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Transcript of T h e A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s i t y o f R o m e ARC 101 Roman Archaeology On-Site Session 1...
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T h e A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s i t y o f R o m e ARC 101 Roman Archaeology On-Site
Session 1
Roman Archaeology & History
An Introduction
http://www.tiwanakuarcheo.net/rome
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ForumStudent 1: Ritual Markers in the Forum and
Palatine.Student 2: The Roman Basilicas.
ColosseumStudent 3: The Roman Monarchy & Republic.Student 4: Entertainment and Sports in
Rome.
Capitoline MuseumsStudent 5: The evolution from Etruscan/Latin
art to Greco-Roman art.Student 6: Roman religion & the Capitoline
Triad.
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CelioStudent 7: The Imperial Palace: General
features.Student 8: Urban living in Rome: The Insula.
Terme di DioclezianoStudent 9: The Patricians, the plebs and their
power.Student 10: Roman religious rituals.
Palazzo MassimoStudent 11: Incidents in the Roman Republic
towards the empire.Student 12: Mural painting in Rome (includes
Pompei).
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Campus Martius IStudent 13: Mystery religions: The Cult of
Mithras and other Asian cults.Student 14: Temples and priests in Rome.
Campus Martius IIStudent 15: The Theaters of Rome.Student 16: The Jewish and Christian faiths
in Rome.
Palazzo ValentiniStudent 19: Commerce in the city of Rome.Student 20: The Start of the empire:
Transition from Julius Caesar to Augustus
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Imperial ForaStudent 21: The evolution of the Forum…from
“Roman” to ImperialStudent 22: Rome after Trajan and beyond,
urban planning.
Terme di CaracallaStudent 23: Water management in Rome.Student 24: The Baths and Waterworks in
Rome.
The ArchesStudent 25: Constantine’s politics & the fate of
Rome.Student 26: Evolution from Roman to Christian
Architecture and Art.
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Early Christian ChurchesStudent 25: Santa Maria Maggiore and the
Christian basilica.Student 26: The evolution of Rome as seen
in San Clemente
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Recommended extra-curricular visits• Centrale Montemartini (with museum
ticket)• Palazzo Altemps (with museum ticket)• Via Appia and Villa dei Quintili (with
Caracalla ticket)• Sala Octogona – Terme di Diocleziano
(free)• Tivoli: Palace of Hadrian• Prenestina• Ostia Antica
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The Roman World I: Expansion in Italy, 485-265 B.C.S
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The Roman World II: The Expansion of Rome 264-44 B.C.S
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The RW III: The Empire at its greatest extent, 97-117 A.D.S
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The RW IV: Diocletian’s Division of the Empire, 285-305 A.D.S
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Rome and its vertical scale: stratigraphy
Up to 45ft
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Horti Sallustani
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Horizontal stratigraphy
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The numbers in (perhaps) the greatest city in antiquity
The “regional catalogues” indicate a number of 46602 insulae & 1797 domus.
A population of 1.2 million by A.D. 200. & a size of 2000 ha
46 lupanar , 28 libraries , 42 arches , 9 bridges , 37 gates , 19 aqueducts , 1352 fountains , 2 amphitheaters , 5 circuses , 2 naumachia , 3 theaters , 1 odeon , 1 stadium , 204 ovens-bakeries , 2300 oil depots , 44 latrines , 355 storage areas or horreas , 22 caserns
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Lines of evidence to understand Roman society
http://formaurbis.stanford.edu/index.html
The map
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The archaeology of Rome: Five centuries of discoveries
1506 2003
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Roman archaeology and archaeological process
> Mound formation: > natural deposition, dust & organic
matter> abandonment
... Varying size of the city, II century vs. X century
… Loss of political, administrative and artistic importance
… Constantine and the new directions of the empire
… Barbarians and Western empire
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A block of Rome evolving through time: Imperial age
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The Late Antiquity Period: VI century
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The Middle Ages: X century
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The Middle Ages: XIV century
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Roman archaeology and sources of evidence
> Dating Roman structures: coins
> Documents, literature & daily life accounts: Cicero, Julius Caesar, Pliny, Horace, Virgil, Seneca, Sallust, Suetonius
> Forma urbis
> Archaeology : sculptures, art and beyond
> Epigraphy on buildings and monuments
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TIMELINES
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> Foundation of the city and 753 BCestablishment of the monarchy> Roman Republic established ca 500> Establishment of the Latin Right 493> Law of the 12 tables 450 > Equestrian order established ca 300 > Concilium Plebis gains power 287> Empire established 27> Golden Age of Rome 100-185 AD> Diocletian partitions the empire 285 AD > Constantine and the decline 320 AD
> Fall of the Western Empire 476 AD
Chronology: General Political Evolution
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> Against its neighbors, initial expansion, monarchy
> 1st Samnite war 343-341> The Latin War, 340-338> 2nd & 3rd Samnite wars 329-290> The Punic Wars: Carthage1st 264-241 / 2nd 218-201 / 3rd149-146
“Delenda est Cartago” as the Cato the Great repeated constantly…Carthage must be destroyed
Chronology: Wars and Expansion
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Chronology: Social issues of the Republic> Slaves revolt In Sicily 134-104> Gracchian reforms 133-122> Rule of Marius 107-100, 86> Marsian War, revolts, rights 91-87 > Sulla dictator, aristocracy 82 > Spartacus leads slave revolt 73-71> 1st Triumvirate, JC P C 60> Pompey becomes sole consul 52> Caesar becomes sole consul48> Caesar becomes sole dictator 46> J.C., Dictator, assassinated 44 > 2nd Triumvirate, O MA L 42-31> Octavian becomes sole consul 27
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Hierarchical system
PatriciansPlebeians
Equestrian class, commercialFreedmen / Libertos
ForeignersSlaves
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On site classes and handouts
> Museums> Archaeological sites
(in the city, in parks, in museums, or under churches)
Handouts
Evidence in the field will be “handled” in four steps,
4 Keywords:Historical context – Evaluation
Appraisal - Comparison
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Historical context
Appraise &
register
Evaluate idea & object
Compare in a
broader scale
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3 themes:
History: event, place in the timeline
Art: movable-portable artifacts or objects
Architecture: buildings and evidence for the Classical city of Rome
We will conclude by locating the evidence the saw in class in the Timeline
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Rome on the Web
dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Forum/timemap
formaurbis.stanford.edu
www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans
www.proxima-veritati.auckland.ac.nz/Herculaneum