Systems of SpeechSystems of SpeechAnatomy of ArticulationAnatomy of Articulation

Respiratory, laryngeal, & Respiratory, laryngeal, & supralaryngealsupralaryngeal

Functions of the Functions of the Speech MechanismSpeech Mechanism

The speech mechanism has two functions:The speech mechanism has two functions:1.1.Biological functionBiological function: breathing and eating: breathing and eating

2.2.Speech functionSpeech function: produce different : produce different configurations which make up different configurations which make up different sounds.sounds.

Speech is the end product of four processes Speech is the end product of four processes that occur simultaneously and cooperatively that occur simultaneously and cooperatively (respiration, phonation, resonation, (respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation).articulation).

Sublaryngeal/Subglottal Sublaryngeal/Subglottal StructuresStructures

Sublaryngeal Sublaryngeal structures contain structures contain organs of organs of respiration respiration necessary for necessary for speech speech production.production.

TracheaTrachea BronchiBronchi BronchiolesBronchioles Alveolar DuctsAlveolar Ducts Alveolar Sacs/alveoliAlveolar Sacs/alveoli Rib Cage/lungsRib Cage/lungs DiaphragmDiaphragm

Basic Framework for respirationBasic Framework for respiration

Framework:Framework: SternumSternum Ribs (12 paired sets)Ribs (12 paired sets) ClavicleClavicle Vertebral columnVertebral column PelvisPelvis

Framework provides support and Framework provides support and protection for the lungs, heart, and protection for the lungs, heart, and respiratory muscles.respiratory muscles.

FrameworkFramework

RibsRibs

Protects heartProtects heart At rest, ribs angle downward.At rest, ribs angle downward. During inhalation, can elevate to increase During inhalation, can elevate to increase

lung capacity.lung capacity. Cartilaginous attachments along sternum Cartilaginous attachments along sternum

and vertebral columnand vertebral column

ClavicleClavicle

Commonly known as the collar bone.Commonly known as the collar bone. Provides a place of connection for Provides a place of connection for

accessory muscles of respiration.accessory muscles of respiration.

Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column

Vertebral column vs. Vertebral column vs. spinal cordspinal cord

Sections:Sections: Cervical: C1-C7Cervical: C1-C7 Thoracic: T1-T12Thoracic: T1-T12 Lumbar: L1-L5Lumbar: L1-L5 Sacral:S1-S5Sacral:S1-S5 Coccygeal: fusedCoccygeal: fused

PelvisPelvis

Provides connection Provides connection for legs and vertebral for legs and vertebral columncolumn

Made up of:Made up of: Ilium-supports Ilium-supports

abdominal musclesabdominal muscles SacrumSacrum Pubic bone: public Pubic bone: public

symphysis symphysis

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

Lungs, rib cage, abdomen, and associated Lungs, rib cage, abdomen, and associated musclesmuscles

http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcsubmit.nsf/ImageLibrary2?Open&Start=59

Provides movement of air needed for speechProvides movement of air needed for speech All sounds in English language are produced on All sounds in English language are produced on

egressive air- outwardegressive air- outward We speak on exhaled air unless there is a We speak on exhaled air unless there is a

disorderdisorder

Basic muscle info of breathingBasic muscle info of breathing

DiaphragmDiaphragm Muscles of the rib cageMuscles of the rib cage

Known as intercostal Known as intercostal muscles:muscles:

• Located between ribsLocated between ribs• External intercostals – External intercostals –

Assist during inhalationAssist during inhalation• Internal intercostals – Internal intercostals –

Assist during exhalationAssist during exhalation

Abdominal muscles:Abdominal muscles:• Help during forceful Help during forceful

exhalation.exhalation.

Abdominal MusclesAbdominal Muscles

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP15104

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=OTA1004

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/ab/m1/s3/index.htm

http://www.argosymedical.com/flash/Respiration/landing.html (overview) (overview)

Sublaryngeal StructuresSublaryngeal Structures

TracheaTrachea: windpipe; composed of : windpipe; composed of cartilaginous rings; extends from larynx cartilaginous rings; extends from larynx to bronchi.to bronchi.

BronchiBronchi: branches off from trachea into 2 : branches off from trachea into 2 divisions leading into the divisions leading into the RR & & LL lung. lung.

BronchiolesBronchioles: smaller branches of bronchi.: smaller branches of bronchi.

Sublaryngeal Structures Sublaryngeal Structures (con’t)(con’t)

Alveolar DuctsAlveolar Ducts: place where bronchioles : place where bronchioles terminate. terminate.

Alveolar SacsAlveolar Sacs: place where alveolar : place where alveolar ducts terminate.ducts terminate. AlveoliAlveoli: in alveolar sacs; site of oxygen and : in alveolar sacs; site of oxygen and

carbon dioxide exchange.carbon dioxide exchange.

Sublaryngeal Structures Sublaryngeal Structures (con’t)(con’t)

Rib CageRib Cage: composed of 12 pairs of ribs: composed of 12 pairs of ribs

DiaphragmDiaphragm: separates chest cavity from : separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity.abdominal cavity.

Lungs, of courseLungs, of course

Lungs:Lungs: Housed within the rib Housed within the rib

cage.cage. Air filled sacs.Air filled sacs. Expand and shrink Expand and shrink

with movement of the with movement of the rib cage.rib cage.

Process of respirationProcess of respiration

In comes the airIn comes the air Air released into larynx & supralaryngeal areaAir released into larynx & supralaryngeal area Controls loudness or changes needed for certain Controls loudness or changes needed for certain

aspects of speechaspects of speech Breath groups usually coincide with syntactic Breath groups usually coincide with syntactic

rules/unitsrules/units http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcsub

mit.nsf/ImageLibrary2?Open&Start=60

Larynx Larynx

LarynxLarynx: composed : composed of cartilage and of cartilage and muscle; suspended muscle; suspended from the from the hyoid hyoid bonebone..

Contains:Contains: Vocal foldsVocal folds GlottisGlottis EpiglottisEpiglottis Thyroid cartilageThyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilageArytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilageCricoid cartilage

How not to say LarynxHow not to say Larynx

http://www.entertonement.com/clips/http://www.entertonement.com/clips/9213/Jim-Carrey/Steve-Carell/Comedy/9213/Jim-Carrey/Steve-Carell/Comedy/Yoga-with-my-Larynx-2Yoga-with-my-Larynx-2

Hyoid BoneHyoid Bone

Horseshoe or Horseshoe or boomerang shaped boomerang shaped bone that the larynx is bone that the larynx is suspended from.suspended from.

The only free floating The only free floating bone in the body.bone in the body.

The Laryngeal SystemThe Laryngeal System

‘‘voice box’voice box’ Sits on top of the tracheaSits on top of the trachea Houses the vocal folds Houses the vocal folds

(muscles)(muscles) Feel the vibrations Feel the vibrations

(voices/unvoiced/devoice(voices/unvoiced/devoiced)d)

http://www.pitt.edu/http://www.pitt.edu/~crosen/voice/~crosen/voice/

anatomy2anatomy2.html.html ‘‘balloon’balloon’

Cartilages of the LarynxCartilages of the Larynx Thyroid cartilage:Thyroid cartilage:

Large and shield-like.Large and shield-like. Cricoid cartilage:Cricoid cartilage:

Forms a ring and sits on the Forms a ring and sits on the top of the trachea.top of the trachea.

Arytenoid cartilages:Arytenoid cartilages: Paired triangular shaped Paired triangular shaped

cartilages in the back.cartilages in the back.• Sit on top of the cricoid Sit on top of the cricoid

cartilage.cartilage. Epiglottis:Epiglottis:

Leaf-shaped cartilage that Leaf-shaped cartilage that folds back to protect the folds back to protect the opening of the larynx during opening of the larynx during swallowing.swallowing.

Helpful LinksHelpful Links

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cricoarytenoid_musclePosterior_cricoarytenoid_muscle

http://home.comcast.net/~wnor/http://home.comcast.net/~wnor/lesson11.htmlesson11.htm

http://www.entusa.com/larynx_photo.htm http://www.entusa.com/larynx_photo.htm Normal vocal folds as well as disorderedNormal vocal folds as well as disordered

http://www.medicalook.com/http://www.medicalook.com/human_anatomy/organs/Larynx.htmlhuman_anatomy/organs/Larynx.html

Larynx – Vocal Folds Larynx – Vocal Folds

Vocal FoldsVocal Folds: muscles and connective : muscles and connective tissue that attach anteriorly to tissue that attach anteriorly to thyroid thyroid cartilagecartilage and posteriorly to and posteriorly to arytenoid arytenoid cartilages cartilages (allow folds to open and (allow folds to open and close).close).

http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/linguistics/faciliti/demos/vocalfolds/linguistics/faciliti/demos/vocalfolds/vocalfolds.htmvocalfolds.htm Vocal folds vibrate (phonation) to produce Vocal folds vibrate (phonation) to produce

voicing, needed for speech.voicing, needed for speech.

Larynx – Vocal FoldsLarynx – Vocal Folds AbductedAbducted (open): for phonation (open): for phonation

of of voicelessvoiceless sounds; for normal sounds; for normal inhalation/exhalation. inhalation/exhalation.

AdductedAdducted (closed): for (closed): for phonation of phonation of voiced voiced sounds; sounds; also closes trachea to create also closes trachea to create pressure for heavy lifting, pressure for heavy lifting, labor, and defecation.labor, and defecation.

http://cspeech.ucd.ie/~fred/http://cspeech.ucd.ie/~fred/teaching/oldcourses/teaching/oldcourses/phonetics/glottis.htmlphonetics/glottis.html

All vowels and most All vowels and most consonants are voiced in consonants are voiced in American English.American English.

More about Vocal FoldsMore about Vocal Folds

The front The front attachment is attachment is fixedfixed

• The arytenoid The arytenoid cartilages move in cartilages move in relation to the relation to the movement of the movement of the vocal folds.vocal folds.

http://http://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9Wdf-RwLcswatch?v=v9Wdf-RwLcs

Real picture – Yikes!!Real picture – Yikes!!

http://www.voicedoctor.net/media/video/female.html

Larynx - GlottisLarynx - Glottis

GlottisGlottis: space between the vocal folds.: space between the vocal folds.

Sounds produced at glottis: /h, Sounds produced at glottis: /h, ʔʔ//

Cartilages – Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoidCartilages – Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid Epiglottis- Epiglottis- leaf-like cartilage below root of leaf-like cartilage below root of

tongue and at junction of oropharynx and tongue and at junction of oropharynx and laryngopharynx; covers entrance to the laryngopharynx; covers entrance to the larynx; prevents food and liquid from going larynx; prevents food and liquid from going into the trachea.into the trachea.

Muscles of the LarynxMuscles of the Larynx

These are the vocal fold adductors:These are the vocal fold adductors: Transverse (inter)arytenoid: Transverse (inter)arytenoid:

Runs between the arytenoidsRuns between the arytenoids Helps adductHelps adduct Important for medial compressionImportant for medial compression Medial compressionMedial compression

• Degree of force applied at the point of contactDegree of force applied at the point of contact

Helpful linkHelpful link

http://www.flashcardmachine.com/http://www.flashcardmachine.com/articulatory-resonatory-system.htmlarticulatory-resonatory-system.html

More AdductorsMore Adductors

Oblique Oblique (inter)arytenoid:(inter)arytenoid: Superficial to Superficial to

transverse transverse interarytenoidsinterarytenoids

Run from muscular Run from muscular process of one to apex process of one to apex of the other arytenoid of the other arytenoid cartilagecartilage

Helps with medial Helps with medial compression and pulls compression and pulls down epiglottisdown epiglottis

Vocal Fold AbductorVocal Fold Abductor

Posterior cricoarytenoid Posterior cricoarytenoid Only abductorOnly abductor Runs from posterior cricoid lamina to the Runs from posterior cricoid lamina to the

muscular processes of arytenoid cartilagemuscular processes of arytenoid cartilage Pulls muscular process posteriorly, rocking Pulls muscular process posteriorly, rocking

arytenoid on axisarytenoid on axis

Vocal Fold TensorsVocal Fold Tensors Cricothyroid Cricothyroid

Primary tensor of vocal folds.Primary tensor of vocal folds. Rocks thyroid cartilage forwardRocks thyroid cartilage forward Composed of two headsComposed of two heads

• Pars recta: medial most portionPars recta: medial most portion Runs from cricoid cartilage Runs from cricoid cartilage

to thyroid laminato thyroid lamina Rocks thyroid downwardRocks thyroid downward Responsible for pitch Responsible for pitch

changechange• Pars oblique:Pars oblique:

Runs from cricoid cartilage Runs from cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilageto thyroid cartilage

Slides thyroid forwardSlides thyroid forward Responsible for pitch Responsible for pitch

changechange

Action of the Crycothyroid Action of the Crycothyroid MuscleMuscle

Vocal Fold TensorVocal Fold Tensor

Thyrovocalis muscles Thyrovocalis muscles (medial portion of (medial portion of thyroarytenoid) thyroarytenoid) Medial muscle of vocal Medial muscle of vocal

foldsfolds Part of thyroarytenoid Part of thyroarytenoid

musclemuscle Runs from thyroid Runs from thyroid

cartilage to arytenoid cartilage to arytenoid vocal processvocal process

Draws thyroid and Draws thyroid and cricoid apart anteriorlycricoid apart anteriorly

Extrinsic Laryngeal MusclesExtrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

DigastricusDigastricus StylohyoidStylohyoid MylohyoidMylohyoid GeniohyoidGeniohyoid GenioglossusGenioglossus HyoglossusHyoglossus

Laryngeal DepressorsLaryngeal Depressors

SternothyroidSternothyroid SternohyoidSternohyoid OmohyoidOmohyoid ThyrohyoidThyrohyoid

Terms for the laryngeal systemTerms for the laryngeal system

Fundamental frequency of the voiceFundamental frequency of the voice Rate of vocal fold vibrationRate of vocal fold vibration

HertzHertz One complete cycle of vibration per secondOne complete cycle of vibration per second Hearing screenings – 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 HzHearing screenings – 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 Hz

IntonationIntonation Natural changes in the pitch of the voice during Natural changes in the pitch of the voice during

sentences & conversations sentences & conversations Questions, statements, exclamatoryQuestions, statements, exclamatory

Supralaryngeal SystemSupralaryngeal System

Above the larynxAbove the larynx Modifies the vibrations coming from the Modifies the vibrations coming from the

vocal foldsvocal folds Pharyngeal, oral, & nasal cavities = Pharyngeal, oral, & nasal cavities = The The

Vocal TractVocal Tract

Diagram of Nasal, Oral, & Diagram of Nasal, Oral, & Pharyngeal CavitiesPharyngeal Cavities

Vocal TractVocal Tract Pharyngeal cavity:Pharyngeal cavity:

Vertical tube at the Vertical tube at the posterior vocal tractposterior vocal tract

ThroatThroat Oral cavityOral cavity::

MouthMouth Horizontal tube that runs Horizontal tube that runs

anterior to posterioranterior to posterior Nasal cavities:Nasal cavities:

Horizontal cavities above Horizontal cavities above the oral cavity.the oral cavity.

Resonators for nasal Resonators for nasal sounds.sounds.

Bones of the FaceBones of the Face

MandibleMandible MaxilaeMaxilae Nasal bonesNasal bones Provide points of Provide points of

attachment for attachment for muscles of muscles of articulation.articulation.

Bones of the CraniumBones of the Cranium

Frontal bonesFrontal bones Parietal bonesParietal bones Occipital bonesOccipital bones Temporal bonesTemporal bones Protect the brain and Protect the brain and

provide points of provide points of articulation for articulation for muscles of muscles of articulation.articulation.

Muscles of Face & MouthMuscles of Face & Mouth Orbicularis oris:Orbicularis oris:

Rounds the lipsRounds the lips Risorius:Risorius:

Retracts lips at the Retracts lips at the corners and flattens corners and flattens cheekscheeks

Buccinator: Buccinator: Lip retraction and Lip retraction and

cheek depressioncheek depression

http://http://www.dailyhaha.com/www.dailyhaha.com/_pics/_pics/weird_monkey.htmweird_monkey.htm

What kind of muscles What kind of muscles do you think he has to do you think he has to use??use??

Muscles of the FaceMuscles of the Face

Muscles of the FaceMuscles of the Face

Levator labii Levator labii superioris muscle: superioris muscle: Upper lip elevatorUpper lip elevator

Zygomatic minor Zygomatic minor muscle: muscle: Upper lip elevatorUpper lip elevator

Levator labii Levator labii superioris alaeque superioris alaeque nasi: nasi: Upper lip elevatorUpper lip elevator

http://http://www.livevideo.com/www.livevideo.com/video/Eddie-SouL/video/Eddie-SouL/33D9C259D3344BBA33D9C259D3344BBAB2E0B63285557037/B2E0B63285557037/elvis-presley-all-elvis-presley-all-shook-up.aspxshook-up.aspx

These muscles help These muscles help your lips do this your lips do this

More muscles of the faceMore muscles of the face Zygomatic major:Zygomatic major:

Elevates and retracts angle Elevates and retracts angle of the mouthof the mouth

Depressor labii inferioris Depressor labii inferioris muscle:muscle:

Pulls lips down and outPulls lips down and out Depressor anguli oris muscle:Depressor anguli oris muscle:

Pulls lips down and outPulls lips down and out Mentalis:Mentalis:

Wrinkles chin and Wrinkles chin and depresses lower lipdepresses lower lip

Muscles of the mouthMuscles of the mouth

For the:For the: The TongueThe Tongue VelumVelum MandibleMandible http://http://

thediagram.com/3_6/thediagram.com/3_6/some_of.htmlsome_of.html

StyloglossusStyloglossus Runs from: styloid Runs from: styloid

process of temporal bone process of temporal bone to inferior sides of tongueto inferior sides of tongue

Two portions:Two portions:• 1) Blends with inferior 1) Blends with inferior

longitudinallongitudinal• 2) Blends with hyoglossus2) Blends with hyoglossus

Function: Draws tongue Function: Draws tongue back and upback and up

Helps get peanut butter Helps get peanut butter off the roof of your mouthoff the roof of your mouth

GenioglossusGenioglossus

Genioglossus:Genioglossus: Prime mover of the Prime mover of the

tonguetongue Runs from: mandible Runs from: mandible

to length of tongue to length of tongue and hyoidand hyoid

Function:Function:• Anterior: retraction of Anterior: retraction of

tonguetongue• Posterior: tongue Posterior: tongue

protrusionprotrusion• Both: depresses tongueBoth: depresses tongue

Genioglossus

HyoglossusHyoglossus

Hyoglossus:Hyoglossus: Superficial to Superficial to

genioglossusgenioglossus Deep to styloglossussDeep to styloglossuss Antagonist to Antagonist to

palatoglossus musclepalatoglossus muscle Runs from: hyoid bone Runs from: hyoid bone

to lateral edges to lateral edges Function: Depresses Function: Depresses

sides of tonguesides of tongue

Hypoglossus

PalatoglossusPalatoglossus

Palatoglossus:Palatoglossus: Runs from velum to Runs from velum to

lateral edges of lateral edges of posterior tongue.posterior tongue.

Function: Elevates Function: Elevates posterior tongue posterior tongue and/or depresses and/or depresses velumvelum

Also considered Also considered muscle of the velummuscle of the velum

Palatoglossus

Intrinsic Tongue MusclesIntrinsic Tongue Muscles

Superior longitudinalSuperior longitudinal Inferior longitudinalInferior longitudinal TransverseTransverse VerticalVertical

Superior LongitudinalSuperior Longitudinal

Upper layer of tongueUpper layer of tongue Runs from: hyoid and Runs from: hyoid and

epiglottis to lingual epiglottis to lingual apex.apex.

Function: lingual Function: lingual elevation and elevation and lateralizationlateralization

‘‘sh’ and helps flatten sh’ and helps flatten the peanut butter the peanut butter against the roof of against the roof of your mouth your mouth

Inferior LongitudinalInferior Longitudinal

Inferior layer of tongueInferior layer of tongue Runs from: root and Runs from: root and

hyoid to apexhyoid to apex Function: Pulls tip Function: Pulls tip

downward and/or downward and/or laterallateral

Intrinsic tongue musclesIntrinsic tongue muscles

Transverse muscles:Transverse muscles: Intermediate to inferior and Intermediate to inferior and

superior longitudinal musclessuperior longitudinal muscles Runs from: median fibrous Runs from: median fibrous

septum to lateral edges of septum to lateral edges of tonguetongue

Function: Narrows tongueFunction: Narrows tongue

Vertical muscles:Vertical muscles: Interwoven with transverse Interwoven with transverse

musclesmuscles Run from base of tongue to Run from base of tongue to

covercover Function: Flattens tongueFunction: Flattens tongue

Pharyngeal CavityPharyngeal Cavity

Pharynx/Pharyngeal CavityPharynx/Pharyngeal Cavity (pharyngeal/pharyngo)(pharyngeal/pharyngo): throat; extends : throat; extends from posterior portions of the nasal from posterior portions of the nasal cavity downward through the back of the cavity downward through the back of the oral cavity to (but not including) the oral cavity to (but not including) the larynx.larynx.

Muscles of the PharynxMuscles of the Pharynx

SuperiorSuperior MiddleMiddle InferiorInferior CricopharyngeusCricopharyngeus ThyropharyngeusThyropharyngeus

Nasal Cavity Nasal Cavity

Nasal Cavity (nasal/naso)Nasal Cavity (nasal/naso): extends from : extends from nostrils (nares) to pharynx (throat).nostrils (nares) to pharynx (throat). Receives inhaled air, filters air, warms air, Receives inhaled air, filters air, warms air,

and directs air toward trachea.and directs air toward trachea. Direction of sound travel is determined by Direction of sound travel is determined by

the velum/soft palatethe velum/soft palate ““hanging door” hanging door” Speech: provides resonance by Speech: provides resonance by

opening/closing of velopharyngeal port. opening/closing of velopharyngeal port. • Open for nasal soundsOpen for nasal sounds• Closed for vowels and non-nasal soundsClosed for vowels and non-nasal sounds

Oral Cavity – VelumOral Cavity – Velum

Velum (velo/velar)Velum (velo/velar): soft palate, forms : soft palate, forms posterior roof of oral cavity; composed of posterior roof of oral cavity; composed of muscle and connective tissue covered in muscle and connective tissue covered in mucous membrane; continuous with hard mucous membrane; continuous with hard palate.palate. Prevents food and fluid from entering the nasal Prevents food and fluid from entering the nasal

cavity.cavity. Speech: necessary in producing 3 nasal Speech: necessary in producing 3 nasal

sounds (/m, n, sounds (/m, n, ŋŋ/)/), and tongue contact for other , and tongue contact for other consonantsconsonants

Muscles of the VelumMuscles of the Velum

Levator veli palatiniLevator veli palatini Elevates the velum to Elevates the velum to

seal off the nasal cavities.seal off the nasal cavities. Closed for most English Closed for most English

sounds except for the sounds except for the nasals.nasals.

Uvula hangs from it.Uvula hangs from it.

Tensor veli palatiniTensor veli palatini Tenses the velum and Tenses the velum and

flattens itflattens it Dilates the eustachian Dilates the eustachian

tubetube

Oral Cavity – Velum (con’t)Oral Cavity – Velum (con’t)

UvulaUvula: “little grape,” small fleshy mass: “little grape,” small fleshy mass ““the hangy thing”the hangy thing”

Velopharyngeal PortVelopharyngeal Port: opening that : opening that connects the nasal and oral cavity; connects the nasal and oral cavity; velum assists in opening/closing this velum assists in opening/closing this port by making contact with pharyngeal port by making contact with pharyngeal wall.wall.

Sounds Produced by the Sounds Produced by the VelumVelum

Lingua-velar: tongue + velumLingua-velar: tongue + velum /k, g, /k, g, ŋ/ŋ/

NasalsNasals /m, n, /m, n, ŋŋ//

More on modifiers of the soundsMore on modifiers of the sounds

ArticulatorsArticulators Make the soundsMake the sounds http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/

linguistics/russell/138/sec1/anatomy.htmlinguistics/russell/138/sec1/anatomy.htm Mandible (jaw)Mandible (jaw)

Contributes to tongue & lower lip movementsContributes to tongue & lower lip movements vowelsvowels

MandibleMandible Elevators:Elevators:

MasseterMasseter TemporalisTemporalis Medial pterygoidMedial pterygoid

Protrusion:Protrusion: Lateral pterygoidLateral pterygoid

Depressors:Depressors: DigastricusDigastricus MylohyoidMylohyoid GeniohyoidGeniohyoid PlatysmaPlatysma

Supraglottal/Supralaryngeal Supraglottal/Supralaryngeal StructuresStructures

Oral CavityOral Cavity LipsLips TeethTeeth Alveolar RidgeAlveolar Ridge Hard PalateHard Palate VelumVelum TongueTongue MandibleMandible

Nasal CavityNasal Cavity

Pharyngeal CavityPharyngeal Cavity

Oral Cavity - LipsOral Cavity - Lips

Lips (labio/labial)Lips (labio/labial): : bounded by cheeks, bounded by cheeks, chin, and nose; chin, and nose; composed of muscles composed of muscles and tissues.and tissues. Helps receive and hold Helps receive and hold

food & fluids.food & fluids. Speech: lips change Speech: lips change

position for vowels position for vowels (rounded, neutral, (rounded, neutral, spread) and spread) and consonants.consonants.

Sounds Produced by Sounds Produced by LipsLips

Bilabial: both lipsBilabial: both lips /p, b, m, w//p, b, m, w/

Labiodental: lip + teethLabiodental: lip + teeth /f, v//f, v/

Oral Cavity - TeethOral Cavity - Teeth

Teeth (dento/dental)Teeth (dento/dental) Aids in cutting and Aids in cutting and

grinding of food.grinding of food.

Speech: passive, but Speech: passive, but important for sounds important for sounds involving “lip & teeth” involving “lip & teeth” and “tongue & teeth.”and “tongue & teeth.”

Sounds Produced by the Sounds Produced by the TeethTeeth

Labio-dental: lip + Labio-dental: lip + teethteeth /f, v//f, v/

Lingua-dental: tongue Lingua-dental: tongue + teeth+ teeth //ɵ, ðɵ, ð//

Oral Cavity – Alveolar RidgeOral Cavity – Alveolar Ridge

Alveolar Ridge (alveolo/alveolar)Alveolar Ridge (alveolo/alveolar): teeth : teeth are contained in the alveolar ridge in the are contained in the alveolar ridge in the maxilla and mandible; gum maxilla and mandible; gum ridges/alveolar processes.ridges/alveolar processes.

Aids for tongue contact during swallowing.Aids for tongue contact during swallowing.

Speech: place for tongue contact for some Speech: place for tongue contact for some of the consonants.of the consonants.

Sounds Made at Sounds Made at Alveolar Alveolar RidgeRidge

Lingua-alveolar: lip + alveolar ridgeLingua-alveolar: lip + alveolar ridge

/t, d, s, z, n, l//t, d, s, z, n, l/

Oral Cavity – Hard PalateOral Cavity – Hard Palate

Hard Palate (palato/palatal)Hard Palate (palato/palatal) – forms – forms anterior roof of oral cavity; composed of anterior roof of oral cavity; composed of bony tissue and covered by mucous bony tissue and covered by mucous membrane.membrane.

Helps contain food in oral cavityHelps contain food in oral cavity

Speech: contact place for consonants and Speech: contact place for consonants and oral cavity shaping for vowelsoral cavity shaping for vowels

Sounds Involving the Sounds Involving the Hard Hard PalatePalate

Lingual-palatal: tongue + hard palateLingual-palatal: tongue + hard palate

//ʃ, ʧ, ʒ, ʤ, r, jʃ, ʧ, ʒ, ʤ, r, j//

Oral Cavity – MandibleOral Cavity – Mandible

Mandible Mandible (mandibular/mandibul(mandibular/mandibulo)o): lower jaw; : lower jaw; attaches to tip and attaches to tip and blade of tongue by blade of tongue by frenumfrenum.. Provides rotary action Provides rotary action

for chewing.for chewing. Speech: Raises and Speech: Raises and

lowers for vowel lowers for vowel articulation.articulation.

TongueTongue MOST IMPORTANT ARTICULATORMOST IMPORTANT ARTICULATOR Muscular structureMuscular structure Parts of tongueParts of tongue

Root – forms front wall of pharynxRoot – forms front wall of pharynx BodyBody

• Bulk of mass of the tongueBulk of mass of the tongue• Vowel descriptorsVowel descriptors

TipTip• Most visible partMost visible part• Important in clarity of speechImportant in clarity of speech

Blade – just behind tipBlade – just behind tip• /sh//sh/

DorsumDorsum• Back/ /k/ & /g/Back/ /k/ & /g/

LipsLips

Upper & lowerUpper & lower Important articulatorsImportant articulators Bilabial soundsBilabial sounds Labiodental soundsLabiodental sounds vowelsvowels