Systems Comparison Trial

Systems Comparison Trial

Reilly, K., Finn. L., Valverde, J., Grant, J., Gaffney, M., Brunton, N.

OGI Farm Walk 10th July 2012

email: [email protected]

Irish Phytochemical Food Network

Irish Phytochemical Food Network

A FIRM funded project set up in 2008 to study phytochemicals in Irish grown fruit and vegetables “from farm to fork”. It is made up of researchers from Teagasc Kinsealy and AFRC, UCC, UCD, UCL, DIT and UCC.

Funding body:

Members:

phytochemicals = “non-nutrient compoundsproduced by plants that have biological activity against chronic disease”. AKA “plant bioactives”

Teagasc Kinsealy : Work-package 3

• Variety• Plant nutrition• Plant maturity • Tissue type• Plant spacing

• Conventional vs. Organic Production Practices

Broccoli Field Trial 2008

Onion – quercetin Broccoli- glucosinolates Carrot - polyacetylenes

Types of study:1) Basket survey e.g. Meyer et al. 2008

2) Paired Farm Survey e.g. Lester et al. 2007

3) Field trial e.g. Soltoft et al. 2010

Suggested criteria (Dangour et al. 2009)1) specification of the cultivar of crop or breed of livestock

2) a statement of which nutrient or other nutritionally relevant substance was analyzed

3) a description of the laboratory analytic methods used

4) a statement of the methods used for statistical analyses

5) a clear definition of the organic production methods, including

the name of the organic certification body.

Systems Comparison Trial:

Why is the systems trial important?Public Good:

• Producing healthy food• Producing sustainable food

• Encourage awareness of F&V as healthy food

Academic:• Understand factors that affect phytochemicals in vegetables• Provide evidence for farming

inputs or practices• Generate peer reviewed

publications

Grower and Industry:• What inputs are important?

• Encourage consumption of F&V• Marketing

Systems Comparison trialObjective: To investigate the effect of, and interaction between, production system components - a) soil management and b) pest control measures, that differ between organic and conventional systems, on phytochemical accumulation in 2 varieties each of carrot, broccoli and onion.

2x2x2 factorial split plot design with 4 replicates

Main-plot: 2 varieties of each crop (V1, V2)

Sub-plot: 2 Levels of soil treatment a) Organic Soil treatment (OS) b) Conventional Soil treatment (CS)

Sub sub plot: 2 levels of pest control a) Organic pest control (OP) b) Conventional pest control (CP)

This gives 8 experimental treatments for each crop

1) V1 OS OP 5) V2 OS OP2) V1 OS CP 6) V2 OS CP3) V1 CS OP 7) V2 CS OP4) V1 CS CP 8) V2 CS CP

Split plot design:

CP

OP

V1 V2

CS

OS

OS

CS

Soil Treatments: :

Organic (OP) Conventional (CP) certified organic or untreated seed

mechanical weeding

refuge area to encourage beneficials

bionet, collars, certified treatments e.g. garlic spray

chemically treated seed chemical weed control chemical pest control

Pest Control Treatments: :

Organic (OS) Conventional (CS) 4 year rotation (ley → broccoli → onion → carrot)

additional organic fertilization as

indicated by soil test * winter cover crop

no set rotation (IPM) “other crop” in place of ley no winter cover crop

*Based on soil test equivalent levels of N, P, K added to CS and OS treatments

Varieties: :

Crop V1 V2

Carrot ‘Flyaway’ ‘Nairobi’

Broccoli ‘Fiesta’ ‘Belstar’

Onion ‘Hyskin’ ‘Red Baron’

Ley crop: red clover

‘Other’crop: wheat ‘Amaretto’ in 2009; lettuce ‘Design’ in 2010, ‘Design’ and ‘Tusca’ in 2011, Tonata in 2012

Winter cover crop:

rye + phacelia

Refuge: sunflower, borage, buckwheat, vetch, coriander, fennel, cornflower, corn marigold, cocksfoot grass, phacelia, nasturtium,

Factorial Systems Comparison Trial

Spring 2009

OS + OP OS + CP

Refuge 2009

Harvested carrots

Lab Analyses:

AFRC - Polyacetylenes in carrot- Glucosinolates in broccoli- Phenolic compounds in onion

Kinsealy - Yield- Total phenolics + flavonoids- Taste panel test

- Soil ecology

Systems trial: Onion (2009 data)Onion - mean bulb weight (g)

0

25

50

75

100

OS + OP CS + OP OS + CP CS + CP

Treatment

Mea

n b

ulb

wei

gh

(g

)

Onion - Total Phenolics

0

100

200

300

400

500


Treatment

GA

E (

mg

/100

g F

W)

Onion - Total Flavonoids

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Treatment

CE

(m

g/1

00g

FW

)

Hyskin

Red Baron

Bulb weight was higher under CP treatment (p<0.05)

Total Phenolics – higher in ‘Red Baron’ (p<0.05) and under OS treatment (p<0.01)

Total Flavonoids – higher in ‘Red Baron’ (p<0.01) and under OS treatment (p<0.01)

Total Flavonoids higher under fully organic (OSOP) than fully conventional (CSCP) (p<0.05)

Systems trial – broccoli (2009 data)Broccoli - Mean floret weight (g)

0

100

200

300


Treatment

Mea

n flo

ret w

eigh

t (g)

Broccoli - Total Phenolics

0

100

200

300

400


Treatment

GA

E (m

g/10

0g F

W)

Broccoli - Total Flavonoids

0

10

20

30

40


Treatment

CE

(m

g/1

00g

FW

)

Belstar

Fiesta

Floret weight was higher under CS treatment (p<0.01)

Total Phenolics – higher under OS treatment (p<0.05)

Total Flavonoids – higher under OS treatment (p<0.05)

Glucosinolates (2009 and 2010 data)

Dr Juan Valverde AFRC

2009

Effect NeoGBS GBS

year ns ns

block ns ns

Var ns ns

Soil ns ns

Var*Soil ns ns

Pest p<0.05 p<0.06

Var*Pest p<0.05 ns

Soil*Pest ns ns

Var*Soil*Pest ns ns

OSOP vs CSCP p<0.01 p<0.01

2010

Systems trial - Carrot (2009 and 2010 data)

• Higher yield from cv. Nairobi both years (p<0.05)

• Higher yield with CS both years (p<0.01)

• Higher yield with CP treatment in 2009 (p<0.05)

2009 - Total harvest weight (kg per plot)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Yie

ld (k

g)

Nairobi

Flyaway

2010 - Total harvest weight (kg per plot)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


Yie

ld (

kg)

Nairobi

Flyaway

Systems trial - Carrot (2009 and 2010 data)

2009 - Total phenolics

0

5

10

15

20

25


GA

E(m

g/1

00g

FW

)

Nairobi

Flyaway

2010 - Total phenolics

0

5

10

15

20

25


GA

E(m

g/1

00g

FW

)

Nairobi

Flyaway

Total Flavonoids: • Higher in 2010• Significantly higher under OS soil treatment in 2009 but not 2010 • Variety x pest control interaction in both years (higher in Flyaway CP)

• Total phenolics• Total flavonoids

2009 - Total flavonoids

0

2

4

6

8

10

12


CE

(m

g/1

00g

FW

)

Nairobi

Flyaway

2010 - Total flavonoids

0

2

4

6

8

10

12


CE

(m

g/1

00g

FW

)Nairobi

Flyaway

Total Phenolics: • Slightly lower in 2010• No significant main effects • Variety x pest control interaction in 2009 (higher in Flyaway CP)

2009 - FaOH content

0

50

100

150

200

250

OS+OP OS+CP CS+OP CS+CP

FaO

H c

on

ten

t (u

g/g

DM

)

NairobiFlyaway

2010 - FaOH content

0

50

100

150

200

250

OS+OP OS+CP CS+OP CS+CP

FaO

H c

on

ten

t (u

g/g

DM

)

NairobiFlyaway

• Significant effect of year (p<0.05)

• Falcarinol significantly higher in cv. Nairobi (p<0.01)

• Interaction effects…

•Overall conventional not different to organic

Polyacetylene content (2009 and 2010 data) - Falcarinol

Dr Juan Valverde AFRC

Soil Microbial Community*in collaboration with Dora Lola-Luz, Bryan Griffiths, Dorothy Stone, Eileen Cullen

CLPP- Average well colour development

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

2 3 4 5Day

AW

CD

OSOP

OSCP

CSOP

CSCP

Higher under OS p<0.001Pest control treatment n.s.

Organic (OSOP) higher than conventional (CSCP)

OSOP CSCP SUGAR DERIVATIVES Well G1 D-Cellobiose 2.82 ± 0.06 a 0.36 ± 0.21 a H1 -D-Lactose 0.74 ± 0.05 0.24 ± 0.24 A2 -Methyl- D-Glucoside 1.91 ± 0.35 0.71 ± 0.51 B2 D-Xylose 0.54 ± 0.10 b 0.03 ± 0.10 b C2 i-Erythritol -0.07 ± 0.02 c 0.03 ± 0.02 c D2 D-Mannitol 2.20 ± 0.27 1.81 ± 0.16 E2 N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 2.62 ± 0.24 1.79 ± 0.50 TOTAL SUGAR DERIVATIVES 10.75 ± 0.79 f 4.97 ± 1.47 f SUGAR PHOSPHATES Well H2 D,L--Glycerol Phosphate 0.35 ± 0.03 0.39 ± 0.06 G2 Glucose-1-Phosphate 0.09 ± 0.15 -0.07 ± 0.07 TOTAL SUGAR PHOSPHATES 0.44 ± 0.17 0.31 ± 0.08 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS Well B1 Pyruvic Acid Methyl Ester 1.96 ± 0.13 d 1.36 ± 0.08 d F2 D-Glucosaminic Acid 0.29 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.04 A3 D-Galactonic Acid -Lactone 1.80 ± 0.07 1.79 ± 0.12 B3 D-Galacturonic Acid 1.90 ± 0.15 1.55 ± 0.36 C3 2-Hydroxy Benzoic Acid 0.60 ± 0.42 -0.01 ± 0.06 D3 4-Hydroxy Benzoic Acid 2.36 ± 0.32 e 1.43 ± 0.10 e E3 Hydroxybutyric Acid 0.15 ± 0.11 0.20 ± 0.13 F3 Itaconic acid 1.19 ± 0.02 1.22 ± 0.61 G3 Ketobutyric Acid -0.18 ± 0.03 -0.17 ± 0.03 H3 D-Malic Acid 1.37 ± 0.16 0.57 ± 0.24 TOTAL CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 11.45 ± 0.46 g 8.16 ± 1.15 g AMINO ACIDS Well A4 L-Argenine 2.03 ± 0.23 1.48 ± 0.21 B4 L-Asparagine 3.75 ± 0.32 3.25 ± 0.22 C4 L-Phenylalanine 0.49 ± 0.07 0.16 ± 0.11 D4 L-Serine 2.37 ± 0.18 2.13 ± 0.15 E4 L-Threonine 0.16 ± 0.19 -0.09 ± 0.04 F4 Glycyl-L-Glutamic Acid 0.25 ± 0.12 0.09 ± 0.12 G4 Phenylethylamine 1.46 ± 0.38 1.02 ± 0.14 H4 Putrescine 1.90 ± 0.27 1.94 ± 0.07 TOTAL AMINO ACIDS 12.40 ± 1.09 9.98 ± 0.42 POLYMERS Well C1 Tween 40 1.05 ± 0.06 0.64 ± 0.21 D1 Tween 80 1.72 ± 0.13 1.86 ± 0.15 E1 -Cyclodextrin 0.29 ± 0.12 0.03 ± 0.07 F1 Glycogen 2.67 ± 0.58 0.92 ± 0.69

TOTAL POLYMERS 5.73 ± 0.64 h 3.44 ± 0.87 h

Biolog Eco Plates - CLPP

Soil Microbial Community

Culturable Microbial and total nematode populations

Fungal/bacterial ratio

Soil Microbial Community

DGGE

Fungal primers: Bacterial primers:

Band Identity Closest hit E value

Max identity

B1 Cellvibrio spp.

Cellvibrio vulgaris strain NCIMB 8633 (NR_025209.1)

0.0 99%

B1c Cellvibrio spp Cellvibrio vulgaris strain NCIMB 8633 (NR_025209.1)

0.0 99%

B2a Probable

Nocardioides spp.

NR_044981.2 Nocardioides jensenii strain KCTC 9134

2e-108

97%

B2b B3 Similar to

Deinococcus spp.

Deinococcus aerius strain TR0125 (NR_040934.1)

2e-125

86%

B3b Similar to Geobacter spp.

Geobacter bemidjiensis Bem strain (NR_042769.1)

4e-53 93%

Excised and sequencing 22 fungal bands and 8 bacterial

Thank you!

Acknowledgements: Christy Roberts, Leo Finn, Philip Dunne, FETAC students

Systems Comparison Trial

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