T2 w4
Transcript of T2 w4
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Guiding questions
1. What are squatter settlements, and where are they located?
2. What are the problems associated with them?
3. Are they a symbol of failure of good planning and leadership - is it always a negative entity?
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What are squatter settlements?
A group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the following:
1. Durable housing of a permanent nature
2. Sufficient living space
3. Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts
4. Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or public toilet
5. Legal rights to housing
- UN Habitat Definition
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Where are squatters located?
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Overview of problems
Env
Urban overspills
Vulnerabilities magnified by
slum’s interaction with nat & mn
hazard
Social & Wellbeing
Public Health
Gender
Access to Education
Economic
Employment
Formal – Informal
Political
Securing legal
housing rights
Corporation - Slum
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Environment
Urban Overspills
Loss in arable land
Man encroaching into nature
Interaction with Natural & Manmade hazard
Floods, Bad Geology
Fire, Toxic Waste
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Slums of Hanoi
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Urban Overspill in Hanoi – Loss in agriculture
Annual urban growth of 6% -> 41% of urban population live in slums – 9 million Vietnamese
Rapid land use change reduction in arable land in peripheral areas of Hanoi (1/3 converted into built-up areas)
Peri-urban agriculture contaminated by toxics found in human and animal manure.
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Urban Overspill – whose encroachment
Man encroaching into nature spaces ‘Invasion’ into ecological sanctuaries Tensions in Man – Nature relationship Nature’s response
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Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Bombay
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Environment
Urban Overspills
Loss in arable land
Man encroaching into nature
Natural & Manmade hazards
Floods, Bad Geology
Fire, Toxic Waste
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Presence of slums aggravates natural and manmade hazards
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Manmade hazards
Tudor Shaft, Johannesburg Previously, gold mining activities creates mining waste (uranium rocks) radioactive tailings Radioactivity level x32times more than limit allowed Enters groundwater and river system Establishment of squatter settlements
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Natural -
Bad Geology
‘Caracas Valley’, Venezula
Natural factors:
Unstable hillsides, seismically active valley
Establishment of informal settlements (human
activities) -> greater surface pressure
Destabilization of hill Increase in major landslides
and slope failures
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Natural – Flooding
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Flooding in Slums of Manila
Natural factors: Increase in frequency of tropical storms. Philippines located at the Typhoon Belt + Pacific Ring of Fire + Interaction with squatters: Garbage clogged waterways. Crammed alleyways. = ?
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Social & Wellbeing
Public Health
Contamination of resources
Spread of Infectious diseases
Clean sanitation
Access to education
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Contamination of potable water supply
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Situation + Response Kibera Slums, Nairobi
PRIVATISATION OF WATER
Privatization of water
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Spread of vector borne & infectious diseases
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Diseases affecting squatter settlements
1. Water-borne diseases - contamination of water supply with raw sewage
2. Vector-borne infectious diseases -- living environment & carried by hosts
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Implications on gender equality
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Lack of toilets & privacy ?
Sanitation facilities in India
Lacking infunctionalcommon toilet
lacking in toiletsfor girls
presence offunctional femaletoilets
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Link between sanitation facilities and school drop outs
Lack of sanitation facilities -> inconvenience & embarrassment
+
Religious Taboos social stigmas
A taboo is defined as that which is “always seen as symbolically dangerous or otherwise defiling” (Delaney 1976:4)
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Importance of providing better sanitation facilities
Bridging the education gap • Economic benefits: increase in GDP,
higher labour force participation • Social benefits: gender equality, good
family planning
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Informal slum economy
• “Self-created special economic zone (SEZ)
for the poor” • Exists outside government oversight, help
or encouragement
• “Every slum has its businesses. Every kind of business is there in the slums.”
–Mr Mobin, Dharavi Millionaire http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Im0tHRs9Bng
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Dharavi, Mumbai
90% employment rates, 1 million people Lower crime rates than wealthier, less dense areas Annual economic output of $500 million
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Dharavi Redevelopment Plan –
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7y9WoGwJJI
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Conference of the Parties
starring
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Rakesh, 24 Leather Worker
US$65/month + US$11/month Shares 2 rooms with 5 others
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Arockia, 18 College student
Family income $196/month Lives with 8 family members
over 2 floors
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Vimla, 27 Domestic maid, Flower band
maker Has 4 children
$22/month Hut by railway tracks with no
toilet or water
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Esakkiamal, 40 Housewife
Has 3 sons all of whom are studying
Lives on 1 floor, rents out the other for $11/month
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Janjibhai, 45 Pottery worker
$260/month, no $ during monsoon Stays with family of 5
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Selvaraj, 46
Aircraft engineer for Jet Airways $260/month
Lives in 1 room with wife & son
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https://todaysmeet.com/DharaviSlum