Systematic mineralogy - introduction
Transcript of Systematic mineralogy - introduction
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Systematic MineralogySystematic Mineralogy Description of how minerals are Description of how minerals are
divided into groupsdivided into groups Groups based on anionsGroups based on anions
Single anion (ClSingle anion (Cl--)) Anion group (SiOAnion group (SiO44
4-4-)) Further divided based on structuresFurther divided based on structures
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DivisionsDivisions Class (anion division)Class (anion division) Family (structural division – silicates Family (structural division – silicates
mostly)mostly) Group (structural division)Group (structural division) Series (solid solution)Series (solid solution) Species (individual minerals)Species (individual minerals) Varieties (substituted elements)Varieties (substituted elements)
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ExampleExample Ca-grunerite:Ca-grunerite:
A Ca-rich A Ca-rich varietyvariety Of a mineral Of a mineral speciesspecies In the cummingtonite-grunerite In the cummingtonite-grunerite seriesseries Of the amphibole Of the amphibole groupgroup Of the inosilicate Of the inosilicate familyfamily Of the silicate Of the silicate classclass
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Mineral classMineral class Anion or anion Anion or anion gpgp
Native Native elementselements
N/AN/A
OxidesOxides OO2-2-
HydroxidesHydroxides OHOH--
HalidesHalides ClCl--, Br, Br--, F, F--
SulfidesSulfides SS2-2-
SulfatesSulfates SOSO442-2-
CarbonatesCarbonates COCO332-2-
PhosphatesPhosphates POPO443-3-
SilicatesSilicates SiOSiO444-4-
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SilicatesSilicates The most common group of minerals The most common group of minerals
forming Earth’s crustforming Earth’s crust 25% of all minerals (~1000)25% of all minerals (~1000) 40% of rock forming minerals40% of rock forming minerals 90% of earth’s crust – i.e., those 90% of earth’s crust – i.e., those
minerals you are likely to findminerals you are likely to find
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Silicate StructureSilicate Structure Basic building block: silica Basic building block: silica
tetrahedrontetrahedron SiSi4+4+ with four O with four O2-2- surrounding it surrounding it Net charge is 4-Net charge is 4- Mesodesmic, polymerizationMesodesmic, polymerization
Tetrahedron can share oxygen atomsTetrahedron can share oxygen atoms
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Fig. 11-1Fig. 11-1
Silica Tetrahedron
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Six groups of silicate Six groups of silicate mineralsminerals
Orthosilicates = NesosilicatesOrthosilicates = Nesosilicates Single tetrahedronSingle tetrahedron
Disilicates = SorosilicatesDisilicates = Sorosilicates Two tetrahedrons share single oxygenTwo tetrahedrons share single oxygen
Ring silicates = CyclosilicatesRing silicates = Cyclosilicates 4, 5, or 6 tetrahedron share two oxygen4, 5, or 6 tetrahedron share two oxygen
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Chain silicates = InosilicatesChain silicates = Inosilicates 2 or 3 oxygen shared, arranged in single 2 or 3 oxygen shared, arranged in single
or double chainor double chain Sheet silicates = PhyllosilicatesSheet silicates = Phyllosilicates
3 oxygen shared in sheets3 oxygen shared in sheets Framework silicates = TectosilicatesFramework silicates = Tectosilicates
All 4 oxygen are sharedAll 4 oxygen are shared
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Fig. 11-2Fig. 11-2
Ortho-Ortho-(Neso)(Neso)Di-Di-(Soro)(Soro)RingRing(Cyclo)(Cyclo)
Chain – Chain – double double and and singlesingle(Ino)(Ino)
Framework(Tecto)SheetSheet
(Phyllo)(Phyllo)
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Z/O ratiosZ/O ratios Z = Si tetrahedral sitesZ = Si tetrahedral sites
Can be other cations, most commonly AlCan be other cations, most commonly Al Z/O ratio depends on type of silicateZ/O ratio depends on type of silicate
Ortho = 1/4Ortho = 1/4 Di = 2/7Di = 2/7 Ring = 1/3Ring = 1/3 Chain, single = 1/3; double = 4/11Chain, single = 1/3; double = 4/11 Sheet = 2/5Sheet = 2/5 Framework = 1/2Framework = 1/2
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Other ionsOther ions Quartz (and polymorphs) only Quartz (and polymorphs) only
minerals with only Si and Ominerals with only Si and O All other silicates are charge All other silicates are charge
balanced by other cationsbalanced by other cations ““glue” that holds together silica glue” that holds together silica
tetrahedrontetrahedron
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Degree of polymerization depends on Degree of polymerization depends on availability of Siavailability of Si Quartz and feldspars (framework): Si-Quartz and feldspars (framework): Si-
rich environmentsrich environments Si/O = ½Si/O = ½
Olivine (orthosilicate): Si-poor Olivine (orthosilicate): Si-poor environmentenvironment
Si/O = ¼Si/O = ¼
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Mafic vs FelsicMafic vs Felsic MaficMafic – rich in – rich in MaMagnesium and Iron gnesium and Iron
((FeFerrum), Si-poorrrum), Si-poor E.g. biotite, amphiboles, pyroxenes, and E.g. biotite, amphiboles, pyroxenes, and
olivineolivine Commonly dark colored Commonly dark colored
FelsicFelsic – rich in Si and Al – rich in Si and Al E.g. E.g. FeFeldspars, Quartz (ldspars, Quartz (SiSiOO22), muscovite, ), muscovite,
feldspathoidsfeldspathoids Commonly light coloredCommonly light colored