T12 PMANP 2005 12 System of Indicators for Sustainable Port Management

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Development of a sstem of indicators forsustainable port management

ARTICLE in !"#$%& '())*+$(% *))&+$% - "%*"# 06

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5 AUTHORS, $%)*D$%8:

&duardo peris mora

*niversitat 'olit9cnica de al9ncia

49 '*)$"+$(%S 919 $+"+$(%S

S&& '#(2$)&

"ll in;te


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05;>06?/@ ; see front matter A 05 &lsevier )td. "ll rights reserved.

&;mail address: eperisBcst.upv.es C&. 'eris;!ora.

E orresponding author. +el.: F>4 60 36 675 6G fa4 36 >7 75

(ver recent decades maritime incidents have featured among

the environmental disasters that have caused most social alarm.

+hese disasters have included spills involving hdrocarbons, to


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!arine 'ollution ulletin 5 C05 1643H166

www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul

Development of a sstem

ofindicators forsustaina ble portmanagement

&. 'eris;!oraa,E

, .!.

DieL (reas b

, ".

Subirats b

, S. $baMnNeL b

,

'. "lvareLa

a alencia

'oltechnic*niversit,amino deera, s/n,4600,alencia,Spain

b 2&'(#+S C$nstituto 'ortuario de

&studios ooperacioMn de laomunidad alenciana, /'aL 0.46> alencia, Spain

"bstract

+he 133 proect &('(#+, JJ+owards" Sustainable +ransport %etwor=KK,developed b the alencia 'ort "uthoritC'", established the bases for implementing an &nvironmental!anagement Sstem C&!S in industrialharbours. +he use of data and informationshall alwas be reOuired to develop an

e cient &!S. +he obective of the presentffi

research C$%D"'(#+ stud is to propose asstem of sustainable environmentalmanagement indicators to be used b an port authorities. "ll activities performedwithin a port area are analsed for an potential environmental impacts and ris=s.

"n environmental analsis of portactivities has been carried out with theobective of designing the indicators sstem.+went;one corresponding activities have been identified for large industrial ports.SubseOuentl, the same methodologdeveloped to date will be later applied toother Spanish and &uropean ports. +hestud has been developed b using anoriginal sstem and a meth;odolog, whichsimultaneousl use stage diagrams andsstemic models Cmaterial and energ flowcharts. !ulti;criteria analsis techniOues


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were used to evaluate potential impactsCidentification of factors and evaluation of impacts. A 05 &lsevier )td. "ll rights reserved.

Pewords: &nvironmental indicatorsG&nvironmental management sstemG 'ortmanagementG $S( 141G &!"SG &nvironmental

impact


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165 &. 'eris;!ora et al. / !arine 'ollution ulletin 5 C05 1643H166

"Q"#D Sstem with the same obectiveC8reen "ward, 01. Since 1337, thealencia 'ort "uthorit C'" in Spainhas been developing the proect &(;'(#+ C&('(#+ alencia, 0 with aview to establishing procedures toimplement the &co;"udit &uropeanregulation 1>6/13> in &uropean

harbours. +he initiative was supported bthe &uropean ommis;sion )$2& proects.$%D"'(#+ C$'&, 05 has since beeninitiated C00H04 to establish sstemsof indica;tors in order to implement asustainable environmental portsmanagement. +he &('(#+S2(*%D"+$(% finall started itsactivitties in 0>. $n September 0>,&S'( published the new ode of 'racticerecom;mending specific environmental

practices to improve the environmental ports performance CDarbra et al., 04.

+he &uropean *nion #egulation1>6/13> was en;acted in 133>.$ndustrial sector companies were invited toimplement an &!S based on eco;auditingC&nviron;mental !anagement "uditingScheme, &!"S to be included in one&uropean registr. 'ort installations weree6/13>, which was then inforce. $ts obective was to create the basicconditions for sustainable &uropean portdevelopment and management inaccordance with this #egulation. "fter the&!S had been implemented in the portenvironment itself, it was necessar toestab;lish the environmental performancecontrol mechanisms which would in turndetermine the status and changes of the

port environment.

+he obective of the proect$%D"'(#+, which manages the researchdescribed in the present document, was todesign a sstem of sustainable

environmental management indicators for the port authorities to aid


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the assessment and minimisation of environmental ris=s. +he stud, proposaland implementation were carried out busing the 'ort of alencia as a base in thefirst place, with the intention to them

being subseOuentl eG Stanle, 0>G $S( 14>1.2rom the di erent definitionsff regardingthe concept of $ndicator that scientificliterature provides, we have selected thatfrom (&D C133>:

$ndicators: $nstruments which evaluate the

positive or negative state of the environmentand the conseOuences of applied measures.

"n environmental indicator is a parameter or

value resulting from a group of parameters

which provides information regarding a

phenomenon with a broader significance

than that directl associated with the

configuration of the parameter.


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&. 'eris;!ora et al. / !arine 'ollution ulletin 5 C05 1643H166 1651

$ndicators are JJsignals which allowdata to become available for decision;ma=ingKK. Since decision;ma=ing is anintellectual process, the decision;ma=er should have the opportunit to consider allthe available and necessar information.Qhat is the necessar informa;tionR Iowmuch information is necessarR +heanswer to these Ouestions is the obect of

the research line car;ried out b our teamin the present stud. 2or instance, in anactivit as simple as driving a car, theJJindicatorsKK helping us drive come frominside the car Cspeed, fuel consumption,lights, as well as from outside Cnumber

plates, painted road lines, signals fromother cars, . . ., and the allow us to ma=eimmediate decisions.

$f we were to consider port activitfrom a compre;hensive panoramic point of view, we could identif sev;eral tpes of management;decision levels where eachone would not onl correspond to di erentff responsibilities, but would also needdi erent tpes of indicators. Severalff responsibilit levels e thatneeds special indicators Cterritorial, socialwhere port management can be consideredas part of the coastal Lone comple<sstem.

Shipping and ports Cmaritime industris usuall iso;lated from contemporarintegrated coastal and ocean discussionand practice, despite their impact oncoastal and ocean activit C!connell,00. +he JJecological footprintKK conceptC&2 CQac=ernagel and ount,


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0G Qac=ernagel, 01G "lba, 0> hasalso been pro;posed as a strategicindicator. +his evaluates ports b their surface area siLe, providing resources for sustain;able activit. +his port indicator isstill not widel used. &2 can be useful tocompare environmental behaviour among

ports, or to evaluate the temporarevolution of port behaviour. "pparentlwe are dealing with a ver useful sstem,

particularl when it is necessar to com; pare the global impact of di erentff transport sstems in order to decide anddefine a particular transport polic.

2ig. 1 depicts a diagram devised b our team to estab;lish this as a starting;pointmodel in order to decide the scale of our analsis. 'orts and industrial par=s sharesimilar, common characteristicsG ports alsohave similar;ities with specific populationsor particular urban dis;tricts. +he sstemof indicators for port environmentalmanagement at a '" level strives to beuseful for large industrial portsG it should

bring together a series of char;acteristicsderived from di erent sources which areff com;mon to the maorit of indicatorsC(&D, 133>G &&", 01G &SSD, 1333.

+hese characteristics are compiled as asummar in +able 1.

>. ase stud and methodolog

"lthough our research is limited to the'ort of alencia as a JJcase studKK in afirst instance, it is to be e +&*, of which 71.1T has been han;dled in the'ublic ontainer +erminal. +he annual

vol;ume of tra c in the 'ort of alenciaffihas reached >4.36 million ton C0>.!ore than ports from the fivecontinents regularl connect through the'ort of alen;cia, with more than 16transport lines o ering services to andff from the 'ort of alencia. +his port coversan area of appro


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&. 'eris;!ora et al. / !arine 'ollution ulletin 5 C05 1643H166 165>

+able 1

8eneral characteristics of port indicators

#epresentativeness +he indicators should represent environmental behaviour as accuratel as possible

onciseness +he indicator should allow for the simplification of the number of variables, which characterises a

phenomenon of condensing the information with the least possible loss of information

'urpose +he indicator should allow an activit to be evaluated in such a wa that goals are accomplished

*sefulness +he indicator should be a useful tool for the activit

#elevance Qithin the environmental awareness framewor=

"daptabilit eing adapted or easil adapted to other indicators, models and prediction sstems C&&", (D&, &, etc.

omparabilit (ver time Cthe development of a phenomenon, and with in regional, national and international framewor=s

Sensitivit +he indicator should be sensitive to environmental changes with fast, adaptable and appropriate responses

to them. +hus, the should have variable values according to the changes in the phenomenon

larit +he sstem should be coherent and focus on essential data. +he indicators should be concise, accurate,

simple and eas to interpret

#eliabilit and obectivit $n obtaining and developing the data

&as to obtain 2rom the phenomenon being evaluated

ontinuit +he collecting data criteria should be constant over time in order to compare results

#egularit +he indicators should be determined at appropriatel short intervals for the purpose of having the

opportunit to activel pursue and influence the desired data

Scientific verification +he indicator should be preferabl Ouantitative. $f this were not possible, it should be hierarchicall

categorised

Qell;defined limits +he indicator should provide information about its own limitations

ost;e ectivenessff +he indicator should be administrativel e cient in terms of the costs involved in obtaining the dataffi

and use of the information

companies, ships and other suppliers andclients compl with the law C&spanNa,0>, )e de 'uertos. "lthough thelicensed companies are obliged to providethe '" with environmental informationin accordance with their activit, asreOuired b the legal regulations, this hasnot become an eH4H5 in the e


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+able 0'ort activities

1. Sea tra cffi0. )and tra cffi>. Storage, loading and unloading of oil products4. Storage, loading and unloading of bul= liOuids5. Storage, loading and unloading of bul= solids6. Storage, loading and unloading of general container

merchandise7. Storage, loading and unloading of non;container

merchandise. 2ishing act ivi t3. Iandling and converting perishable bul= solids

1. 'ort services'ilotage+owing!ooring)oc= conditioningQaste disposal'reservation of $nstallations and $nfrastructureSecurit'rovisioning of vessels

11. "dministrative services10. onstruction and repair of vessels1>. Sanitation services14. &mergenc operations

2ir e protectionsste

mSearescue

&mergenc energ generators!aintenance and cleaning ofthe port area

15. !aintenance operationsuildings, gardens, wor=shops, roads, doc=s,reflecting pool

16. Dredging17. !

"# '()

wastetr eatment!"#

'()

$:oil

!"#'() $$: no


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correlation among di erent impactsG thus,ff allowing the magnitude of the problem to

be reduced and the sstem to besimplified. $n general, even though thefactors have been identified, noOuantitative information e identifiesthe variables and groups. " total of 6>aspects were considered to detail the 10groups.

" cross matri< C6> aspects - 01

activities, where the activities;process are

shown in the columns and the as;pects are

shown in the rows, permits the

identification of the most relevant impacts

from activities with a sig;nificant impact.

+his large matri< is not represented in this

paper. +he measurement of significance is

carried out b Ouantifing the impacts

produced on each envi;ronmental aspect.

+he evaluation was carried out b an

e


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2uel consumption &nergconsumption

#aw materials C$ consumption1

2uel consumption Qaterconsumption &nergconsumption #aw

materials C$0

2uel consumption

Qater consumption&nerg consumption

#aw materials C$>Dconsumption


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&mission of 7(, %(


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( v e r t a = i n g

" b n o r m a l i t

& m e r g e n c i e s

"

e c t o n

ff

# e n e w a b l e

# e v e r s i b i l i t

o f

2 r a g i l i t o f

2 r e O u e n c

! a g n i t u d e

i m p a c t s

: a r i a b l e s

D a n g e r /

+ a b l

e >

& v a l

u a t i o n v a r i a b l e s f o r

" s p e c t s / i m p a c t s g r o u p s

<

<


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+able 4


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'otential environmental impactsVenvironmental indicators

'otential environment impacts &nvironmental indicators

"ir pollution&mission of particles from storage, loading and unloading of bul=solids &mission of combustible gasses (, %(


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+able 4 Ccontinued

'otential environment impacts &nvironmental indicators

ontaminated sludge from dredging 1. reation of sludge from dredging

Sludge with hdrocarbons from !"#'() waste treatment

#esource consumption

onsumption of processed water in the manipulation and transformation 11. & cient water consumptionffi

of perishable bul= solidsQater consumption in cleaning and maintaining green areas

Qater consumption in watering carbon heaps when handling bul= solids

Qater consumption in cleaning and maintaining crafts in marinas

2uel consumption in land tra cffi 10. & cient fuel consumptionffi

2uel consumption in machiner used for the storage, loading and unloading

of containerised merchandise

2uel consumption in machiner used for building and repairing vessels

&lectric energ consumption in the storage, loading and unloading 1>. & cient electric energ consumptionffi

of containerised bul= solids

&lectric energ consumption in the storage, loading and unloading

of non;containerised bul= solids

&lectric energ consumption in the storage, loading and unloading of

non;containerised merchandise

&lectric energ consumption the handling and pumping of oil;basedderived products

&lectric energ consumption in the handling and pumping of bul= liOuids

(ther

"lteration of water currents due to the e. &nvironmental obective

4. D

escr i ption

of

th

e

indicator

De

f inition

*nitsof measurement2r


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eOuenc

Scope

5. !ethodologof calculation'ar ameter sto bemeas

ur ed" p plica blelegislation!easur ingtools

od responsible for ta=ingmeasurements 'lace for obtaining data

2reOuenc of measurements6. #eferences

commercial ports have man elements incommon, and that the e


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analsis techniOues were used to evaluate potential impacts Cidentification of factorsand evaluation of impacts.

'ort activit is susceptible to di erentff scale descrip;tions, from operation tas= scales to strategic State port polic. +hisstud has focused on the need to deviseinstruments to aid decision;ma=ing b the'" at an environmental management level.

+he tas= descriptions have allowed usto identif the number of potential formsof environmental impact which should begiven preferential treatment in portmanagement in order to establish action

plans." total of 6> forms of potential

environmental im;pact found in di erentff port activities have been identi;fied. $t isnecessar to appl and improve the controlover these activities. (bective criteriamust be applied to them in order to reducethe magnitude of the prob;lem. " total of 17 pressure/state indicators, some of which are multi;dimensional, have beenchosen for port environmental polic.

"c=nowledgement

Qe would li=e to than= the following people for their collaboration in thesuccess of the $%D"'(#+ 'roect: D."ndreMs 8uerra, 'uertos del &stado, D.2ederico +or;res and D. oseM SaMeL,"utoridad 'ortuaria de alencia, D. uan)uis DomeMnech, "utoridad 'ortuaria de8ioMn, D. oseM "lba, *niversidad de(viedo.

#eferences

"lba, ., 0>. )a huella ecoloMgioca del 'uerto de 8ioMn&studiofinanciado por 'uertos del estado. !inisterio de 2omento,&spanNa.

"ragoneMs, '., 8oMmeL;Senent, &., 1337. +eMcnicas deauda a la DecisioMn !ulticriterio: cuaderno deapuntes. *niversidad 'oliteMc;nica de alencia,&spanNa, 17p.

arba;#omero, S., 'omerol, .., 1337. Decisiones!ulticriterio. 2undamentos teoMricos utiliLacioMn praMctica. *niversidad de "lcalaM, &spanNa,40p.

ichou, P., 8ra, #., 04. " critical review of conventional terminolog for classifing seaports.+ransportation #esearch 'art ", in press.

owen, #.&., #ile, ., 0>. Socio;economicindicators and inte;grated coastal !anagement.(cean oastal !anagement 46, 033H >10.

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Dal=e, %., rown, ., ochran, S., 1370. )a prevision along terme par la methode Delphi. Dunod, 'aris, p. 03.

Darbra, #.!., #onLa, "., asal, ., Stoanovic, +.".,Qoolridge, ., 04. +he self diagnosis method." new methodolog to assess environmentalmanagement in sea ports. !arine 'ollutionulletin 4, 40H40.

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&hler, .%., 0>. $ndicators to measure governance performance in integrated coastal management.(cean and oastal !anagement 46, >>5H>45.

&uromagaLine, 0>. &conomische a=en. 8emente"msterdam. "vailable from:\http://www.eL.amsterdam.nl/page.phpRmenu_576`page_67].

&*#(S+"+, 01. &nvironmental pressure indicatorsfor the &* Cdata 135H3. ( ce for ( cialffi ffi'ublications of the &uropean ommunities.)u.

!connell, !., 00. apacit building for asustainable shipping industr: " =e ingredient inimproving coastal and ocean !anagement. (ceanand oastal !anagement 45, 617H6>0.

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Direc;torade, p. >6.


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'uerto de alencia. &spanNa. "vailable from: \http://www.valenciaport.com].

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T12 PMANP 2005 12 System of Indicators for Sustainable Port Management

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