Table 2.1 Chemical Bonds and Interactions

In-Text Art, Ch. 2, p. 19

Table 2.2 Some Electronegativities

Figure 2.5 Hydrogen Bonds Can Form between or within Molecules

In-Text Art, Ch. 2, p. 22

Figure 2.6 Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic

Figure 2.7 Functional Groups Important to Living Systems (Part 1)

Figure 2.7 Functional Groups Important to Living Systems (Part 2)

• Carbohydrates – saccharides • Energy, structure

• Lipids – fats, oils, waxes, steroids• Membranes, energy storage, waterproof

coatings, messengers

• Proteins – many forms, many functions; enzymes are critical for life

• Nucleic Acids – DNA, RNA• informational molecules

Four Groups of Organic Macromolecules

Figure 2.8 Condensation and Hydrolysis of Polymers (Part 1)

Figure 2.8 Condensation and Hydrolysis of Polymers (Part 2)

Figure 2.9 Monosaccharides (Part 2)

In-Text Art, Ch. 2, p. 25

Figure 2.10 Polysaccharides

Two forms of Glucose

Figure 2.10 Polysaccharides (Part 1)

Cellulose – role of H bonds

Figure 5.x1 Cellulose digestion: termite and Trichonympha

Chitin

Chitin – structural carbohydrate

Figure 2.11 Synthesis of a Triglyceride

Figure 2.12 Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids (Part 1)

Figure 2.12 Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids (Part 2)

Examples of Saturated and Unsaturated Fats

Figure 2.13 Phospholipids (Part 1)

Figure 2.13 Phospholipids (Part 2)

Cholesterol – a steroid

Proteins

Amino Acids

Forming Peptide Bonds

Figure 3.7 The Four Levels of Protein Structure (Part 1)

Figure 3.7 The Four Levels of Protein Structure (Part 2)

Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein

Figure 5.19 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease

Figure 3.7 The Four Levels of Protein Structure (Part 4)

Figure 3.7 The Four Levels of Protein Structure (Part 5)

Figure 3.8 Noncovalent Interactions between Proteins and Other Molecules Figure 3.8 Noncovalent Interactions between Proteins and Other Molecules

Figure 5.25 Denaturation and renaturation of a protein

Figure 5.26 A chaperonin in action

Figure 3.1 Nucleotides Have Three Components

Figure 3.2 Linking Nucleotides Together

Figure 3.4 DNA

Figure 3.3 RNA (Part 1)

Figure 3.3 transfer RNA