SYSTÉME INTERNATIONAL D´UNITÉS SI Units. Defining the kilogram .
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Transcript of SYSTÉME INTERNATIONAL D´UNITÉS SI Units. Defining the kilogram .
SYSTÉME INTERNATIONAL D´UNITÉS
SI Units
Defining the kilogram
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMByI4s-D-Y
The need for SI Units
At the end of the eighteenth century, science and technology were growing by leaps and bounds across the developed world.
New scientific studies needed to be shared between countries and needed to have the same units of measurement in order to be accurately compared
In 1791, the metric system was established in EuropeIn 1875, The Metre Convention was established – a
group of international scientists that would get together every 4-6 years to discuss units of measurement
The most recent additional was the mole in 1971
UNITS THAT CANNOT BE DERIVED FROM OTHER UNITS
Base Units
Mass
SI Unit: kilogram (kg)Original definition (1793) – The
grave was defined as the mass of one cubic decimetre of pure water at its densest point (4° C)
Current definition (1889) – The mass of the International Prototype Kilogram or “Big K”
The Indus Valley Civilization were the first to develop a system of weights and measures (4000 BC)
Length
SI Unit: metre (m)Original definition (1793): 1/10,000,000 of
the distance between the North Pole and the equator, in a line going through Paris
Current definition (1983): The distance traveled by light in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 seconds
The ancient Egyptians (3000 BC) used the unit cubit to measure length – the length from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. It is believed that yards, feet, and inches were derived from this.
Time
SI Unit: second (s)Original Definition
(Medieval): 1/86,400 dayCurrent Definition (1967): the
time it takes to transition between two states of caesium 133
Ancient calendars marked the passage of time as early as 6000 years ago
Ancient time keepers include Egyptian sundials, Persian water clocks, and European hourglasses
Temperature
SI Unit: kelvin (K)Original definition (1743): established the
centigrade scale (°C) by assigning 0°C to the freezing point of water and 100°C to the boiling point of water
Current definition (1967): assigned 0 K to absolute zero – the point at which all atomic motion stops
Amount of a substance
SI Unit: mole (mol)Original definition (1900): The molecular
weight of a substance in gramsCurrent definition (1967): The amount of
substance that contains as many “parts” as 0.012 kg of Carbon-12
Avogadro’s number: 6.02 x 1023 molecules per mole
Derived units
Weight
The force on an object due to gravityNOT the same as mass: Weight = mass x gravitySI Unit: newton (N)The ancient Greek had many definitions of weight:
Aristotle – weight was the opposite of levity and the two competed to determine if an object would sink or float. The earth had ultimate weight and fire had ultimate levity.
Plato described weight as an objects desire to seek out its kin
Galileo was the first to determine that weight was related to the mass of an object
Speed
SI Unit: meter per second (m/s or ms-1)
Used to describe the time it takes an object to travel a given distance
Area
SI Unit: square meters (m2)
Used to describe the space occupied by a two dimensional object
Volume
SI Unit: cubic meter (m3)Used to describe the space an object
occupies
Density
SI Unit: kilogram per meter cubed (kg/m3 or kgm-3)
Describes how compact a substance isDensity = mass/volume
Energy
SI Unit: Joule (J) Named after James Prescott Joule
Energy is the capacity to do work or to produce heat
Calorie (cal) is the heat needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1°C
1 cal = 4.18 J
Prefixes
Larger than the base
deca – 101 10hecto – 102 100kilo – 103 1000mega – 106 1000000giga – 109 1000000000tera – 1012 1000000000000
Smaller than base
deci – 10-1 0.1centi – 10-2 0.01milli – 10-3 0.001micro – 10-6 0.000001nano – 10-9 0.000000001pico – 10-12 0.000000000001
HOW TO BE ACCURATE, PRECISE, AND COMPLETE IN YOUR ANSWERS
Making Measurements
Making Measurements
Qualitative – measurements are words, like heavy or hot
Quantitative – measurements involve number (quantities) and depend on: The reliability of the measuring instrument The care with which it is read (This depends on YOU!)
Scientific Notation Coefficient raised to the power of ten (ex. 1.3 x 107
instead of 13000000)
Accuracy, Precision and Error
Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true value
Precision – how close the measurements are to each other (reproducibility)
Neither accurate nor
precise
Precise, but not accurate
Precise AND accurate
Accuracy, Precision, and Error
Accepted value – the correct value based on reliable references
Experimental value – the value measured in the lab by you
Error – accepted value – experimental value Can be positive or negative
Percent error – the absolute value of the error divided by the accepted value, then multiplied by 100%