The Cannabis Research Library

Table of Contents

Aging

Berrendero F. Romero J. Garcia-Gil L. Suarez I. De la Cruz P. Ramos JA. Fernandez-Ruiz JJ. Changes in cannabinoid receptor binding and mRNA levels in several brain regions of aged rats. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1407(3):205-14, 1998 Sep 30.

Elwan O. Hassan AA. Abdel Naseer M. Elwan F. Deif R. El Serafy O. El Banhawy E. El Fatatry M. Brain aging in a sample of normal Egyptians cognition, education, addiction and smoking. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 148(1):79-86, 1997 May 1.

Lyketsos CG. Garrett E. Liang KY. Anthony JC. Cannabis use and cognitive decline in persons under 65 years of age. American Journal of Epidemiology. 149(9):794-800, 1999 May 1.

Sidney S. Beck JE. Tekawa IS. Quesenberry CP. Friedman GD. Marijuana use and mortality.American Journal of Public Health. 87(4):585-90, 1997 Apr.

Andreas Zimmer*,, Anne M. Zimmer*, Andrea G. Hohmann, Miles Herkenham, and Tom I. Bonner* Increased mortality, hypoactivity, and hypoalgesia in cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice PNAS, Vol. 96, Issue 10, 5780-5785, May 11, 1999

Apoptosis and Proliferation

Maurizio Bifulco, Chiara Laezza, Giuseppe Portella, Mario Vitale, Pierangelo Orlando, Luciano De Petrocellis, and Vincenzo Di Marzo ! Control by the endogenous cannabinoid system of ras oncogene-dependent tumor growth. The FASEB Journal express article 10.1096/fj.01-0320fje. Published online October 29, 2001.

Bisogno T. Katayama K. Melck D. Ueda N. De Petrocellis L. Yamamoto S. Di Marzo V. Biosynthesis and degradation of bioactive fatty acid amides in human breast cancer and rat pheochromocytoma cells--implications for cell proliferation and differentiation. European Journal of Biochemistry. 254(3):634-42, 1998 Jun 15. De Petrocellis L. Melck D. Palmisano A. Bisogno T. Laezza C. Bifulco M. Di Marzo V. The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95(14):8375-80, 1998 Jul 7.

Luciano De Petrocellis, Dominique Melck, Tiziana Bisogno, Vincenzo Di Marzo. Endocannabinoids and fatty acid amides in cancer, inflammation and related disorders. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 108 (2000) 191-209

Vincenzo Di Marzo, Tiziana Bisogno, Luciano De Petrocellis, Dominique Melck, Pierangelo Orlando, Jens A. Wagner, and George Kunos. Biosynthesis and inactivation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol in circulating and tumoral macrophages. Eur J Biochem 1999 264: 258-267

Ismael Galve-Roperh1, 3, Cristina Sánchez1, 3, María Luisa Cortés2, Teresa Gómez del Pulgar1, Marta Izquierdo2 & Manuel Guzmán1 Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids: Involvement of sustained ceramide

accumulation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Nature Medicine, March 2000 Volume 6 Number 3 pp 313 - 319

David Gurwitz. Selective CB 2 cannabinoid antagonists - potential new immune modulators?Emerging molecular targets [Profiles] Drug Discovery Today, 1998, 3:8:388-389

STIG O. P. JACOBSSON, THOMAS WALLIN, and CHRISTOPHER J. FOWLER. Inhibition of Rat C6 Glioma Cell Proliferation by Endogenous and Synthetic Cannabinoids. Relative Involvement of Cannabinoid and Vanilloid Receptors. JPET 299:951-959, 2001

Labit-Le Bouteiller C. Jamme MF. David M. Silve S. Lanau C. Dhers C. Picard C. Rahier A. Taton M. Loison G. Caput D. Ferrara P. Lupker J. Antiproliferative effects of SR31747A in animal cell lines are mediated by inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis at the sterol isomerase step. European Journal of Biochemistry. 256(2):342-9, 1998 Sep 1.

Maccarrone, M; et.al.; Anandamide induces Apoptosis in Human Cells via Vanilloid Receptors: evidence for a protective role of cannabinoid receptors. J Biol Chem, vol 275:41 Oct 13, 2000, 31938-31945

Mackie, K & Hille, B; Cannabinoids Inhibit N-Type Calcium Channels in Neuroblastoma-Glioma Cells. PNAS, vol 89:9 (May 1, 1992), 3825-3829

Mao, L & Oh, Y; Does Marijuana or Crack Cocaine Cause Cancer? JNCI, Vol. 90, no. 16, Aug. 19, 1998, 1182-1184

Munson AE. Harris LS. Friedman MA. Dewey WL. Carchman RA. Antineoplastic activity of cannabinoids. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 55(3):597-602, 1975 Sep.

Murison, G; et.al.; Cannabinoids Induce Incomplete Maturation of Cultured Human Leukemia Cells. PNAS, Vol 84:15 (Aug. 1, 1987), 5414-5418

NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 1-Trans-Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (CAS No. 1972-08-3) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F(1) Mice (Gavage Studies); NTP TR 446, NIH Publication No. 94-3362, of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Nov.1996

Piomelli D. Pot of Gold for Glioma Therapy. Nature Medicine, March 2000 Volume 6 Number 3 pp 255-256.

DANIEL RUEDA, ISMAEL GALVE-ROPERH, AMADOR HARO, and MANUEL GUZM ´ AN. The CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Is Coupled to the Activation of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase. MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY Vol. 58, No. 4 :814-820,

Cristina Sánchez, Ismael Galve-Roperh, Cecile Canova, Philippe Brachet, Manuel Guzmán Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol induces apoptosis in C6 glioma cells. Febs Letters Vol. 436 (1) pp. 6-10.

Theodore A. Sarafian, Donald P. Tashkin, and Michael D. Roth. Marijuana Smoke and D9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Promote Necrotic Cell Death but Inhibit Fas-Mediated Apoptosis. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 174, 264-272 (2001)

Schwarz H et.al. Anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and induces apoptosis. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 55 (1994) 107-115.

Weigang Zhu, Herman Friedman and Thomas W. Klein. delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Induces Apoptosis in Macrophages and Lymphocytes: Involvement of Bcl-2 and Caspase-11. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 286, Issue 2, 1103-1109, August 1998.

Li X. Zhu, Sherven Sharma, Marina Stolina, Brian Gardner, Michael D. Roth, Donald P. Tashkin and Steven M. Dubinett. Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Inhibits Antitumor Immunity by a CB2 Receptor-Mediated, Cytokine-Dependent Pathway. Journal of Immunology Volume 165 Issue 1 p 373 - 380. July 2000

Behavior, Learning and Addiction

Aceto MD. Scates SM. Razdan RK. Martin BR. Anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid, has a very low physical dependence potential. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 287(2):598-605, 1998 Nov.

Annette L. Beautrais; Peter R. Joyce; Roger T. Mulder. Cannabis abuse and serious suicide attempts. Addiction 1999 Volume: 94 Number: 8 Pages: 1155-1164

Patrick M. Beardsley * , Mario E. Dance, Robert L. Balster, Patrik Munzar. Evaluation of the reinforcing effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, SR141716, in rhesus monkeys. European Journal of Pharmacology 435 (2002) 209- 216

Margery C. Beinfeld * , Kelly Connolly. Activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in rat hippocampalslices inhibits potassium-evoked cholecystokinin release, a possible mechanism contributing to the spatial memory defects produced by cannabinoids. Neuroscience Letters 301 (2001) 69±71

Boyle, MH et.al. Familial Influences on Substance Use by Adolescents and Young Adults. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique Volume 92. No.3 2001

Brodkin J. Moerschbaecher JM. SR141716A antagonizes the disruptive effects of cannabinoid ligands on learning in rats. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 282(3):1526-32, 1997 Sep. Brook JS et.al. Risk Factors for Adolescent Marijuana Use Across Cultures and Across Time. The Journal of Gentic Psychology, 2001, 162(3). 357-374

Alan J. Budney; Warren K. Bickel; Leslie Amass. Marijuana use and treatment outcome among opioid-dependent patients. Addiction 1998 Volume: 93 Number: 4 Pages: 493-503

Alan J. Budney; Pamela L. Novy; John R. Hughes. Marijuana withdrawal among adults seeking treatment for marijuana dependence. Addiction 1999 Volume: 94 Number: 9 Pages: 1311-1322

D. Carriero, J. Aberman, S. Y. Lin, A. Hill, A. Makriyannis, J. D. Salamone. original investigation: A detailed characterization of the effects of four cannabinoid agonists on operant lever pressing. Psychopharmacology, Volume 137 Issue 2 (1998) pp 147-156 Casswell, S; Marks, DF; Cannabis and temporal Disintegration in Experienced and naive Subjects, Science Vol 179, 23 Feb 1973, 803-805 Chaperon F. Soubrie P. Puech AJ. Thiebot MH. Involvement of central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors in the establishment of place conditioning in rats. Psychopharmacology. 135(4):324-32, 1998 Feb.

* Arthur Christopoulos , Kathryn Wilson. Interaction of anandamide with the M1 and M4 muscarinicacetylcholine receptors. Brain Research 915 (2001) 70-78

Colombo G. Agabio R. Diaz G. Lobina C. Reali R. Gessa GL. Appetite suppression and weight loss after the cannabinoid antagonist SR 141716. Life Sciences. 63(8):PL113-7, 1998.

Stacie A. Cook, John A. Lowe and Billy R. Martin. CB1 Receptor Antagonist Precipitates Withdrawal in Mice Exposed to 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol1. Psychopharmacology, Vol. 285, Issue 3, 1150-1156, June 1998

George E. Da Silva, Reinaldo N. Takahashi*. SR 141716A prevents _ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced spatial learning deficit in a Morris-type water maze in mice. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 26 (2002) 321- 325

Marco Diana*,, Miriam Melis, Anna Lisa Muntoni, and Gian Luigi Gessa. Mesolimbic dopaminergic decline after cannabinoid withdrawal. Pharmacology, Vol. 95, Issue 17, 10269-10273, August 18, 1998.

Hannelore Ehrenreich, Thomas Rinn, Hanns J. Kunert, Manfred R. Moeller (3), Wolfgang Poser, Lothar Schilling, Gerd Gigerenzer, Margret R. Hoehe original investigation: Specific attentional dysfunction in adults following early start of cannabis use. Psychopharmacology, Volume 142 Issue 3 (1999) pp 295-301 Ethan Russo, et al, Chronic Cannabis Users in the Compassionate Investigational New Drug Program, Journal of Cannabis Theraputics., Vol. 2(1) 2002.

Fendrich, M & Vaughn, CM; Diminished Lifetime Substance Use Over Time: An Inquiry Into Differential Underreporting. Pub Op Quart, Vol 58:1 (spring 1994) 96-123

Ferguson, DM & Horwood, J; Does cannabis use encourage other forms of illicit drug use? Addiction(2000) 95(4), 505-520

F. Ferrari*, A. Ottani, D. Giuliani. Inhibitory effects of the cannabinoid agonist HU 210 on rat sexual behaviour. Physiology & Behavior 69 (2000) 547-554

Fowler, FJ and Stringfellow, VL. Learning from experience: estimating teen use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana from three survey protocols. J Drug Issues 31(3), 643-664, 2001

French ED. Dillon K. Wu X. Cannabinoids excite dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra. Neuroreport. 8(3):649-52, 1997 Feb 10

Peter Fried, Barbara Watkinson, Deborah James, Robert Gray. Current and former marijuana use: preliminary findings of a longitudinal study of effects on IQ in young adults. CMAJ APR. 2, 2002; 16 �(7)

Gardner EL. Vorel SR. Cannabinoid transmission and reward-related events. [Review] [314 refs]Neurobiology of Disease. 5(6 Pt B):502-33, 1998 Dec.

Sandy Ghozland,1 Hans W. D. Matthes,2 Frederic Simonin,2 Dominique Filliol,2 Brigitte L. Kieffer,2 andRafael Maldonado. Motivational Effects of Cannabinoids Are Mediated by _-Opioid and _-Opioid Receptors. The Journal of Neuroscience, February 1, 2002, 22(3):1146-1154

Ginsberg, IJ & Greenly, JR; Competing Theories of Marijuana Use: A Longitudinal Study. J Health Soc Beh, vol 19:1 (Mar 1978), 22-34

Giuliani, D. et.al. the cannabinoid receptor agonist HU 210 modifies rat behavioral responses to novelty and stress. Pharmacological Research, vol 41, no 1, 2000, 47-53

Golub, A; et.al.; Response Reliablity and the Study of Adolescent Substance Use Progression. J Drug Iss, 30(1), 103-118, 2000

Golub, AL; Johnson, BD; Alcohol is not the Gateway to Hard Drug Abuse. J Drug Iss, 28(4), 971-984, 1998

T.J. Graceffo and J. K. Robinson. DELTA-9-TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC) FAILS TO STIMULATE CONSUMPTION OF A HIGHLY PALATABLE FOOD IN THE RAT. Life Sciences, Vol. 62, No. 8, pp. PL 85-88, 1998

Mark K. Greenwald & Maxine L. Stitzer. Antinociceptive, subjective and behavioral effects of smoked marijuana in humans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2000, 59:3:261 - 275

Hampson RE. Deadwyler SA. Role of cannabinoid receptors in memory storage. Neurobiology of Disease. 5(6 Pt B):474-82, 1998 Dec.

Hampson, RE; Deadwyler, SA; Cannabinoids Reveal the Necessity of Hippocampal Neural Encoding for Short-Term Memory in Rats. J Neurosci, Dec 1, 2000, 20(23) 8932-8942

M. Haney, Amie S. Ward, Sandra D. Comer, Richard W. Foltin, Marian W. Fischman. original investigation: Abstinence symptoms following smoked marijuana in humansPsychopharmacology, Volume 141 Issue 4 (1999) pp 395-404.

Shuzhen Hao, Yosefa Avraham, Raphael Mechoulam & Elliot M. Berry. Low dose anandamide affects food intake, cognitive function, neurotransmitter and corticosterone levels in diet-restricted mice. European Journal of Pharmacology, 2000, 392:3:147-156

Salvador Huitron-Resendiz, Lhys Gombart, Benjamin F. Cravatt, and Steven J. Henriksen. Effect of Oleamide on Sleep and Its Relationship to Blood Pressure, Body Temperature, and Locomotor Activity in Rats. Experimental Neurology 172, 235-243 (2001)

Hutcheson DM. Tzavara ET. Smadja C. Valjent E. Roques BP. Hanoune J. Maldonado R. Behavioural and biochemical evidence for signs of abstinence in mice chronically treated with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. British Journal of Pharmacology. 125(7):1567-77, 1998 Dec.

Jano J. Janoyan, Jennifer L. Crim, Nissar A. Darmani*. Reversal of SR 141716A-induced head-twitch and ear-scratch responses in mice by _ 9-THC and other cannabinoids. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 71 (2002) 155- 162

T. U. C. Järbe, R. J. Lamb, A. Makriyannis, S. Lin, A. Goutopoulos. original investigation: <Delta>9-THC training dose as a determinant for (R)-methanandamide generalization in rats. Psychopharmacology, Volume 140 Issue 4 (1998) pp 519-522

Jentsch JD. Wise A. Katz Z. Roth RH. Alpha-noradrenergic receptor modulation of the phencyclidine- and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced increases in dopamine utilization in rat prefrontal cortex. Synapse. 28(1):21-6, 1998 Jan.

Jones RT. Benowitz NL. Herning RI. Clinical relevance of cannabis tolerance and dependence. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 21(8-9 Suppl):143S-152S, 1981 Aug-Sep.

Klonoff, H; Marijuana and Driving in Real-Life Situations. Science, vol 186:4161 (Oct 25, 1974), 317-324

Elena M. Kouri, Harrison G. Pope Jr, Scott E. Lukas. original investigation: Changes in aggressive behavior during withdrawal from long-term marijuana use. Psychopharmacology, Volume 143 Issue 3 (1999) pp 302-308.

Jodie Lawston, Alice Borella, John K. Robinson, Patricia M. Whitaker-Azmitia. Changes in hippocampal morphology following chronic treatment with the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2. Brain Research 877 (2000) 407-410

Ledent C. Valverde O. Cossu G. Petitet F. Aubert JF. Beslot F. Bohme GA. Imperato A. Pedrazzini T. Roques BP. Vassart G. Fratta W. Parmentier M. Unresponsiveness to cannabinoids and reduced addictive effects of opiates in CB1 receptor knockout mice. Science. 283(5400):401-4, 1999 Jan 15. Aron H. Lichtman. SR 141716A enhances spatial memory as assessed in a radial-armmaze task in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 404 2000 175-179 Lynsky, M & Hall, W; The Effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: a review. Addiction (2000) 95(11), 1621-1630

Rafael Maldonado 1 and Fernando Rodri´guez de Fonseca. Cannabinoid Addiction: Behavioral Models and Neural Correlates. The Journal of Neuroscience, May 1, 2002, 22(9):3326-3331

Mallet PE. Beninger RJ. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A attenuates the memory impairment produced by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol or anandamide. Psychopharmacology. 140(1):11-9, 1998 Nov.

Martellotta MC. Cossu G. Fattore L. Gessa GL. Fratta W. Self-administration of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 in drug-naive mice. Neuroscience. 85(2):327-30, 1998 Jul.

Martin, P & Consroe, P; Cannabinoid Induced Behavioral Convulsions in Rabbits. Science, vol. 194:4268 (Nov. 26, 1976), 965-967

Mechoulam R. Fride E. Hanus L. Sheskin T. Bisogno T. Di Marzo V. Bayewitch M. Vogel Z. Anandamide may mediate sleep induction. Nature. 389(6646):25-6, 1997 Sep 4.

Jan K Melichar, Mark RC Daglish and David J Nutt*. Addiction and withdrawal - current views. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2001, 1:84-90

Eric Murillo-Rodri$guez, Magda Giordano, Rafael Cabeza, Steve J. Henriksen, Mo´ nica Me´ ndez Di´az, Luz Navarro, Oscar Prospe´ ro-Garci´a. Oleamide modulates memor in rats. Neuroscience Letters 313 (2001) 61_64.

Murillo-Rodriguez E. Sanchez-Alavez M. Navarro L. Martinez-Gonzalez D. Anandamide modulates sleep and memory in rats. Brain Research. 812(1-2):270-4, 1998 Nov 23.

F. Nava * , G. Carta, G. Colombo, G.L. Gessa. Effects of chronic _ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol treatment onhippocampal extracellular acetylcholine concentration and alternation performance in the T-maze. Neuropharmacology 41 (2001) 392-399

M. Navarro, M. R. A. Carrera, W. Fratta, O. Valverde, G. Cossu, L. Fattore, J. A. Chowen, R. Go´ mez, I. del Arco, M. A. Villanu ´ a, R. Maldonado, G. F. Koob, and F. Rodri´guez de Fonseca. Functional Interaction between Opioid and Cannabinoid Receptors in Drug Self-Administration. The Journal of Neuroscience, July 15, 2001, 21(14):5344-5350

Douglas K. Novins; Christina M. Mitchell. Factors associated with marijuana use among American Indian adolescents. Addiction 1998 Volume: 93 Number: 11 Pages: 1693-1702

Axel Perkonigg; Roselind Lieb; Michael Hofler; Peter Schuster; Holger Sonntag; Hans-Ulrich Wittchen. Patterns of cannabis use, abuse and dependence over time: incidence, progression and stability in asample of 1228 adolescents. Addiction 1999 Volume: 94 Number: 11 Pages: 1663-1678

Poncelet M. Barnouin MC. Breliere JC. Le Fur G. Soubrie P. Blockade of cannabinoid (CB1) receptors by 141716 selectively antagonizes drug-induced reinstatement of exploratory behaviour in gerbils. Psychopharmacology. 144(2):144-50, 1999 May.

Rafaelsen, OJ; et.al.; Cannabis and Alcohol: Effects on Simulated Car Driving. Science, Vol 179:4076 (Mar 2, 1973), 920-923

Reibaud M. et.al. enhancement of memory in cannabinoid CB 1 receptor knockout mice. European Journal of Pharmacology, 379 (1999) R1-R2

David Reilly; Peter Didcott; Wendy Swift; Wayne Hall. Long-term cannabis use: characteristics of users in an Australian rural area. Addiction 1998 Volume: 93 Number: 6 Pages: 837-846

Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca, * M. Rocío A. Carrera, Miguel Navarro, * George F. Koob, Friedbert Weiss. Activation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in the Limbic System During Cannabinoid Withdrawal. Science, Vol 276, 27 June 1997, 2050-2054

F. Rodr§,guez de Fonseca*², M. Navarro*, R. GoÂmez*, L. Escuredo*, F. Nava³§, J. Fu³, E. Murillo-RodrõÂguez³§, A. Giuffrida³, J. LoVerme³, S. Gaetani³, S. Kathuria³, C. Gallk & D. Piomelli³. *An anorexic lipid mediator regulated by feeding. NATURE | VOL 414 | 8 NOVEMBER 2001 | www.nature.com

Rubino T. Patrini G. Massi P. Fuzio D. Vigano D. Giagnoni G. Parolaro D. Cannabinoid-precipitated withdrawal: a time-course study of the behavioral aspect and its correlation with cannabinoid receptors and G protein expression. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 285(2):813-9, 1998 May.

Sadovsky, R; driving impact from marijuana and alcohol. Am Fam Phys, 62:7, 1652 Oct 1, 2000

Sanudo-Pena MC. Walker JM. Effects of intrapallidal cannabinoids on rotational behavior in rats: interactions with the dopaminergic system. Synapse. 28(1):27-32, 1998 Jan.

Sanudo-Pena MC. Force M. Tsou K. Miller AS. Walker JM. Effects of intrastriatal cannabinoids on rotational behavior in rats: interactions with the dopaminergic system. Synapse. 30(2):221-6, 1998 Oct.

ZOLT ' AN SARNYAI,1 YAVIN SHAHAM, AND STEPHEN C. HEINRICHS. The Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Drug Addiction. Pharmacol Rev 53:209-243, 2001

Schaeffer, J; et.al.; Cognition and Long-Term Use of Ganja (Cannabis). Science, Vol 213:4506 (Jul 24, 1981), 465-466

Marc A. Schuckit, M.D., Jean-Bernard Daeppen, M.D., George P. Danko, Ph.D., Megan L. Tripp, B.A., Tom L. Smith, Ph.D., Ti.-K. Li, M.D., Victor M. Hesselbrock, Ph.D. and Kathleen K. Bucholz, Ph.D. Clinical Implications for Four Drugs of the DSM-IV Distinction Between Substance Dependence With and Without a Physiological Component. Am J Psychiatry 156:41-49, January 1999

Sheldon, T; Cannabis Use Falls Among Dutch Youth. BMJ vol 321, 16 Sep 2000

Ken Soderstrom, Frank Johnson. CB1 cannabinoid receptor expression in brain regions associated with zebra finch song control. Brain Research 857 2000 151-157

L.P. Spear. The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 2000, 24:4:417-463

Swaim RC. Bates SC. Chavez EL. Structural equation socialization model of substance use among Mexican-American and white non-Hispanic school dropouts. Journal of Adolescent Health. 23(3):128-38, 1998 Sep.

Wendy Swift; Wayne Hall; Peter Didcott; David Reilly. Patterns and correlates of cannabis dependence among long-term users in an Australian rural area. Addiction 1998 Volume: 93 Number: 8 Pages: 1149-1160

Wendy Swift; Jan Copeland; Wayne Hall. Choosing a diagnostic cut-off for cannabis dependence. Addiction 1998 Volume: 93 Number: 11 Pages: 1681-1692

Wendy Swift *, Wayne Hall, Maree Teesson. Characteristics of DSM-IV and ICD-10 cannabis dependence among Australian adults: results from the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 63 (2001) 147-153

Gianluigi Tanda, Francesco E. Pontieri, * Gaetano Di Chiara. Cannabinoid and Heroin Activation of Mesolimbic Dopamine Transmission by a Common µ1 Opioid Receptor Mechanism. Science, Vol 276,27 June 1997, 2048-2050.

Tanda G. Loddo P. Di Chiara G. Dependence of mesolimbic dopamine transmission on delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. European Journal of Pharmacology. 376(1-2):23-6, 1999 Jul 2.

Lars Terenius. Rational treatment of addiction. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 1998, 2:541-547.

Valverde, O; et.al.; Cannabinoid Withdrawl Syndrome Is reduced in Pre-Proenkephalin Knock-Out Mice. J Neurosci, Dec 15, 2000, 20(24):9264-9289

S. A. VARVEL and A. H. LICHTMAN. Evaluation of CB1 Receptor Knockout Mice in the MorrisWater Maze. JPET 301:915û924, 2002

Kirsten von Sydow, Roselind Lieb, Hildegard Pfister, Michael Ho¨ fler, Holger Sonntag, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen. The natural course of cannabis use, abuse and dependence over four years: a longitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 64 (2001) 347-361

Walsh, GW & Mann, RE; On the High Road: Driving Under the Influence of Cannabis in Ontario. Canadian J Pub Health, Jul-Aug 1999, Vol 90, No 4, 260-263

Gerhard A. Wiesbeck; Marc A. Schuckit; Jelger A. Kalmijn; Jayson E. Tipp; Kathleen K. Bucholz; Tom L. Smith. An evaluation of the history of a marijuana withdrawal syndrome in a large population. Addiction 1996 Volume: 91 Number: 10 Pages: 1469-1478

Claire M. Williams, T. C. Kirkham rapid communication: Anandamide induces overeating: mediation by central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors. Psychopharmacology, Volume 143 Issue 3 (1999) pp 315-317

Wu X and French ED. Effects of chronic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on rat midbrain dopamine neurons: an electrophysiological assessment. Neuropharmacology 39 (2000) 391-398.

Zablocki, B; et.al.; Marijuana Use, Introspectiveness, and Mental Health. J Health Soc Beh, vol 32:1 (Mar, 1991), 65-79

Cannabinoids and Receptors

Agonists/Antagonists

Elio Acquas a , Augusta Pisanu a , Paola Marrocu a , Steven R. Goldberg b , Gaetano Di Chiara. D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol enhances cortical and hippocampal acetylcholine release in vivo: a microdialysis study. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 419 2001 155_161

Jonathon C. Arnold , Ann N. Topple , Paul E. Mallet , Glenn E. Hunt , Iain S. McGregor. The distribution of cannabinoid-induced Fos expression in rat brain: differences between the Lewis and Wistar strain. Brain Research 921 (2001) 240-255

Michael Bayewitch , Man-Hee Rhee, Tomer Avidor-Reiss , Aviva Breuer, Raphael Mechoulam , Zvi Vogel. Tetrahydrocannabinol Antagonizes the Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor-mediated Inhibition of Adenylyl Cyclase. J Biol Chem Volume 271, Number 17, Issue of April 26, 1996 pp. 9902-9905

Ben-Zvi, Z; Mechoulam, R; 6 beta-Hydroxy-Delta (1)- Tetrahydrocannabinol Synthesis and biological activity. Science, New Series, Volume 174, Issue 4012 (Nov. 26, 1971) 951-952.

D. W. Bonhaus, L. K. Chang, J. Kwan and G. R. Martin. Dual Activation and Inhibition of Adenylyl Cyclase by Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists: Evidence for Agonist-Specific Trafficking of Intracellular Responses. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Vol. 287, Issue 3, 884-888, December 1998

Bouaboula M. Dussossoy D. Casellas P. Regulation of peripheral cannabinoid receptor CB2 phosphorylation by the inverse agonist SR 144528. Implications for receptor biological responses. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274(29):20397-405, 1999 Jul 16.

CHRISTOPHER S. BREIVOGEL and STEVEN R. CHILDERS. Cannabinoid Agonist Signal Transduction in Rat Brain: Comparison of Cannabinoid Agonists in Receptor Binding,G-Protein Activation, and Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibition. THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS 295:328-336, 2000

Barbara Costa & Mariapia Colleoni. Changes in rat brain energetic metabolism after exposure to anandamide or 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. European Journal of Pharmacology, 2000, 395:1:1-7

Devane WA. Hanus L. Breuer A. Pertwee RG. Stevenson LA. Griffin G. Gibson D. Mandelbaum A. Etinger A. Mechoulam R. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor [see comments]. Science 1992 Dec 18;258(5090):1882-4

William S. Edgemond, Marcie J. Greenberg, P. J. Mcginley, Shanmugam Muthian, William B. Campbell and Cecilia J. Hillard. Synthesis and Characterization of Diazomethylarachidonyl Ketone: An Irreversible Inhibitor of N-Arachidonylethanolamine Amidohydrolase1. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 286, Issue 1, 184-190, July 1998

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CECILIA J. HILLARD. Perspectives in Pharmacology, Endocannabinoids and Vascular Function 1THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Vol. 294, No. 1: 27-32, 2000

Michael Holland, R. A. John Challiss, Nicholas B. Standen and John P. Boyle, Cannabinoid CB1 receptors fail to cause relaxation, but couple via Gi/Go to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in carotid artery smooth muscle. British Journal of Pharmacology 128:597-604 (1999)

Zoltán Járai*, Jens A. Wagner*,, Károly Varga*, Kristy D. Lake*, David R. Compton*, Billy R. Martin*, Anne M. Zimmer, Tom I. Bonner, Nancy E. Buckley, Eva Mezey, Raj K. Razdan§, Andreas Zimmer, andGeorge Kunos. Cannabinoid-induced mesenteric vasodilation through an endothelial site distinct from CB1 or CB2 receptors. PNAS, Vol. 96, Issue 24, 14136-14141, November 23, 1999 Meritxell Alberich Jorda` , Sandra E. Verbakel, Peter J. M. Valk, Yolanda V. Vankan-Berkhoudt, Mauro Maccarrone, Allessandro Finazzi-Agro` , Bob Lo¨ wenberg, and Ruud Delwel. Hematopoietic cells expressing the peripheral cannabinoid receptor migrate in response to the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. BLOOD, 15 APRIL 2002 z VOLUME 99, NUMBER 8

George Kunos *, Zolta´n Ja´rai, Sa´ndor Ba´tkai, Sravan Kumar Goparaju, Edward J.N. Ishac, Jie Liu, Lei Wang, Jens A. Wagner 1. Endocannabinoids as cardiovascular modulators. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 108 (2000) 159-168

Kristy D. Lake; Billy R. Martin; George Kunos; ; Károly Varga. Cardiovascular Effects of Anandamide in Anesthetized and Conscious Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats (Hypertension. 1997;29:1204-1210.) Lake KD. Compton DR. Varga K. Martin BR. Kunos G. Cannabinoid-induced hypotension and bradycardia in rats mediated by CB1-like cannabinoid receptors. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 281(3):1030-7, 1997 Jun.

T. Lundqvist, S. Jo¨ nsson, S. Warkentin. Frontal lobe dysfunction in long-term cannabis users. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 23 (2001) 437- 443

Maccarrone, M; et.al.; Human Platelets bind and degrade 2-arachidonoylglycerol, whichactivates these cells throufgh a cannabinoid receptor. Eur J Biochem, 268, 819-825 (2001)

AI McCulloch and MD Randall. Sex differences in the relative contributions of nitric oxide and EDHF to agonist-stimulated endothelium-dependent relaxations in the rat isolated mesenteric arterial bed. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 123, 1700-1706, 1998.

Robert J. McKallip 2 , Catherine Lombard 2 , Michael Fisher 3 , Billy R. Martin 3 , Seongho Ryu 2 , Steven Grant 4 , Prakash S. Nagarkatti 3 , and Mitzi Nagarkatti 2,5. Targeting CB2 Cannabinoid Receptors as a Novel Therapy to Treat Malignant Lymphoblastic Disease 1. Blood First Edition Paper, prepublished online April 30, 2002; DOI 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0098

Somnanth Mukhopadhyay , Barry M. Chapnick and Allyn C. Howlett. Anandamide-induced vasorelaxation in rabbit aortic rings has two components: G protein-dependent and G protein-independent. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282: H2046-H2054, 2002.

Nathalie Niederhoffer and Bela Szabo. Cannabinoids Cause Central Sympathoexcitation and Bradycardia in Rabbits1. JPET Vol. 294, Issue 2, 707-713, August 2000 Pratt PF. Hillard CJ. Edgemond WS. Campbell WB. N-arachidonylethanolamide relaxation of bovine coronary artery is not mediated by CB1 cannabinoid receptor. American Journal of Physiology. 274(1 Pt 2):H375-81, 1998 Jan.

Randall MD. Kendall DA. Endocannabinoids: a new class of vasoactive substances. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 19(2):55-8, 1998 Feb.

Michael D. Randall. The other EDRF [Full Length Article] Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 1998, 19:1:37-38

JOSEFA ROS, JOAN CLA ` RIA, JORDI TO-FIGUERAS, ANNA PLANAGUMA, PILAR CEJUDO-MARTI ´ N, GUILLERMO FERNA ´ NDEZ-VARO, RAU ´ L MARTI ´ N-RUIZ, VICENTE ARROYO, FRANCISCA RIVERA, JUAN RODE ´ S, and WLADIMIRO JIME ´ NEZ. Endogenous Cannabinoids: A New System Involved in the Homeostasis of Arterial Pressure in Experimental Cirrhosis in the Rat. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;122:85-93

Valk P. Verbakel S. Vankan Y. Hol S. Mancham S. Ploemacher R. Mayen A. Lowenberg B. Delwel R. Anandamide, a natural ligand for the peripheral cannabinoid receptor is a novel synergistic growth factor for hematopoietic cells. Blood. 90(4):1448-57, 1997 Aug 15.

Vanheel, B & Van De Voorde, J; Regional Differences in Anandamide- and Methanandamide- Induced Membrane Potential Changes in Rat Mesenteric Arteries. JPET, 296:322-328, 2001

Károly Vargaa, Jens A. Wagnera, D. Troy Bridgena, and George Kunosa. Platelet- and macrophage-derived endogenous cannabinoids are involved in endotoxin-induced hypotension. (The FASEB Journal. 1998; 12:1035-1044.)

Wagner JA. Varga K. Kunos G. Cardiovascular actions of cannabinoids and their generationduring shock. Journal of Molecular Medicine. 76(12):824-36, 1998 Nov-Dec. Jens A. Wagner; Károly Varga; Zoltán Járai; George Kunos. Mesenteric Vasodilation Mediated by Endothelial Anandamide Receptors. (Hypertension. 1999;33:429-434.)

Jens A. Wagner 1 , Zoltan Jarai 2 , Sandor Batkai 3 , George Kunos ´ ´ ´ ´. Hemodynamic effects of cannabinoids: coronary and cerebral vasodilation mediated by cannabinoid CB receptors 1. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 423 2001 203_210

Yin Wang, Yan Liu, Yasuhiko Ito, Teruto Hashiguchi, Isao Kitajima, Munekazu Yamakuchi, Hideaki Shimizu, Seiichi Matsuo, Hitoshi Imaizumi, and Ikuro Maruyama. Simultaneous Measurement of Anandamide and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol by Polymyxin B-Selective Adsorption and Subsequent High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis: Increase in Endogenous Cannabinoids in the Sera of Patients with Endotoxic Shock. Analytical Biochemistry 294, 73-82 (2001)

R White and CR Hiley. A comparison of EDHF-mediated and anandamide-induced relaxations in

the rat isolated mesenteric artery. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 122, 1573-1584, 1997

PM Zygmunt, ED Hogestatt, K Waldeck, G Edwards, AJ Kirkup and AH Weston. Studies on the effects of anandamide in rat hepatic artery. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 122, 1679-1686, 1997

PETER M. ZYGMUNT et al: Vanilloid receptors on sensory nerves mediate the vasodilator action of anandamide. Nature 400, 452-457 (1999) Letters to Nature

Drug Testing

Costantino A. Schwartz RH. Kaplan P. Hemp oil ingestion causes positive urine tests for delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acid. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 21(6):482-5, 1997 Oct. Fortner N. Fogerson R. Lindman D. Iversen T. Armbruster D. Marijuana-positive urine test results from consumption of hemp seeds in food products. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 21(6):476-81, 1997 Oct.

Guidance for premarket submissions for kits for screening drugs of abuse to be used by the consumer, Draft guidance- Not for implementation CDRH 1997

Kerrigan, S & Phillips, WH; Comparison of ELISAs for Opiates, Methamphetamine, Cocaine Metabolite, Benzodiazepines, Phencyclidine, ans Cannabinoids in Whole Blood and Urine. Clin Chem, 47:3, 540-547 (2001)

Lehmann T. Sager F. Brenneisen R. Excretion of cannabinoids in urine after ingestion of cannabis seed oil. J Anal Toxicol 1998 Jan-Feb;22(1):80-1 Skopp, G; et.al.; Stability of Cannabinoids in Hair Samples Exposed to Sunlight. Clin Chem Vol 46:11, 2000, 1846-1848

Struempler RE. Nelson G. Urry FM. A positive cannabinoids workplace drug test following the ingestion of commercially available hemp seed oil. J Anal Toxicol 1998 Jan-Feb;22(1):80-1

Wingert WE. Lowering cutoffs for initial and confirmation testing for cocaine and marijuana: large-scale study of effects on the rates of drug-positive results. Clinical Chemistry. 43(1):100-3, 1997 Jan.

Food and Drug Interactions

Michèle Arnone (2), Jeanne Maruani (1), Frédérique Chaperon (3), Marie-Hélène Thiébot (3), M. Poncelet (1), Philippe Soubrié (1), Gérard Le Fur (1) Selective inhibition of sucrose and ethanol intake by SR 141716, an antagonist of central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors. Psychopharmacology, Volume 132, Issue 1 (1997) pp 104-106 Alvin Berger, Gayle Crozier, Tiziana Bisogno, Paolo Cavaliere, Sheila Innis, and Vincenzo Di Marzo. Anandamide and diet: Inclusion of dietary arachidonate and docosahexaenoate leads to increased brain levels of the correspondingN-acylethanolamines in piglets. 6402-6406 u PNAS u May 22, 2001 u vol. 98 u no. 11

DIANA L. CICHEWICZ, VICTORIA L. HALLER, and SANDRA P. WELCH; Changes in Opioid and Cannabinoid Receptor Protein following Short-Term Combination Treatment with delta-9

Tetrahydrocannabinol and Morphine; THEJ OURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Vol. 297, No.1 Shu-Sen Cui, Rudy C. Bowen, Gui-Bao Gu, Darren K. Hannesson, Peter H. Yu, and Xia Zhang. Prevention of Cannabinoid Withdrawal Syndrome by Lithium: Involvement of Oxytocinergic Neuronal Activation. The Journal of Neuroscience, December 15, 2001, 21(24):9867-9876

George E. da Silva, Gina S. Morato, Reinaldo N. Takahashi. Rapid tolerance to D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol and cross-tolerance between ethanol and D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol in mice. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 431 2001 201_207

TACO J. DE VRIES, YAVIN SHAHAM, JUDITH R. HOMBERG, HANS CROMBAG, KARIANNE SCHUURMAN, JEANINE DIEBEN, LOUK J.M.J. VANDERSCHUREN & ANTON N.M. SCHOFFELMEER. A cannabinoid mechanism in relapse to cocaine seeking. NATURE MEDICINE �VOLUME 7 NUMBER 10 OCTOBER 2001� �

VINCENZO DI MARZO et al: Trick or treat from food endocannabinoids? Nature 396, 636 (1998) Rosanna Di Toro, Gabriele Campana, Vittorio Sciarretta, Giovanna Murari and Santi Spampinato REGULATION OF d OPIOID RECEPTORS BY D 9-TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL INNG108-15 HYBRID CELLS. Life Sciences, Vol. 63, No. 14, pp. PL 197-204, 1998 Liana Fattore, M. Cristina Martellotta, Gregorio Cossu, M. Stefania Mascia and Walter FrattaA wfratta@unica.it. CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55, 212-2 decreases intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 104, Issue 1-2, October 1999, Pages 141 - 146

Fowler CJ. Tiger G. Stenstrom A. Ibuprofen inhibits rat brain deamidation of anandamide at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Mode of inhibition and structure-activity relationship. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 283(2):729-34, 1997 Nov.

Jason E. Gallate, I. S. McGregor original investigation: The motivation for beer in rats: effects of ritanserin, naloxone and SR 141716. Psychopharmacology, Volume 142 Issue 3 (1999) pp 302-308

Sara Gonza´ lez a , Javier Ferna´ ndez-Ruiz a,1 *, Valentina Sparpaglione, Daniela Parolaro b , Jose´ A. Ramos a. Chronic exposure to morphine, cocaine or ethanol in rats produced different effects in brain cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding and mRNA levels. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 66 (2002) 77-84

Gorsky, J; Marijuana Test: No Ibuprofen Interference. Science, vol 241:4868 (Aug 19, 1988), 888

Hine B. Torrelio M. Gershon S. Attenuation of precipitated abstinence in methadone-dependent rats by delta 9-THC. Psychopharmacology Communications. 1(3):275-83, 1975.

Hoffman, AF & Lupica, CR; Direct Ations of Cannabinoids on Synaptic Transmission in the Nucleus Accumbens: A Comparrison With Opioids. ?J Physiol? (2001) 72-83

B. L. Hungund and B. S. Basavarajappa. ARE ANANDAMIDE AND CANNABINOID RECEPTORS INVOLVED IN ETHANOL TOLERANCE? A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE. Alcohol. 2000 35: 126-133

S. Lamarque a , K. Taghzouti b , H. Simon. Chronic treatment with _ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol enhances the locomotor response to amphetamine and heroin. Implications for vulnerability to drug addiction. Neuropharmacology 41 (2001) 118-129

A. H. LICHTMAN, S. M. SHEIKH, H. H. LOH, and B. R. MARTIN. Opioid and Cannabinoid Modulation of Precipitated Withdrawal in _ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol and Morphine-Dependent Mice. JPET 298:1007-1014, 2001 Printed in U.S.A.

Scott E. Lukas *, Sara Orozco. Ethanol increases plasma _ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels and subjective effects after marihuana smoking in human volunteers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 64 (2001) 143-149

DT Malone and DA Taylor. Modulation of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced hypothermia byfluoxetine in the rat. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 124, 1419-1424, 1998.

Daniel T. Malone1 and David A. Taylor. Modulation by fluoxetine of striatal dopamine release following 9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a microdialysis study in conscious rats. British Journal of Pharmacology 128:21-26 (1999)

Jorge Manzanares, Javier Corchero, Julian Romero, Javier J. Fernández-Ruiz, José A. Ramos and José A. Fuentes. Pharmacological and biochemical interactions between opioids and cannabinoids. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 1999, 20:7:287-294

Justin P. Meschler, Francis A. Clarkson, Patricia J. Mathews, Allyn C. Howlett, and Bertha K. Madras. D2, but Not D1 Dopamine Receptor Agonists Potentiate Cannabinoid-Induced Sedation in Nonhuman Primates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000 292: 952-959.

Ng, LKY; Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Ethanol: Differential Effects on Sympathetic Activity in Differing Environmental Settings, Science, Vol 180:4093 (Jun 29, 1973), 1368-1369

DANIELE PIOMELLI. Cannabinoid activity curtails cocaine craving. NATURE MEDICINE �VOLUME 7 NUMBER 10 OCTOBER 2001� �

Francesco E. Pontieri a, ) , Paola Monnazzi b , Alessandra Scontrini a , Francesca R. Buttarelli a ,Francesca R. Patacchioli. Behavioral sensitization to heroin by cannabinoid pretreatment in the rat. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 421 2001 R1_R3

Lutz G. Schmidt, Jerzy Samochowiec, Ulrich Finckh, Ewa Fiszer-Piosik, Jan Horodnicki, B. Wendel, Hans Rommelspacher, Margret R. Hoehe. Association of a CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Gene (CNR 1) polymorphism with severe alcohol dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 65 (2002) 221-224

Sepe N., De Petrocellis L., Montanaro F., Cimino G., Di Marzo V. Bioactive long chain N-acylethanolamines in five species of edible bivalve molluscs. Possible implications for mollusc physiology and sea food industry. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1389(2):101-11, 1998 Jan 15.

Salvatore Serra, Mauro A.M. Carai, Giuliana Brunetti, Raquel Gomez, Samuele Melis, Giovanni Vacca, Giancarlo Colombo, Gian Luigi Gessa. The cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716 prevents acquisition of drinking behavior in alcohol-preferring rats. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 430 2001 369_371

Smith FL. Cichewicz D. Martin ZL. Welch SP. The enhancement of morphine antinociception in mice by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior. 60(2):559-66, 1998 Jun.

Anthony L. Vaccarino a, *, Gayle A. Olson a , Richard D. Olson a , Abba J. Kastin. Endogenous opiates: 1998. Peptides 20 (1999) 1527_1574

Anthony L. Vaccarino a, *, Abba J. Kastin. Endogenous opiates: 1999. Peptides 21 (2000) 1975-2034

Stephen R. Wachtel & Harriet de Wit. Naltrexone does not block the subjective effects of oral 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2000, 59:3:251 - 260

Sandra P. Welch and Micah Eads. Synergistic interactions of endogenous opioids and cannabinoid systems. Brain Research, Volume 848, Issue 1-2, November 1999, Pages 183-190

SP Welch and DL Stevens. Antinociceptive activity of intrathecally administered cannabinoids alone, and in combination with morphine, in mice. Volume 262, Issue 1, pp. 10-18, 07/01/199

Welch SP. Thomas C. Patrick GS. Modulation of cannabinoid-induced antinociception after intracerebroventricular versus intrathecal administration to mice: possible mechanisms for interaction with morphine. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 272(1):310-21, 1995 Jan.

Jenny L. Wiley and Billy R. Martin. Effects of SR141716A on Diazepam Substitution for 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Rat Drug Discrimination. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, Volume 64, Issue 3, November 1999, Pages 519-522

Taku Yamaguchi , Yumi Hagiwara , Hiroyuki Tanaka , Takayuki Sugiura , Keizo Waku , Yukihiro Shoyama , Shigenori Watanabe , Tsuneyuki Yamamoto. Endogenous cannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent mice. Brain Research 909 (2001) 121-126

G.I. Effects

Baron JA. Folan RD. Kelley ML Jr. Ulcerative colitis and marijuana [letter]. Annals of Internal Medicine. 112(6):471, 1990 Mar 15.

Malcolm Begg, Areles Molleman, Mike Parsons. Modulation of the release of endogenous g-aminobutyric acid by cannabinoids in the guinea pig ileum. European Journal of Pharmacology 434 (2002) 87- 94

T Croci, L Manara, G Aureggi, F Guagnini, M Rinaldi-Carmona, JP Maffrand, G Le Fur, S Mukenge and G Ferla. In vitro functional evidence of neuronal cannabinoid CB1 receptors in human ileum. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 125, 1393-1395, 1998

Dansak DA, Brazis K, Deaux ED, Delany HD, Duncan PR, Report of the Lynn Pierson Therapeutic Research Program, New Mexico State Department of Health, Oral vs. Inhaled Cannabinoids for Nausea/Vomiting from Cancer Chemotherapy, Methodology and Efficacy of Initial Dose. 1984

NISSAR A. DARMANI. The Potent Emetogenic Effects of the Endocannabinoid, 2-AG (2-Arachidonoylglycerol) Are Blocked by _ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol and Other Cannnabinoids. JPET 300:34-42, 2002

NISSAR A. DARMANI. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol differently suppresses cisplatin-induced emesis and indices of motor function via cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the least shrew. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 69 (2001) 239-249

Nissar A. Darmani. The cannabinoid CB receptor antagonist SR 141716A reverses the 1 antiemetic and motor depressant actions of WIN 55, 212-2. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 430 2001 49_58

Nissar A. Darmani, Ph.D. D 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol and Synthetic Cannabinoids Prevent Emesis Produced by the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Antagonist/ Inverse Agonist SR 141716A. NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2001-VOL. 24, NO. 2

Vincenzo Di Marzo*, Sravan K. Goparaju², Lei Wang²³, Jie Liu²³, Sa ndor Ba tkai²³, Zolta n Ja rai², Filomena Fezza*, Grant I. Miura§, Richard D. Palmiter§, Takayuki Sugiurak & George Kunos². Leptin-regulated endocannabinoids are involved in maintaining food intake. NATURE | VOL 410 | 12 APRIL 2001

Daniela Giuliani, Alessandra Ottani, Francesca Ferrari. Effects of the cannabinoid receptor agonist, HU 210, on ingestive behaviour and body weight of rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 391 2000 275-279

Peter Holzer. Gastrointestinal afferents as targets of novel drugs for the treatment of functional bowel disorders and visceral pain. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 429 2001 177_193

AA Izzo, N Mascolo, F Borrelli and F Capasso. Excitatory transmission to the circular muscle of the guinea-pig ileum: evidence for the involvement of cannabinoid CB1 receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 124, 1363-1368, 1998 Angelo A. Izzo a aaizzo@unina.it, Nicola Mascolo b, Luisa Pinto a aaizzo@unina.it, Raffaele Capasso b and Francesco Capasso aA aaizzo@unina.it The role of cannabinoid receptors in intestinal motility, defaecation and diarrhoea in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, Volume 384, Issue 1, November 1999, Pages 37-42

Katayama K. Ueda N. Kurahashi Y. Suzuki H. Yamamoto S. Kato I. Distribution of anandamide amidohydrolase in rat tissues with special reference to small intestine. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1347(2-3):212-8, 1997 Aug 16.

F Lopez-Redondo, GM Lees and RG Pertwee. Effects of cannabinoid receptor ligands on electrophysiological properties of myenteric neurones of the guinea-pig ileum. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 122, 330-334, 1997

Marijuana Use in Supportive Care for Cancer Patients. National Cancer Institue 1997

R G PERTWEE. Cannabinoids and the gastrointestinal tract. Gut 2001;48:859-867

RA Ross, HC Brockie, SR Fernando, B Saha, RK Razdan and RG Pertwee. Comparison of cannabinoid binding sites in guinea-pig forebrain and small intestine. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 125, 1345 1351, 1998

Sallan SE. Zinberg NE. Frei E 3d. Antiemetic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. New England Journal of Medicine. 293(16):795-7, 1975 Oct 16.

Anna H.V. So¨ derpalm, Alyson Schuster, Harriet de Wit*. Antiemetic efficacy of smoked marijuanaSubjective and behavioral effects on nausea induced by syrup of ipecac. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 69 (2001) 343-350

Tramer MR, et.al. Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: quantitative systematic review. BMJ Vol 323, 7 July 2001, pp16-21

MARJA D. VAN SICKLE, LORRAINE D. OLAND, WINNIE HO, CECILIA J. HILLARD, KEN MACKIE, JOSEPH S. DAVISON, and KEITH A. SHARKEY. Cannabinoids Inhibit Emesis Through CB1 Receptors in the Brainstem of the Ferret. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2001;121:767-774

Claire M. Williams, Tim C. Kirkham*. Reversal of D-9-THC hyperphagia by SR141716 andnaloxone but not dexfenfluramine. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 71 (2002) 341- 348

Zbigniew K. KrowickiA, Joseph M. Moerschbaecher, Peter J. Winsauer, Sivarao V.

Digavalli and Pamela J. Hornby. 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits gastric motility in the rat through cannabinoid CB1 receptors. European Journal of Pharmacology. Volume 371, Issue 2-3, April 1999, Pages 187-196

Glaucoma and Vision

T. Bisogno, I. Delton-Vandenbroucke, A. Milone, M. Lagarde, V. Di Marzo. Biosynthesis and Inactivation of N-Arachidonoylethanolamine (Anandamide) and N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamine in Bovine Retina. Arch Biochem Biophys. Vol 370 No 2, October 1999 pp. 300-307

Elsohly MA. Harland E. Murphy JC. Wirth P. Waller CW. Cannabinoids in glaucoma: a primary screening procedure. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 21(8-9 Suppl):472S-478S, 1981 Aug-Sep.

Fried PA and Watkinson B, Visuoperceptial functioning differs in 9- to 12- year olds prenatally exposed to cigarettes and marijuana. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 22 (2000) 11-20

Green K. Marijuana smoking vs cannabinoids for glaucoma therapy [see comments]. Arch Ophthalmol 1998 Nov;116(11):1512-3

Hepler RS. Frank IR. Marihuana smoking and intraocular pressure. JAMA. 217(10):1392, 1971 Sep 6.

Kaufman PL. Marijuana and glaucoma [editorial; comment]. Arch Ophthalmol 1998 Nov;116(11):1433-7

F.Markus Leweke, Udo Schneider, Maren Radwan, Eike Schmidt & Hinderk M. Emrich. Different Effects of Nabilone and Cannabidiol on Binocular Depth Inversion in Man. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 2000, 66:1:175-181 JOSE Â MELENA AND NEVILLE N. OSBORNE. Voltage-dependent Calcium Channels in the Rat Retina: Involvement inNMDA-stimulated Influx of Calcium. Exp. Eye Res. (2001) 72, 393±401

Porcella A. Casellas P. Gessa GL. Pani L. Cannabinoid receptor CB1 mRNA is highly expressed in the rat ciliary body: implications for the antiglaucoma properties of marihuana. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 58(1-2):240-5, 1998 Jul 15. Zhao-Hui Song and Carole-Anne Slowey. Involvement of Cannabinoid Receptors in the Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Effects of WIN55212-21. JPET, Vol. 292, Issue 1, 136-139, January 2000

W.D. Stamer, S.F. Golightly, Y. Hosohata, E.P. Ryan, A.C. Porter, E. Varga, R.J. Noecker, C.C. Felder, H.I. Yamamura. Cannabinoid CB receptor expression, activation and detection of 1endogenous ligand in trabecular meshwork and ciliary process tissues. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 431 2001 277_286

Alex Straiker, Nephi Stella, Daniele Piomelli, Ken Mackie, Harvey J. Karten, and Greg Maguire vertebrate retina: Localization and function of an endogenous signaling system. PNAS, Vol. 96, Issue 25, 14565-14570, December 7, 1999

Government Reviews

A REPORT OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON GANJA. TO Rt. Hon. P.J. PATTERSON, Q.C., M.P. PRIME MINISTER OF JAMAICA. PREPARED BY: Professor Barry Chevannes, Chairman, Reverend Dr. Webster Edwards,Mr. Anthony Freckleton, Ms. Norma Linton, Q.C., Mr. DiMario McDowell, Dr. Aileen Standard-Goldson, Mrs. Barbara Smith. August 7, 2001

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Drug Enforcement Administration. In The Matter Of MARIJUANA RESCHEDULING PETITION; Docket No. 86-22 OPINION AND RECOMMENDED RULING, FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW AND DECISION OF, Administrative LAW JUDGE. FRANCIS L. YOUNG, Administrative Law Judge, SEP 6 1988

Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base; Executive Summary; recommendation 5. National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine; Nat’l Academy Press 1999. <http://books.nap.edu/html/marimed/>

Marijuana and Health: Report of a Study by a committee of the Institute of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences Policy. National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1982 (chapter 7- Therapeutic potential and Medical Uses of Marijuana)

National Institutes of Health. Transcript of the NIH Workshop on the Medical Utility of Marijuana. Tab B, Deliberations of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts; February 19&20, 1997. (Ace-Federal Reporters, Inc., Cr66002.0) Ref Type: Transcript, p.21-33

Studies on drug policy available at the Schafer library www.druglibrary.org

Canadian Special Study on Illegal Drugs, Cannabis Study

Jamaica - Neonatal

History of Marijuana Prohibition

This section not yet indexed

Immune Effects;

Reviews

Hollister LE. Marijuana and immunity. [Review] [42 refs]. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 20(1):3-8, 1988 Jan-Mar. Kaminski NE. Immune regulation by cannabinoid compounds through the inhibition of the cyclic AMP signaling cascade and altered gene expression. [Review] [61 refs]. Biochemical Pharmacology. 52(8):1133-40, 1996 Oct 25.

Thomas W. Klein, Cathy Newton and Herman Friedman. Cannabinoid receptors and immunity [Review article] Immunology Today, 1998, 19:8:373-381

AB Lynn and M Herkenham. Localization of cannabinoid receptors and nonsaturable high-density cannabinoid binding sites in peripheral tissues of the rat: implications for receptor-mediated immune modulation by cannabinoids. JPET,Volume 268, Issue 3, pp. 1612-1623, 03/01/1994

Michel Salzet. Invertebrate molecular neuroimmune processes. Brain Research Reviews 34 (2000) 69-79

Immune Effects

Michael Bayewitch , Man-Hee Rhee, Tomer Avidor-Reiss , Aviva Breuer, Raphael Mechoulam , Zvi Vogel. ()--Tetrahydrocannabinol Antagonizes the Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor-mediated Inhibition of Adenylyl Cyclase. J Biol Chem, Volume 271, Number 17, Issue of April 26, 1996 pp. 9902-9905

E.V. Berdyshev. Cannabinoid receptors and the regulation of immune response. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 108 (2000) 169-190

D. W. Bonhaus, L. K. Chang, J. Kwan and G. R. Martin. Dual Activation and Inhibition of Adenylyl Cyclase by Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists: Evidence for Agonist-Specific Trafficking of Intracellular Responses. JPET, Vol. 287, Issue 3, 884-888, December 1998

Bouaboula M. Bourrie B. Rinaldi-Carmona M. Shire D. Le Fur G. Casellas P. Stimulation of cannabinoid receptor CB1 induces krox-24 expression in human astrocytoma cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270(23):13973-80, 1995 Jun 9.

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Javier Corchero, Matias A. Avila1, Jose A. Fuentes and Jorge Manzanares. DELTA-9-TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL INCREASES PRODYNORPHIN AND PROENKEPHALIN GENE

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M. A. García, G. Weigert, S. Duk, M. Alarcón. Chromosome Aberrations Study in Human Lymphocytes from Marijuana Smokers. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 62:117-121 (1999)

Brian Gardner, Li X. Zu, Sherven Sharma, Qian Liu, Alexandros Makriyannis, Donald P. Tashkin, and Steven M. Dubinett. Autocrine and Paracrine Regulation of Lymphocyte CB2 Receptor Expression by TGF-b. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 290, 91-96 (2002)

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Omar Jbilo. Stimulation of peripheral cannabinoid receptor CB2 induces MCP-1 and IL-8 gene expression in human promyelocytic cell line HL60. FEBS Letters Volume 448, Issue 2-3, 09-April-1999, pp. 273-277

YJ Jeon, KH Yang, JT Pulaski and NE Kaminski, Attenuation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol is mediated through the inhibition of nuclear factor- kappa B/Rel activation. Mol Pharmacol, Volume 50, Issue 2, pp. 334-341, 08/01/1996

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Thomas W. Klein, Catherine A. Newton, Noryia Nakachi and Herman Friedman. 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Treatment Suppresses Immunity and Early IFN-, IL-12, and IL-12 Receptor 2 Responses to Legionella pneumophila Infection. Journal of Immunology Volume 164 Issue 12 p 6461 - 6466 June 2000

Klein TW et.al. The cannabinoid system and cytokine network. PSEBM 2000, vol 225:1-8

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Kathleen L. McCoy, Marina Matveyeva, Steven J. Carlisle and Guy A. Cabral. Cannabinoid Inhibition of the Processing of Intact Lysozyme by Macrophages: Evidence for CB2 Receptor Participation1. JPET, Vol. 289, Issue 3, 1620-1625, June 1999

Molina-Holgado F. Lledo A. Guaza C. Anandamide suppresses nitric oxide and TNF-alpha responses to Theiler's virus or endotoxin in astrocytes. Neuroreport. 8(8):1929-33, 1997 May 27.

Francisco Molina-Holgado, Eduardo Molina-Holgado, Carmen Guaza. The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide potentiates interleukin-6 production by astrocytes infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus by a receptor-mediated pathway. Febs Letters Vol. 433 (1-2) pp. 139-142, 14-August-1998

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Noe SN et.al. Cannabinoid receptor agonists enhance synctia formation in MT-2 cells infected with cell free HIV-1 MN. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol 437; Drugs of Abuse, Immunology, and AIDS. Friedman et.al. eds. 1998 plenum press. p223-229 Ouyang Y. Hwang SG. Han SH. Kaminski NE. Suppression of interleukin-2 by the putative endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonyl-glycerol is mediated through down-regulation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells. Molecular Pharmacology. 53(4):676-83, 1998 Apr.

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Ruth A. Ross, Heather C. Brockie, Roger G. Pertwee. Inhibition of nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages by cannabinoids and palmitoylethanolamide. European Journal of Pharmacology 401 2000 121-130

Paola Sacerdote , Paola Massi, Alberto E. Panerai, Daniela Parolaro. In vivo and in vitro treatment with the synthetic cannabinoid CP55,940 decreases the in vitro migration of macrophages in the rat: involvement of both CB1 and CB2 receptors. Journal of Neuroimmunology 109(2000)155-163

Salzet M. et.al. Comparative biology of the endocannabinoid system, Possible role in the immune response. Eur J Biochem 267, 4917-4927 (2000)

Cristina Sánchez, Ismael Galve-Roperh, Daniel Rueda, and Manuel Guzmán. Involvement of Sphingomyelin Hydrolysis and the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade in the 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Stimulation of Glucose Metabolism in Primary Astrocytes. Molecular Pharmacology, Vol. 54, Issue 5, 834-843, November 1998

Sidney R. Smith, Carol Terminelli, and Georgetta Denhardt. Effects of Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist and Antagonist Ligands on Production of Inflammatory Cytokines and Anti-Inflammatory Interleukin-10 in Endotoxemic Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000 293: 136-150

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George B. Stefano*, Yannick Goumon, Thomas V. Bil®nger, Ingeborg D. Welters, Patrick Cadet. Basal nitric oxide limits immune, nervous and cardiovascular excitation: human endothelia express a mu opiate receptor. Progress in Neurobiology 60 (2000) 513±530

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W Zhu, C Newton, Y Daaka, H Friedman and TW Klein. delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol enhances the secretion of interleukin 1 from endotoxin-stimulated macrophages. JPET, Volume 270, Issue 3, pp. 1334-1339, 09/01/1994

Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics 1(1)

Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics: An Editorial Introduction- 1Ethan Russo

Marijuana (Cannabis) as Medicine- 5Leo E. Hollister

Effects of Smoked Cannabis and Oral _ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol on Nausea and Emesis After Cancer Chemotherapy: A Review of State Clinical Trials- 29Richard E. Musty, Rita Rossi

The Endocannabinoid System: Can It Contribute to Cannabis Therapeutics?- 43Vincenzo Di Marzo

The Therapeutic Use of Cannabis sativa (L.) in Arabic Medicine- 63Indalecio Lozano

Cannabis and Eicosanoids: A Review of Molecular Pharmacology- 71John M. McPartland

Cognoscenti of Cannabis I: Jacques-Joseph Moreau (1804-1884)- 85Ethan Russo

Cannabis and the U.S. Controlled Substances Act- 95Jon Gettman

BOOK REVIEWS

The Science of Marijuana, by Leslie L. Iversen- 111Reviewed by Ethan Russo

Hashish!, by Robert Connell Clarke- 112Reviewed by Ethan Russo

Movement Disorders

Achiron A. et.al. Dexabinol (HU-211) effect on experimental auto immune encephalomyelitis: implications for the treatment of acute relapses of multiple sclerosis. Jornal of Neuroimmunology 102 (2000) 26-31.

Baker D. et.al. Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model. Nature, vol 404, 2 March 2000. p 84-87

Massimiliano Beltramo, Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca, Miguel Navarro, Antonio Calignano, Miguel Angel Gorriti, Gerasimos Grammatikopoulos, Adolfo G. Sadile, Andrea Giuffrida, and Daniele Piomelli. Reversal of Dopamine D2 Receptor Responses by an Anandamide Transport Inhibitor. J. Neurosci. 2000 20: 3401-3407.

Francesca R. Buttarelli, Francesco E. Pontieri, Vito Margotta, Guido Palladini. Cannabinoid-induced stimulation of motor activity in planaria through an opioid receptor-mediated mechanism. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 26 (2002) 65- 68

Carlini EA. Leite JR. Tannhauser M. Berardi AC. Cannabidiol and Cannabis sativa extract protect mice and rats against convulsive agents. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology. 25(8):664-5, 1973 Aug.

Consroe PF. Wood GC. Buchsbaum H. Anticonvulsant nature of marihuana smoking.JAMA. 234(3):306-7, 1975 Oct 20.

Consroe PF. Man DP. Chin L. Picchioni AL. Letter: Reduction of audiogenic seizure by delta8- and delta9- tetrahydrocannabinols. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology. 25(9):764-5, 1973 Sep.

Consroe P. Musty R. Rein J. Tillery W. Pertwee R. The perceived effects of smoked cannabis on patients with multiple sclerosis. European Neurology. 38(1):44-8, 1997. Cunha JM. Carlini EA. Pereira AE. Ramos OL. Pimentel C. Gagliardi R. Sanvito WL. Lander N. Mechoulam R. Chronic administration of cannabidiol to healthy volunteers and epileptic patients. Pharmacology. 21(3):175-85, 1980.

Dar M.S., Cerebellar CB1 receptor mediation of Delta9-THC-induced motor incoordination and its potentiation by ethanol and modulation by the cerebellar adenosinergic A1 receptor in the mouse. Brian Research 864 (2000) 186-194.

* K.P. DeSanty, M. Saeed Dar. Involvement of the cerebellar adenosine A receptor in cannabinoid- 1 induced motor incoordination in the acute and tolerant state in mice. Brain Research 905 (2001) 178-187

Vincenzo Di Marzo, Maurizio Bifulco and Luciano De Petrocellis. Endocannabinoids and multiple sclerosis: a blessing from the 'inner bliss'? Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 2000, 21:6:195-197. VINCENZO DI MARZO,1,2 MICHAEL P. HILL, † TIZIANA BISOGNO,2 ALAN R. CROSSMAN,*AND JONATHAN M. BROTCHIE* ,1 Enhanced levels of endogenous cannabinoids in the globus pallidus are associated with a reduction in movement in an animal model of Parkinson’s diseaseFASEB J. 14, 1432-1438 (2000)

A. Giuffrida, L. H. Parsons, T. M. Kerr, F. Rodríguez deFonseca, M. Navarro & D. Piomelli. Dopamine activation of endogenous cannabinoid signaling in dorsal striatum. Nature Neurosci, April 1999 Volume 2 Number 4 pp 358 - 363

A. Giuffrida *, D. Piomelli. The endocannabinoid system: a physiological perspective on its role in psychomotor control. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 108 (2000) 151-158

Scott Gottlieb. Cannabinoids might reduce spasticity in multiple sclerosis. BMJ VOLUME 320 11 MARCH 2000 Karler R. Cely W. Turkanis SA. The anticonvulsant activity of cannabidiol and cannabinol.Life Sciences. 13(11):1527-31, 1973 Dec 1.

I. Lastres-Becker , F. Berrendero , J.J. Lucas , E. Martin-Aparicio , A. Yamamoto , J.A. Ramos , J.J. Fernandez-Ruiz. Loss of mRNA levels, binding and activation of GTP-binding proteinsfor cannabinoid CB receptors in the basal ganglia of a transgenic model of Huntington’s disease. Brain Research 929 (2002) 236-242

J.-C. Lie´ vens, B. Woodman, A. Mahal, O. Spasic-Boscovic, D. Samuel, L. Kerkerian-Le Goff, and G. P. Bates. Impaired Glutamate Uptake in the R6 Huntington’s Disease Transgenic Mice. Neurobiology of Disease 8, 807-821 (2001)

Meinck HM. Schonle PW. Conrad B. Effect of cannabinoids on spasticity and ataxia in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology. 236(2):120-2, 1989 Feb.

Meldrum BS. Fariello RG. Puil EA. Derouaux M. Naquet R. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and epilepsy in the photosensitive baboon, Papio papio. Epilepsia. 15(2):255-64, 1974 Jun.

Liliana B. Menalled and Marie-Françoise Chesselet. Mouse models of Huntington’s disease. TRENDS in Pharmacological Sciences Vol.23 No.1 January 2002 32-39

KIRSTEN R. MÜLLER-VAHL, M.D., UDO SCHNEIDER, M.D., HANS KOLBE, M.D., HINDERK M. EMRICH, M.D. Treatment of Tourette’s Syndrome With Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. Am J Psychiatry 156:3, March 1999

Petro DJ. Ellenberger C Jr. Treatment of human spasticity with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 21(8-9 Suppl):413S-416S, 1981 Aug-Sep.

Sandyk R. Awerbuch G. Marijuana and Tourette's syndrome [letter]. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 8(6):444-5, 1988 Dec.

Sanudo-Pena MC. Walker JM. Role of the subthalamic nucleus in cannabinoid actions in the substantianigra of the rat. Journal of Neurophysiology. 77(3):1635-8, 1997 Mar.

Sanudo-Pena et.al. Role of the superior colliculus in the motor effects of cannabinoids and dopamine. Brain Research 853 (2000) 207-214.

M. Clara Sanudo-Pena, Julian Romero, Garrett E. Seale, J. Javier Fernandez-Ruiz, J. Michael Walker. Activational role of cannabinoids on movement. European Journal of Pharmacology 391 2000 269-274

Self DW. Anandamide: a candidate neurotransmitter heads for the big leagues. Comment on: Nat Neurosci 1999 Apr;2(4):358-63, Nature Neuroscience. 2(4):303-4, 1999 Apr.

M. A. Silverdale, S. McGuire, A. McInnes, A. R. Crossman, and J. M. Brotchie. Striatal Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor mRNA Expression Is Decreased in the Reserpine-Treated Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Experimental Neurology 169, 400-406 (2001)

Wada JA. Sato M. Corcoran ME. Antiepileptic properties of 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol. Experimental Neurology. 39(1):157-65, 1973 Apr.

Wada JA. Wake A. Sato M. Corcoran ME. Antiepileptic and prophylactic effects of tetrahydrocannabinols in amygdaloid kindled cats. Epilepsia. 16(3):503-10, 1975 Sep.

Melisa J. Wallace a,b , Jenny L. Wiley a , Billy R. Martin a , Robert J. DeLorenzo. Assessment of the role of CB receptors in cannabinoid anticonvulsant effects. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 428 2001 51_57

B.-Y. Zeng, B. Dass, A. Owen, S. Rose, C. Cannizzaro, B.C. Tel and P. JennerA div.pharm@kcl.ac.uk. Chronic l-DOPA treatment increases striatal cannabinoid CB1 receptor mRNA expression in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Neuroscience Letters, Volume 276, Issue 2, December 1999, Pages 71-74

Neuro-Protection

Mary E. Abood * , Gulrukh Rizvi, Neetha Sallapudi, Sean D. McAllister. Activation of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor protects cultured mouse spinal neurons against excitotoxicity. Neuroscience Letters 309 (2001) 197±201

Ludmila Belayev, MD; Raul Busto, BS; Weizhao Zhao, PhD; Myron D. Ginsberg, MD HU-211, a Novel Noncompetitive N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Antagonist, Improves Neurological Deficit and Reduces Infarct Volume After Reversible Focal Cerebral Ischemia in the Rat. (Stroke. 1995;26:2313-2320.)

Robert I. Block*, Daniel S. O'Leary†, James C. Ehrhardt‡, Jean C. Augustinack§, M. M. Ghoneim¶, Stephan Arndt**, James A. Hall†† Effects of frequent marijuana use on brain tissue volume and composition. NeuroReport. Vol. 11, no 03, pp. 0491-0496

Guy Chiu-Kai Chan, Thomas R. Hinds, Soren Impey, and Daniel R. Storm. Hippocampal Neurotoxicity of 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. The Journal of Neuroscience, July 15, 1998, 18(14):5322-5332

YANQIU CHEN and JOCHEN BUCK. Cannabinoids Protect Cells from Oxidative Cell Death: A Receptor-Independent Mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Vol. 293, No. 3: 807-812, 2000

E. M. DENOVAN-WRIGHT and H. A. ROBERTSON. CANNABINOID RECEPTOR MESSENGER RNA LEVELS DECREASE IN A SUBSET OF NEURONS OF THE LATERAL STRIATUM, CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF TRANSGENIC HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE MICE. Neuroscience Vol. 98, No. 4, pp. 705-713, 2000

Fishman, RHB; Cannabinoid is neuroprotective in head trauma. Lancet, vol 352, Nov 7, 1998, 1529

Ruth Gallily, Aviva Yamin, Yaakov Waksmann, Haim Ovadia, Joseph Weidenfeld, Avi Bar-Joseph, Anat Biegon, Raphael Mechoulam and Esther Shohami. Protection Against Septic Shock and Suppression of Tumor Necrosis Factor and Nitric Oxide Production by Dexanabinol (HU-211), a Nonpsychotropic Cannabinoid. JPET, Vol. 283, Issue 2, 918-924, 1997

M. GLASS, M. DRAGUNOW and R. L. M. FAULL. THE PATTERN OF NEURODEGENERATION IN HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CANNABINOID, DOPAMINE, ADENOSINE AND GABA A RECEPTOR ALTERATIONS IN THE HUMAN BASAL GANGLIA INHUNTINGTON’S DISEASE. Neuroscience Vol. 97, No. 3, pp. 505-519, 2000

MICHELLE GLASS. THE ROLE OF CANNABINOIDS IN NEURODEOENERATIVE DISEASES. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmox~ol. & 13~oI. Psychtat 2001, Vol 25, pp 743-765

Gruol DL Cannabinoids alter neurotoxicity produced by interleukin-6 in central nervous system neurons. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol 437; Drugs of Abuse, Immunology, and AIDS. Friedman et.al. eds. 1998 plenum press. p 231-240

A. J. Hampson*,, M. Grimaldi, J. Axelrod*, and D. Wink§ Cannabidiol and ()9-tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants. PNAS, Vol. 95, Issue 14, 8268-8273, July 7, 1998

Harald S. Hansen, Birthe Moesgaard, Henrik H. Hansen, Gitte Petersen. N-Acylethanolamines and precursor phospholipids -relation to cell injury. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 108 (2000) 135-150

Gil Lavie , Angella Teichner , Esther Shohami , Haim Ovadia , Ronen R. Leker. Long term cerebroprotective effects of dexanabinol in a model of focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Research 901 (2001) 195-201

Deon F. Louw, Fang W. Yang, Garnette R. Sutherland. The effect of d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on forebrain ischemia in rat. Brain Research 857 2000 183-187

Lyman WD. Sonett JR. Brosnan CF. Elkin R. Bornstein MB. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a novel treatment for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 23(1):73-81, 1989 Jun.

Milton, Nathaniel G.N. Anandamide and noladin ether prevent neurotoxicity of the humanamyloid-b peptide. Neuroscience Letters 332 (2002) 127-130

Tetsuya Nagayama1, Amy D. Sinor1, 2, Roger P. Simon1, Jun Chen1, Steven H. Graham1, Kunlin Jin1, and David A. Greenberg1, 2. Cannabinoids and Neuroprotection in Global and Focal Cerebral Ischemia and in Neuronal Cultures. The Journal of Neuroscience, April 15, 1999, 19(8):2987-2995

David Panikashvili*², Constantina Simeonidou*, Shimon Ben-Shabat²,. LumõÂr HanusÏ ², Aviva Breuer², Raphael Mechoulam² & Esther Shohami*. An endogenous cannabinoid (2-AG) isneuroprotective after brain injury. NATURE | VOL 413 | 4 OCTOBER 2001 | www.nature.com

Shen M. Thayer SA. Cannabinoid receptor agonists protect cultured rat hippocampal neurons from excitotoxicity. Molecular Pharmacology. 54(3):459-62, 1998 Sep.

S. D. Skaper*, A. Buriani, R. Dal Toso, L. Petrelli, S. Romanello, L. Facci, and A. Leon The ALIAmide palmitoylethanolamide and cannabinoids, but not anandamide, are protective in a delayed postglutamate paradigm of excitotoxic death in cerebellar granule neurons. PNAS, Vol. 93, Issue 9, 3984-3989, April 30, 1996

Signor AD et.al. Endocannabinoids protect cerebral cortical neurons from in vitro ichemia in rats. Neuroscience Letters 278 (2000) 157-160.

M. van der Stelt,1 W. B. Veldhuis,2,3 P. R. Ba¨ r,3 G. A. Veldink,1 J. F. G. Vliegenthart,1 and K. Nicolay. Neuroprotection by _ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol, the Main Active Compound in Marijuana, against Ouabain-Induced In Vivo Excitotoxicity. The Journal of Neuroscience, September 1, 2001, 21(17):6475-6479

M. van der Stelt, W. B. Veldhuis, G. W. van Haaften, F. Fezza, T. Bisogno, P. R. Ba¨ r, G. A. Veldink,J. F. G. Vliegenthart, V. Di Marzo, and K. Nicolay. Exogenous Anandamide Protects Rat Brain against Acute Neuronal Injury In Vivo. The Journal of Neuroscience, November 15, 2001, 21(22):8765-8771

Wagner JA. Varga K. Ellis EF. Rzigalinski BA. Martin BR. Kunos G. Activation of peripheral CB1 cannabinoid receptors in haemorrhagic shock. Nature. 390(6659):518-21, 1997 Dec 4.

Pain and Inflammation

Pierre Beaulieu, Tiziana Bisogno, Shahid Punwar, W. Paul Farquhar-Smith, Gerolmina Ambrosino, Vincenzo Di Marzo, Andrew S.C. Rice. Role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the formalin test of persistent pain in the rat. European Journal of Pharmacology 396 2000 85-92

Bloom AS. Dewey WL. Harris LS. Brosius KK. 9-nor-9beta-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol, a cannabinoid with potent antinociceptive activity: comparisons with morphine. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 200(2):263-70, 1977 Feb.

Sumner H. Burstein. The Cannabinoid Acids: Nonpsychoactive Derivatives with Therapeutic Potential. Pharmacol. Ther. Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 87-96, 1999

Buxbaum DM. Analgesic activity of 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat and mouse. Psychopharmacologia. 25(3):275-80, 1972.

Calignano A. La Rana G. Giuffrida A. Piomelli D. Control of pain initiation by endogenous cannabinoids. Nature. 394(6690):277-81, 1998 Jul 16.

Antonio Calignano a , Giovanna La Rana a , Daniele Piomelli. Antinociceptive activity of the endogenous fatty acid amide, palmitylethanolamide. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 419 2001 191_198

Campbell FA et.al. Are cannabinoids an effective and safe treatment option in the management of pain? A qualitative systematic review. BMJ Vol. 323, 7July2001

Giovanna Carta a, Gian Luigi Gessa bA lgessa@unica.it and Felice Nava. Dopamine D2 receptor antagonists prevent 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced antinociception in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, Volume 384, Issue 2-3, November 1999, Pages 153-156

Chapman V. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, SR141716A, selectively facilitates nociceptive responses of dorsal horn neurones in the rat. British Journal of Pharmacology. 127(8):1765-7, 1999 Aug.

V. Chapman. Functional changes in the inhibitory effect of spinal cannabinoid (CB) receptor activation in nerve injured rats. Neuropharmacology 41 (2001) 870-877

Dajani EZ. Larsen KR. Taylor J. Dajani NE. Shahwan TG. Neeleman SD. Taylor MS. Dayton MT. Mir GN. 1',1'-Dimethylheptyl-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol-11-oic acid: a novel, orally effective cannabinoid with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 291(1):31-8, 1999 Oct.

Drew LJ et.al. Activation of spinal cannabinoid 1 receptors inhibits c-fibre driven hyperaxcitable neuronal responses and increases [35S]GTPyS binding in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of noninflamed and inflamed rats. Eur J Neurosci, Vol. 12, pp2079-2086, 2000

Formukong EA. Evans AT. Evans FJ. Analgesic and antiinflammatory activity of constituents of Cannabis sativa L. Inflammation. 12(4):361-71, 1988 Aug.

Alyson Fox * , Adam Kesingland, Clive Gentry, Kara McNair, Sadhana Patel, Laszlo Urban, Iain James. The role of central and peripheral Cannabinoid1 receptors in the antihyperalgesic activity of cannabinoids in a model of neuropathic pain. Pain 92 (2001) 91±100

Hans Guhring ) ,1 , Johannes Schuster 1 , May Hamza, Mehmet Ates, Carolin Edith Kotalla, Kay Brune. HU-210 shows higher efficacy and potency than morphine after intrathecal administration in the mouse formalin test. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 429 2001 127_134

Herzberg U. Eliav E. Bennett GJ. Kopin IJ. The analgesic effects of R(+)-WIN 55,212-2 mesylate, a high affinity cannabinoid agonist, in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience Letters. 221(2-3):157-60, 1997 Jan 17.

Andrea G. Hohmann, Kang Tsou, and J. Michael Walker. Cannabinoid Suppression of Noxious Heat-Evoked Activity in Wide Dynamic Range Neurons in the Lumbar Dorsal Horn of the Rat The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 81 No. 2 February 1999, pp. 575-583

Susan J. Houser, Micah Eads, James P. Embrey, Sandra P. Welch. Dynorphin B and spinal analgesia: induction of antinociception by the cannabinoids CP55,940, D 9 -THC and anandamide. Brain Research 857 2000 337-342

Jaggar SI. Hasnie FS. Sellaturay S. Rice AS. The anti-hyperalgesic actions of the cannabinoid anandamide and the putative CB2 receptor agonist palmitoylethanolamide in visceral and somatic inflammatory pain. Pain. 76(1-2):189-99, 1998 May.

Lisa M. Johanek, Dwayne R. Heitmiller, Michelle Turner, Nicole Nader, Jim Hodges, Donald A. Simone. Cannabinoids attenuate capsaicin-evoked hyperalgesia through spinal and peripheral mechanisms. Pain 93 (2001) 303±315

SARA KELLY AND VICTORIA CHAPMAN. Selective Cannabinoid CB 1 Receptor Activation Inhibits Spinal Nociceptive Transmission In Vivo. RAPID COMMUNICATION. J Neurophysiol VOL 86 � �DECEMBER 2001 www.jn.org�

M.-C. Ko, James H. Woods. rapid communication: Local administration of <Delta>9-tetrahydrocannabinol attenuates capsaicin-induced thermal nociception in rhesus monkeys: a peripheral cannabinoid action. Psychopharmacology, Volume 143 Issue 3 (1999) pp 322-326

Kosersky DS. Dewey WL. Harris LS. Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat. European Journal of Pharmacology. 24(1):1-7, 1973 Oct.

Lichtman AH. Martin BR. Spinal and supraspinal components of cannabinoid-induced antinociception. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 258(2):517-23, 1991 Aug.

Lichtman AH. Martin BR. Cannabinoid-induced antinociception is mediated by a spinal alpha 2-noradrenergic mechanism. Brain Research. 559(2):309-14, 1991 Sep 20. T. Philip Malan Jr., Mohab M. Ibrahim, Hongfeng Deng, Qian Liu, Heriberto P. Mata, Todd Vanderah, Frank Porreca, Alexandros Makriyannis. CB2 cannabinoid receptor-mediated peripheral antinociception. Pain 93 (2001) 239±245

Malfait AM et.al. The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis. PNAS vol.97 no.17 9561-9566 William J. Martin, Andrea G. Hohmann, and J. Michael Walker. Suppression of Noxious Stimulus-Evoked Activity in the Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus of the Thalamus by a Cannabinoid Agonist: Correlation between Electrophysiological and Antinociceptive Effects. J Neurosci, Volume 16, Number 20, Issue of October 15, 1996 pp. 6601-6611

Martin BR. Lichtman AH. Cannabinoid transmission and pain perception. Neurobiology of Disease. 5(6 Pt B):447-61, 1998 Dec.

Mao J. et.al. Two distinctive antinociceptive systems in rats with pathological pain. Neuroscience Letters 280 (2000) 13-16.

David J. Mason Jr.a, John Loweb and Sandra P. WelchaA. Cannabinoid modulation of dynorphin A: correlation to cannabinoid-induced antinociception. European Journal of Pharmacology, Volume 378, Issue 3, August 1999 Pages 237-248

John E. McKenna* and Ronald Melzack†. Blocking NMDA Receptors in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus with AP5 Produces Analgesia in the Formalin Pain Test. Experimental Neurology 172, 92-99 (2001)

John M. McPartland and Ethan B. Russo. Cannabis and Can nabis Ex tracts: Greater Than the Sum of Their Parts?Jour nal of Can na bis Ther -apeutics (The Haworth In te gra tive Healing Press, an im print of The Haworth Press, Inc.) Vol. 1, No. 3/4 , 2001, pp. 103-132; and: Can na bis Ther a peu tics in HIV/AIDS (ed: Ethan Russo) The Haworth In te gra tive Healing Press, an im print of The Haworth Press, Inc., 2001, pp. 103-132.

Melck D. Bisogno T. De Petrocellis L. Chuang H. Julius D. Bifulco M. Di Marzo V. Unsaturated long-chain N-acyl-vanillyl-amides (N-AVAMs): vanilloid receptor ligands that inhibit anandamide-facilitated transport and bind to CB1 cannabinoid receptors. Biochemical & Biophysical Research Communications. 262(1):275-84, 1999 Aug 19.

Meng ID. Manning BH. Martin WJ. Fields HL. An analgesia circuit activated by cannabinoids. Nature. 395(6700):381-3, 1998 Sep 24.

VALERIE MORISSET AND LASZLO URBAN. Cannabinoid-Induced Presynaptic Inhibition of Glutamatergic EPSCs in Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons of the Rat Spinal Cord. J Neurophysiol 2001 pp40-48

Valerie Morisset a , Jatinder Ahluwalia a,b , Istvan Nagy b , Laszlo Urban. Possible mechanisms of cannabinoid-induced antinociception in the spinal cord. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 429 2001 93_100

Noyes R Jr. Baram DA. Cannabis analgesia. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 15(6):531-5, 1974 Nov-Dec. Noyes R Jr. Brunk SF. Baram DA. Canter A. Analgesic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 15(2-3):139-43, 1975 Feb-Mar.

Noyes R Jr. Brunk SF. Avery DAH. Canter AC. The analgesic properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and codeine. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 18(1):84-9, 1975 Jul. Roger G. Pertwee. Cannabinoid receptors and pain. Progress in Neurobiology 63 (2001) 569-611

Frank Porreca, Josephine Lai & T. Philip Malan. Can inflammation relieve pain? Nature Med., December 1998 Volume 4 Number 12 pp 1359 - 1360 Pugh G Jr. Mason DJ Jr. Combs V. Welch SP. Involvement of dynorphin B in the antinociceptive effects of the cannabinoid CP55,940 in the spinal cord. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 281(2):730-7, 1997 May.

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Richardson JD. Kilo S. Hargreaves KM. Cannabinoids reduce hyperalgesia and inflammation via interaction with peripheral CB1 receptors. Pain. 75(1):111-9, 1998 Mar.

Rowe, PM; Cannabinoid analgesia explained. Lancet, Vol 352, Sep 26, 1998, p. 1040

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Smith FL. Fujimori K. Lowe J. Welch SP. Characterization of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and anandamide antinociception in nonarthritic and arthritic rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior. 60(1):183-91, 1998 May.

Sidney R. Smith ) , Georgetta Denhardt, Carol Terminelli. The anti-inflammatory activities of cannabinoid receptor ligands in mouse peritonitis models. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 432 2001 107_119

Sofia RD. Nalepa SD. Harakal JJ. Vassar HB. Anti-edema and analgesic properties of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 186(3):646-55, 1973Sep.

Strangman NM. Patrick SL. Hohmann AG. Tsou K. Walker JM. Evidence for a role of endogenous cannabinoids in the modulation of acute and tonic pain sensitivity. Brain Research. 813(2):323-8, 1998 Dec 7.

Strangman NM. Walker JM. Cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 inhibits the activity-dependent facilitation ofspinal nociceptive responses. Journal of Neurophysiology. 82(1):472-7, 1999 Jul.

Alan H. Tseng a, ) , Rebecca M. Craft. Sex differences in antinociceptive and motoric effects of cannabinoids. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 430 2001 41_47

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Jeffrey A. Vivian, Shiroh Kishioka3, Eduardo R. Butelman4, Jillian Broadbear, Katherine O. Lee and James H. Woods. Analgesic, Respiratory and Heart Rate Effects of Cannabinoid and Opioid Agonists in Rhesus Monkeys: Antagonist Effects of SR 141716A. JPET, Vol. 286, Issue 2, 697-703, August 1998

J. Michael Walker*, Susan M. Huang, Nicole M. Strangman, Kang Tsou, and M. Clara Sañudo-Peña. Pain modulation by release of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide. PNAS, Vol. 96, Issue 21, 12198-12203, October 12, 1999

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Peter M. Zygmunt, David A. Andersson, and Edward D. Ho¨ gesta¨ tt. _ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabinol Activate Capsaicin-Sensitive Sensory Nerves via a CB1 and CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor-Independent Mechanism. The Journal of Neuroscience, June 1, 2002, 22(11):4720-4727

Patents for Cannabinoid Medicines

This section not yet indexed- Contains information on the therapeutic value of cannabinoids which have been patented by the pharmaceutical industry

Perspectives

William S. Aquilino, Leonard A. Lo Sciuto Effects of Interview Mode on Self-Reported Drug Use Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 54, Issue 3 (Autumn, 1990) 362-395

Bachman JG, et.al.; Explaining the Recent Decline in Marijuana Use: Differentiating the Effects of Perceived Risks, Disapproval, and General Lifestyle Factors. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Volume 29, Issue 1 (Mar., 1998), 92-112.

David Baker. Reply: a sanguine approach to cannabis [Comment] Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 2000, 21:6:197

Xavier Bosch Barcelona, Catalan parliament pushes for legalisation of cannabis as therapy; BMJ 2001;322:511 ( 3 March )

Bayer R. et.al. Medicinal Uses of Marijuana (Re: Voth and Schwartz) Annals of Internal Medicine, 15 December 1997.

Rick Bell; Henry Wechsler; Lloyd D. Johnston. Correlates of college student marijuana use: results of a US National Survey. Addiction 1997 Volume: 92 Number: 5 Pages: 571-582

Benson JA. Re: Marijuana and Medicine, edited by Gabriel G. Nahas. NEJM, Vol 341, No 11, September 1999, 854-855

Bradbury, J. Small part of cannabis puzzle solved by animal studies. The Lancet, vol 158, July 28, 2001

Steven R. Childers. PHARMACOLOGY: How Cannabis Acts. review of Leslie L. Iversen, The Science of Marijuana Oxford University Press. Science, Volume 288, Number 5473, Issue of 16 Jun 2000, p. 1972.

Cotton, P; Government Extinguishes Marijuana Access, Advocates Smell Politics. JAMA, May 20 1992, Vol 267. No. 19, 2573-2574

Crawford, Vivienne. The Homelie Herbe. History Today, January 2002 pp40-41

Dupont R. et.al. (Letters) Medicinal Uses of Marijuana. Annals of Internal Medicine, 15 December 1997.

Fred B Charatan, Call for more research on cannabis. BMJ 1997;314:623 (1 March)

Cimons M, US to make research marijuana more accessible. Nature Medicine, Vol 5, No 7,July 1999, p.721

Clyde W. Dent, Ph.D., Steve Sussman, Ph.D.,1 and Alan W. Stacy, Ph.D. Project Towards No Drug Abuse: Generalizability to a General High School Sample. Preventive Medicine 32, 514-520 (2001)

Devane WA. A New dawn of cannabinoid pharmacology. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 15(2):40-1, 1994 Feb.

William V. Fabricius; Craig T. Nagoshi; David P. Mackinnon. Concepts of drugs: differences in conceptual structure across groups with different levels of drug experience. Addiction 1997 Volume: 92 Number: 7 Pages: 847-858

Farrell, M & Ritson B; Cannabis and Health. Br J Psych (2001), 178, 98

Michael Fendrich; Mary Ellen Mackesy-Amiti. Inconsistencies in lifetime cocaine and marijuana use reports: impact on prevalence and incidence. Addiction 1995 Volume: 90 Number: 1 Pages: 111-118

David M. Fergusson; L. John Horwood. Does cannabis use encourage other forms of illicit drug use? Addiction 2000 Volume: 95 Number: 4 Pages: 505-520

Ferriman, A; Regulators accused of bias against cannabis based medicines. BMJ Vol 322, 24 Mar 2001, 691

Ferron C. et.al., Sport activity in adolescence: associations with health perceptions and experimental behaviours. Health Education Research. Vol 14, No 2, 1999 225-233

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Goode, E; Marijuana and the Politics of Reality. J Health Soc Beh, vol 10:2 (Jun, 1969), 83-94

Grahame-Smith, D; Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis, book review. ?1997? p.998-999

Gray, R; Marijuana the Forbidden Medicine, book review. Lancet, vol 342, Oct 30, 1993, 1102

David Gurwitz. Renewed hope for medicinal marijuana? Molecular Medicine Today, 2000, 6:5:187

Hall, W & Babor, TF; Cannabis use and public health: assessing the burden. Addicton (2000) 95(4), 485-490

Wayne Hall. The recent Australian debate about the prohibition on cannabis use. Addiction 1997 Volume: 92 Number: 9 Pages: 1109-1116

Hall, W; Book Review; Marijuana Myths, Marijuana Fact: A Review of the Scientific Evidence. Science, vol 278, Oct 1997, p 75

Halpern 2001. Pain: no medical necessity defense to controlled substances act. J Law Medicine and Ethics, Vol, 29:3 and 4, Fall and Winter 2001

Heyman RB et.al. American Academy of Pediatrics, Marijuana: a continuing concern for pediatricians, Pediatrics, Vol. 104 No. 4 October 1999, 982-985

Hirst RA. Lambert DG. Notcutt WG. Pharmacology and potential therapeutic uses of cannabis. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 81(1):77-84, 1998 Jul.

Jonathan Hodgkin. Mice that can't get high. Trends in Genetics, 1999, 15:9:353.

Michael Hofler; Roselind Lieb; Axel Perkonigg; Peter Schuster; Holger Sonntag; Hans-Ulrich Wittchen. Covariates of cannabis use progression in a representative population sample of adolescents: a

prospective examination of vulnerability and risk factors. Addiction 1999 Volume: 94 Number: 11 Pages: 1679-1694

Hollister, LE; Marihuana in Man: Three Years Later. Science, Vol 172:3978 (Apr 2, 1971), 21-29

Jackson, T. Cannabis the wonder drug? BMJ Vol. 323, 10 Nov 2001

Johnson RA. Gerstein DR. Initiation of use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, and other substances in US birth cohorts since 1919 [see comments]. Am J Public Health 1998 Jan;88(1):9-11

Johnson, WT; et.al.; Arrest Probabilities for Marijuana Users as Indicators of Selective Law Enforcement. Am J Soc, vol 83:3 (Nov, 1977), 681-699

Kalso, E. Cannabinoids for pain and nausea, some evidence but is there any need. BMJ 2001; 323:2: 2-3

Kandel, DB & Adler, I; Socialization into Marijuana Use among French Aolescents: A Cross-Cultural Comparison with the United States. J Health Soc Beh, vol 23:4 (Dec, 1982), 295-309

Kaplan, HB; et.al.; Escalation of Marijuana Use: Application of a General Theory of Deviant Behavior. J Health Soc Beh, vol 27:1 (Mar, 1986), 44-61

Kenneth S. Kendler and Carol A. Prescott. Cannabis Use, Abuse, and Dependence in a Population-Based Sample of Female Twins. Am. J. Psychiatry 1998 155: 1016-1022.

Knight, RC; et.al.; College Student Marijuana Use and Societal Alienation. J Health Soc Beh, vol 15:1 (Mar, 1974), 28-35

Kohn, PM & Mercer, GW; Drug Use, Drug-Use Attitudes, and Authoritarian-Rebellion Dimension. J Health Soc Beh, vol 12:2 (Jun, 1971), 125-131

Kondro, W. Medicinal marijuana users in Canada must carry identification cards. The Lancet; Vol 358; July 21, 2001

John W Kozarich, Daniel H Rich. Looking to the horizon [Editorial overview] Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 1998, 2:439-440.

Liskow BI, Review of "Marijuana Deceptive Weed" by Gabriel Nahas. JAMA April 30, 1973 Vol 224, No.5, p.630

Michael J. Lyons; Rosemary Toomey; Joanne M. Meyer; Alan I. Green; Seth A. Eisen; Jack Goldberg; William R. True; Ming T. Tsuang. How do genes influence marijuana use? The role of subjective effects.Addiction 1997 Volume: 92 Number: 4 Pages: 409-418

MacReady N. Government agents raid the Cannabis Buyers' Club BMJ 1996;313:444 (24 August)

Manheimer, DI; et.al.; Marijuana Use Among Urban Adults. Science, vol. 166:3912 (Dec. 19, 1969), 1544-1545

Mao L. Oh L. Does Marijuana or Crack Cocaine Case Cancer? Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 90. No. 16. August 19, 1998. p. 1182-1184

Masood E. Cannabis Laws "threaten validity of trials". Nature Vol 396, 19 Nov 1998, 206.

Mayor S. BMA wants licensing of cannabis to be changed, BMJ 1997;315:1327-1332 (22 November)

McPartland, JM; Dide Effects of Pharmaceuticals not Elicited by Comparable Herbal Medicines: The case of Tetrahydrocannabinol and Marijuana. Alt Ther, July 1999, vol 5:4, 57-62

Mensch, BS & Kandel, DB; Underreporting of substance Use in a Nationa; Longitudinal Youth Cohort: Individual and Interveiwer Effects. Pub Op Quart, Vol 52:1 (Spring, 1988), 100-124

Mockel M. et.al. severe parnarteritis associated with drug use. Intensive Care Med (1999) 25:113-117.

Model, KE; The effect of Marijuana Decriminalization on Hospital Emergency Room Drug Episodes: 1975-1978. J Am Stat Ass, Vol 88:423 (Sep, 1993) 737-747

Mullner M. Medical use of cannabis. BMJ; Vol. 322; 26 May 2001 p.1312

Nadelman, EA; Drug Prohibition in the United States: costs, Consequences, and Alternatives. Science, Vol 245:4921 9Sep. 1, 1989), 939-947

Christopher B. Nelson; Jurgen Rehm; T. Bedirhan; Bridget Grant; Somnath Chatterji. Factor structures for DSM-IV substance disorder criteria endorsed by alcohol, cannabis, cocaine and opiate users: results from the WHO reliability and validity study. Addiction 1999 Volume: 94 Number: 6 Pages: 843-855

Nancy M. Petry; Warren K . Bickel. Polydrug abuse in heroin addicts: a behavioral economic analysis. Addiction 1998 Volume: 93 Number: 3 Pages: 321-335

Pertwee RG. Pharmacological, physiological and clinical implications of the discovery ofcannabinoid receptors. Biochemical Society Transactions. 26(2):267-72, 1998 May.

Pertwee, RG; Medical uses of cannabinoids: the way forward. Addiction (1999) 94(3), 317-320

Daniele Piomelli, Andrea Giuffrida, Antonio Calignano and Fernando. The endocannabinoid system as a target for therapeutic drugs [Review] Rodríguez de Fonseca

POISINDEX(R) Toxicologic Management

Pulmgreen, P; et.al.; Television Campaigns and Adolescent Marijuana Use: Tests of Sensation Seeking Targeting. Am J Pub Health, Feb 2001, vol. 91, no. 2, 292-296

J. G. Ramaekers. Emerging Drugs: The Prospect for Improved Medicines (Vol. 3) [Review article] TiPS 1998 vol 19 p517

Robson P. Cannabis. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1997; 77:164-166.

Rubenstein, H; Reefer Madness Caribbean Style. J Drug Iss, 30(3), 465-496, 2000

Schwenk, CR; Marijuana and Job Performance: Comparing the Major Streams of Research. J Drug Iss, 28(4), 941-970, 1998

Shafer RG. Presidents and Pot, Or, Were Washington and Jefferson Stoned? Medical Times (Vol. 100, No 3) March 1972; 237-239.

Sheldon T. Medicinal marijuana provided at cost price. BMJ 1997;315:501-504 (30 August)

Lydia A. Shrier, M.D., M.P.H., Sion Kim Harris, Ph.D., Maya Sternberg, Ph.D., and William R. Beardslee, M.D. Associations of Depression, Self-Esteem, and Substance Use with Sexual Risk among Adolescents. Preventive Medicine 33, 179-189 (2001)

Siegel, BZ; Mercury in Marijuna: Some of the problems arising from marijuana use might result from the intake of bioaccumulated mercury. BioScience, Vol 38:9, Oct 1988 619-623

Smart, RG; et.al.; An exploratory study of physicians experiences with patients who use marijuana for medical reasons. Addiction, (1999) 94(3), 435-436

Smigel K; Cancer Problems Lead List for potential Medical Marijuana Research Studies. JNCI, Vol 89:7 17, Sep 3, 1997, p.1255

Stone, R; Reefer Madness At FDA. Science, Vol 263, 4 Feb, 1994, p. 599

Strassman, RJ; Book Reveiw, Marijuna: The Forbidden Medicine. JAMA, Dec 15, 1993, Vol 270:23, p. 2878-2879

Strassman, RJ; Book Reveiw, Marijuana: The Forbidden Medicine, JAMA, Mar 25, 1998, Vol 279:12, 963-964

Tonks A. British patients demand to use cannabis, BMJ 1994;309:1532-1533 (10 December) Ungerleider JT. Andrysiak T. Bias and the cannabis researcher. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 21(8-9 Suppl):153S-158S, 1981 Aug-Sep.

William Armando Vega; Ethel Alderete; Bohdan Kolody; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola. Illicit drug use among Mexicans and Mexican Americans in California: the effects of gender and acculturation. Addiction 1998 Volume: 93 Number: 12 Pages: 1839-1850

Tamaguchi, K & Kandel, DB; On the Resolution of Role Incompatability: A Life Event History Analysis of Family Roles and Marijuana Use. Am J Sociol, Vol 90:6 (May, 1985), 1284-1325

Zinberg NE. Psychology Today, December 1976, 45-106

Who supports medical marijuana?

The American Public Health Association, 9513: Access to Therapeutic Marijuana/Cannabis. American Journal of Public Health. March 1996, Vol. 86, No. 3, pp. 441-442

Annas GJ, Reefer Madness- The Federal Response to California's Medical-Marijuana Law. The New England Journal of Medicine, 337:6 August 7, 1997. 435-439

Benson JA, et.al.; From Marijuana to Medicine. Issues in Science and Technology; Spring 1999, 27-28

The British Medical Association, "Cannabinoid Medicines Should be Legalized" Nature, Vol 390, 20 November 1997. p 214 Cimmons M. Opposition to new marijuana research rules. Nature Medicine, vol 6, No 1, January 2000. p 10

Doblin RE. Kleiman MA. Marijuana as antiemetic medicine: a survey of oncologists' experiences andattitudes. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 9:1314-1319, 1991

Farrell, M; Book Review, Marijuana Myths and Marijuana Facts: A Review of the Scientific Evidence. BMJ, Vol 316, 17 Jan 1998

Gingrich, Newt. Legal Status of Marijuana. JAMA vol 247 no 11 p 1563. 1982

Grinspoon L et.al. Marijuana, the AIDS Wasting Syndrome, and the U.S. Government. The New England Journal of Medicine -- September 7, 1995 -- Vol. 333, No. 10

Grinspoon, L; Marijuana as Medicine: A Plea for Reconsideration. JAMA, Jun 21, 1996-vol 273:23 1875-1876

Grinspoon L. Marijuana. The Harvard Medical School Mental Health Letter, Vol 4, No 5, November 1987. p 1-4

Johnson DH Jr. Statement of the American Medical Association, AMA Urges Research on efficacy of Marijuana. Decmber 30, 1996

Deborah Josefson San Francisco US judge approves distribution of marijuana BMJ VOLUME 321 29 JULY 2000

Kassirer JP, Federal Foolishness and Marijuana. The New England Journal of Medicine, January 30, 1997 -- Volume 336, Number 5 Kaplan, J & Lasagna, L; Academy Marijuana Report. Science, vol 217:4561 (Aug 20, 1982), 686 THE LANCET, EDITORIAL. Deglamorising cannabis. The Lancet, Volume 346, Number 8985, November 11, 1995, p. 1241

Mathre ML. Medicinal use of marijuana. American Journal of Nursing. 97(11):23, 1997 Nov.

MacCoun, R; Reuter, P; Evaluating alternative cannabis regimes. Br J Psych, (2001) 178, 123-128

Mitka, M; Therapeutic Marijuana use Supported While Proposed Study Done. JAMA, Apr 28, 1999,-vol 281:15, 1473-1474

Mudur G. Doctors call for law change on cannabis. BMJ 1996;313:384 (17 August)

Muscat; News Briefs; Study Finds Marijuana Safe for AIDS Patients. Alt Ther, Sep 2000, Vol 6:5, p. 28

Muscat; News Breifs; Institute of Medicine Report Backs Medical Use of Marijuana. Alt Ther, May 1999, Vol 5:3, p.31

The National Association of Attorneys General, Resolution, Committee on Criminal Law and Law Enforcement XI. Therapeutic Use of Marijuana. 25, June 1983 Appendix D p 339

Organizations Supporting Access to Therapeutic Cannabis, as Compiled by Patients Out of Time. July 11, 1998.

The Royal Society and the Academy of Medical Sciences, London UK; use of cannabis and its derivatives for medical and recreational purposes. Interdis Sci Rev, 1998, Vol 23:4, 325-328

Skidmore, Mccaffery, Krumm, Glick. Marijuana as a medicine [letter; comment]. American Journal of Nursing. 98(5):20-1, 1998 May.

Smith R. Editorial: The war on drugs, Prohibition isn't working some legalisation will help. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL Volume 311, December 23-30, 1995

Zinn C. Canberra legalises cannabis for patients in trials. BMJ 1994;309:1532 (10 December)

Those oppossed?

Bennet, WM; Legalization of marijuana for medical use. Lancet, vol. 343, Jan 1994

David Gurwitz, Marihuana and medicine: the debate persists. Marihuana and Medicine edited by G.G. Nahas, K.M. Sutin, D. Harvey and S. Agurell. Molecular Medicine Today, 1999, 5:9:378

Maugh, TH; Marijuana "Justifies Serious Concern". Science, vol. 215:4539 (Mar. 19, 1982), 1488-1489

Maugh, TH; Marihuana (II): Does It Damage The Brain?. Science, vol 185:4153 (Aug. 30, 1974), 775-776.

Maugh, TH; Marijuana: New Support for Immune and Reproductive Hazards. Science, vol 190:4217 (Nov 28, 1975), 865-867

Maugh, TH; Marihuana: the grass May No Longer Be Greener. Science, Vol 185:4152 (Aug 23, 1974), 683-685

Schwartz RH. Voth EA. Sheridan MJ. Marijuana to prevent nausea and vomiting in cancer patients: a survey of clinical oncologists [see comments]. Comment in: South Med J 1998 Oct;91(10):989-91, Source: Southern Medical Journal. 90(2):167-72, 1997 Feb. Voth EA. Schwartz RH. Medicinal applications of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana. Comment in: ACP J Club 1997 Nov-Dec;127(3):65, Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1997 Dec 15;127(12):1134; discussion 1135, Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1997 Dec 15;127(12):1134-5. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 126(10):791-8, 1997 May 15.

Psychiatric Implications

R. Alonso *A, B. Voutsinos *, M. Fournier *, C. Labie ‡, R. Steinberg *, J. Souilhac *, G. Le Fur * and P. Soubrié *. Blockade of cannabinoid receptors by SR141716 selectively increases Fos expression in rat mesocorticolimbic areas via reduced dopamine D2 function. Neuroscience, Volume 91, Issue 2, 607-620, 1999

Cristina Arevalo, Rosario de Miguel, Rafael Hernandez-Tristan. Cannabinoid effects on anxiety-related behaviours and hypothalamic neurotransmitters. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 70 (2001) 123-131

Nathalie Auclair, Satoru Otani, Philippe Soubrie, and Francis Crepel. Cannabinoids Modulate Synaptic Strength and Plasticity at Glutamatergic Synapses of Rat Prefrontal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons. J Neurophysiol 2000 83: 3287-3293

Bovaso, GB. Cannabis Abuse as a Risk Factor for Depressive Symptoms. (Am) Psychiatry 2001; 158:2033-2037

Carlson ET. Cannabis indica in 19th-century psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry. 131(9):1004-7, 1974 Sep. Cousens K. DiMascio A. (-) Delta 9 THC as an hypnotic. An experimental study of three dose levels. Psychopharmacologia. 33(4):355-64, 1973 Dec 20.

B. DEAN, a,b * S. SUNDRAM, b R. BRADBURY, a E. SCARR a and D. COPOLOV. STUDIES ON [ 3 H]CP-55940 BINDING IN THE HUMAN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: REGIONAL SPECIFIC CHANGES IN DENSITY OF CANNABINOID-1 RECEPTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE. Neuroscience Vol. 103, No. 1, pp. 9±15, 2001

Patrick Dumas , Mohamed aoud , ebastien Bouafia , Christel Gutknecht , Rene Ecochard , Jean Dalery , Thierry Rochet , Thierry d’Amato. Cannabis use correlates with schizotypal personality traits in healthy students. Psychiatry Research 1 9 (2 002) 27-35

Emrich HM. Leweke FM. Schneider U. Towards a cannabinoid hypothesis of schizophrenia: cognitive impairments due to dysregulation of the endogenous cannabinoid system. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior. 56(4):803-7, 1997 Apr.

Fritzsche, M. Are cannabinoid receptor knockout mice animal models for schizophrenia? Medical Hypotheses(2000) 56(6), 638-643

G. Grammatikopoulos, M. Pignatelli, F. D’Amico, C. Fiorillo, A. Fresiello, A.G. Sadile *. Selective inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthesis reduces hyperactivity and increases non-selective attention in the NaplesHigh-Excitability rat. Behavioural Brain Research 130 (2002) 127-132

Green, BE & Ritter, C; Marijuana Use and Depression. J Health Soc Beh, 2000, vol 41 (March): 40-49

David Gurwitz. Emerging molecular targets. Drug Discovery Today, 1998, 3:3:144

Harrigan, P; Are cannabis and psychosis linked? Lancet, Vol 353, Feb 27, 1999, p 730

Imade AG. Ebie JC. A retrospective study of symptom patterns of cannabis-induced psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 83(2):134-6, 1991 Feb.

Johns, A; Psychiatric effects of cannabis. Br J Psych (2001), 178, 116-122

M King, E Coker, G Leavey, A Hoare, E Johnson-Sabine. Incidence of psychotic illness in London:comparison of ethnic groups. BMJ 1994;309:1115-1119 (29 October) Kotin J. Post RM. Goodwin FK. 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol in depressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry. 28(3):345-8, 1973 Mar.

Leweke FM et.al. elevated endogenous cannabinoids in schizophrenia. NeuroReport 10, 1665-1669 (1999)

Giovanni Marsicano*q, Carsten T. Wotjak†q, Shahnaz C. Azad‡§, Tiziana Bisogno k , Gerhard Rammes‡, Maria Grazia Cascio k , Heike Hermann*, Jianrong Tang†, Clementine Hofmann { #, Walter Zieglga¨ nsberger‡, Vincenzo Di Marzo k & Beat Lutz*. The endogenous cannabinoid system controls extinction of aversive memories. NATURE | VOL 418 | 1 AUGUST 2002. 530-534

Rob McGee; Sheila Williams; Richie Poulton; Terrie Moffitt. A longitudinal study of cannabis use and mental health from adolescence to early adulthood. Addiction 2000 Volume: 95 Number: 4 Pages: 491-503

Miczek, KA; Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: Antiaggressive Effects in Mice, Rats, and Squirrel Monkeys. Science, Vol 199:4336 (Mar 31, 1978), 1459-1461

K. R. M³ller-Vahl 1 , A. Koblenz 1 , M. Jöbges 2 , H. Kolbe 2 , H. M. Emrich 1 , U. Schneider. Influence of Treatment of Tourette Syndrome with D 9 -Tetrahydro-cannabinol (D 9 -THC) on Neuropsychological Performance. Pharmacopsychiatry 2001; 34: 19±24

Muller-Vahl KR et.al. Treatment of Tourette's syndrome with delta-9-THC): A Randomized Crossover Trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 2002; 35:57-61

Navarro M. Hernandez E. Munoz RM. del Arco I. Villanua MA. Carrera MR. Rodriguez de Fonseca F. Acute administration of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716A induces anxiety-like responses in the rat. Neuroreport. 8(2):491-6, 1997 Jan 20.

Alessandra Ottani, Francesca Ferrari, Daniela Giuliani*. Neuroleptic-like profile of the cannabinoid agonist, HU 210, on rodent behavioural models. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 26 (2002) 91- 96

D. Peckys 1† and Y. L. Hurd. Prodynorphin and k opioid receptor mRNA expressionin the cingulate and prefrontal cortices of subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia or affective disorders. Brain Research Bulletin, Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 619-624, 2001

Polli G. Haschish in melancholia. 1874. Medical Times. 100(7):236-8, 1972 Jul.

Rey et.al. 2002. Mental Health of Teenagers who use cannabis. Br J Psychiatry (2002) 180, 216-221

Scher J. Marijuana as an agent in rehabilitating alcoholics. American Journal of Psychiatry. 127(7):971-2, 1971 Jan.

Stockings, GT; A New Euphoriant for Depressive Mental States. BMJ, June 28, 1947, 918-922

Natarajan Subramanian, Hans O. Kalkman*. Receptor profile of P88-8991 and P95-12113, metabolites ofthe novel antipsychotic iloperidone. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 26 (2002) 553- 560

Swartz JA and Lurigio AJ. Psychotic illness and comorbidity among adult male detainess in drug treatment Psychiatric Services, vol 50 no 12, December 1999, 1628-1630

Alfonso Troisi; Augusto Pasini; Michele Saracco; Gianfranco Spalletta. Psychiatric symptoms in male cannabis users not using other illicit drugs. Addiction 1998 Volume: 93 Number: 4 Pages: 487-492

Volicer, L; et.al.; Effects of Dronabinol on Anorexia and Disturbed Behavior in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Ger Psych, Vol. 12, 913-919 (1997)

Lakshmi N.P. Voruganti, Piotr Slomka, Pamela Zabel, Adel Mattar, A. George Awad. Cannabis induced dopamine release: an in-vivo SPECT study. Z . Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging Section 107 2001 173_177

Warner, R; et.al.; Substance Use Among the Mentally Ill; Prevalence, reasons for Use, and Effects on Illness. Am J Orthopsychiat, 64(1), Jan 1994, 30-39

Weil, AT; et.al.; Clinical and Psychological Effects of Marihuana in Man. Science, Vol 162:3859 (Dec 13, 1968), 1234-1242

J. H. Williams; N. A. Wellman; J. N. P. Rawlins. Cannabis use correlates with schizotypy in healthy people. Addiction 1996 Volume: 91 Number: 6 Pages: 869-878

M.D. Wood a,* , C. Reavill a , B. Trail a , A. Wilson a , T. Stean a , G.A. Kennett 1,a ,S. Lightowler 1,a , T.P. Blackburn 2,a , D. Thomas a , T.L. Gager a , G. Riley a , V. Holland a , S.M. Bromidge b , I.T. Forbes b , D.N. Middlemiss. SB-243213; a selective 5-HT2C receptor inverse agonist with improved anxiolytic profile: lack of tolerance and withdrawal anxiety. Neuropharmacology 41 (2001) 186-199

Zuardi AW. Shirakawa I. Finkelfarb E. Karniol IG. Action of cannabidiol on the anxiety and other effects produced by delta 9-THC in normal subjects. Psychopharmacology. 76(3):245-50, 1982.

Zuardi AW. Morais SL. Guimaraes FS. Mechoulam R. Antipsychotic effect of cannabidiol [letter]. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 56(10):485-6, 1995 Oct.

Religion and Traditional Healing

This section not yet indexed-includes legal motions for religious freedom defense and hybridized religious freedom/medical necessity defense

Reproduction

S. Dalterio, A. Bartke, S. Burstein; Cannabinoids Inhibit Testosterone Secretion by Mouse Testes in vitro; Science, New Series, Volume 196, Issue 4297 (Jun. 24, 1977), 1472-1473.

Dalterio, S; et.al.; Cannabinoids in Male Mice: Effects on Fertility and Spermatogenesis. Science, Vol.216, 16, April 1982.

Dalterio, S; et.al.; Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol Increases Plasma testoterone Concentrations in Mice. Science, Vol. 213, 4507, Jul 31,1981, 581-583

Das, SK; et.al.; Cannabinoid Ligand-Receptor Signaling in the Mouse Uterous. PNAS, Vol. 92; 10 May 9, 1995, 4332-4336

Dreher MC. Nugent K. Hudgins R. Prenatal marijuana exposure and neonatal outcomes in Jamaica: an ethnographic study. Pediatrics. 93(2):254-60, 1994 Feb. P.A. Fried*, A.M. Smith. A literature review of the consequences of prenatal marihuana exposure An emerging theme of a deficiency in aspects of executive function. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 23 (2001) 1 ± 11

Ester Fride a,b , Yoav Ginzburg a , Aviva Breuer a , Tiziana Bisogno c ,Vincenzo Di Marzo c , Raphael Mechoulam a, ). Critical role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in mouse pup suckling and growth. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 419 2001 207_214

Garcia-Gill L. et.al. Perinatal delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure augmented the magnitude of motor inhibition caused by GABA B, but not GABA A, receptor agonists in adult rats. Neurotoxicology and teratology, Vol 21, No 3 pp 277-283, 1999

Mariluz Hernandez, Fernando Berrendero, Isabel Suarez , Lucia Garcia-Gil , Maribel Cebeira , Ken Mackie, Jose A. Ramos, Javier Fernandez-Ruiz. Cannabinoid CB receptors colocalize with tyrosine

hydroxylase in cultured fetal mesencephalic neurons and their activation increases the levels of this enzyme. Brain Research 857 2000 56-65

Sandra W. Jacobson, PhD*; Lisa M. Chiodo, PhD‡; Robert J. Sokol, MD§; and Joseph L. Jacobson, PhD. Validity of Maternal Report of Prenatal Alcohol, Cocaine, and Smoking in Relation to Neurobehavioral Outcome. PEDIATRICS Vol. 109 No. 5 May 2002

Zoltan Kiss. Anandamide stimulates phospholipase D activity in PC12 cells but not in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts FEBS Letters, Volume 447, Issue 2-3, 26-March-1999 pp. 209-212

Lester, BM; et.al.; The maternal Lifestyle Study: Drug Use by Meconium Toxicology and Maternal Self-Report. Pediatrics, vol 107:2, feb 2001, 309-317

Maccarrone, M. et.al. Low fatty acid amide hydrolase and high anandamide levels are associated with failure to achieve an ongoing pregnancy after IVF and embryo transfer. Molecular Human Reproduction Vol.8 No.2 pp. 188-195, 2002

Mani, SK; et.al.; Progesterone receptor and dopamine receptors are required in delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol modulation of sexual receptivity in female rats. PNAS, Jan. 30, 2001, vol. 98:3, 1249-1254

Mauro Maccarrone, Massimo De Felici, Monica Bari, Francesca Klinger, Gregorio Siracusa, and AlessandroFinazzi-Agrò. Down-regulation of anandamide hydrolase in mouse uterus by sex hormones. Eur J Biochem 2000 267: 2991-2997

Meyer JS. Kunkle R. Behavioral responses to a D1 dopamine agonist in weanling rats treated neonatally with cocaine and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Neurotoxicology & Teratology. 21(4):375-80, 1999 Jul-Aug. Morris, K; "Neural love triangle" leads to sexual receptivity. Lancet, Vol 357, Jan 27, 2001, p. 286

Okey, AB; et.al.; Is Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol Estrogenic? Science, Vol 195:4281 (Mar 4, 1977), 904-906

Okey, AB & Bondy, GP; Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 17 beta-Estradiol Bind to Different Macromolecules in Estrogen Target Tissues. Science, Vol 200:4339 (Apr 21, 1978), 312-314 Osama M.H. Habayeb, Stephen C. Bell, Justin C. Konje*. Endogenous cannabinoids: Metabolism and their role in reproduction. Life Sciences 70 (2002) 1963-1977

Enrique M. Ostrea, Jr, MD*; Anthony R. Ostrea, BS*; and Pippa M. Simpson, PhD. Mortality Within the First 2 Years in Infants Exposed to Cocaine, Opiate, or Cannabinoid During Gestation. PEDIATRICS Vol. 100 No. 1 July 1997

B.C. Paria, S.K. Dey, B.C. Paria, S.K. Dey. Ligand-receptor signaling with endocannabinoids in preimplantation embryo development and implantation. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 108 (2000) 211-220.

BC Paria, W Ma, DM Andrenyak, PC Schmid, HH Schmid, DE Moody, H Deng, A Makriyannis and SK Dey. Effects of cannabinoids on preimplantation mouse embryo development and implantation are mediated by brain-type cannabinoid receptors. Biology of Reproduction, Vol 58, 1490-1495, 1998

Paria, BC, H. Song, X. Wang, P. C. Schmid, R. J. Krebsbach, H. H. O. Schmid, Tom I. Bonneri, Andreas Zimmer, and S. K. Dey Dysregulated cannabinoid signaling disrupts uterine receptivity for

embryo implantation. JBC Papers in Press. Pub. Mar 8, 2001 as Manuscript M100679200, THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 276, No. 23, Issue of June 8, pp. 20523-20528, 2001

Paria, BC et.al.; The preimplantation Mouse Embryo is a Target for Cannabinoid Ligand-Receptor Signalling. PNAS, Vol 92:21 (Oct 10, 1995), 9460-9464

Alberto Perez-Rosado, Jorge Manzanares, Javier Fernandez-Ruiz, Jose A. Ramos. Prenatal D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol exposure modifies proenkephalin gene expression in the fetal rat brain: sex-dependent differences. Developmental Brain Research 120 2000 77-81

Rawitch, AB; et.al.; Competition of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol with Estrogen in Rat Uterine Estrogen receptor Binding. Science, Vol 197:4309 (Sep 16, 1977), 1189-1191

Rettori, V; et.al.; In Vitro Effect of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol to Stimulate Somatostatin Release and Block that of leutinizing Hormane-Releasing Hormone by Suppression of the Release of Prostaglandin E-2, PNAS Vol 87:24 (Dec, 1990), 10063-10067

Patricia C. Schmid*, B. C. Paria, Randy J. Krebsbach*, Harald H. O. Schmid*, and S. K. Dey, receptivity for embryo implantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 94, pp. 4188-4192, April 1997

R. A. Sherwood, J. Keating, V. Kavvadia, A. Greenough , T. J. Peters. neonatology: Substance misuse in early pregnancy and relationship to fetal outcome. European Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 158 Issue 6 (1999) pp 488-492

Smith, CG; et.al.; Tolerance Develops to the Disruptive Effects of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Primate Menstrual Cycle. Science, Vol 219:4591 (Mar 25, 1983), 1453-1455

Stella, N; How might cannabinoids influence sexual behavior? PNAS Jan 30, 2001, Vol 98:3, 793-795

Tibor Wenger, Catherine Ledent, Valer Csernus, and Ida Gerendai. The Central Cannabinoid Receptor Inactivation Suppresses Endocrine Reproductive Functions. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 284, 363-368 (2001)

Tibor Wenger a, *, Ida Gerendai a , Filomena Fezza b , Sara González c ,Tiziana Bisogno b , Javier Fernandez-Ruiz c , Vincenzo Di Marzo. The hypothalamic levels of the endocannabinoid, anandamide, peak immediately before the onset of puberty in female rats. Life Sciences 70 (2002) 1407-1414

Respiratory Effects

Arey SL. Letter: Cannabis for asthma. New England Journal of Medicine. 289(18):980, 1973 Nov 1.

Barsky, SH, et.al.; histopathis and Molecular Alterations in Bronchial Epithelium in Habitual Smokers of Marijuana, Cocaine, and/or tobacco. JNCI Vol.90 no. 16 Aug 19, 1998, 1198- 1205

David W. Carley PhD,1,2,3 Sasa Pavlovic MD,2 Marika Janelidze,3 and Miodrag Radulovacki MD, PhD. Functional Role for Cannabinoids in Respiratory Stability During Sleep. SLEEP, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2002. 388-395

GAYLE COCITA BALDWIN, DONALD P. TASHKIN, DAWN M. BUCKLEY, ALICE N. PARK, STEVEN M. DUBINETT, and MICHAEL D. ROTH. Marijuana and Cocaine Impair Alveolar Macrophage Function and Cytokine Production. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 156, Number 5, November 1997, 1606-1613

SH Barsky, MD Roth, EC Kleerup, M Simmons and DP Tashkin. Histopathologic and molecular alterations in bronchial epithelium in habitual smokers of marijuana, cocaine, and/or tobacco Journal Of The National Cancer Institute, Vol 90, 1198-1205, 1998

A. Calignano*,I.Ka´ tona†,F. De´ sarnaud‡, A. Giuffrida‡, G. La Rana*, K. Mackie§, T. F. Freund† & D. Piomelli. Bidirectional control of airway responsiveness by endogenous cannabinoids. NATURE | VOL 408 | 2 NOVEMBER 2000 96-101

David Cunnington, MB,BS; Harry Teichtahl, MB,BS(Hons), FCCP; John M. Hunt, MB,BS; Chris Dow, MB,BS; and Renata Valentine, MB,BS. Necrotizing Pulmonary Granulomata in a MarijuanaSmoker. (CHEST 2000; 117:1511-1514)

Stanley S. Davis. Delivery of peptide and non-peptide drugs through the respiratory tract [Research focus]Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Today, 1999, 2:11:450-456

Jerome Dempsey PhD. “Functional Role for Cannabinoids in Respiratory Stability During Sleep”by D.W. Carley, et al.. SLEEP, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2002. 396-397

Hall, W; The respiratory risks of cannabis smoking. Addiction (1998) 93(10), 1461-1463

Martin K Johnson, Robin P Smith, Douglas Morrison, Gabriel Laszlo, Roger J White. Case reports:Large lung bullae in marijuana smokers. Thorax 2000;55:340-342 340

Aron H. Lichtman, Joanne Peart, Justin L. Poklis, D. Troy Bridgen, Raj K. Razdan, David M. Wilson, Alphonse Poklis, Yun Meng, Peter R. Byron, Billy R. Martin. Pharmacological evaluation of aerosolized cannabinoids in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology 399 2000 141-149

Fligiel SE. Roth MD. Kleerup EC. Barsky SH. Simmons MS. Tashkin DP. Tracheobronchial histopathology in habitual smokers of cocaine, marijuana, and/or tobacco. Chest. 112(2):319-26, 1997 Aug.

MICHAEL D. ROTH, ASHIM ARORA, SANFORD H. BARSKY, ERIC C.KLEERUP, MICHAEL SIMMONS, and DONALD P. TASHKIN. Airway Inflammation in Young Marijuana and Tobacco Smokers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 157, Number 3, March 1998, 928-937

Sarafian TA. Magallanes JA. Shau H. Tashkin D. Roth MD. Oxidative stress produced by marijuana smoke. An adverse effect enhanced by cannabinoids. American Journal of Respiratory Cell & Molecular Biology. 20(6):1286-93, 1999 Jun.

Tashkin DP. Shapiro BJ. Lee YE. Harper CE. Effects of smoked marijuana in experimentally induced asthma. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 112(3):377-86, 1975 Sep.

DP Tashkin, MS Simmons, DL Sherrill and AH Coulson Heavy habitual marijuana smoking does not cause an accelerated decline in FEV1 with age. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Vol 155, No. 1, 01 1997, 141-148.

E. Sylvester Vizi ) , Istvan Katona, Tamas F. Freund ´ ´. Evidence for presynaptic cannabinoid CB receptor-mediated inhibition of noradrenaline release in the guinea pig lung. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 431 2001 237_244

Wallace JM. Lim R. Browdy BL. Hopewell PC. Glassroth J. Rosen MJ. Reichman LB. Kvale PA. Risk factors and outcomes associated with identification of Aspergillus in respiratory specimens from persons with HIV disease. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group. Chest. 114(1):131-7, 1998 Jul.

MARIAM H.M. YOUSIF, MABAYOJE A. ORIOWO. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF CANNABINOID RECEPTOR LIGANDS ON ELECTRICALLY-EVOKED RESPONSES IN RAT ISOLATED TRACHEAL RING SEGMENTS. Pharmacol Res Vol 40 No 5. November 1999. pp. 415-421

Synaptic Transmission

Nathalie Auclair,1 Satoru Otani,1 Philippe Soubrie,2 and Francis Crepel1. Cannabinoids Modulate Synaptic Strength and Plasticity at Glutamatergic Synapses of Rat Prefrontal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons. The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 83 No. 6 June 2000, pp. 3287-3293

Marcia Barinaga; How Cannabinoids Work in the Brain; Science, Volume 291, Number 5513, Issue of 30 Mar 2001, pp. 2530-2531.

Monsif Bouaboula, Nathalie Desnoyer, Pierre Carayon, Thérèse Combes, and Pierre Casellas. Gi Protein Modulation Induced by a Selective Inverse Agonist for the Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor CB2: Implication for Intracellular Signalization Cross-Regulation. Mol Pharmacol, Vol. 55, Issue 3, 473-480, March 1999

M. Bouaboula, L. Bianchini, F.R. McKenzie, J. Pouyssegur, P. Casellas. Cannabinoid receptor CB1 activates the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE-1 isoform via Gi-mediated mitogen activated protein kinase signaling transduction pathways. Febs Letters Vol. 449 (1) pp. 61-65, 1999

Chan PK. Yung WH. Occlusion of the presynaptic action of cannabinoids in rat substantia nigrapars reticulata by cadmium. Neuroscience Letters. 249(1):57-60, 1998 Jun 12.

Chan PK. Chan SC. Yung WH. Presynaptic inhibition of GABAergic inputs to rat substantia nigra parsreticulata neurones by a cannabinoid agonist. Neuroreport. 9(4):671-5, 1998 Mar 9.

J. F. CHEER,* C. A. MARSDEN, D. A. KENDALL and R. MASON. LACK OF RESPONSE SUPPRESSION FOLLOWS REPEATED VENTRAL TEGMENTAL CANNABINOID ADMINISTRATION: AN IN VITRO ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY. Neuroscience Vol. 99, No. 4, pp. 661-667, 2000

Benjamin F. Cravatt* † , Kristin Demarest*, Matthew P. Patricelli*, Michael H. Bracey*, Dan K. Giang*, Billy R. Martin, and Aron H. Lichtman. Supersensitivity to anandamide and enhanced endogenous cannabinoid signaling in mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase. PNAS u July 31, 2001 u vol. 98 u no. 16 9371-9376

Diana, M et.al. Increase in meso-prefrontal dopaminergic activity after stimulation of CB1 receptors by cannabinoids. Eur J Neurosci, Vol 10, pp2825-2830, 1998

H. Daniel and F. Crepel. Rapid Report Control of Ca 2+ influx by cannabinoid and metabotropicglutamate receptors in rat cerebelar cortex requires K+ channels. Journal of Physiology (2001), 537.3, pp.793-800

Marco A. Diana,1 Carole Levenes,1 Ken Mackie,2 and Alain Marty. Short-Term Retrograde Inhibition of GABAergic Synaptic Currents in Rat Purkinje Cells Is Mediated by Endogenous Cannabinoids. The Journal of Neuroscience, January 1, 2002, 22(1):200-208

Pascal Derkinderen, Madeleine Toutant, Ferran Burgaya, Marc Le Bert, Julio C. Siciliano, * Vittorio de Franciscis, Michèle Gelman, Jean-Antoine Girault. Regulation of a Neuronal Form of FocalAdhesion Kinase by Anandamide. Science, Volume 273, Number 5282 Issue of 20 Sep 1996, pp. 1719 - 1722

Pascal Derkinderen, Madeleine Toutant, Gress Kadare , Catherine Ledent , Marc Parmentier, and Jean-Antoine Girault. Dual Role of Fyn in the Regulation of FAK 6,7 by Cannabinoids in Hippocampus*. THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 276, No. 41, Issue of October 12, pp. 38289-38296, 2001

M. Egertová; D. K. Giang; B. F. Cravatt; M. R. Elphick. A new perspective on cannabinoid signalling: complimentary localization of fatty acid amide hydrolase and the CB1 receptor in rat brain. Proceedings: Biological Sciences 1998 Volume: 265 Number: 1410 Pages: 2081-2081

Fan P. Cannabinoid agonists inhibit the activation of 5-HT3 receptors in rat nodose ganglion neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology. 73(2):907-10, 1995 Feb.

IRINA FEDOROVA, AKIHIRO HASHIMOTO, ROBERT A. FECIK, MICHAEL P. HEDRICK, LUM ´ IR O. HANU _ S, DALE L. BOGER, KENNER C. RICE, and ANTHONY S. BASILE. Behavioral Evidence for the Interaction of Oleamide with Multiple Neurotransmitter Systems. JPET 299:332-342, 2001 Printed in U.S.A.

Ferraro, L. et.al. The Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist WIN 55,212-2 Regulates Glutamate Transmissiion in Rat Cerebral Cortex: an In Vivo and In Vitro Study. Cerebral Cortex Aug 2001; 11:728-733

Gebremedhin D. Lange AR. Campbell WB. Hillard CJ. Harder DR. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor of cat cerebral arterial muscle functions to inhibit L-type Ca2+ channel current. American Journal of Physiology. 276(6 Pt 2):H2085-93, 1999 Jun.

Gerdeman, G & Lovinger, DM; CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Inhibits Release of Glutamate in Rat Dorsolateral Striatum. ?American Physiological Society?, 2000, 468-471

Hajos, N. et.al. Cannabinoids inhibit hippocampal GABAergic transmission and network oscillations. Eur J Neurosci, Vol. 12, pp 3239-3249, 2000

Hampson, RE; et.al.; Cannabinoid and Kappa opioid Receptors Reduce potassium K Current via Activation of G5 Proteins in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons. ?J Physiol? (2000) 2356-2364

Henry DJ. Chavkin C. Activation of inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRK1) by co-expressed rat brain cannabinoid receptors in Xenopus oocytes. Neuroscience Letters. 186(2-3):91-4, 1995 Feb 17.

Alexander F. Hoffman and Carl R. Lupica. Mechanisms of Cannabinoid Inhibition of GABAA Synaptic Transmission in the Hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 2000 20: 2470-2479

Allyn C. Howlett, Somnath Mukhopadhyay. Cellular signal transduction by anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 108 (2000) 53-70

Chiung-Chun Huang, Shiow-Win Lo and Ku i-S n Hsu. Presynaptic echanis s underlying cannabinoid inhibition of excitatory synaptic trans ission in rat striatal neurons. Journal o Physiology (2001), 532.3, pp.731-748

Norio Ishioka and Richard D. Bukoski. A Role for N-Arachidonylethanolamine (Anandamide) as the Mediator of Sensory Nerve-Dependent Ca2+-Induced Relaxation. JPET, Vol. 289, Issue 1, 245-250, April 1999

Lily Yeh Jan, Yuh Nung Jan. Receptor-regulated ion channels [Review article] Current Opinion in Cell Biology 1997, 9:155-160.

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