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L.Gatignon, NACONS Safety Reviwe, 6 Jine 2019

The North Area Facility - Present and Future 1

The North Area Facility – Present and Future

Lau Gatignon / EN-EA, NACONS Safety Review, 6 June 2019

40 Years North Area physics celebration on 3 April 2019

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First beam in 1978, first publication in 1979

Outline

•Present layout of North Area

•Present usage of the North Area

•Physics experiments

•Test beams

•Number of users and user groups

•Possible future activities in the North Area:

•PBC Conventional Beams

•BDF, SHiP, TauFV, AWAKE

•Conclusions and outlook

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Present Layout of the North Area

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Recently added two VLEBeams in EHN1 extension

EHN2

EHN1

ECN3

Some numbers

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Beam Length (m)

Primary TL: LSS2-targets 1320

H2 (incl. VLE) 690

H4 (incl. VLE) 730

H6 555

H8 615

P42+K12 1075

P6 115

M2 1200

Total: 6300

The total length of the NA beams is about 6 km, almost the SPS circumference!

Equipment after targets Nr

Magnets 445

Power converters 296

Collimators 69

Detectors 160

TAX 14

And many others

Experimental Halls

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Hall Surface (m2) Beam lines Comments

EHN1 (B887) 330x50 H2, H4, H6, H8 General purpose hallTests and physics experiments(now NA61, NA64, UA9T, SHiP-T)

EHN2 (B888) 110x30 M2 (h, m, e) Surface hall, initially for muon beam experiments (now COMPASS).

ECN3 (B900) 110x20 P42+K12 (+H10) Underground cavern for highest beam intensity experiments (now NA62)

Present usage of North Area

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2018 User schedule: Experiments:NA61, NA64SHiP-mu, UA9COMPASSNA62NP02, NP04

Tests:61 groups, 104 slots

Users:About 1600

Recent evolution of North Area usage: Beam days

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Mostly driven by LHC operation,the length of the runs increases,Also for the injectors and hence for the North Area.

This goes in line with the increaseof required pots for the recentgeneration of physics experiments aiming at highest precision orrarest events.

Recent evolution of North Area usage: User slots

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User type Nr slots

SPS 28

LHC 50

Other 26

Total 104

Highest number of slots ever in 2018:

Test beams

• Test beams are a significant part of the EHN1 activities in terms of beam days and slots.Tests are for LHC experiments, SPS experiments, R&D for experiments at future colliders (ILC, CLIC, HL-LHC and others), space and balloon experiments, pure detector R&D. irradiations (GIF++), …In 2018 we saw the first FCC-ee test (in the H8beam)!

• Typical tests come for one or two weeks and need many different beam conditions.

• They also rely on frequent reconfiguration of beam lines, zones and access systems.

• Some teams are experienced regular users of the NA lines and are quite autonomous, others are very occasional or new users and have little or no experience in beam usage nor safety aspects.

• Therefore it is important that we provide adequate training and procedures, but also and in particular that our installations respect present safety norms and regulations. Adequate infrastructure for electrical and gas connections must be easily available.

• One example is the frequency of accidents related to false floors, which are very often manipulated and show worrying signs of aging. Other examples are related to electrical safety, gas and ODH detection, and so forth.

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On-going physics experiments

• Mostly long lasting (> 10 years), large collaborations (up to 250-300), large investments

• Very diversified program, covering QCD, flavour physics, dark matter and hidden sector searches

• Mostly aiming at highest precision and/or very rare processes, hence higher intensities

• Usually relatively stable communities with large experience and expertise.

• Intrinsic safety issues may exist, but often well organised and monitorede.g. explosive gases, ODH, HV, mechanical risks (vacuum ,falls, etc), confined spaces, magnetic fields, cryogenics, radiation, and so forth.

• All have a EXSO and safety organisation.

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Experiments in the North Area

(

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Experiment Physics aims

NA58 QCD physics with hadron and muon beams (COMPASS) EHN2

NA61 Main heavy ion experiment, also hadron physics (SHINE) EHN1

NA62 Measurement of K+ → p+nn, also Hidden Sector searches ECN3

NA63 Various crystal related studies EHN1

NA64 Search for A’ in visible and invisible mode with e- beam EHN1

UA9 Crystal channelling for collimation and extraction studies EHN1

SHiP-m/c Preparatory cross section measurements for m and charm (for SHiP) EHN1

DsTau Ds decays into t cross section measurement (primary interaction) EHN1

Spin Structure of the Nucleon - COMPASS

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EHN2:$COMPASS$

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~250 physicists

~70 m long

Use high-intensity muon and hadronbeams

General purposedetector design

COMPASS set-up

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COMPASS physics

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•Hadron spectroscopy with pion and kaon beams

• Photon scattering (Primakoff) with hadron beams (p polarisability)

•Nucleon spin structure

• with muon beams on unpolarised target (DVCS),

• with polarised muon beams (Longitudinal and transverse: DIS, SIDIS),

• with hadron beams (DY) impinging on a polarised target

/74

• ThedrivingquesVonforQCDspinphysicsiswherethenucleonspincomefrom?

Thenucleonspin

Spin budget of the proton

25%

75%

Totalprotonspin=1/2

QuarkspinmeasuredInDIS

“Dark”angularmomentum?

Dark Matter and Hidden Sector – NA64

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NA64, July 2016"2."

S.N. Gninenko – NA64 St at us Report , SPSC Open Meet ing, CERN, June 20–21, 2017"

In H4 e- beam

About 30 m long,Very narrow

Small but very effective team

Very optimised andspecific detectordesign

NA64 physics

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• In spite of its omnipresent successes, the Standard Model is far from complete: it only explains a small fraction of the mass in the Universe. Most of the mass is carried by Dark Matter and Dark Energy.

•NA64 searches for the decay if the A’, responsible for the transitions between normal matter and Dark Matter.

Vect or port al t o Dark Sect or !

Okun, Holdom 86 .. "

!• new massive boson A´ (dark phot on) which has kinet ic mixing

wit h ordinary phot on: ΔL = ε/ 2 F μνA´ μν !

• GUT predict ion for t he size of t he g-A´ mixing st rengt h (ε<<1) : 1-

loop: ε ~10 -4 -10 -2 ; 2 loops: ε ~10 -5 -10 -3, mA´ ~ ε 1/ 2 MZ !

• Product ion: A´ - bremsst rahlung e- Z e- Z A´ , s~Z2ε2/ mA´2!

• Decays:!

- Visible: A´ e+e-, μ+μ-, hadrons,.. !

- Invisible: A´ cc if mA´ > 2mc , aDM >> ε!

Can explain (g-2) μ, ast rophys. observat ions!

• Cross sect ion for c DM annihilat ion: sn ~ [ aDM ε2(mc/ mA´ )4] a/mc

2 !

c)

c)

e+"

e-"eD"e"

´ "

5."

S.N. Gninenko – NA64 St at us Report , SPSC Open Meet ing, CERN, June 20–21, 2017"

_"

y "

aD=eD2/ 4p)

NA64 detector

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Signature: in: 100 GeV e- track out: EECAL< E0 shower in ECAL no energy in Veto and HCAL

Main components :

• clean 100 GeV/c e- beam

• e- tagging system: tracker + SRD

• 4π fully hermetic ECAL+ HCAL

Very rare kaon decays – NA62

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Almost 300 physicists

270 m long set-up

First beam in 2014

3 1012 ppp on T10

So far 1 candidate seen(in 2016 data)

The NA62 detector and physics

• NA62 studies the very rare K+ decay into p+nn (~10-10).

• The branching ratio is very small (~10-10) and calculable with very good precision in the Standard Model. Therefore it is an ideal place to look for New Physics.

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• It can also look for other rare K decays (e.g. LFV).• NA62 spends part of its beam time in looking for

Dark Matter, dark photon and axions.

A new state of matter: QGP – NA61/SHINE

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Drives the heavy ionphysics programme.

~100 physicists

Scan in beam energy and ion species. Scan completed in 2018. Now look for open charm.

SHINE detector and physics

• NA61 has 3 components:

• Hadroproduction studies for cosmic ray experiments• Hadroproduction measurements for neutrino beams• Studies of the Onset of QGP with ion beams

• QGP is a new state of matter where quarks and gluons move freely. The study of the phase transition is of particular interest.In particular NA61 searches for the critical point of strongly interacting matter, signalled e.g. by increased event-by-event fluctuations of the number of particles.

• They use primary Pb, Ar and Xe beams, as well as proton and fragmented Be beams.

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Possible future activities in the North Area

• Continuation of vigorous test beam programme• For future SPS experiments, LHC upgrades and for experiments at future colliders• For space and collider experiments• For neutrino experiments elsewhere (NP, USA, Japan) • For R&D, irradiation, and so forth

• Continuation of some running experiments• NA62 for acquiring 100 events of very rare K+→ p+nn decays• COMPASS for deuteron run in 2021• DsTau• SHiP charm cross section measurements

• Physics Beyond Colliders experiments • Conventional Beams• BDF with SHiP, TauLFV

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Test beams for NP (ProtoDune SP and DP) – EHN1 ext.

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PBC Conventional Beams – EHN1

NA61:• Need higher intensity• Better protection against beam

position and intensity drifts• Request for local VLE beam

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NA64:• Need (slightly) higher intensity• Also use hadron beams in future• Permanent installation in preparation

in new user zone PPE144

PBC Conventional Beams – EHN2

•COMPASS →AMBER: very diverse program for QCD with m+h beams.Similar setup to COMPASS, but also request for new RF separated hadron beam.

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First optics for RF beam (preliminary)

PBC Conventional Beams – EHN2 (2)

•NA64-mu: Similar to NA64, but with m beams. Phase 1 upstream of COMPASS, Phase 2 inside and around SM2 spectrometer magnet

•MuonE: Long and narrow me elastic scattering experiment, important for gm-2

•Both could (initially fit) at the end of the M2 tunnel, e.g. (for NA64-mu):

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Phase 1 Phase 2

PBC Conventional Beams – ECN3

•NA62++: like NA62 but dump full proton beam in TAX. Very minor modificationsSimilar beam intensity as now. Higher flux (up to 4x) considered, also for NA62 itself.

• KLEVER: KL → ponn search, complementary to NA62.New neutral beam line, new detector. Request 2 1013 ppp on T10 target

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PBC Conventional Beams – ECN3 (2)

•NA60++: Proposal for NA50/NA60-like heavy ion experiment.When no more NA62 (or KLEVER), it could be done in revived H10 beam (for NA50/60)

• DIRAC++: Improved version of DIRAC experiment in East Area, for pp and Kp atoms.Could be installed in parallel with NA60++, in place of NA62.

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Beam Dump Facility (SHiP, TauFV)

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Request: 4 1019 pot/year

Extract into the TT20 line (shared with NA).Branch off towards new underground tunnel andcavern from first splitter.

Conclusion and Outlook

• The North Area has served a very dynamic and diverse physics and tests/R&D program over more than 40 years

• The recent proposals, driven and encouraged by the management and in particular by the Physics Beyond Colliders program, looks as intense and diversified as ever.

• The future big machines and their upgrades at CERN and world wide depend vitally on the North Area facility.

• The North Area is now unique in the world in energy and intensity for fixed target physics and test facilities, as well as in flexibility. It results from a huge capital and human investment.

• It is therefore of utmost importance that the facility is brought into a condition allowing a safe and reliable operation for a large and diverse user community.

• This includes bringing the equipment into a healthy condition and to render the installation

conforming to present safety norms and safety requirements. Remember: Safety First!

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Some documentation

PBC documents:

• Physics at the SPS paper; http://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.5016162?class=pdf

• Test beam presentation: https://indico.cern.ch/event/731649/contributions/3237192/attachments/1778092/2891798/Gerbershagen_BTTB_2019.pptx

• Conventional beams report: http://cds.cern.ch/record/2650989/files/PBC%20Report.pdf

• CB executive summary: http://cds.cern.ch/record/2650193/files/Executive%20Summary.pdf

• SHiP experimental facility: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.06880.pdf

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