IBM Collaboration Solutions cognitive and roadmap update - September 2016
Systemic design of solutions: Building a roadmap for a ...
Transcript of Systemic design of solutions: Building a roadmap for a ...
Project: Strengthening of National Initiatives and Enhancement of Regional Cooperation for the Environmentally Sound
Management of POPs in Waste of Electronic or Electrical Equipment (WEEE) in Latin-American Countries
Systemic design of solutions: Building a
roadmap for a regional strategy
Author: Dr. Sandra Méndez [email protected]
March 17 – 22 of 2019
Bergwerkstrasse 45
CH-8810 Horgen
From: Dr. Sandra Méndez Fajardo 1
Table of contents
1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 2
2. Workshops ............................................................................................................ 3
2.1. “Learning from the pass” (Workshop 1, Tuesday March 19) ........................................ 3
2.2. “Prioritizing problems” (Workshop 2, Wednesday March 20) ...................................... 5
2.3. “Actions for the regional strengthen” (Workshop 3, Thursday March 21) ................... 7
3. General comments from observations during the workshops ................................. 9
4. References .......................................................................................................... 11
From: Dr. Sandra Méndez Fajardo 2
1. Introduction
This document summarizes the main results of the workshops developed as "Systemic design
of solutions: Building a roadmap for the regional strategy", as part of the EWAM 2019 during
the Expert Group Meeting (EGM) developed in Costa Rica.
After an explanation of the main elements of “systems thinking” which has been included into
the methodology of the systemic design (Figure 1.1), the general phases of the methodology
were explained, which would be developed during the workshops.
Figure 1.1. Systems thinking’s elements included in the systemic design of solutions (Méndez-Fajardo, S. et. Al.
2014; Méndez-Fajardo, S. et. Al, 2016; Méndez-Fajardo, S. et. Al, 2017)
In short, the systemic design applied on WEEE management, facilitates:
✓ The knowledge transfer between local and international experts,
✓ The competences in applying systemic thinking through socio-technical tools looking
for sustainable solutions,
✓ The participation of relevant actors in the design of projects and public policies, thus
enhancing the intersectoral cooperation in the region.
✓ The collective understanding of the current state of WEEE management in the country
and in the region, the identification of the problems to be addressed from the point
of view of the public and industrial sectors, and other generic actors involved in the
system.
This report includes the results of each workshop without further analysis. If the project
coordination requests, a deeper process of the information could be made, so that additional
elements that facilitate the progress of the action plans submitted by each country could be
found.
Decisions, design
SocialEnvironmental
?
Actors
Processes Causal logics
Perspectives
From: Dr. Sandra Méndez Fajardo 3
2. Workshops
The methodology of the systemic design of solutions is constituted by the following general
phases:
Figure 2.1. Phases of the Systemic Solutions Design
The highlighted phases correspond in their order to the three workshops developed in the
EWAM, whose details are described below.
2.1. “Learning from the pass” (Workshop 1, Tuesday March 19)
The design of the problematic situation proposes different tools to collectively rebuild the
history of WEEE management in the specific context, including stakeholders' map, legislative
and regulatory framework studies, identification and analysis of previous studies and existing
statistics, baseline of generation and flows of WEEE, among others. Within these, the WS1
develops part of the analysis of milestones in the legislative development and
implementation of related actions in the past, identifying in each of them the obstacles and
the actors who were involved and their interests.
Tables 2.1 to 2.8. Results of each group, with no additional analysis (in Spanish)1
1 Further Analysis possible at the request for project coordination, including additional translation into English.
Systemic Design
Preparation phase
Design of the Problemticsituation
Identifying structural
causes
Participatory design of strategies
Action and monitoring& control plans
Final policy approval
Costa
Rica2010 Uruguay
¿Superado? ¿Superado?
Si No
No
Si
No
Desconocimiento de otros marcos
normativosSi
Responder a políticas
ambientalesProductor Mercado
Cumplimiento del
convenio de Basilea
Gobierno Normar
Actor Motivación
Gobierno Mayor vigilancia
Recicladores Negocio
Productor que no participa Evadir costos
Aprobación reglamento RAEE
Obstáculo
Indefinición de la rectoría del tema
Resistencia de algunos productores
Actor Motivación
ONGs Protección ambiental
Organizaciones internacionales Cooperación por el
Obstáculo
Nivel de recuperación
Valor en mercado informal
Falta de tecnología de tratamiento
Reglamentación para baterías plomo-
ácido
From: Dr. Sandra Méndez Fajardo 4
The dynamics provoked discussions in which representatives of those countries that are more
progressed related to specific WEEE regulations, shared their experiences with
representatives of the less advanced countries that are part of the project.
Costa
Rica2017 Panamá Actual
¿Superado? ¿Superado?
No No
No
Si
No
No
Actualización reglamento RAEE
Obstáculo
Reglamento vigente obsoleto
Ministerio de Salud Cumplir con lo que la ley
Actor Motivación
Actualizar reglamento
vigenteCEGIRE
Anteproyecto de ley sobre RAEE
Obstáculo
Municipios Deberían participar
Ministerio de salud Deberían participar
Ministerios de Ambiente Deberían participar
Grupos ambientales Proteger el medio
Falta de discusión y debate
Seguimiento
Interacción con las partes interesadas
No es una prioridad para el gobierno
Divulgación
Actor Motivación
Brasil 2013 Chile 2010
¿Superado? ¿Superado?
Si No
Si No
No No
No
Medianamente
interesados
Acuerdo sectorial entre el gobierno,
la industria y comerciantes
Motivación
Mucho interés
Poco interés
Mucho interés
Actor
Gobierno
Industria Grandes
Indiustria pequeños
Obstáculo
Residuos peligrosos o no peligrosos
Fiscalización a todos
Tasa visible
Transporte RAEE entre estados
Consumidor Poco interesado
Comercio No interesado
Universidades Muy interesados
Bancos
Acuerdo voluntario para la gestión
de RAEE
Obstáculo
No era Ley
No tenía organización
No tenía respaldo institucional
5 productores Participar en el proceso
Actor Motivación
Ministerio Solucion a gestión RAEE
Relac Instalar tema en el país
Ecuador Honduras
¿Superado? ¿Superado?
Si
No
No
Si
Si
Gobierno Regular, controlar
Identificación actores para elaborar norma
No hay línea base
Socialización al público
Identificación de responsabilidades
Actor Motivación
Norma para establecer metas RAEE
y Responsabilidad Extendida
Obstáculo
Academia Conocimiento
Identificación-clasificación del desecho
Industria
No existe marco específico para
RAEE
Obstáculo
Falta de conocimiento de la problemática
Poco conocimiento del contexto social y
No ser objeto de prioridad en la legislación
No contar con presupuesto para legislar
Actor Motivación
Información, financiación
Consumidorconocimiento, usuario
final
Gobierno Regular
Espresas gestoras Gestión RAEE / negocio
From: Dr. Sandra Méndez Fajardo 5
2.2. “Prioritizing problems” (Workshop 2, Wednesday March 20)
Based on the Icerberg’s analogy (Figure 2.2) and the methodology of the Matrix of Direct
Influences (Godet, 1993; Méndez-Fajardo, S., et Al, 2017), participants prioritized the
problems given by the facilitator.
Figure 2.2. Iceberg’s analogy used for the identification of structural problems
The problems were selected from different sources, mainly the listings below:
• The baseline, objectives and components of the Unido-GEF project
• Sustainable WEEE Management in Latin America, ITU, Basel Convention, CRBAS-
Basel Regional Centre for South America, UNESCO, WHO, UNIDO, WIPO, CEPAL
2015
• Electronic waste Recycling in Latin America: overview, Challenges and potential.
Platform RELAC, 2011
• Electronic waste: A challenge for the knowledge society in Latin America and the
Caribbean. RELAC Platform – Unesco, 2010
• Results of the WS1 "Learning from the Past"
• Results of the RELAC’s WS on Sunday 17 (start of the EWAM)
Each group received a list of problems (table 2.9), within which two blank spaces were
included as an opportunity to include additional problems. The first activity consisted in
selecting by way of pre-prioritization 6 problems with the purpose of filling with them the
matrix of direct influences (Figure 2.3).
Figure 2.3. Direct Influences Matrix
Problematic
Situations
Real Problem
Evident effects
Structural (deepest)
causes or problems
Problemas A B C D E
A
B
C
D
E
¿A Influencia directamente a C?
¿B Influencia directamente a E?
Problemas A B C D E
A 1 0 0 2
B 0 0 1 1
C 1 0 0 1
D 2 0 1 2
E 0 0 1 0
a) b)
From: Dr. Sandra Méndez Fajardo 6
Table 2.10. Pre-prioritized Problems by groups (selected for each matrix) – in Spanish 2
The matrices obtained in the workshop are shown below.
Tables 2.11 to 2.18. Matrices of direct influences by group (two of the seven matrices) 3
As one of the results, those problems considered as the most influential were extracted from
the matrices (higher sum in the rows; first and second place), and the most dependent (higher
sum in the columns) (see Figure 2.4 and Tables 2.19 and 2.20). It is worth noting that no group
added problems to those delivered by the facilitator.
Figure 2.4. Shows how to identify the most influential and dependent issues – In Spanish
2 Further Analysis possible at the request for project coordination, including additional translation into English. 3 Further Analysis possible at the request for project coordination, including additional translation into English.
Falta de sitemas e infraestructura para la recolección de RAEE 6
Pobre (o nula) participación de los consumidores entregando sus RAEE 5
Falta de política nacional articuladora de legislación-regulación y actores del sistema 4
Falta de estrategias claras y/o robustas de información, educación y sensibilización a los diferentes
actores
4
Débil (o nulo) involucramiento de entes territoriales (como municipios, distritos, etc.) 4
Débil involucramiento del sector privado para financiar los sistemas de gestión 4
Débil (o nula) cooperación entre sectores público y privado 3
Deficiente y/o insuficiente infraestructura para el tratamiento de RAEE 3
Falta de directrices técnicas relacionadas con licenciamiento ambiental para gestores o recicladores 3
Impactos ambientales y a la salud ocasionados por la pobre gestión de RAEE 3
Falta de sistemas de información para la gestión de RAEE 3
Pobre (o nula) armonización de elementos claves para la elaboración de políticas regionales (elementos
comunes en la región)
0
Coordinacion intersectorial débil (dentro del sector público) 0
Problema
Problema 1
Problema 2
Problema n
Influencia
Dependencia
Problema
Problema 1
Problema 2
Problema n
Influencia
Dependencia
Problema
Problema 1
Problema 2
Problema n
Influencia
Dependencia 4
From: Dr. Sandra Méndez Fajardo 7
Tables 2.19 and 2.20 Problems considered by the participants, as the most influential and dependent 4
By generating the graphics of mobility vs dependency (Figure 2.5) for each matrix, the
structural problems which were identified were, "the lack of a national policy that relates
regulation and actors", and “the lack of involvement of the private sector to finance integral
management".
Figure 2.5. Graphic of structural problems (located in the power zone)5 – On the right and in red circle "lack of
national policy …" for one of the groups. Graph in Spanish
2.3. “Actions for the regional strengthen” (Workshop 3, Thursday March 21)
As input for WS3, the problems identified as the most influential in WS2 were drafted as
"strategies", so that participants could design actions to implement these strategies. The
dynamics of the WS were based on an adaptation of the Round-Robin (Méndez-Fajardo, S.,
et. Al, 2017), implemented in two rounds as follows:
- Round 1: Each group wrote a punctual action for the strategy included in the form
received, identifying also the actors that should be involved in the execution of such
action.
4 Further Analysis possible at the request for project coordination 5 The graph on the right shows the result of one of the matrices; Complete and additional analyses of the 8 matrices can be developed at
the request of the project coordination.
Cooperation public-private 3 Lack of consumers participation 2
Lack of a policy that relates regulation and
actors 3 Lack of collection systems 2
Involvement of the private sector to finance
integral management 2 Environmental and helath impacts 2
Second place in matrices Lack of strategies for education, training, information1
Environmental and helath impacts 1
Involvement of the private sector to
finance integral management 1
Lack of consumers participation 2 Lack of treatment infrastructure 1
Lack of participation of territorial actors 1
Lack of a policy that relates regulation and
actors 1
Lack of technical standards for licensing 1
The most influent The most dependentA
lta 16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Med
ia 9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Baj
a 1
01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Baja Media Alta
Dependencia
Mo
tric
idad
1
2
3
45
6
7
8
9
1011
12
13
14
15
Zona de Poder Zona de Conflicto
Zona de Autónoma Zona de Salida
problemas másinfluenciables
(solucionadas a travésde la solución de otras)
Problemasestructurales
Zona de poder Zona de conflicto
Zona autónoma Zona de salida
From: Dr. Sandra Méndez Fajardo 8
- Round 2: Each group received the result of Round 1 of another group and analyzed it
according to the possible obstacles that could be presented at different levels: legal-
normative, logistic-technical, economic-financial, institutional, socio-cultural, and
"others". Based on this, the participants proposed a new wording of the action received,
in order as to consider or to avoid the possible obstacles identified.
As general result, the main actions and obstacles identified were6 - Table in Spanish:
6 The project coordination could require making a thorough analysis that allows to identify clear gaps from identified obstacles, as well as
concrete actions based on the approximation achieved with the 1 hour exercise, including additional translation into English.
Estrategia Acción propuesta legales-normativos Logísticos-técnicoseconómicos-
financierosinstitucionales Socio-culturales Otros
Mayor
participación
articulada de
entes territoriales
(como municipios,
distritos, etc)
Elaborar un plan de acción
para la gestión de RAEE con la
participación de los distintos
actores
Ninguno Falta de
conocimiento,
falta de interés
Falta de
presupuesto del
Gobierno
Falta de
conocimiento,
falta de interés,
coordinación
Falta de
conocimiento
Ninguno
Establecimiento
de directrices
técnicas para el
licenciamiento
ambiental de
recicladores o
gestores
Desarrollo participativo de
una normativa técnica basada
en estándares
internacionales, involucrando
fabricantes, productores,
comercializadores,
recicladores, gobierno, ONGs,
usuarios y, principalmente,
expertos técnicos
Ninguno Falta de
profesionales
técnicos
Ninguno Participación de
los productores
Ninguno Ninguno
Diseño de una
política nacional
articuladora de
regulación-
legislación y
actores del
sistema
establecimiento de un comité
nacional multisectorial
Definición de
roles y
actividades
Incorporación
de cooperación
internacional
Ninguno Ninguno
Diseño de una
política nacional
articuladora de
regulación-
legislación y
actores del
sistema
Desarrollo de un borrador de
política con base en un
diagnóstico de situación
previo a convocar a un
proceso de trabajo
multisectoral
Poder del
órgano
convocante;
ausencia de
diagnóstico o
línea base
Disponibilidad
de información
eficaz y efectiva;
cidentificación
de actores
claves
Financiamiento
para la
asistencia
(viáticos, etc);
desarrollo de la
actividad
Tener pautas y
objetivos claros
sobre el proceso
y fin de la
convocatoria
Historia/relació
n/competencia
entre los
actores; lograr
sinergias
positivas;
intereses
Visualización/id
entificación de
actores
"invisibles"
(sector informal
y vulnerable,
cooperativas,
academia)
Aumento en la
participación de
los consumidores
entregando sus
RAEE a los
sistemas de
recolección
autorizados
Programas de educación
ambiental enfocados a la
gestión de RAEE, dirigido a los
estudiantes de nivel primario,
secundario y universitario,
para crear consicencia del uso
racional de gestión
Actualización
cíclica de
curriculos
formación de
profesores,
recargo de
curricula,
restricción a la
educación
formal
Se necesita
presuepuesto
para el
desarrollo de
curricula
Involucrar a
productores,
distribuidores
Educación
primaria (largo
plazo) no son
consumidores,
son usuarios
Incluir
educación de
adultos y por
municipios;
campañas de
sensibilización
Aumento en la
participación de
los consumidores
entregando sus
RAEE a los
sistemas de
recolección
autorizados
Diseño/revisión de política
pública con REP que incluya
incentivos económicos y
promoción de la competencia
leal (control de free-riders)
Ninguno Ninguno Ninguno Ninguno Ninguno Ninguno
Fortalecimiento de
la cooperación de
los sectores
público y privado
Realizar un plan de acción
para la gestión de RAEE con la
participación de actores de
ambos sectores
Registro
apropiado de
los productores
Creación de un
registro único
Crear la forma
de
financiamiento
Falta de
personal
capacitado;
puede no ser
prioridad
Falta de
conscientización
y sensibilización
Ninguno
Proceso costoso en material y
tiempo por la inclusión de actores
como municipios y sociedad civil
Posibles obstáculos identificados en el ejercicio
From: Dr. Sandra Méndez Fajardo 9
Despite the short time for each workshop, important results were obtained, which shows the
potential of the methodologies used. In addition, all the methods included in the systemic
design developed could not be applied. In spite of this, the results and the dynamics of the
participants show how a national policy, or an action plan could be designed, in real time,
contexts and real actors of the system (producers, marketers, consumers, governments, etc.).
3. General comments from observations during the workshops
Based on the observations during the workshops and in the discussions related throughout
the week, some key elements expressed by the participants or identified by the facilitator are
presented below:
Participants were involved in the activities and showed interest in the concept of systemic
design. During the activities of the week from several aspects the importance of participatory
processes for both policy design and programs design for the WEEE management was
discussed, as well as for the achievement of cultural changes required in the consumers or
users of equipment (EEE).
It drew attention to the case of Chile, which is engaging in informal recycling driven by the
regulation. Representatives of Chile highlighted that this is a result of several years of dialogue
and negotiation processes between the informal sector and the government, in which
different obstacles could be overcome and key elements are still being learned.
The importance of training was also highlighted throughout the week. Firstly, it is required for
officials of the entities that lead, regulate and control the WEEE management in each country.
Secondly, for recyclers and managers in terms of technical standards for recycling. And thirdly,
the importance of consistently implementing environmental education programs and
awareness campaigns to get consumers to deliver their WEEE to authorized programs was
also highlighted.
ORP or post-consumer programs budgets must include these items (formalization, training,
education and information), in addition to what the very nature of the business implies in
technical activities and infrastructure.
It was important to have the most advanced countries such as Colombia, Peru and Brazil at
the EWAM sharing their experience and motivating the countries that are starting to develop
the WEEE management systems. This showed that it is possible to make an increasingly
sustainable and efficient management of the WEEE.
An important challenge is to engage producers, understood as those who import, assemble
and/or distribute EEE, according to the context; some of the country representatives
manifested that producers have low or no motivation to finance the management, which
From: Dr. Sandra Méndez Fajardo 10
makes the implementation of the EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) impossible.
Therefore, most countries are convinced that first there needs to be a regulation, so that the
implementation of an EPR becomes mandatory.
As an external observer of the project, it became clear that RELAC will have a crucial role in
facilitating communication, collaboration and, especially, knowledge management and
training, according to the topics identified during the workshops and the project in general.
Although the overall objective of the workshops serie was to delineate a regional strategy, it
was concluded that it is important that each country first advances both in the design of
regulatory frameworks that support WEEE management, and in the achievement of
cooperation and coordination (multi-sectorial in the public sector, and public-private) needed
to begin implementing facilities and infrastructure. However, I would like to share some
identified regional elements:
1. It Is important to have several strategies that facilitate the sharing of experiences and
learning between countries, such as the yearly EWAMs, and the tools that will be
developed by RELAC this year. Among the tools mentioned by RELAC are the
opportunity to have a WEBSITE, seminars or Webinars, newsletters and an intranet
(Project Component 3). It Is recommended to pay special attention to the information
systems and infrastructure that each country develops as part of the Component 1 to
be articulated from the beginning with what RELAC will develop.
- As considered by RELAC, it is important that the design of tools is made with a high
level of participation by the beneficiary countries of the project, especially in the
definition of requirements and parameters. Activities such as the survey carried out
and reported by Uca Silva on Sunday at the beginning of the regional gathering should
become a constant element and by this generate a dynamic of regional collaboration
from the very beginning of the project.
- An active involvement of universities as a mediator and methodological support is
suggested in each country (Project Component 3), beyond the specific fact of including
the topic in the curricula. A stronger participation of the Academy would facilitate
participatory processes and strengthen the research potential applied to the specific
needs that each context. Especially in the areas of financial models, design of
programs for cultural change, consumer habits surveys, and technological
developments and innovation that can support the recovery and processing of
valuable materials within the WEEE, giving solid bases to urban mining. In addition, a
regionalization would be facilitated through framework agreements between these
institutions in different countries through specific complementary projects derived
from the UNIDO/GEF project.
- It Is suggested that baseline research or current baseline assessment in each country
(Component 2 of the project), are carried out in a participatory way and include more
From: Dr. Sandra Méndez Fajardo 11
than “only” information on generated WEEE, EEE placed on the market and flows of
equipment and materials. A diagnosis developed from a systemic approach, or at least
participatory, is an opportunity for:
o involving the actors who should be empowered in each context, which in turn
increases the feasibility of cooperation and coordination required,
o beginning to link territorial actors, which was identified as a critical issue in
most of the participating countries, through taking into account the vision,
needs and obstacles that these actors may find without having a space to
manifest it,
o documenting the processes and learning of legislative development in
countries that already have regulation, laws or policies,
o understanding and collectively building the approach that as a country is
desired,
Finally, based on the information resulting from the three workshops, some identified cross-
cutting issues could be developed with our support, mainly those that demand stakeholder
participation and that are required during the implementation of the plans of the present
year in each country. We would be glad of having the opportunity to support the follow-up of
the possible regional strategy that is consolidated in the following years of the project (from
2020), once the countries have consolidated in their first steps during 2019.
4. References
GSMA TM, UNU-IAS, 2015. eWaste in Latin America. Statistical analysis and policy recommendations
UIT, Convenio de Basilea, CRBAS- Centro Regional Basilea para América del Sur, UNESCO, OMS, ONUDI, OMPI,
CEPAL (2015). Gestión sostenible de residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos en América Latina.
Relac – Böni H., Silva U., Ott, D. (2011). Reciclaje de residuos electrónicos en América Latina: panorama general,
desafíos y potencial.
Relac, Unesco (2010) Los residuos electrónicos: Un desafío para la sociedad de conocimiento en América Latina
y el Caribe.
Méndez-Fajardo, S., González, R.A. (2014). Actor-Network Theory on Waste Management: a university case
study. IJANTTI, Issue 4 6. doi:10.4018/IJANTTI.
Méndez-Fajardo S. (2016). Systemic decisions for more sustainable WEEE management in developing countries.
Doctoral dissertation. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.
Méndez-Fajardo S., et. Al. (2017). Guía práctica de diseño sistémico de políticas para la gestión sostenible de
RAEE en países en vía de desarrollo. Proyecto SRI, Suiza.