T5 leadership & communication skills 2013

Leadership & Leadership & Communication SkillsCommunication Skills

Mohd Rafi/Ghazali Ahmad, Mohd Rafi/Ghazali Ahmad, Ph.DPh.D

©2009/10©2009/10

Leadership SkillsLeadership Skills

APT 2013APT 2013 © 2009/10 Dr. Rafi/Dr.Ghazali© 2009/10 Dr. Rafi/Dr.Ghazali 33

What is Leadership?What is Leadership?

Leadership is a process in which a Leadership is a process in which a leader attempts to influence his leader attempts to influence his or her followers to establish and or her followers to establish and accomplish a goal or goals. accomplish a goal or goals.

Leadership is a continuous Leadership is a continuous process, with the accomplishment process, with the accomplishment of one goal becoming the of one goal becoming the beginning of a new goal. beginning of a new goal.


What Leadership is What Leadership is NotNot Leadership is not just a person or Leadership is not just a person or

group of people in a high position; group of people in a high position; understanding leadership is not understanding leadership is not complete without understanding complete without understanding interactions between a leader and interactions between a leader and his or her followers. his or her followers.

Neither is leadership merely the Neither is leadership merely the ability or static capacity of a leader. ability or static capacity of a leader.


Leadership vs. Leadership vs. ManagementManagement Management involves planning the goals of Management involves planning the goals of

an organization, recruits the necessary staff, an organization, recruits the necessary staff, organizes them, and closely supervises them organizes them, and closely supervises them to make sure that the initial plan is executed to make sure that the initial plan is executed properly (PODC). properly (PODC).

Leadership goes beyond management of Leadership goes beyond management of plans and tasks. It envisions the future and plans and tasks. It envisions the future and sets a new direction for the organization. sets a new direction for the organization. Successful leaders mobilize all possible Successful leaders mobilize all possible means and human resources; they inspire all means and human resources; they inspire all members of the organization to support the members of the organization to support the new mission and execute it with enthusiasm. new mission and execute it with enthusiasm.


The Role of a LeaderThe Role of a Leader

To ensure that the mission and goals of To ensure that the mission and goals of the organization is achieved by the organization is achieved by exercising their power and influence exercising their power and influence over subordinates. That power is over subordinates. That power is exercised in earlier stages by exercised in earlier stages by motivating followers to get the job motivating followers to get the job done and in later stages by rewarding done and in later stages by rewarding or punishing those who do or do not or punishing those who do or do not perform to the level of expectation. perform to the level of expectation.


The Role of a LeaderThe Role of a Leader

Once a goal is set, the leader assumes Once a goal is set, the leader assumes the role of ensuring successful the role of ensuring successful accomplishment of the goal. accomplishment of the goal.

Another vital role of leadership is to Another vital role of leadership is to represent the group/organization and represent the group/organization and link it to the external world in order to link it to the external world in order to obtain vital resources to carry out its obtain vital resources to carry out its mission. mission.

When necessary, leadership has to When necessary, leadership has to defend the organization's integrity. defend the organization's integrity.


Additional RolesAdditional Roles

Challenge the processChallenge the process—search out —search out challenging opportunities, take risks, challenging opportunities, take risks, and learn from mistakes. and learn from mistakes.

Inspire others to come together and Inspire others to come together and agree on a future direction or goal—agree on a future direction or goal— create a shared vision by thinking create a shared vision by thinking about the future, having a strong about the future, having a strong positive vision, and encouraging others positive vision, and encouraging others to participate. to participate.


Additional RolesAdditional Roles

Help others to actHelp others to act—help others to work —help others to work together, to cooperate and collaborate by together, to cooperate and collaborate by developing shared goals and building trust, and developing shared goals and building trust, and help to make others stronger by encouraging help to make others stronger by encouraging them to develop their skills and talents. them to develop their skills and talents.

Set an exampleSet an example—behave in ways that are —behave in ways that are consistent with professed values and help consistent with professed values and help others to achieve small gains that keep them others to achieve small gains that keep them motivated, especially when a goal will not be motivated, especially when a goal will not be achieved quickly. achieved quickly.

Encourage othersEncourage others—recognize each individual's —recognize each individual's contributions to the success of a project.contributions to the success of a project.


Characteristics of a Characteristics of a Successful and Effective Successful and Effective LeaderLeader Inborn or acquired?Inborn or acquired? Personality traitsPersonality traits: : determination, determination,

emotional stability, diplomacy, self-emotional stability, diplomacy, self-confidence, personal integrity, confidence, personal integrity, originality, and creativity.originality, and creativity.

Intellectual abilitiesIntellectual abilities: : judgmental ability, judgmental ability, knowledge, and verbal communication knowledge, and verbal communication ability.ability.

Physical traitsPhysical traits: : age, height, weight, age, height, weight, and physical attractiveness.and physical attractiveness.


Types of LeaderTypes of Leader

AutocraticAutocratic leaders set their goals leaders set their goals without considering the opinions of their without considering the opinions of their followers, then command their followers followers, then command their followers to execute their assigned tasks without to execute their assigned tasks without question. question.

ConsultativeConsultative leaders solicit the opinions leaders solicit the opinions and ideas of their followers in the goal-and ideas of their followers in the goal-setting process but ultimately determine setting process but ultimately determine important goals and task assignments important goals and task assignments on their own. on their own.


Types of LeaderTypes of Leader

DemocraticDemocratic or or participativeparticipative leaders leaders participate equally in the process with participate equally in the process with their followers and let the group make their followers and let the group make decisions. decisions.

Extremely laid-back leaders, so called Extremely laid-back leaders, so called laissez-fairelaissez-faire leaders, let the group take leaders, let the group take whatever action its members feel is whatever action its members feel is necessary. necessary.


Leadership StylesLeadership Styles

The The job-centeredjob-centered leader closely supervises leader closely supervises subordinates to make sure they perform their subordinates to make sure they perform their tasks following the specified procedures. This tasks following the specified procedures. This type of leader relies on reward, punishment, and type of leader relies on reward, punishment, and legitimate power to influence the behavior of legitimate power to influence the behavior of followers. followers.

The The employee-centeredemployee-centered leader believes that leader believes that creating a supportive work environment creating a supportive work environment ultimately is the road to superior organizational ultimately is the road to superior organizational performance. The employee-centered leader performance. The employee-centered leader shows great concern about the employees' shows great concern about the employees' emotional well-being, personal growth and emotional well-being, personal growth and development, and achievement. development, and achievement.



The leadership style of The leadership style of initiating initiating structurestructure is similar to the job-centered is similar to the job-centered leadership style, whereas leadership style, whereas considerationconsideration is similar to the employee-centered is similar to the employee-centered leadership style. leadership style.

A leader who could demonstrate both A leader who could demonstrate both high initiating structure (job-centered) high initiating structure (job-centered) and high consideration (employee-and high consideration (employee-centered) would be successful and centered) would be successful and effective in all circumstances. effective in all circumstances.



Task-oriented Task-oriented leadership or leadership or situationalsituational leadership style is appropriate when the leadership style is appropriate when the situation is either extremely favorable (good situation is either extremely favorable (good relationship, well-defined tasks, have power) relationship, well-defined tasks, have power) or extremely unfavorable to the leader.or extremely unfavorable to the leader.

If situation is moderately favorable, If situation is moderately favorable, people-people-oriented leadership oriented leadership style is appropriate.style is appropriate.

Directive leadershipDirective leadership style is effective when style is effective when followers are inexperienced and lack maturity followers are inexperienced and lack maturity and responsibility. and responsibility.

Supportive leadershipSupportive leadership is effective when is effective when followers are experienced and/but willing to followers are experienced and/but willing to take charge.take charge.


Charismatic and Charismatic and Transformational Transformational LeadershipLeadership A great leader is remembered for his or her A great leader is remembered for his or her

charismacharisma, which means "divinely inspired , which means "divinely inspired gift" in Greek. Charismatic leaders have gift" in Greek. Charismatic leaders have profound effects on followers. Through their profound effects on followers. Through their exceptional inspirational and verbal ability, exceptional inspirational and verbal ability, they articulate ideological goals and they articulate ideological goals and missions, communicate to followers with missions, communicate to followers with passion and inspiration, set an example in passion and inspiration, set an example in their own behaviors, and demand hard work their own behaviors, and demand hard work and commitment from followers, above and and commitment from followers, above and beyond normal expectation (e.g. Adolph beyond normal expectation (e.g. Adolph Hitler). Hitler).


Charismatic and Charismatic and Transformational Transformational LeadershipLeadership TransformationalTransformational leadershipleadership is an is an

extension of charismatic leadership extension of charismatic leadership theory. theory.

Bernard Bass (1985) views leadership as a Bernard Bass (1985) views leadership as a process of social exchange between a process of social exchange between a leader and his or her followers. leader and his or her followers.

In exchange for desired behaviors and In exchange for desired behaviors and task accomplishment, a leader provides task accomplishment, a leader provides rewards to followers. This nominal social rewards to followers. This nominal social exchange process is called exchange process is called transactional transactional leadershipleadership. .


Charismatic and Charismatic and Transformational Transformational LeadershipLeadership A transformational leader places a higher A transformational leader places a higher

level of trust in his or her followers and level of trust in his or her followers and demands a much higher level of loyalty and demands a much higher level of loyalty and performance beyond normal expectations. performance beyond normal expectations.

With unusual charismatic qualities and With unusual charismatic qualities and inspirational person-to-person interactions, inspirational person-to-person interactions, a transformational leader transforms and a transformational leader transforms and motivates followers to make extra efforts to motivates followers to make extra efforts to turn around ailing organizational situations turn around ailing organizational situations into success stories (e.g. Lee Iacocca). into success stories (e.g. Lee Iacocca).


Visionary LeadershipVisionary Leadership

Visionary LeadershipVisionary Leadership increases increases efficiency by moving decision-making efficiency by moving decision-making responsibility to the frontline. Efficiency responsibility to the frontline. Efficiency is achieved with limited supervision. To is achieved with limited supervision. To make frontline responsibility effective, make frontline responsibility effective, leadership must give workers leadership must give workers opportunity to develop quality decision-opportunity to develop quality decision-making skills and learn to trust them making skills and learn to trust them (e.g. Wal-Mart stores & HP).(e.g. Wal-Mart stores & HP).


Elements of Visionary Elements of Visionary LeadershipLeadership Visionary leadership push Visionary leadership push

responsibility to the frontline.responsibility to the frontline.– When priority is responsibility at the When priority is responsibility at the

frontline, leadership will seek talent, frontline, leadership will seek talent, people he can depend on to complete people he can depend on to complete tasks with limited supervision. The policy tasks with limited supervision. The policy will be “do it.” The frontline develops will be “do it.” The frontline develops quality decision-making skills that are also quality decision-making skills that are also found in layers of management. found in layers of management.


Elements of Visionary Elements of Visionary LeadershipLeadership Visionary leadership leads to higher Visionary leadership leads to higher

efficiency.efficiency.– High efficiency workplaces are based on High efficiency workplaces are based on

visionary leadership, where workplace visionary leadership, where workplace policies authorize decision-making policies authorize decision-making responsibility at the frontline. Limited responsibility at the frontline. Limited supervision is needed with worker supervision is needed with worker responsibility. responsibility.


Elements of Visionary Elements of Visionary LeadershipLeadership Visionary leadership delegates Visionary leadership delegates

decision- making responsibility.decision- making responsibility.– Decision-making responsibility, at all Decision-making responsibility, at all

levels, allows minor problems to be solved levels, allows minor problems to be solved by those who are first aware of them. by those who are first aware of them. Management can stay focused on Management can stay focused on problems related to the organization goals. problems related to the organization goals. As a bonus, employee motivation is high As a bonus, employee motivation is high when they feel what they are doing makes when they feel what they are doing makes a difference. a difference.


Elements of Visionary Elements of Visionary LeadershipLeadership Visionary leadership provides learning Visionary leadership provides learning

opportunity.opportunity.– Learning to make quality decisions is the Learning to make quality decisions is the

result of worker responsibility, resulting in result of worker responsibility, resulting in the development of personal skills. An the development of personal skills. An experienced workforce prevents experienced workforce prevents elementary problems. Continuous learning elementary problems. Continuous learning opportunity is highly motivating—it opportunity is highly motivating—it controls employee inspiration, skill level controls employee inspiration, skill level and quality. and quality.


Elements of Visionary Elements of Visionary LeadershipLeadership Visionary leadership rewards achievers.Visionary leadership rewards achievers.

– People, who have a burning drive to be an People, who have a burning drive to be an achiever, seek opportunity in organizations achiever, seek opportunity in organizations that have a reputation of supporting that have a reputation of supporting personal ambitions. Their presence inspire personal ambitions. Their presence inspire co-workers to do the same or simply be co-workers to do the same or simply be proud of their surroundings. Visionary proud of their surroundings. Visionary leadership welcomes subordinates more leadership welcomes subordinates more capable than themselves, because their capable than themselves, because their first priority is to get the job done with first priority is to get the job done with limited supervision. limited supervision.


Elements of Visionary Elements of Visionary LeadershipLeadership Visionary leadership nourishes natural Visionary leadership nourishes natural

talent.talent.– Where workers have decision-making Where workers have decision-making

responsibility, unique skills and natural responsibility, unique skills and natural talent are soon recognized by coworkers talent are soon recognized by coworkers and leadership. An employee may discover and leadership. An employee may discover talent he did not know he had. With talent he did not know he had. With discovery, he can search for ways to discovery, he can search for ways to develop it. Efficiency increases when develop it. Efficiency increases when natural talent is in harmony with assigned natural talent is in harmony with assigned tasks. tasks.


Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurial LeadershipLeadership "It is a constant struggle to find "It is a constant struggle to find

people who can be both people who can be both entrepreneurial and conventional entrepreneurial and conventional leaders... Finding them is the leaders... Finding them is the fundamental issue in any company fundamental issue in any company that wants to grow."that wants to grow." – – Roger Ackerman, Chairman and CEO, Corning, a Roger Ackerman, Chairman and CEO, Corning, a

Fortune 50 companyFortune 50 company


What is What is Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurial Leadership?Leadership? In the increasingly turbulent and In the increasingly turbulent and

competitive environment business competitive environment business firms face today, a new type of firms face today, a new type of "entrepreneurial" leader distinct from "entrepreneurial" leader distinct from other behavioral forms of managerial other behavioral forms of managerial leadership is required. leadership is required.

Entrepreneurial leadership is Entrepreneurial leadership is leadership that is based on the leadership that is based on the attitude that the leader is self-employed. that the leader is self-employed.


What is What is Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurial Leadership?Leadership? Entrepreneurial leadership Entrepreneurial leadership

involves instilling the confidence involves instilling the confidence to think, behave and act with to think, behave and act with entrepreneurship in the interests entrepreneurship in the interests of fully realizing the intended of fully realizing the intended purpose of the organization to the purpose of the organization to the beneficial growth of all beneficial growth of all stakeholders involved.stakeholders involved.


Elements of Elements of Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurial LeadershipLeadership Take initiativeTake initiative and act as if they are playing a and act as if they are playing a

critical role in the organization rather than a critical role in the organization rather than a mostly important one and energize their people, mostly important one and energize their people,

Demonstrate entrepreneurial creativityDemonstrate entrepreneurial creativity, , search continuously for new opportunities and search continuously for new opportunities and pursue the, pursue the,

Take riskTake risk, venture into new areas and provide , venture into new areas and provide strategic direction and inspiration to their people, strategic direction and inspiration to their people,

Take responsibilityTake responsibility for the failures of their for the failures of their team, learn from these failures and use them as a team, learn from these failures and use them as a step to ultimate success and strategic step to ultimate success and strategic achievementachievement

8 common characteristics 8 common characteristics – entrepreneurs vs. – entrepreneurs vs. leadersleaders

Entrepreneurs Leaders

Risk taking 1 4

Achievement oriented

2 3

Creative 3 5

Visionary 4 1

Able to motivated 5 2

Persistence 6 7

Flexible 7 4

Patient 8 6


Source- Zainai Mohamad, Entrepreneurship Education – The Future of Entrepreneurship in Higher Education. Entrepreneurial Leadership Training Programme Series. 11-12 Oct.2011, Kota Bharu, organised by AKEPT and UMK

Communication Skills: Communication Skills: Negotiation & Negotiation & NetworkingNetworking


Communication Skills Communication Skills DefinedDefined CommunicationCommunication is the process by is the process by

which information is exchanged which information is exchanged between individuals. It requires a between individuals. It requires a shared understanding of symbol shared understanding of symbol systems, such as language and systems, such as language and mathematics.mathematics.

Communication skillsCommunication skills refer to the refer to the skills in using language effectively and skills in using language effectively and persuasively. persuasively.


Types of Types of CommunicationCommunication Verbal or oral communicationVerbal or oral communication

– Speaking, language, intonation, choice of Speaking, language, intonation, choice of words, loudness, orator ship, clarity, words, loudness, orator ship, clarity, confidence, etc. confidence, etc.

Non-verbal or body languageNon-verbal or body language– Gestures, body movement, physical Gestures, body movement, physical

movement, restlessness, overwhelmed, etc.movement, restlessness, overwhelmed, etc. Written communicationWritten communication

– Readable, convincing, short, precise, clear Readable, convincing, short, precise, clear message, non-grammatical error, standard message, non-grammatical error, standard formatting, using symbols, acronyms, etc.formatting, using symbols, acronyms, etc.


Effective Effective CommunicationCommunication The party who receive the message The party who receive the message

understood clearly the content of the understood clearly the content of the message, therefore message must be:message, therefore message must be:– PrecisePrecise– ConciseConcise– ClearClear– MeaningfulMeaningful– Convincing Convincing – Authoritative Authoritative


Communication Skills – Communication Skills – Area of ImportanceArea of Importance Sales/business presentationSales/business presentation Project proposalProject proposal Business meetingsBusiness meetings Business negotiationsBusiness negotiations Sales promotionsSales promotions Project biddingsProject biddings Daily communicationDaily communication


Negotiation SkillsNegotiation Skills

Successful entrepreneur don't Successful entrepreneur don't take "no" for an answer. Get take "no" for an answer. Get what you want through what you want through effective negotiation.effective negotiation.

Precedes before reaching an Precedes before reaching an agreement.agreement.

INTENTINTENT MOUMOU MOAMOANegotiate Negotiate


Importance of Importance of Negotiation SkillsNegotiation Skills The strength of your agreements, The strength of your agreements,

understandings and relationships can understandings and relationships can make the difference between success and make the difference between success and failure. failure.

Weak agreements always break down. Weak agreements always break down. They bring nagging dissatisfaction and They bring nagging dissatisfaction and aggravation into your business and aggravation into your business and personal lives. personal lives.

Strong agreements help you reach and Strong agreements help you reach and exceed your own objectives, while exceed your own objectives, while bringing mutual satisfaction to all parties. bringing mutual satisfaction to all parties.


Situations of Situations of NegotiationNegotiation Determining the price and terms at which you buy or sell;Determining the price and terms at which you buy or sell; Closing deals with an important customer; Closing deals with an important customer; Persuading others to work with and not against you; Persuading others to work with and not against you; Setting or meeting budgets;Setting or meeting budgets; Finalizing and administrating simple or complex Finalizing and administrating simple or complex

contracts;contracts; Working on a problem with someone important to you;Working on a problem with someone important to you; Managing and supervising those responsible for doing Managing and supervising those responsible for doing

the work properly in your organization, in other the work properly in your organization, in other departments, departments, and on the outside; andand on the outside; and

Breaking or avoiding a serious impasse Breaking or avoiding a serious impasse


Negotiation Success Negotiation Success FactorsFactors Know your own facts and the other Know your own facts and the other

party in advanceparty in advance Projects your confidence visiblyProjects your confidence visibly Use any hidden leverageUse any hidden leverage Understand and use your power baseUnderstand and use your power base Do not enter into negotiation until you Do not enter into negotiation until you

got all the facts verifiedgot all the facts verified Always think long term relationshipAlways think long term relationship Do not dictate your term, communicate!Do not dictate your term, communicate! Win-Win strategyWin-Win strategy


Networking SkillsNetworking Skills

What is network?What is network?– Something resembling an open work fabric Something resembling an open work fabric

or structure in form or concept, especially: or structure in form or concept, especially: A system of lines or channels that cross or A system of lines or channels that cross or

interconnect: interconnect: a network of railroads.a network of railroads. A complex, interconnected group or system: A complex, interconnected group or system: an an

espionage network.espionage network. An extended group of people with similar An extended group of people with similar

interests or concerns who interact and remain in interests or concerns who interact and remain in informal contact for mutual assistance or informal contact for mutual assistance or support.support.


Networking SkillsNetworking Skills

NetworkingNetworking– To interact or engage in informal To interact or engage in informal

communication with others for communication with others for mutual assistance or support.mutual assistance or support.

Networking skillsNetworking skills– The ability to take advantage or The ability to take advantage or

benefits of the network for the benefits of the network for the betterment of the organizationbetterment of the organization


Types of NetworksTypes of Networks

Formal and Informal NetworksFormal and Informal Networks National NetworksNational Networks Regional NetworksRegional Networks Tailor-made NetworksTailor-made Networks Event NetworksEvent Networks


Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurial NetworkingNetworking In business, In business, entrepreneurial networksentrepreneurial networks are are

social organizations offering different types social organizations offering different types of resources to start or improve of resources to start or improve entrepreneurial projects. Having adequate entrepreneurial projects. Having adequate human resources is a key factor for human resources is a key factor for entrepreneurial achievements. entrepreneurial achievements.

Combined with leadership, the Combined with leadership, the entrepreneurial network is an indispensable entrepreneurial network is an indispensable kind of social network not only necessary to kind of social network not only necessary to properly run the business or project, but also properly run the business or project, but also to differentiate the business from similar to differentiate the business from similar projects. projects.


Purpose of NetworkingPurpose of Networking

To create pool of talent (exchanges)To create pool of talent (exchanges)– The goal of most entrepreneurial networks The goal of most entrepreneurial networks

is to bring together a broad selection of is to bring together a broad selection of professionals and resources that professionals and resources that complement each other's endeavors. complement each other's endeavors. Initially a key priority is to aid successful Initially a key priority is to aid successful business launches. Subsequently provide business launches. Subsequently provide motivation, direction and increase access motivation, direction and increase access to opportunities and other skill sets. to opportunities and other skill sets. Promotion of each members talents and Promotion of each members talents and services both within the network and out services both within the network and out in the broader market increases in the broader market increases opportunities for all participants.opportunities for all participants.



To share/acquire resources at To share/acquire resources at competitive ratecompetitive rate– One of the key needs of any startup One of the key needs of any startup

is capital, and often entrepreneurial is capital, and often entrepreneurial networks focus on providing such networks focus on providing such financial resources, particularly financial resources, particularly tailored to their membership tailored to their membership demographic.demographic.



To stand as a common voice To stand as a common voice (unified force)(unified force)– Entrepreneurial networks may also Entrepreneurial networks may also

become community involved, become community involved, endorsing reforms, legislation or endorsing reforms, legislation or other municipal drives that other municipal drives that accommodate their organization's accommodate their organization's goals. goals.


Membership Membership CompositionComposition

Lawyers, various Lawyers, various specialties specialties

Scientists Scientists Engineers Engineers Architects Architects Contractors/Contractors/

construction managers construction managers Real estate Real estate

professionals professionals Suppliers Suppliers Government people or Government people or

institutions institutions

Partners Partners High skilled High skilled

employees employees Clients or any other Clients or any other

kind of social kind of social contacts that can contacts that can make the make the entrepreneurial entrepreneurial business (or project) business (or project) successful successful

Mentors Mentors Investors Investors


Tips for Better Tips for Better NetworkingNetworking It’s not who you know. It’s also who they It’s not who you know. It’s also who they

know.know. Know what you’re looking for before you Know what you’re looking for before you

look.look. Schmooze with care.Schmooze with care. Consistency is king (even though cash is Consistency is king (even though cash is

important too).important too). Prioritize tangibility.Prioritize tangibility. Build relationships, not Build relationships, not

acquaintanceships.acquaintanceships.

T5 leadership & communication skills 2013

Education

Transcript of T5 leadership & communication skills 2013