SZÉCHENYI ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY Evolution of rural animation in Hungary Prof. Dr. Irén Kukorelli...

SZÉCHENYI ISTVÁNUNIVERSITY

Evolution of rural animation in Hungary

Prof. Dr. Irén Kukorelli

Széchenyi István University Hungary

EMRA Conference: “Animation for rural development — a new profession?”Chania, Crete, 7-9 June 2012


1. Rural development concept after transition, outlining the micro-regional level (LAU I)

2. Developing institutional system generated jobs

3. Supply and demand for professionals at local level for sustainable rural development

4. Change of higher education system

5. Meeting points of demand and supply of jobs for rural development (a case of LAGs)

ROADMAP


Causes of changes in Hungarian rural areas in the 90’ decade

Negative influences

• land privatalization process

• decreasing food export

• increasing unemployment

• polarization of rural space

• the polarization of rural space depends on the global economy, the bottom-up policy is not able to prevail

Positive influences

• appearance of bottom-up policy

• grass-roots initiatives

• rural development organisations at micro-region level

• appearance of new functions: rural tourism, environmental protection: national park, nature park

• SAPARD program

• LEADER program – LAG’s

Before systematic change a council system operated in 1950-1990, which meant municipalities had no self-government rights.

More than half of the over 3200 independent settlements had a „partner village status” – without any development resources – way to the rural exodus – these villages has to close their institutions, services, the population were moved to the centre village or to the near town.

After 1990 the administrative system and the institutional system of spatial and settlement development were changed.

Hungary became a unitary state with a two-tier decision-making system: national and local tiers.

Each municipality, irrespective of their number of population, set up independent self-governments, as a result of which almost 3,200 municipalities replaced the former 1,600 council centres, i.e. a disintegration process took place.

Institutional system of spatial development

at local level in Hungary


The result: fregmented local governmental system (3200 local governments) –

At the same time - signs of cooperation! Association of local governments started in the early 1990s on a totally voluntary basis, bottom-up, from the municipal level

desintegration – integration at local level

Municipal Associations



Periods in the developing process of institutional system

at micro-regional level

A./ first half of 90’s

B./ Act on Regional Development and Spatial Planning : after1996

D./ Micro-regional associations for rural development (after2000), generated by SAPARD.

E./ Multi-purpose micro-regional association 2004

F./ LEADER program after 2005

Period 1: non-governmental organisations and entrepreneurs could also join the associations (early 90’)

Period 2: Act on Regional Development and Spatial Planning passed in 1996 only allowed municipal self-governments to be members in municipal associations:- participation in the work of the county development councils,- to get financial reources through tendering- preapering strategic plan for the future- to implement it through some projects




Demand for job at micro-regional level

- to build a daily contact with mayors and the regional organisations (e.g. unemployment office), county development council,-to arrange everything connecting to the development, -- to handle the unemployment problems,-- to organize meetings for the rural people --to prepare development plan for association,

Supply

- Young economist- Young agricultural engineer- Sociologist- Unemployment professionals

It was a douptful job! Financial support from National Employment Foundation, or PHARE or Foundation of Entreprices for a short period.

Micro-regional Associations in Hungary in 2002


Period 3 (since 2004) multi-purpose micro-regional association: the central government pressed the municipal associations in 2004 to take over municipal public service tasks in addition to the development activities. Although the municipal associations were not forced by law to take up such tasks, extra financial means were awarded to those associations that took at least three public services from the municipal self-governments belonging to the association.

Before this period - from the beginning the micro-regional cooperations were able, on completely voluntary basis, to assert the local wills and interests, but

they have lost their initial momentum by period 3.



Rural Development Associations: in 1999 another micro-regional cooperation started, this was the so-called SAPARD, or micro-regional cooperation with rural development purpose.

By 2000, 194 such cooperations were registered.

Tasks of these associations:- the acquisition of SAPARD funds - the assistance of the farmers in tendering - the coordination of village renewal programmes

Each micro-regional cooperation was headed by a so-called rural development manager – rural animator?.

Hungary joined the European Union in 2004, accordingly SAPARD as a pre-accession fund ceased to exist

Institutional system of rural development

SAPARD: Support for Pre-Accession measures for Agriculture and Rural Development, a pre-accession aid programme


No. 1698/2005 of the Council of Europe, Par. 68, i.e. - “Each Member State shall establish a national rural network, which groups the organisations and administrations involved in rural development.”

2006 - Hungarian National Rural Network (HNRN) was established, but in the European Union Hungary was the only member state to authorise this organisation with national rural policy competencies.

This organisation can make recommendations at national level in rural policy, spatial development and infrastructure investment issues.

This organisation with its broad social support is a new type of rural policy tools, and also a social political force

This organisation created the system of Local Rural Development Offices (LRDO), which operated at micro-region (NUTS 4) level and was closely related to the local LEADER groups which are also members of the MNVH

Hungarian National Rural Network (MNVH)



EconomistAgricultural

engineer

Teacher, social worker Geographer

Environmental engineer Lawyer

Engineer and

informaticsLandscape

engineerSecondary

degree Others Total

Western Transdanubia 21 3 7 3 3 - 8 2 9 1 57

Central-Hungary 6 1 6 4 1 - 3 1 8 1 31

Central-Transdanubia 17 10 14 2 4 - 2 5 11 - 65

Northen Hungary 26 17 15 3 2 1 9 5 19 1 98

Northen Great-Plain 12 19 8 10 2 2 6 2 12 - 73

Southern Transdanubia 17 16 12 2 1 1 6 2 21 - 78

Southern Great-Plain 17 10 15 - 3 7 5 3 23 - 83

Total 116 76 77 24 16 11 39 20 103 3 485

Professions of employments in LEADER groups in Hungary


NUTS II regions in Hungary


Professions in LEADER groups in Hungary

116

76 77

2416 11

39

20

103

30

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Econo

mist

Agricu

ltura

l eng

inee

r

Teacher

, so

cial w

orke

r

Geo

graph

er

Enviro

nment

al e

nginee

r

Lawye

r

Engine

er a

nd in

form

atics

Land

scape

eng

ineer

Secon

dary

degr

ee

Oth

ers


Program title University Name Department City

MSc in Rural Development and Agribusiness

University of Debrecen Faculty of Economics and Rural Development Debrecen


Károly Róbert University Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences Gyöngyös


Szent István University Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences Gödöllő


University of Pannon Georgikon Faculty Keszthely


University of West Hungary Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences Mosonmagyaróvár


Kaposvár University Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences Kaposvár

MSc in Rural Development Corvinus University Faculty of Economics Budapest

Agricultural Environmental Management Engineer

University of West Hungary Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences Mosonmagyaróvár

MA in Tourism and Management University of Pécs Illyés Gyula Faculty Szekszárd

MA in Regional and Environmental Economics

Széchenyi István University Faculty of Economics Győr

Agricultural Engineer University of Pannon Georgikon Faculty Keszthely

Agricultural Engineer University of Debrecen Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Debrecen

Agricultural EngineerSzent István University

Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences

Gödöllő


University of Debrecen Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Debrecen


University of Pannon Georgikon Faculty Keszthely

Landscape Architecture Corvinus University Faculty of Landscape Architecture Budapest

MSc in Urban (civil) Engineering University of Pécs Polláck Mihály Faculty of Engineering Pécs

MSc in Environmental Engineering University of Pannon Faculty of Engineering Veszprém

MA in Regional and Environmental Economics

University of West Hungary Faculty of Economics Sopron

MSc in Regional and Environmental Economic Studies

Corvinus University Faculty of Economics Budapest

MS.c programs connecting to rural development in Hungary


Conclusion

• from the beginning there was demand on rural animators at micro- regional levels

• from the beginning in the higher education system this complex education on rural expert was missing

• from the middle of 90’s in the higher education system new programs and courses appeared connecting to the demand on rural animation

• Since 2007 the institutional system has changed in rural development, 96 LAGs were launched generated 485 jobs in rural development

• So far the profession of rural animator has not meet any higher education program.

Thank you

for your attention!

Iren [email protected]


SZÉCHENYI ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY Evolution of rural animation in Hungary Prof. Dr. Irén Kukorelli...

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