Szonyi 2009 on the Italian Renaissance
Transcript of Szonyi 2009 on the Italian Renaissance
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From Botticelli to Tiziano
Masterpieces from Two Hundred Years of the Italian Renaissance
Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
2009
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T h e W o r l d o f T h e I T a l I a n r e n a I s s a n c e 19
T h e n o T I o n o f T h e r e n a I s s a n c e
a n d I T s h I s T o r I o G r a P h Y
F v t, h hv d tht th R-
w vtd b th Sw ht Jb
Bkhdt h Te Culture o the Italian Renais-
sance, pbhd 1860.1 I t, h bwd th
t Renaissance h Fh , J
Mht, wh 1855 History o Franceth v
th tth d xtth t w ttdLa renaissance. H d th ph dv
th wd d ,2 whh Bkhdt th
dptd t th It qttt d qt.
T th th bk w th tt
wk t, th dvpt th dvd, th
vv tqt, th dv th wd d
, t d tv, d .
It t tht Bkhdt w th R-
thh th t h w . I th t-
dt t h bk h kd: h , p-
hp, th t v vt pt d-
t pt; d tt vt whh
th th w, d wh t
t wk , t vdb tht dvd
jdt d hd t v t bth
th wt d th d. I th wd p
whh w vt, th pb w d dt
; d th td whh hv vd
F pp, th R td th
t bth vt Ep d th
tt d . Cd th wd d
ph td, d, d xhbt-xp-
: th dv tqt, -td wd
vw, th It : Btt, Ld, d
Mh; th t Pth d th p
Shkp; th th vt C-
b d th t vt Cp;
ht hhp d wtht t; pd,t t, hh ; Rt, pt,
w. It t pd pt: th
R w th d h d q,
t hd t t hv t -
td.
T xhbt v th t,
bt, d wd th It R t
th tt vt; d wh j th t-
h th tt d tt t
bth th , w dvd t k bk
t th t pd ht pptv
d t th tvt tht td th t-
t th t t th t wk. A,
t wth tk t t d th w
whh bqt t hv t -
tptd th hvt th R, d
hw th hv ttd th t th w t-
t d tt wd.
h Wd th It R
G y r g y E . S z n y i
Pesellino
Episodes rom the Story
o Griselda: Gualtieri
and the Citizens o Saluzzo
(detail)
ca. 14451450
Accademia Carrara,
Bergamo
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20 G y r G y E . S z n y i
pt txt th d pd d
th b th ht.6
T d R vv bd -
t , tt t th vt
tqt, bt txtd t wd
t pptv: k t th R d-
dt , d dtd h-
p dv th dvd-
, th tt d t wh. T td -
t Bkhdt, wh d tht th
vv tqt It pvkd -p, -
t t. Lt h td h -
th dp Cht dvt ht, -
p th Nth, h E Rttd.
E G w th dvt th dR, th thp th w
dvd d h vt d th t-
th t v h.7
T R ttt dpd-
t d px , dd ht d t-
, wth p bkd; d
whh dvpd d bd , -
t tdt, d d td. Hw-
v p h t t b td,
wh hhp td t jt d ht -
tv, hd dt tht v th bdt -
t pd pv pt, t t -
t -dt, p dpt Mx
(Ad H, b K).8
d, R h xp-
dt th th t t w
th. Pp d d, pph-
t th bd, qt pw, d th bth
th d tp ptd pb-
.9 T t t pjt th d -
dbtd th twv-v It hdbk whh ptt b t tt
h pd, xp h tt
htph, , t, , t, d
v pt vd dt t
x, dvt t ptt,
t hth d h. T ph pptv
-Ep, t th d R
th wk ht , th hd, t v
wh dt ttt d ppt, bt d
t t dt .3
T qt d t tw ptt .
T t tht Bkhdt w w tht h vw
th R w p-
b tptt. At th t h db-
t phd tht h kd t th R
j p t h w t. H pptd
dvd th hk th w d
w d tht hd ttd th p tht
d t th Ehtt, t b, d t th
d th tth-t b. H -
tt t dv th d h w vt
dtd wht h d d wtd t d th It R. T b d h
h t bqt ht, bt t-
d, wh tv d p hh v-
d, t t b Bkhdt tttv -
t ht.
Ath ht Bkhdt txt tht
h pt td d t
dvpt td It. H bvd tht th bk
wth th dk d t th Md-
d A w hvt It d t pp.4
It t p tht h dd th vv
tqt t b th t ptt t th
It R, , dd, ht h-
hp, w th htt d tt v-
t, w dd dvd txt d
th d dtd th.
T bth tqt t
R hhp t dt, thh t h
b ttd t h wd d px
d. I h t wk th R, M-
t L. K dvd h pph t thp, dt R , d,
.5 T t ttd t th
vv tqt, d d. T -
t d hd dht b Bkhdt (G
Vt), d th t t t t tb p-
pt w P Ok Kt. d, Ath
Gt t th tdt, dd th -
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T h e W o r l d o f T h e I T a l I a n r e n a I s s a n c e 21
th t t, d whh tk -
h wk t b vvd.
Pth wk d th dt th tw
t td R tt.Arica, h p
p Lt, h tt d tt k h th
pt h, wh h It pt p-
d v t t. H bk (Can-
zoniere) th t j v tpt t hv
bk w dv pt d ttt th
vt w v. T h td
th h Pth, v tht dtd
Ep pt v tw hdd . T d-
vpt th t , t dd t b
th t pt tt,
d t Pth.13
Yt Pth t ptt wth t -
b pht. O Ap 26, 1336, th pt
d h bth bd th tp Mt Vtx
Av. Wht d th Ap vt th
dtd dpt h tvt d t
h tt: h w t dv b d t h
th kwd, th, sola videndi insignem loci
altitudinem cupiditate ductus t d t
th ttd th p.14
I t twth , w ht
t th b th dv t d
t dvd pbt. Hwv, q
tt wht d wh Pth hd th
tp. O h hd tk th vw, h d tht -
ph tt tptv phph-
dtt h w . H tk St A-
t Conessions h pkt d t pd t th
w txt: M t d th hht -
t, th t d th , th h th ,
d th bt th t, d t thv. 15
T, h ttt t dvtd t twd t thht, Pth w d t
th tqt d t tpt th
R t th dt : I w -
t b I t dd th th,
I wh hd hv d th p
phph tht th db bt th ;
t t wh t t, th t.16
d d pt th Ctt.10 T t
pt t th htph
tdt t tht thh th pt xh-
bt ttd t It hvt, th d
th R bd, p-Ep ph-
.
T h e o r I G I n s o f T h e r e n a I s s a n c e
T th R hd dbtd b
ht d Pth (F Pt, 1304
1374), pt b t Ft x
A. t h, h w th t ht.
Pth d wk d t t v bt whh dd th dt
bt d pht th R.
I 1345 Pth dvd t tt
b C, whh d h th bd
d ht pt tt. A t, h
b t t d dt h w pt xh-
, vt pp th wd t.
w th tt ddd t C h.
I th t h dd th R th w
d d d, p qtd:
Y tt I ht d dt; d -
, wh I t xptd t, I d th. Ad
I d I d t h bd v, O M
, thh ph thht
d . I hd kw hw xt d
hv pvd th; t t I w t wht
t d v .11
Wh Pth ttd C h tp
d hb, h w th t t t th t d th th t CE tht dvd -
tqt h w . Pth d t th
pd tt dd b th
dk dd ph, th medium aevum,
bt tht ht t - th bv
Lth.12 Pth tttd v tht h dvd
th pdx ht t, tqt
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22 G y r G y E . S z n y i
t d Cht pt, bt d
p tt, t wd t
pd . I tt th , whh bd
t b d, v h th w!18
Giorgio Vasari, It, 1550: F hv
wht w At, b, bd t
th tt hht, d hw tt b
h t tt , d tht, q,
th t th t t tht th th,
whh, k h bd, hv th bth, th
w d, d th dth; th w w b b
t th p h d
bth [il progresso della sua rinascita]d tht v
pt wht h h t.
19
Loys Le Roy, Fh, 1575: Nw, jt th tt,
k, Mk, d P hv b th v-
dw t th Et th , w hv
h th Wt th t tw hdd -
vd th x d tt d bht
bk th td th dp t th hd
d xthd. T td dt
d h d t h tht
td th b pd t th t d
t tht v w.20
T qtt p hdd , tt-
tht th pp th tth d xtth -
t w w w th x th ,
whh p td th vv
t d t. Athh th dd t th t
R, V xp rinascita b -
dd t b qvt.
At th pt, w t dft qt
th t tht tvtd th pp th R : wht pd th t
d d tt pd d v-
t -xt th t bd wt
tqt? T qt b v t
wh w tht th txt hd b th-
t t th dp v -
t th thd btw th p
Pth hd t p th vtd
xp th R, tht t .
H hhp d pt tttd t d
dt wh h w t v. T h t
bt th t tqt, th h dd
t b poeta laureatus. Idd, 1340 h vd
tw vtt, bth k t h h h
pt: th t w th t t dv
hhp t th Uvt P; th d w
th St R. I th d h h th tt
d 1341 th R pt, O dA,
pd th Pth hd. S h
w th t pt t b dthd th w
t, t jt d tht Pth w,
h p d , th bdt th bth tqt.
T t b t qt th xtt t
whh th pp th R w
w th t tht th vd th R.
Athh th t w t th vt, th w
th th p ht th
t. Pth b vw ht tqt
d th Mdd A w dvpd t tp-
tt pt: t th medium aevum th vd
w d ph, th Pth w.
A t qtt d-
tt th vw:
Marsilio Ficino, It, 1472: Wht th pt
th , d, , v, d
d. I th w t t b d, t
bd dbt tht , whh b th d
tt dt p. Tt h t th
h wh wh t d th t
dv th t w hd dbt. F
th t, k d , h td t ht
th b t whh w t xtt.17
Erasmus o Roeram, Dth, 1517: I tpt
th pph d , d w
th d p, hd b p-
t, dvt th t th pt
p . I d t dt hp tht t
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T h e W o r l d o f T h e I T a l I a n r e n a I s s a n c e 23
It ht, hwv, b t
th b pw b d th t
d tthd th pt Mdt
. T tdd d dt t
d t d th h t wt Et
x pdt. B th twth t, -
d d b th p :
tpt d pp th Cht t d
tt btw Ep d
th H Ld w tv b, d th
tvt w ttd th th It
t G, V, M d F.
d qk btd pdt bth w
t d td d: h kt
bbd t p d hpd t t-
t b ppt wth, th pvd th
dph b th dvpt -
t, p tht txt. F qk t x th w dt, d th
t dvpd t v ptt bk t
tht b th hb th wd. Wth
tbtd t t dvpt d bt
dt, t. T b ttd th
wd Bdtt D wh 1472 btd th
pw d h h t w:
t R d Pth. Cqt, w t
k: wh dd th tk p? Ad wh dd t tt
It?
T h e c a T a l Y s e r s o f T h e I T a l I a n r e n a I s s a n c e
T th It R w td
th pt d d th p-
d dv pd, t tht d
td. At th th Wt R
Ep 476 CE, th It dd,
th t w dpptd. T ppt R,
xp, tw hbtt t th
t th t p, t 90,000 b th
Pp G th Gt (590 CE), d
35,000 b th twth t. Wh Pth t
vtd R 1337, h w ppd b th d-t d dtt wht hd b th tt
t Eth.
Mdt , whh w t p-
tb tp, t b dtd b Bt
Gk d Ab ht. T t b t
th Mdd A w th t Ct-
tp, Axd, Cdb, Bhdd d D.
Ambrogio Lorenzetti
Eects o Good Government
in the City(detail)
13381339
Palazzo Pubblico,
Sala della Pace, Siena
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24 G y r G y E . S z n y i
pt pt wth th pb.
A Mt K : F thh th
t vt w pb,
th tht k d tt d
hkd, bt d w d b
d td pptd tt, t
w t dt. T pp thv th
w p ht bw th v th
t t tp, th t, d th
b, t t t th , pttt,
b, d th dpt p hd wht-
v th pt p.23 W d dd tht t
pttt bt w w xdd
pt, txp hd th
ht t vt th .
T t vt w wd
b th d h. It t-tt
pt t tw pt p d wh th t
d b p-pptd ghibellinsd pp-p-
ptd guelphs ht t h th,
b t (p F) wk vtd d pt pw w tp
d b thpopolo (12501260). Dt Ah w
p vvd th phhb -
t d w tt d t x. Pth
d td d wthd th t
wth dp d t th t th Bk
Dth bht bt th d 1348.
W hv th td w d k . T b
bk t t tht-th; th hp b-
t-k, wh b v d d
wk, t ht-; d th wkhp th t-
tt d b wk th t d t -
dt hbhd, t t-. T t-
dth d jw hp, tht d-
bt, v-w-dw, d wx- k.
Ath h dt th k ht
d t d d v wth d d,
whh w b d hh d,
d whh hv v th t th tt -
Ghdj. Sxt-x th b th
pth d hp; vt tht th
bth, t wd wk th dd t p.
21
A tt ph, kw
th pt Ep, td thv -
t d td. I th It th bt dd
t t thv th hbtt th t-
dd t; td th vd t
tw d tv ptptd th pt d
t. S b b-
k d qd pt w ptt
th th , dtt w h
dt th It t th th E-
p d t. Ht th th -
vt, whh pdd w
tt, th b t, whh th -
tv bt d th h bh d t p-
pw th t (grandi).22
A b xptd, th tt dd t
tk p wtht t. Ot t b wth th
nouveau riche t t d
pw th bhp d vt
th hd wth th pt pw ptth H R Ep. It t ht
dd wth th , t. B th twth
t t ptt th It t
hd t pttv vt, whh
w hd b Wh ht th t d
vt pb. M t wk, hwv,
ttt t th dp dv d th
Catalan painter
Te riumph o Death
(rom Palazzo Sclaani)
mid-teenth century
Galleria Regionale della Sic
Palermo
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T h e W o r l d o f T h e I T a l I a n r e n a I s s a n c e 25
T h e W o r l d o f T h e Q U a T T r o c e n T o
T It 1400 w qt dt t tht 1350
d b. T v pb w , th
vt d pt t t b-
ttd. B th tth t tw tp
hd td: tt pb d dpt.
B th d th qttt pb
d th d communes th pd
t: F, V, S d L.26 F
th , t t b td tht th t tw b
th d It pb.
I 1268 vt tbhd th d -
pb (secondo popolo) F, whh vvd
t 1494, th t dtthp Sv-. Ad 1410 t pw t th hd
th Md , wh vth, dd, v
tk th tt dk p. T pater
amilias, C d Md vh p-
db h d wth th hp -
tt wb t b th vt
F d d th t t h ppt tht
th d th t v h th tt pater patriae,
th th thd. D t h
Btw 1348 d 1351 th p wpt v
th t pt Ep, k bt h th
Ctt ppt. Wth d 2550
pp dd, th tt It t, w th
v, b -dtd.24
At th pd th Ep It w
t hd b. S ht, h Jh H
J D, hv d tht th pd
th R w ttd t w d
tt , wh th t vd pvt, ,
xt, d t t th htth t
wh t d th Ehtt vd -
kd th t th Bk Dth.25 M -
t td tt th tt vw. S Ch
d th hv d tht th hk d b thp td xp b th tt p-
t t d t-St p d
d t th pd w qk pd b
tt d wpw. Mdv dt td t -
pt h d ph thd t
b th pd. Mp tw
td t t . T th p,
bt pdx, pvd th w th t
w th R t b t.
View o Florence
Hartmann Schedel,
Liber Chronicarum
Nuremberg, 1493,
. 86v87r
Szpmvszeti Mzeum,
Budapest
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26 G y r G y E . S z n y i
bthht, b tv t -
thq pw, b dbd
b N Mhv Te Prince(1513, pbhd
1532). I t t w b th t -
t, kht , wh d pw; th hw
M w d b th ddt hbhp,th Vt, V b th S (S), F-
b th Et, Mt b th G, Ub
b th Mtt.
I th d, -d con-
dottiere, b dk, h E d R
Pd, th t , F S M-
. T tt vd tht tw th t p-
p F d th d t-tt
th It d th tt w tthd
1439 wh Pp E IV d
d h. T t htd t th d
t d Ep bt Gk
h, d Gth Pth, wh t
tht t tbtd t t
vv.
V d t Bt d 1000
CE d 1172 th tt tt th doges(dux,
dk) w pd b pb. F th t ,
th d, th doge, w td b t ,
t th ht t th t. T -
td k d t: th ttt -
w vd th d bk, d
w d b dd th t.
Wh th pw F td
th bk d txt dt, th t
V td, , d hpbd.
T tw pb vd h th t, h t h d d; hwv,
th t th R ptd t
th ptt th t-tt tv t td
h th th t hvt.
Bd th pb, b th 1400, t
p dpt, signoria, t
xt.27 p th dtthp w t bd
Jacopo de Barbari
View o Venice
14981500
Museo Correr, Venice
Luciano Laurana
Courtyard o the ducal
palace at Urbino
construction begun
in 1466
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T h e W o r l d o f T h e I T a l I a n r e n a I s s a n c e 27
R t, t, d It
t th t-dv t Ep .28
At th pt, w hd d th j
R dvpt th h pb
d th h signoria. T t th tv
p t tht td vvd d vtvt, p t th pd h-
t tt d th pt
txt d t p th b dpdt
ht h. T tp t tvt w
tthd t th t d v vt
th t th vt whh thv d
bt -dv vt. T dv-
ttv V d t dp th Vt,
bt hv w th t, h d t tbh
w dt dpt (1450). T S w
qk ptd th Ep h
tht b th d th tth t j
w pt th hd S dht,h H R Ep Mx I (wh
d B M S 1494), K S-
d I (th Od) Pd (h wd B S
1518). T tt t ttd h t t-t-
Ep , th H Mtth C-
v, wh hd pv d Bt Np.
Bth It q w tt tpt-
Books and scientifc instruments
in a cabinet with the door ajar
(inlaid panel rom the studiolo
o Federico da Monteeltro)
completed around 1476
Palazzo Ducale, Urbino
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28 G y r G y E . S z n y i
D t bv, tht t th wd, t vd th
ht tttv bjt, t ht t
t t ht th w t pt.29
It dt tht pb ht -
t d th d-t-d pt th t-tt. T ht h F
Stt d Ld B w t th
t th h th t. Lt, Mhv
d h d d v, F G-
d th ht, w kw pd b th
vt.30 O th t ptt ht
tvt w pd. I pt th p-
th j th bht bt
th dvpt w dp ht h-
hp: txt, t, ht ph, d
w ppt ht. T v p-
t h ptt th d td -vdt. At th t, w tp
d t pt d tht d h d-
t (th tt G Mtt d P d
Md w kw), d dvpd w p-
ph t pt d t. I 1398 C S-
tt, th h th Ft Rpb,
dtd th h wth h w k:
Piero della Francesca
Portrait o Battista Sorza
ater 1472
Galleria degli Ufzi, Florence
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T h e W o r l d o f T h e I T a l I a n r e n a I s s a n c e 29
td w pd d (k P P V
h tt, On the Noble Character and Liberal Stud-
ies o Youth 31) d ppt pt th t pt
th w tp pvt h d d.32
Ht td v th thpt th tt vt th qttt.
Wh w pk bt th dvpt th t
R It th ph t th -
pvt techn, h th dv p-
ptv pt, th tph pt th
h d bd, d th v pt.
It d tht th bt xp th vt
tv t-tt tp
Ep, t t t hw tt, v-
v pt It d v bd t
bd, d tt twk d ptd
th v wk d v, t th t pd th w d. T wht
v th dbbd respublica litteraria, th pb
tt.
O th t t h b d-
ttd th ph dt. Wh vt
th td kwd d dd t
t v dvt, th ht pp-
Piero della Francesca
Portrait o Federico da Monteeltro
ater 1472
Galleria degli Ufzi, Florence
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30 G y r G y E . S z n y i
d Primavera), w-kw xp wh
b t ht hv dtd th d th Ft Npt Ad.
Ath : 1469 B dEt,
dk th Stt F, ttd F d
C t pt th t h h
p, th P Sh. T twk
w t hv d t d th
Gtt Md, M Crucifxion, M-
t Dead Christ, d th ptt P dF d b dp.33
Bd th, hd tk t th
tp vt, h th w v p
th th. T p h pt-
w t pd b d ht. T
th v Btt (Te Birth o Venus
Francesco del Cossa
April(detail):Te Palio di San Giorgio
beore 1470
Palazzo Schianoia,
Salone dei Mesi, Ferrara
(let) Lorenzo Ghiberti
Te Sacrifce o Isaac
(panel or the competition
or the door o the baptiste
in Florence)
ca. 1401
Museo Nazionale
del Bargello, Florence
(right) Filippo Brunellesch
Te Sacrifce o Isaac
(panel or the competition
or the door o the baptiste
in Florence)
ca. 1401
Museo Nazionale
del Bargello, Florence
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T h e W o r l d o f T h e I T a l I a n r e n a I s s a n c e 31
ph pt, wh Bh xpd
th dt t th vt. I th d Gh-bt vd th , thh d
tht th p t w . H pd
w th t whh qd b,
th dtt h ptt.37
R, p, dk, tt d dpt
w pt, bt th hh pt
bd t th wh t. C w
v b pp, pt, bbt, hh d -
t; ht, bh, d, v t. T
ptt d t d ttd wk
vtd th tt th t t dtd th t vtd t wth db -
td. T h th pt th v-
tt td htd tht dbt bt
th p th t (ut pictura poesis), d th t-
t t b t dv t.38
T R hd t tt w
th It, p d th V-
t. O hd t t, hwv, bt th th-
d t pt th p th. Np
d S d d kd thht th
pd, t d Av , th wh qd
b th Sph h A. T th
w p bd t ppd
t th td d t vt th
Nth. A th d, th k Np w t w
t bhd th pp hb, b th -
d h th tth t ptt R-
t dvpd h, t. T j pt
tt w pvdd wth dt t d
th p pd b th d -b, P P. T t p-t-
pt th w
tt, d t w Ab Wb th
twtth t wh d dph th
p , w h dv P
tt th hv F.34
T w R htt
d th bd tt th h-
t. N dbt, th It d vv-
bd h th Pth R pvdd
t-hd xp th k t Rhtt d bd. T t t R
htt, Ft d Abt, hwv, d
dvd txt, th tt th R Vtv
(t t CE), wh th td th d d
ppt Gk d R .35
T tt t w th pt t, d
qttt It, whv hd b
pt.36 T t thv pptd th t b
ptt , d th d t, F-
w hd. T w tt d
t . T 1401 th t
pd ptt t t th w -d-
td b d th Battistero, xt t th Duo-
mo. T w v ttt d th j kd
tw th Ghbt d Bh t bt
t p pt Abh I.
Bth wk w tp d wth R
pt bt dt w. Ghbt phd
Palazzo Venezia, the palace
o Pope Paul II in Rome
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8/9/2019 Szonyi 2009 on the Italian Renaissance
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32 G y r G y E . S z n y i
(13051378). T w wd b th Gt Sh
(13781415), th wt t whh w
th th td pp ptd d wd wth
h th. T pvd 1418 wh Mt V
vd th pp t bk t R, d tht
t t th t th Rt 1517
th bt th pt b th dvp-
t d bht th t p t.40
w Fdd I (b 1423, d 14581494), th -
th Mtth Cv bv-td p
Bt.39
Lt bt t t, t k t R, d-
dpt, pv p Pth d, bt
xp t dvpt b th d h
th qt. T d w th t v
th H S th tth t t Av
Melozzo da Forl
Pope Sixtus IV Appoints
Bernardo Platina Preect
o the Vatican Library
ca. 14761477
Pinacoteca Vaticana, Rome
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T h e W o r l d o f T h e I T a l I a n r e n a I s s a n c e 33
T h e P e a K a n d d e c l I n e o f T h e I T a l I a n
r e n a I s s a n c e
It ppx tht It R t hd
t x btw 1500 d 1530, p th d-d whh th p w vd b pt,
, d . A E G -
d: P wth th h pt, -
htt, d pt; wth th bth v
phttd t wk d hh-dd d-
t d, th t w hk, t
w d d t td t d.
Cv ht b t, p vt
dd, d th hh t d b
pt th v.41 A Bw d -
: N wth th ht d h
It th 1494 t 1530 b w
th tht pvd th wt.42
It h t thk v th t tht
hd It w th d d hv
w th qttt. T th v
Ch VIII 1494 w wd b th Fh
ttk 1499 d 1515. T Spd d th-
It 1501; t, 1519 th
Ch V ttkd, d wth th Sk R
1527. T -h t-tt d:F vtd dd btw th xp
th Md (1494, 1527) d th tt (1512,
1530), wh b bjtd t th xp
Sv tht dt.
M w ttv tk b th Fh (1499
1512, 15151525) d th Sph (1525). Np hd
t: t th Fh xt (1494) th
Spd td 1501 t wk v th
th It. I 1509 V w t dtd
d t th t pt h d d.
D t th pt k d v
th t R pp, R w ht
b tp th Landknechts Ch V
bt th Sk R 1527 h dw
ht th wt t th t. I th
tt t t p tht th t w-
t R t w ttd
R, t whh w tv d th t
Wh th pp bt p d bd, -
td t d vtd ht -
t, th w pd b ht d.
Ft Nh V (d 14771455) ptd th w
wh h tbhd th Vt Lb. H, P II (E Sv P, 14581464),
w h td pht, wh p t h -
t hd v td h p t v
wk belle lettres.
P II (14641471) td p-
t d d; h , Sxt IV (F
d Rv, 14711484) vtd tht hh
th t d pd th d R qdt p-
vd th ppt wth h wt. Fth,
h hd th St Chp bt, whh b
th v th Mh. F,
w hd t t t tht t w Sxt IV
wh pptd Bd Pt h pp b-
d pvdd vt t ph
vb pt v Ep. T -
h pptt dptd M d
F th Vt.
T xt pp, It VIII (14841492), w
t ht, dpt h ttpt t
bh R. A pp, h tv pptd th
Sph Iqt d h t pkd th wth tht t th xtth t d t p-
Ep ht d d. H -
hd ptd d vtt wh h
dd h bt t h hd t th d-
Ep. Yt, t w wth h btt
d bt p tht h hd It
th t.
It VIII td t tt h td -
t wth K Fdd Np b vt th
Fh k Ch VIII t ttk Np d p-
t tht th th Av. T w t-
td, t It t bttd
dd, t th t, t pt d t th -
d pt pt th p. P-
dx, php b h t, R
t td t h, t, h t pk,
d th v dd. T th pd tht -
t ht t th hh R.
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8/9/2019 Szonyi 2009 on the Italian Renaissance
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34 G y r G y E . S z n y i
Pth t dt th pp ptt th
Vt wth .
I th d th pp, wh -
d, dd t bv x bt. Ax-
d , C B, w h
d th t, hwv, h vd h t-
t ft tht th pb Mhv
td th th d p t h. Ax-
d , J II (G d Rv,
15031513) d L X (Gv d Md, 1513
1521) b v t d vt -
twk.
th dd th qt, d w t d-
vpd b th bt pp.43
Axd VI dbd b ht
bt, d th -
tht th Sph Rd B (d: 1492
1503) tt dtd th pt th pp d
t tbtd t th h tht d It
d v wt Ep. h dt, t hd b
td, t w thk t h tht Ep Jw
d d w hd It w xp-
Sp 1492 d Pt 1497.
Axd w pt th t d vtd
Raphael
Portrait o Pope Julius II
1511
National Gallery, London
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8/9/2019 Szonyi 2009 on the Italian Renaissance
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T h e W o r l d o f T h e I T a l I a n r e n a I s s a n c e 35
T pt d dt w -
vtb thd th wd t,
t, tt tt. T tw tt wt
th qt, Mhv d Ct
td t wth dt tt d t
dv. T t F (14691527), wh
d h t dt xpd th k-
pt t, b th hp-d
d -pd h d ppt pt
(Te Prince, 1513). I h wk, k
wtht hp th bht d htt
h pd, h Ld B.
Ct Ct (14781529), wh jd th
pt th G Mt d th M-
tt Ub, td h d th h-
t d Bb d Bbb, th pt
Rph, th wt At, th td bk A-
t Ch, v Pp J II. H j wk, Te
Courtier(Il cortegiano, 1528) hw th xt ppt
Mhv d: jt t th Sk
R h d h t d th
pt R dvd h tht
vw th t vt t b d-
d p d w t tt dp.44
T th pdd d b vdt
th v t. T v pt t wk
Mh, th dp t t
th t t dtt th dpt h,
It tht R t d 1500 hd
hd w ph. T h w t
F, d Md pt, bt t pkd th
R th pp. I pt th b wth
th htt, Dt Bt, wh vd t thEt Ct 1502. B th t, Bt hd bt
th pdd p Ub th Mtt,
d dtd Ldv S t dv-
k M wth R bd. I R
J II d h wth th tt h-
tt t Cht Ep: th w
St Pt B.
Mh vd R F
1505. Athh h h t t th twd,
h w dd b Pp J t tt th H
Ct 1508 d t th th St Chp-. F th t , pt w F,
th t td R t h dth 1564.
Rph Ub w pd t-
td. At Ub, h t wkd
F , bt vd t R
1508. J II vtd th t pt t
b th h dt th w pp ptt,
d th Stanza della Segnatura. Wh th
hv d Cht th, Rph
tdd ht-pd th d -
bjt, th Parnassusd th School o Athens.
Ev th t pt d t
th R, Ld d V, pt
t R. T t ptt t h -
dd F d M, bt btw
1513 d 1516 h vd R, t th t Pp
L X. I 1515 h w pt t th t L
d th Fh k, F I: th d t h b
vtd t F wh h d t h dth
1519, j th xqt dhp th k.
T th pt hh R t w
V. Wh t th t th R w-
t V t w tt th
b t Gth pd, b th q-
t th t th pdd h w R-
t: G d t, wh pt-
w t th tht th R
tp; hwv, th d dk d
t th th th Ft.
Jacopo Tintoretto
wo studies ater
the Atlas statuette
ca. 1549
Szpmvszeti Mzeum,
Budapest
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8/9/2019 Szonyi 2009 on the Italian Renaissance
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36 G y r G y E . S z n y i
R h t t b vd -
t tbt pd, whh tt
, , d d w ttd, whh
dbt d xt td.48 th
w dd tht th w vd Rwd t hp th qt
dvd, t d dtt
v, d b pptv.
W hd t h w th p-
vb t d t tht k th R-
t px t pd. , d
th pd, th w d pvt, h-
t pt d hph th, -
d ptt, d pt, t-
d t, phttd sprezzatura d
bt t, b hv d v t.
B v th d d dd d th
R, w dt tht th pd
w t t dt th t
ph, t w dt, t t
h d p d. T
wh w tt th pp th R-
t b tp. At th t,
th wd w t db dt
w d w, jt Pth tqt, -
ht th R, ht tht dtvb pt. T R w p-
d Ep ht wth t p tdt, d
vt ptt.
A t th vt tttd
th th t wk t, d th
td d t th R t.
S t htt t h, -
t, d qb t tht b p-
t t t th xhbt. Bt
tt hw h t bt dt th
twk, th pk t btt d, bt th
th pp d dtt , vth
pp, wth th p kwd, b, d-
t. I th vt t th xhbt
dv d th , w : th w
th xhbt h w dpp d th R-
w b b, d b vt,
dd tp.
th wth dp . A G
: T t b xp th -
t th t t Mh ppd
t th bd h Rph, d th bt
Mhv t th d Pt C-t. I th pt Btt d th p-
P th t td d ht
tht w bd t d btt t, t tht d
th b vd ptd wtht .45
T xt t dd t v t t
th hp bt R d d th
h vd tqt. T -
kd Md P, th twtd -
ttt, th tt v E G -
vt t w tt v, whh b th
b p tt, d t
th tt pd M, btw th
R d th Bq t.46
T h e r e n a I s s a n c e W o r l d v I e W
Nt , h htd th R
bd Ep d bt t b-
t, t qt dt qk h-
ht. O th R td d dt. qt Jh J Mt: T
R w, vt , php btt,
t ttd vt th t x-
p bth xpd d -
d tt d w ptt
pt d ptt pt th
t d th t pw (pb v-
t, d h, d hh) wh pt-
vtd tt, htt, d t t
t, t ph wth t th
th hd hd b.47
Ath d h, Ew F, v
th: [B] w th t tt -
tht R h b thh vd.
k v d t d tt-
t t dd, d p th pt
tb p bv
d dd. Cqt th twt-t t
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8/9/2019 Szonyi 2009 on the Italian Renaissance
20/20
n o T e s
1. Bkhdt [1860] 1937.
2. Mht 1855.
3. Bkhdt [1860] 1937, 1.
4. O Bkhdt t
th R dth htph th
R Pt
Bk tdt
Bkhdt [1860] 1990,
115. I H
S 1984, 1422.
5. K 2003, vx.
6. Vt 1859; Kt 1955;
Gt 1997 d 2002.
7. G 1952 d 1969.
8. H 1951; K
1977.
9. T w pph
R h
dttd th w t
ph d t
: Fd d. 2002;
F t . d. 2005;
Mt d. 2007.
10. S v v hv
b pbhd: Ft
M d. 2005[]. A
d t bt
pjt th d
td t
pbhd b P
Fd tht pph
th R v
d vwpt:Fd d. 2002.
11. Pth t C, J 16,
1345. Epistolae amiliares
24,3.
12. Pth,Arica, x, 553.
13. O Pth hvt
th: Mtt
1993.
14. Pth t D
d B S Sp,
th d
th t,
Pt 1955, 830.
Eh : Kt
1964, 14.
15. T p th
Conessions At
qtd Kt 1964, 16.
16. Kt 1964, 16.
17. F, T Gd A
F, R
MLh 1968, 79.
18. E, T Gd A
(tt t Cpt),
RMLh d.
1953, 81.
(1958, 1969) t
pd.
31. V (13701444)
th th th t
ht dt wk.Ettd De ingenius
moribus et liberalibus studiis
adolescentiae, t w
ddtd t th
F C,
th dpt Pd.
32. T tw t
ht h w
dd b Vtt
d Ft Mt
d G G
(1429) F. A
th, th H
N-Lt pt, J
P tdd G h
b t
th Uvt Pd.
T t pvt
d w pd
F b L
M d hdd
b th phph
M F.
O hd t
th Pt Ad
R whh hd
th d h
th tth t (
G 1964; K 2003).33. A vtv
th hvt
R pt
Stp 2006.
34. Nw td th
th Palazzo Schianoia
wth th bbph
t: Bt 1999;
Brussels1996. S
th hpt Wb
kj [T
Iph Wb],
S 2004, 6769.
35. Ft (At d Pt
Av, 14001467),
rattato di architettura;
L Bttt Abt
(14041472),
De re aedifcatoria (1452).
O th htt
th qttt
Hdh 1996;
CdR d. 2007.
36. O th R
pt t
Wk 1993.
19. Qtd th th
Pt Bk, 1964, 4.
20. L R, T Ex
T A, h
De la vicissitude ou varitdes choses en lunivers,
RMLh d.
1953, 91.
21. Bdtt D,
T Ppt F,
RMLh d.
1953, 16567.
22. T t btw
dv bt d
th th R
dd v 4
th It hdbk
td :
FhGdthwt
M d. 2007. Fth t b
d HLw 1989,
2975; Bk 2002; K
2003, 2231; Nj 2004,
124204; F 2007.
23. K 2003, 2324.
24. Ch 2007, 6971.
Vt d ht
p t td htd
dbt th p w
th th bb
p kw
tth-t
pd, t
A.25. T t j, dv-
tp p ht M
1720. S D
1983; H 1996.
26. T ht
R F
d V b d
Bk 1983 d L
1973.
27. F phv v
th dvpt
It t-tt,
Mt 1979.
28. O th S
Lp 2003; C 2000.
29. Ltt Stt t
th h B,
P Zb.
Qtd b K 2003, 81.
30. T t p-t-dt
pph t th
qt h
b d th t
b Rbt Bk (1998).
E G d
v h
37. Stp 2006, 23.
38. T tt th t
t d t
th p pt
b Ldwt (F 1992).
39. T ht Fdd,
pp kw,
Ft, w wtt
b L V,
th tt It
ht: Laurentii Valle
Gesta Ferdinandi regis
Aragonum ( V [1520]
1973). O Fdd:
Pt 1969; th
ht th th
It R:
Ab 2004.
40. O R R xp: Ptd
1996; tp
h d dt
th R pp
I 1890;
P 1988; Pt
[1479] 2008[];
Vp 1963.
41. G 1964, 432.
42. Bw 2004, 24647.
43. S Pt 2004.
44. O Mhv Sk
1996; Ct B
2000.
45. G 1964, 433.46. O M th
xp th
th R
H 1965 d K
1971. T d t
tt M w
t dbd b Dvk
19211922. A th
ptt wk
tt ht:
P 1975.
47. Mt d. 2007, 23.
48. F t . d. 2005, 1.