aspects of the carnyxbrass copy, and presents measurements made on it. Themeasurements are mainly input impedance, vibrationsmeasurements, and playing frequencies estimations. Thequestion of the bore profile and its influence on theresonance frequencies inharmonicity are particularly dis-cussed. A specificity of the Tintignac carnyx is the pres-ence of thin large ears on its head, their possible influenceon the radiated sound is discussed.



Acoustical and musical properties of the Deskford carnyx reconstruction – (Invited, 000818)

M. Campbella and J. Kennyb

aUniversity of Edinburgh, School of Physics and Astronomy, JCMB, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JZ Edinburgh, UK; bRoyal

Conservatoire of Scotland, 100 Renfrew Street, G2 3DB Glasgow, UK


In 1992 a multidisciplinary team including the musicol-ogist John Purser, the archaeologist Fraser Hunter, thesilversmith John Creed and the musician John Kenny un-dertook a reconstruction of the carnyx, a Celtic lip-excitedinstrument characterised by a bell in the form of a boar’shead. The reconstruction was based on a fragment of acarnyx which was discovered in the early nineteenth cen-tury buried on farm land near Deskford in north-east Scot-land. Since only the head of the Deskford carnyx has sur-vived, decisions on the length and bore profile of the tubeand the nature and orientation of the mouthpiece were

guided by images of the carnyx on vessels and coins fromthe early part of the Christian era, and by acoustical con-siderations based on calculations and measurements on aprototype. In 2004, excavations at Tintignac in Francerevealed a collection of bronze tubing including parts ofseveral carnyxes. The present paper reviews the acousti-cal and musical behaviour of the Deskford reconstruction,and reconsiders the decisions taken in 1992 in the light ofthe new information from Tintignac and the extensive per-forming experience of John Kenny over the last eighteenyears.


16th-century trombone mouthpieces and their acoustical significance – (Invited, 000487)

H. VereeckeUniversity for Music, Vienna, Anton von Webernplatz 1, Insitute for Musical Acoustics, A-1030 Vienna, Austria


Brasswind instrument mouthpieces are considered by mu-sicians as one of the most important components of theirinstruments. Tiny changes to the acoustically effectivegeometry of a mouthpiece will have appreciable effectson playing behavior and radiated sound. 16th-centurybrasswind mouthpieces feature fundamental morpholog-ical differences, in comparison to contemporary ones. Oneof the most striking of those differences is the inverse-conical backbore. Scholarly references stay brief on thisissues, which results in the fact that performers and mak-ers are generally unaware of the relevance of it to ”His-torical Informed Performanceı. This paper presents the

results of a systematic geometrical and acoustical analy-sis of three surviving 16th-century Nuremberg trombonemouthpieces. One of those has been discovered in thecourse of this research. Their morphological propertieswill be discussed and the acoustical meaning of those vi-sualised with computed and measured impedance curves.The outcome of this research clearly shows that the belly-shaped backbore has an important influence on the play-ing behaviour and intonation of the instrument, and thusshould be taken into serious consideration for the perfor-mance of 16th-century brasswind music.


Spectral characteristics of the baroque trumpet: a case study – (Contributed, 000673)

H. Daffern and D. M. HowardUniversity of York, Audio Lab, Electronics department, Heslington, YO10 5DD York, UK


The baroque trumpet like many reconstructed or originalhistorical instruments is very difficult to play compared toits modern day equivalent. It is commonly accepted thathistorically informed performances need a specialist ba-roque trumpeter performing on a specialist instrument inorder to achieve the desired sound. Particularly, there arecertain timbral characteristics and expectations concern-ing the range of dynamics employed that are highlightedby today’s early music conductors and players as beingunique to the baroque trumpet. An opportunity arose torecord a world renowned baroque trumpeter playing orig-inal trumpets from 1780, 1788, 1912 and 1967 in the fully

(6-sided) acoustic anechoic chamber at the University ofYork. Due to his strong instinct as a player that the mou-thpiece is the most significant factor dictating the timbreof the instrument, performances on the later two trum-pets were recorded using two different mouthpieces. Thespectral characteristics of each of the instruments and theimpact of changing the mouthpiece are analysed in termsof the spectral correlates of audible timbral differences in-tegral to each instrument and the results discussed in re-lation to the musical context in which each trumpet mightbe employed.



In-depth acoustic modeling and temperament studies of 18th and early 19th century baroque bassoonscomparing originals and reproductions by maker, time period, and region – (Contributed, 000314)

B. Hichwaa and D. RachorbaSonoma State University, P O Box 343, The Sea Ranch, 95497, USA; bUniversity of Northern Iowa, School of Music, University of

Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, 50614-00246, USA


The researchers developed a non-linear least squaresacoustical modeling procedure and precision measurementtechniques of physical dimensions to characterize Baroquebassoons. They deduced 1) Natural and playing pitch; 2)Reed equivalent volume; 3) Acoustic length corrections forthe tone holes and boot joint double miter bend.The initial study expanded to 44 original bassoons and 14reproductions. Original makers included Scherer, Poer-schmann and Eichentopf. Multiple bassoons by five mak-ers were compared and measurable differences between pe-riod and contemporary makers were noted.Unique to woodwinds, dimensional measurements deter-mining pitch allowed an exhaustive study comparing 47temperaments selected from English, French, German and

Italian temperaments of the 18th and early 19th centuries.Sensitivity was enhanced by including forked fingerings,E-flat and B-flat. For each instrument results indicated agrouping of 5-7 preferred temperaments, typically mean-tone. Preferred temperaments exhibited a correlation withregion and maker.

Pitch differences by note for every temperament was evalu-ated for each bassoon. The model demonstrated the pro-ficiency of 18th century bassoon makers. It is also pre-dictive. In about 25% of the instruments, minor changesto the wing joint result in a significantly improved ”de-signerı bassoon. The model also illustrates bassoon evolu-tion leading to changes in mid-19th century bassoons.


Acoustics radiation and modal analysis of a piano forte and its fac-simile – (Contributed, 000811)

F. Olliviera, S. Le Moynea and S. Leconteb

aUPMC - Institut Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, 2 place de la gare de ceinture, 78210 Saint Cyr L’Ecole, France; bLaboratoire de

Recherche et Restauration du Musee de la musique, 221, avenue Jean-Jaures, 75019 Paris, France


The Music Museum in Paris keeps in its collection a pi-ano forte made in 1802 by the well known piano makerErard. Historical literature shows that the spreading outof the Erard’s instrument was very wide. Indeed this mo-del was acquired by Haydn or Beethoven and by manyother pianists and composers in France. As it is a uniquewitness of this type of process, it was decided to keepthe instrument of the museum collection in its originalstate, and to build a facsimile. In the objectives of in-creasing our knowledge of this instrument and to comparethe original and its facsimile, an experimental modal anal-

ysis of the soundboard was performed.The Impact PlanarNearfield Acoustic Holography, was used. This techniqueimplements NAH on the basis of the acoustic impulse re-sponse field and is well adapted to modal analysis. Thebehaviours of the two specimens are compared. Besides aparticularity of this piano is that it has a second sound-board, called fake board, added over the strings. A secondobjective of the measurement is then to understand theacoustical role of this fake board by comparing the soundfield with and without it.

Fri 13:40 Philip DOAK NV-S06: Rolling and tyre-road noise

Low frequency road noise decomposition at wheel center on an roller bench – (Contributed, 000701)

A. Gaudina and J.F. BeniguelbaPSA Peugeot Citroen, Route de GISY, 78943 Velizy Villacoublay, France; bMFPM, Place des Carmes Dechaux, 63040 Clermont

Ferrand Cedex 09, France


Various methods can be used to achieve a better under-standing of road noise propagation from the road to pas-sengers’ears. This paper deals with a decomposition of thelow frequency structure-borne noise transmission paths atthe wheel center in order to assess tire/wheel and vehicleeffects. It has been performed jointly by a car and a tire

manufacturer. This decomposition involves blocked forcesand vibroacoustic frequency response functions, both re-quiring specific setups to be measured on a roller bench.As road noise is a random process, a principal componentanalysis has to be performed on tire/wheel blocked forcesto properly handle dynamic excitations. Since the inter-


face between wheel and suspension is rather stiff, the qual-ity of tire/wheel blocked forces measurement strongly relyon bench test characteristics. In addition, comparisonsbetween results coming from tire and car manufacturersmay be distorted due to differences of road surfaces ofrollers. Another difficulty is related to rotating effects that

can’t be neglected and which can alter the quality of theroad noise recomposition. One challenge still remains tomeasure transfer functions in operating conditions. Whenhandled with care, those items lead to pretty good results.Tire/wheel and vehicle effects on interior road noise canthen be separated.


Tire-Wheel-Cavity dynamic model for Structure-borne road noise simulation – (Contributed, 000698)

J.F. Beniguela, A. Gaudinb, Z. Abbadib and D. Le Pena

aMFPM, Place des Carmes Dechaux, 63040 Clermont Ferrand Cedex 09, France; bPSA Peugeot Citroen, Route de GISY, 78943

Velizy Villacoublay, France


Current tire-wheel models used for structure borne noisesimulation are valid up to 200Hz. This limit is mainly dueto the lack of tire cavity modes as well as wheel flexibility.Both have a strong effect on forced dynamic responses atwheel center in medium frequency range. Even if the cur-rent model is efficient regarding comfort simulation, a newone had to be developed to improve road noise forecast. Inthe scope of a partnership between PSA Peugeot Citroenand Michelin Company, the paper deals with the develop-

ment of a dynamic sub-structured model of a tire wheelassembly -including the air cavity- and its usage for carand tire manufacturers. This new model is a step forwardin tire wheel assembly simulation in mid-frequency range,taken into account the interactions between all fluid andstructural components. Unfortunately, some new techni-cal challenges already appear that will be discussed: in-tegration of rotating effects, understanding of the groundexcitation in the contact patch area.


A fast algorithm for computing dynamic tyre road contact forces – (Contributed, 000219)

D. Duhamela, R. Meftaha, J. Cesbronb and H.-P. Yina

aUniversite Paris-Est - UMR Navier, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 6&8 av. Blaise Pascal - Champs-sur-Marne, 77455 Marne La Vallee

Cedex 2, France; bLUNAM Universite, IFSTTAR, IM, EASE, Route de Bouaye, 44344 Bouguenais, France


An efficient contact model is presented for computing tyreroad contact forces in the context of tyre noise predic-tion. Green’s functions of the tyres are decomposed on amodal basis allowing fast convolutions for computing dy-namic tyre displacements from contact forces. The contactcondition involves the continuity of displacements and ve-locities at contact points between the road and the tyre.The contact forces are then determined from the contact

condition at each time step. This method is compared topenalty methods and is found to be more stable, while themodal convolution leads to important reductions in com-puting times. Different examples of contact forces com-putations are presented, first for model road surfaces andthen for realistic road surfaces. Spectral contents of theforces are compared for these different road surfaces andtyre velocities.


Influence of the road texture anisotropy on the noise radiated by a slick tyre – (Contributed, 000376)

P. KleinIfsttar, 25, avenue Francois Mitterrand, 69675 Bron, France


The road texture plays a fundamental role in the tyre/roadnoise generation. Bi-dimensional profiles are often used toevaluate the performances of road surfaces as regards therolling noise emission. In order to predict noise levels frombi-dimensional longitudinal texture profiles, assumptionsconcerning the three-dimensional distribution propertiesof the road surface are required. If these assumptions are

not met, a deviation may occur in the noise level evalua-tion.

This paper aims at providing an insight into the expectedradiated noise level variability due to possible texture an-isotropy in the case of a slick tyre. The approach used inthis paper is based on simulation tools intended to pro-vide texture and noise data which are statistically an-


alyzed afterwards. Three-dimensional gaussian randomtexture fields are numerically generated from a known bi-dimensional texture power spectral density assuming ellip-tical anisotropy. These texture fields are used as input of adynamic rolling model that provides the radial vibration

of the tyre belt. The resulting radiated noise levels areevaluated with a BEM model. The relationships obtainedbetween the elliptical anisotropy rating and the calculatednoise levels are presented and discussed.


Low frequency statistical estimation of rolling noise from numerical tyre/road contact pressures –(Contributed, 000084)

G. Duboisa, J. Cesbrona, F. Anfosso-Ledeea and H.-P. Yinb

aLUNAM Universite, IFSTTAR, IM, EASE, Route de Bouaye, 44344 Bouguenais, France; bUniversite Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier,

ENPC, 6-8, avenue Blaise Pascal, 77455 Marne-La-Vallee, France


The paper deals with the relation between numerical con-tact data and close-proximity (CPX) noise measurements.The noise was measured on several road surfaces togetherwith the texture in three dimensions on two-meter-longsections. A multi-asperity contact model was used to ob-tain successively the contact forces distribution and thecontact pressure distribution between a patterned stan-dard tyre and the road during rolling. The correlation

between third-octave contact force levels and noise lev-els was studied on a set of ten surfaces. A high positivecorrelation is found at low frequency below 800 Hz, whichallows the estimation of noise levels by means of statisticalrelations for each third-octave band between 315 Hz and800 Hz. The results of the model are discussed in relationto the standard deviation of CPX measurements.


A comparative study of time delay estimation techniques for road vehicle tracking – (Contributed, 000462)

P. Marmaroli, X. Falourd and H. LissekEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IEL LEMA, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland


This paper addresses road traffic monitoring using passiveacoustic sensing. Recently, the feasibility of the wheelbaselength estimation of a road vehicle using one compact mi-crophone array, laid out near the road, has been demon-strated. In essence, the directions of arrival of each incom-ing sound waves related to the tyre noise are discriminatedduring the pass-by of the vehicle thanks to a time delayestimation (TDE) technique between signals acquired bydistant microphones. The tracking of each DOA is per-

formed thanks to a sequential Monte-Carlo method, alsoknown as particle filtering. This allows the estimation ofthe trajectory of each wideband moving sound sources;these lasts are identified as axles of the vehicle, the wheel-base length is then recursively estimated. As many TDEtechniques are available in the literature, the study investi-gates their usefulness and their ability to deliver the besttyre noise detection and to feed the tracking algorithmgiving kinematics of the axles of the tracked vehicle.

Fri 9:00 Ray STEPHENS ED-G01: Education in acoustics

Cheap acoustics as a learning methodology – (Invited, 000002)

S. DanceLondon South Bank University, FESBE, Borough Road, SE1 0AA London, UK


The master program in Environmental and ArchitecturalAcoustics (MSc) from London South Bank University istaught at the Department of Urban Engineering. Thiswas the first Masters course at the University and has beenrunning for more than 30 years. The MSc program has areal world problem solving in the built environment. TheMasters students spend 50% of the time in the laboratory

undertaken practical experiments, which culminates witha mini-project to create a cheap solution to an acousticproblem which may or may not meet the requisite stan-dards for compliance. This paper will describe the suc-cesses and failures of the students through the use of casestudies



Masters course in Acoustics at London South Bank University - A route on to our PhD programme –(Contributed, 000003)

S. DanceLondon South Bank University, FESBE, Borough Road, SE1 0AA London, UK


The Masters program in Environmental and ArchitecturalAcoustics (MSc) from London South Bank University istaught at the Department of Urban Engineering. Thiswas the first Masters course at the University and hasbeen running for more than 30 years. The MSc programis delivered on a two and five semester basis depending iftaken on a full-time or part-time basis with a two semesterexemption if the applicant have already been award an In-stitute of Acoustic Diploma. The course is focused on the

application of tools to solve real world acoustic problems inthe built environment. The Masters students spend 50%of the time in the laboratory undertaken practicals whicheither prove or disprove classical acoustic theory using thevery latest acoustics equipment. The course culminateswith a thesis which the student normally undertakes overthe summer. The best dissertations are then put forwardfor international awards and the students get to go to annational or international conference


Collaborative learning in an University – (Contributed, 000230)

J.-M. Genevaux and A. PelatLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


According to the ICEM movement, several teachers fromUniversite du Mans propose a pedagogy based on a col-laborative learning principle between the students. Theclassical French teaching model has been replaced for 2years by an alternative method including the four follow-ing steps: i) individual silent lecture of the lesson to dis-cover the main concepts, ii) session of questions and an-swers between the students and the teacher to clarify someunclear points, iii) appropriation of the concepts by solv-ing several short self-correcting exercises called ”patentsı,iv) passing individually exercises of increasing difficulty

called ”beltsı to validate the level of the student in thecourse when he considers that he is ready to try it. Toencourage a collaborative work between the students, foreach ”patentı is chosen a student referee. Then, duringthe time dedicated for solving the ”patentsı, the studentsare working in small groups and have a tetrahedron toindicate his status: ”i am workingı, ”i have a non-urgentquestionı, ”i need help from the referent-student or theteacherı. The presentation of this pedagogy will be madeby the observation of a group of students working duringthe congress.


The IOA diploma in acoustics and noise control – (Contributed, 000293)

B. PetersInstitute of Acoustics, 46 Saint Barnabas Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM1 4NS Surrey, UK


The IOA Diploma was started in 1975 to satisfy the ed-ucational requirements for Associate membership of theInstitute. Since then over 2000 candidates have gainedthe Diploma and have gone on to become corporate mem-bers of the Institute. The Diploma is offered currently atsix Higher Education Institutions in the UK and throughtutored distance learning supported by extensive coursematerials. The author has a long experience of teachingthe IOA Diploma course, is the current Project Examiner

and has contributed to the distance learning notes. Themain pedagogical features of the course, particularly of thetutored Distance learning version, which relies on printedteaching materials, supplemented by compulsory labora-tory sessions (4 days) and a programme of (optional) tuto-rials, are described. Statistics will be presented to demon-strate the effective of the course, together with examplestaken from course materials, assignments, laboratory ex-ercises, examinations and project investigations.



Two examples of education in Acoustics for undergraduate and young postgraduate students – (Contributed,

000465)

B. Gazengel and C. AyraultLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9


This paper deals with two projects dedicated to youngstudents in acoustics. First project is dedicated to under-graduate students and deals with the presentation of gen-eral acoustic concepts by means of musical approaches.In this project untitled ”scientific concertsı, we presentthe three characteristics of sound (intensity, pitch, timber)using multimedia animations with scientific presentationsupported by music played in real time by professionalmusicians. The presentation will show examples of ani-mations presented to students.

Second project is dedicated to young postgraduate stu-dents who are entering the university (semester 1). Theaim of this course is to discover the phenomenon ofacoustic propagation outdoors and to use the scientificmethod (question, hypothesis, experiment, prediction,evaluation). This project is a mix between the ProblemBased Learning (PBL) method and the classical teaching(course, exercises). The presentation will show the struc-ture of the course and some examples of results obtainedby the students.


Electroacoustic lectures on the web – (Contributed, 000532)

P. Lottona, H. Lissekb, M. Melonc, P. Herzogd and D. MazzonidaLaboratoire d’acoustique de l’universite du Maine, Bat. IAM - UFR Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9;bEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IEL LEMA, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; cConservatoire National des Arts

et Metiers, 292 rue Saint-Martin 75141 Paris Cedex 03; dLMA, CNRS, UPR 7051, Aix-Marseille Univ, Centrale Marseille, 13402

Marseille, France


An educational collaborative project funded by the foun-dation ”Universite Numerique Ingenierie et Technologie”(UNIT), has been recently launched. This project aims atcreating a set of lectures on electroacoustics fitted to theweb media. The aim of these lectures is to constitute freepedagogical resources available on line. Both basic notions(electro-mechanical or -acoustical analogies, transductionprinciples, etc.) and practical cases (loudspeaker charac-terisation, enclosures design, etc.) will be presented, mak-

ing use of available numerical facilities (interactivity, ani-mations, videos, bank of sounds, etc.). Exercises will alsobe created, allowing the auto-evaluation of the E-learners.All these courses will be presented with a same graphi-cal chart and developed in the SCENARI format. Duringthe presentation, examples of preliminary realisations willbe shown and the pros and the cons of this educationalapproach will be discussed.


Introducing acoustics to classical musicians – (Contributed, 000857)

G. Zepidoua and S. Danceb

aBureau Veritas, 180 Borough High Street, SE1 1LP London, UK; bLondon South Bank University, FESBE, Borough Road, SE1 0AA

London, UK


Since the enforcement of the UK Control of Noise atWork Regulations in 2006 and over the last five years, theAcoustics Group of London South Bank University hasbeen collaborating with the musicians and managementof the Royal Academy of Music (RAM). The aim of theRAM noise project was to protect musicians from exces-sive sound exposure and the risk of noise-induced hearingloss and has been, from the very start, focused on the ed-ucation of young and professional musicians. A series ofseminars have been prepared for the musicians, explain-

ing basic acoustic principles in more music related terms.Presentations are also enhanced by live musical demon-strations. This paper presents the approach taken in edu-cating musicians in acoustics and audiology to help themunderstand the dangers and risks of excessive sound expo-sure and protect themselves from further/future hearingdamage. The evolution of educational techniques duringthe RAM project, as a result of successes and failures,and their application on the professional musicians of theLondon Philharmonic Orchestra, is also discussed.


Fri 13:40 Lord RAYLEIGH HS-G01: Hearing and speech

Fixed sound source localization in reverberant environments using a multi-microphone set – (Contributed,

000821)

H. Meraoubia and B. Boudraab

aCDTA, Cite 20 aout 1956 Baba Hassen, 16030 Algiers, Algeria; bUSTHB,Laboratoire de Communication Parlee etTraitement du

Signal, B.P. 32, El-Alia, Bab-Ezzouar, 16111 Alger, Algeria


The aim of this study is the implementation of algorithmsfor locating a fixed sound source using a set of 4 micro-phones, arranged in a linear geometry and whose inter-microphone distances are known. The first results concernthe duration of treatments to detect the arrival directionof the incident wave in reverberant environments. In theseries of tests conducted in this work, we keep constantboth the sampling frequency (Fe= 44100Hz) as soon asthe distance d between microphones. Then, we vary theangle of incidence of the sound signal. The tests wererepeated for different lengths of analysis windows. The

tests were carried out in a reverberant room and with asignificant background noise. As the most applicationsare conducted in reverberant rooms, the signals receivedby a sensor are the sum signals provided by both the di-rect path and the reflected ones through walls or otherobstacles. The present study helps us to rapidly locate afixed source for treatment times of 1*N to 20*N ( N=1024samples ). So, the good detection of a sound source in a re-verberating room is obtained by taking only the beginningof the recording files corresponding to the 4 microphonesof the array.


Formant frequencies of British English vowels produced by native speakers of Farsi – (Contributed,

000036)

G. Hunter and H. KebedeFaculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, KT1 2EE Kingston Upon Thames, UK


In this paper, we discuss issues relating to phoneme (inparticular, vowel) production in a subject’s second lan-guage, focusing on the vowel systems of Standard SouthernBritish English (SSBE) and Farsi (Persian). We describe astudy wherein first language Farsi speakers who were expe-rienced second language speakers of SSBE were recorded

attempting to produce SSBE vowels in words within astandard carrier phrase. The first and second formantsof the vowels so produced were measured, and the resultscompared with measurements of SSBE and Farsi vowelsproduced by first language(L1) speakers of each from pre-vious studies.


Prediction of the sound pressure at the ear drum for open fittings – (Contributed, 000154)

T. Sankowsky-Rothea, M. Blaua, H. Mojallalb, M. Teschnerb and C. Thieleb

aInstitut fur Hortechnik und Audiologie, Jade Hochschule, Ofener Str. 16/19, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany; bKlinik und Poliklinik fur

Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neubergstr. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany


The fitting of hearing aids requires knowledge of the soundpressure generated at the ear drum. Traditionally, thesound pressure at the ear drum is estimated by the use ofa model of an average ear canal (e.g. a coupler), but ob-viously, such a model cannot account for inter-individualdifferences. A better practice, but difficult, is the mea-surement at the ear drum with a probe-microphone. Al-ternatively, the sound pressure at the ear drum can bepredicted by measurements away from the ear drum. Twomethods, one of them based on the phase of the reflectance

measured at the ear mold, and the other one based on min-ima of the sound pressure measured in the ear canal a fewmillimeters away from the ear mold, were investigated forthe use with vented hearing aids. The methods to predictthe sound pressure at the ear drum for vented hearing aidswill be presented. A preliminary validation by probe tubemeasurements in 20 ears shows that the accuracy of thepredictions is close to what could be obtained with closedfittings, with a few excaptions that will be discussed.



Influence of headphone position in pure-tone audiometry – (Contributed, 000472)

M. Paquiera, V. Koehla and B. Jantzemb

aUniversite de Bretagne Occidentale, 6, avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France; bCentre Auditif Entendre,

4, square Commandant L’Herminier, 29200 Brest, France


Pure-tone audiometry (measurement of absolute thresh-olds using pure tones) is the main test for the diagnosis ofhearing loss. It can be achieved by using either air con-duction (with headphones or loudspeakers) or bone con-duction (by placing a vibrator on the mastoid bone behindthe ear). The HeadPhone Transfer Function (HPTF) de-scribes both the headphone response and the coupling to alistener’s ear. Recent papers indicated that modificationsof headphone position can lead to changes in HPTF, andthat these spectral modifications can be audible. The aimof the present study is to determine whether the head-

phone placement over a listener’s ears has an influence onpure-tone audiometric tests. Audiograms were performedseveral times on normal-hearing subjects, for differentheadphone positions (obtained by placing/removing theheadphone over the listener’s ears), the absolute thresh-olds measurements being repeated for each headphone po-sition. The dispersions of absolute thresholds with andwithout modification of the headphone position were com-pared in order to determine whether the headphone posi-tionning is an issue for audiometric tests.


The impact of vibrato usage on the perception of pitch in early music compared to grand opera –(Contributed, 000789)

H. Daffern, J. Brereton and D. M. HowardUniversity of York, Audio Lab, Electronics department, Heslington, YO10 5DD York, UK


Previous studies on the pitch of long-duration vibratotones have typically used synthesised frequency modu-lated tones to assess the perceived pitch in relation to itsmean fundamental frequency. In this study a listeningtest was conducted with expert listener subjects matchingrecorded vibrato tones sung by professional singers usinga method of adjustment within a free response paradigmas employed by van Besouw et al. 2009. Tones from re-cordings by 16 singers were used in the test, 8 of whomwere employed at the Royal Opera House, Covent Gar-

den, and the remaining singers specialised in Early MusicPerformance. A previous study in the vibrato usage bythese singers shows a noticeable difference in the use ofvibrato between these performance groups, particularly inextent, throughout long tones (Daffern, 2008). The impactof these differences in vibrato will be assessed in terms ofthe perception of pitch in long tones as performed by thetwo groups of singers, and the effectiveness of using realrecordings to assess listener perception of vibrato toneswill be discussed.


A-M I S-P-EA-K-I-NG C- L- E- AR- L- Y E-N-OU-GH?: An investigation of the possible role of vowelhyperarticulation in speech communication – (Contributed, 000529)

J. Kangatharan, M. Uther, L. K. Kuhn and F. GobetBrunel University, Kingston Lane, UB8 3PH Uxbridge, UK


Speech aimed at infants and foreigners has been reportedto include the physical exaggeration of vowels, that isvowel hyperarticulation. Although infants have beendemonstrated to experience hyperarticulated vowels as im-proved examples of vowel categories, little research hasbeen done on whether vowel hyperarticulation occurs as aresult of foreign appearance, foreign accent or as a conse-quence of looking and sounding foreign.The present study therefore explored if appearance andspeech separately affect the native speakers’ hyperarticu-lation. Sixty White British adult speakers communicated

with one of four different confederate groups to solve threemodified DiapixUK tasks. Preliminary results might in-dicate that vowel hyperarticulation may be generalizableas a didactic instrument used to teach language learners.Vowel space for each target vowel seemed to be signifi-cantly larger in speech directed to foreign individuals withforeign accent than to foreign individuals with native ac-cent. Future studies will be conducted to ascertain whichspeech samples help native speakers to understand speechbetter.



An open source speech synthesis module for a visual-speech recognition system – (Contributed, 000730)

S. Manitsarisa, B. Denbya, F. Xavierb, J. Caia, M. Stonec, P. Roussela and G. DreyfusaaLaboratoire Signaux, Modeles et Apprentissage Statistique, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris cedex 05; bLaboratoire traitement et

communication de l’information, 46 Rue Barrault 75013 Paris; cUniversity of Maryland, University of Maryland, College Park, MD

20742, USA


A Silent Speech Interface (SSI) is a voice replacementtechnology that permits speech communication withoutvocalisation. The visual-speech recognition engine of theproposed SSI is based on vocal tract imaging. The sys-tem aims to give the laryngectomised speaker the oppor-tunity to speak with his/her original voice. This paperpresents the speech synthesis module of a SSI that usesthe open-source MaryTTS (Text-To-Speech). The visual-speech recognition engine of the SSI outputs a text sen-

tence, which is imported to the speech synthesis modulein order to synthesise speech in French or English. A newmodule of phonetic transcription has been developed andintegrated into MaryTTS. In addition, English and Frenchsemi-HMM (Hidden Markov Models) model voices havebeen built. The SSI can be remotely controlled using amobile device and the new voices are installed in a WebServer.


AUTHOR INDEX

Aassif, E.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 251, 253, 255Abbadi, Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Abbas, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Abd El-Rahman, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Abdel-Rahman, E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135, 240Abed-Meraım, K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Abellard, A.-P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Abidat, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237, 239Ablitzer, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248Aboudaoud, I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 72, 221, 251Abraham, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 93, 258Achaoui, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292Achdjian, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Adam, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329Adam, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233Addakiri, K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Addouche, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292Aeron, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Aflalo, E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223, 226Aired, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184, 188Aizenberg, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Akamatsu, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Akemi, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Akhmedzhanov, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Al Qahtani, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Alba, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 334Aletta, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Ali, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Alia, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Almeida, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 194, 194Almeras, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Alzuaga, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283Amadu, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Amoroso, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300Anagnostou, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180, 286Anane, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Andeol, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Andre, B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135, 232Andreev, V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Andrieu, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Andringa, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204, 208Anfosso-Ledee, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340Antani, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Antebas, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Antoni, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132Antunes, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Aouzale, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Aramaki, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103, 169Arciniegas, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Aristegui, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158, 159Arnal, B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Arnaud, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Arnould, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Arora, V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Arthaud, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282Asfar, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

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Table of contents - DC/ConfOrg - Accélérateur de Congrès · PDF...

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