SYSTEMATIC BIC MAIM' The Classification of Organisms

with special reference to the grapevine

Dr. Stephen J. Krebs

Viticulture and Winery Technology Napa Valley College

"Systematic Biology" is a method of categorizing and naming

organisms that was developed by the Swedish botanist Carolus

Linnaeus (1707-1779). It consists of a hierarchical framework

that makes it simple to understand the similarities and

differences among all living creatures.

There are seven basic categories in the "Systematic Biology"

framework, shown below in uppercase font:

KINGDOM PHYLUM

Sub-Phylum CLASS

Sub-Class ORDER

Sub-Order Super Family

FAMILY Sub-Family

GENUS SPECIES Variety Clone

Every organism is assigned to a group at each of these levels.

There are a total of six Kingdoms: Plant, Animal, Fungal,

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Protista (protozoa and slime

molds that are part-fungus, part-animal in nature). These are

the most inclusive categories and large differences may be

found among the members of each Kingdom. Thus, we do not learn

very much about individual organisms at this level of

classification.

Next, each Kingdom is sub-divided into several Phyla (Phylum,

singular; Phyla, plural), also sometimes called Divisions.

These are still very broad and inclusive categories, but for

organisms to be grouped together in a Phylum, they must have

more shared characteristics than at the Kingdom level.

Each Phylum is sub-divided into Classes. Then the Classes are

further sub-divided into Orders. It is easy to see that the

total number of categories is increasing rapidly as we work through the hierarchy. The amount of similarity among organisms placed in each category is also increasing.

In horticulture, it is the next level of detail, the Family, that really becomes helpful in understanding the relationships among plants. At this level, organisms placed together in the same Family must have many shared characteristics. For example, Vitaceae, the Grapevine Family, contains only flower-producing plants that grow as vines.

Families are sub-divided into Genera (Genus, singular; Genera, plural), and each Genus is sub-divided into Species. The combination of the Genus and Species names is called the binomial, which means "two names". The binomial is often referred to as the scientific name of an organism. The full binomial is needed to precisely identify a particular organism.

All grapevines are members of the Genus Vitis. Among the shared characteristics of all Vitis plants are the production of seeds in berries, similar leaf and shoot forms and the same general growth habit.

The high degree of similarity of all members of the Genus Vitis is reflected in the fact that Vitis plants are compatible reproductively, which means that they can inter-breed to produce hybrid off-spring. The new hybrid plant is made up of a mixture of traits from both the male and the female parents.

All Vitis plants are also graft-compatible, which means that viable physical unions of two separate Vitis species plant parts can be produced. This makes it possible to join a desirable fruit-bearing type and a useful rootstock type to produce a grafted vine. The genetic identities of the two plant parts do not intermingle, so each portion of the grafted vine retains its own unique traits.

The Genus Vitis contains approximately 60 different Species, all of which are readily recognized as grapevines. In many cases, the differences between two Species are very subtle. About 30 of these Vitis Species are native to America and about 30 are native to Asia.

The Species category is sub-divided into Variety to distinguish among variants within a single Species. In horticulture, these varieties are grown for agricultural or ornamental purposes and are referred to as cultivated varieties, also called cultivars. In the same way, varieties that occur in wild populations are referred to as biological varieties or biovars.

Variations within a single Variety of grapevine are referred to as Clones. The differences among Clones of a wine grape variety may be quite small. The plants may look nearly identical in the field, with differences only becoming apparent after the fruit has been made into wine.

Of the Vitis Species native to Asia, by far the most important is Vitis vinifera, which means "wine-bearing grapevine". Its native range is in the Caucasus Mountains between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. It was domesticated very early in human history and was eventually spread throughout the temperate zones of both hemispheres. Almost all the familiar grape varieties grown worldwide are members of Vitis vinifera, including wine, raisin and table grape types.

Several of the American Vitis Species are used as rootstocks, because only these Species are resistant to the grapevine root pest known as phylloxera. The roots of the American Vitis Species are not severely damaged because they have co-evolved with this native North American insect over a very long period of time. All Asian Species, including Vitis vinifera, are quickly killed when phylloxera feeds on the root system. By grafting the Asian Vitis vinifera fruiting varieties onto phylloxera-resistant American Vitis rootstocks, grapevines can be grown successfully on soils that are infested with the insect.

A set of conventions has been established for written references to binomials, varieties and clones:

1. The first letter of a Genus name is always in uppercase font.

2. The Species name is always completely in lowercase font.

3. Both the Genus and Species name are used at each mention.

4. The binomial must be either written in italics (computer) or underlined (typewriter or hand writing).

5. The first mention of the binomial must be written out fully; in subsequent mentions, the first letter of the Genus and the full Species name are used:

Vitis riparia and V. rupeatris grow in America.

There are two exceptions. Always fully write out the Genus name when:

a) It is the first word of a sentence. b) There is more than one Genus cited which starts with the

same letter.

6. The cultivar name is not written in italics, but each word in the name should start with an uppercase font letter:

Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinfandel and so on.

In formal writing, the Genus and Species is listed, then the abbreviation "cv.", followed by the variety name:

Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot

When a cultivar name has a modifying word that indicates color or contains a preposition, those words are written entirely in lowercase font:

Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot noir Vitis vinifera cv. Muscadelle du Bordelais

In the popular press, wine grape variety names are often written entirely in lowercase, but this represents incorrect spelling of proper nouns.

7. When a specific clone of a cultivar is mentioned, its name appears in quotation marks following the cultivar name:

Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay "Wente"

If the clone is only designated by a number, it is written using the number symbol without quotation marks:

Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon #8

8. In very formal usage, the last name of the person who first classified an organism will appear after the binomial, written in normal font, with or without parentheses:

Vitis rupestris (Scheele) or Vitis rupestris Scheele

For organisms that were originally classified by Linnaeus, only the initial L. is used, with or without parentheses:

Vitis vinifera (L.) or Vitis vinifera L.

If an organism has been reclassified, the new binomial and the person who reclassified it are listed first, followed by the original binomial and the name of the person who first classified the organism in parentheses, using the preceding format.

Fig. 86.1 Evolutionary geography of the grape, Vitis vinifera.

Edited by N. W. Simmonds ScD AICTA FRSE FIBiol

Edinburgh School of Agriculture Edinburgh

tland • Il

Grapes Vitis, Muscadinia (Vitaceac)

H. P. 01rno University of California Davis USA

I Introduction The grapevine is a perennial, woody vine climbing by coiled tendrils. As a cultivated plant it needs support and must be pruned to confine it to a manageable form and CO regulate fruitfulness. The fruit (a berry) is juicy and rich in sugar (15-25%), in roughly equal proportions of dextrose and levulose. It is the com-mercial source of tartaric acid and is rich in malic acid. Cultivation of the crop is largely concentrated in regions with a Mediterranean-type climate, with hot dry summers and a cool rainy winter period.

The world's vineyards occupy about 11 Mha. The principal product is wine, the mean annual output of which, 1964-68, was 280.9 MM. About 10 per cent of this production enters international trade. The biggest producers circle the Mediterranean, with Italy, France and Spain in the lead. The production of table grapes consumed as fresh fruit is about 6 Mt and the leading growers are Italy, Turkey, Bulgaria, the USA, Greece and Portugal. Production of raisins, largely sun-dried fruit of seedless cultivars, reached 0.9 Mt in 1970, the leading producers being the USA, Turkey, Greece and Australia.

2 Cytotaxonomic background La vie (1970) has summarized the cytotaxonomy of the family. Vial contains about 60 species, but botanical knowledge is incomplete. This genus is unique amongst the 12 recognized in the family Vitaceac in having 38 very small somatic chromosomes that regularly form 19 bivalents at meiosis. Wild grapes can be divided into three geographical groups: American, Middle Asian and Oriental. North America, especially the southeastern and Gulf region of the USA, is particularly rich in Vitis. Bailey (1934) lists 28 species, but does not include Mexico.

Most other related genera, including Muscadinia, have 2n = 2x = 40. Formerly classified as a section

of Vitis, Muscadinia has only three known species, restricted to the southeastern USA and northeastern Mexico. The colonists of the Carolinas cultivated M. rotundifolia directly and its domestication dates from the latter part of the seventeenth century. Since this species does not hybridize naturally with sym-patric species of Vitis, it represents an example of the domestication of a single species in situ. Though isola-ted in nature from Kris, M. rotundifolia can be hybrid-ized experimentally with V. tnnifera and the cross has been explored as a means of improving the disease resistance of vinifera and the fruit quality of rotundifolia.

The cytogenetics of the F, (vinifiraxrotundifolia) with 39 somatic chromosomes and its backcross derivatives have been studied in some detail (Patel and Olmo, 1955). Unlike hybrids between Vitis species (which arc fertile), the intergencric hybrids are highly or completely sterile, though occasional viable seeds are obtained in some combinations. At meiosis about 13 bivalents are formed, with univalcnts. The genomic formula of the F / hybrid is thus 13 R`Rv+7A+6B, in which 13 chromosomes of vinifera and rotundifolia are homologous enough to pair. The ancient basic chromo-some numbers in the family are probably 5, 6 and 7. 1'i:is species arc thus ancient secondary polyploids in-volving three- basic scts in the combination (6+7)+6 = 19. Muscadinia species, on the other hand, are (6+7) +7 = 20. Both have undergone diploidization to give regular bivalent pairing.

The delimitation of species in Vitis has been extremely difficult if not altogether artificiaL Taxo-nomists have been reduced to using such ephemeral characters as degree of hairiness of the young shoots or leaves. Many species are sympatric with one or more others and are extremely variable. This vari-ability reaches its greatest expression in passing from uniform tropical to subtropical environments where great differences in rainfall exist within short distances and isolated communities of vines become differentia-ted. The populations represent ecospecies rather than species. All known Visit species can be easily crossed experimentally and the F 1 hybrids are vigorous and fertile. Studies of natural populations indicate that hybridization has occurred and continues. Even though species cannot be delimited on degree of genetic isolation, the species classification remains useful because of its practical value in separating norms of variation that arc important in breeding. For example, riparia is highly resistant to phylloxera but vinifcra quickly succumbs; and riparia roots readily from dor-mant cuttings but aestivalis does not.

3 Early history The estimated 10,000 cultivars of the Old World are thought to derive from the single wild species, V. vinifera, of Middle Asia, still found from northeastern Afghanistan to the southern borders of the Black and Caspian Seas. Legend and tradition favour ancient Armenia as the home of the first grape and wine culture. Small refuge areas isolated by the glacial epochs are found scattered in southern Europe, but their role in domestication is questionable. Negrul (1938) has proposed three principal groups of cultivars : occidentalis, the small-berried wine grapes of western Europe; oricntalis, the large oval-berried table grapes; and pontica, intermediate types of Asia Minor and eastern Europe.

The fruit of wild vinifera (sylvestris) is palatable and the wine is of a quality comparable to that made from present cultivars. It was used in situ long before any settlement occurred. Domestication started when migratory nomads marked forest trees (usually poplar, pear, willow, plum or fig) that supported particularly fruitful vines. This was most often near watering holes serving their herds. Sparing these vines was associated with a spiritual taboo respected by other tribes as well. As sedentary agriculture developed and the mixed deciduous forest was cleared, fruit trees and vines were spared along boundary lines where irrigation ditches were developed and the vines were out of reach of grazing animals. Vineyards as such developed later when they could be protected by high mud walls from the ever-present sheep and goats, but

this came as part of village settlement. Cultivation of the wine grape was under way in the

Near East as early as the fourth millennium B.c. There is no evidence of any cultivation west of Greece until the first millennium B.C. The products of the vine were exported westwards from very early times, to be followed later by the practices peculiar to viti-culture and by domesticated varieties (Hclback, 1959). The westward movement fanned out from Asia Minor and Greece, following the Phoenician sea routes. During the Roman period, the spread of the vine was associated with that of the Christian faith; wine is a necessary ingredient in the consecration of the Mass. In the Middle Ages, the Catholic monasteries through-out Europe were the guardians of select vineyards. A vineyard covered by the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79 illustrates the practices recommended in the early Roman agricultural manuals of that era (Jashem-ski, 1973). The vine followed the main river valleys, the Danube, Rhone, Rhine, Tiber and Douro and, by A.D. 55, the northernmost vineyards were being established along the Moselle Valley in Germany. The vinifcra grape was introduced to the New World at the time of discovery and later accompanied prac-tically all the Spanish and Portuguese voyages of discovery and conquest (Fig. 86.1). The first recorded introduction to the east coast of the United States WAS in 1621 by the London Company but this was probably preceded by the Spanish landings in Florida. The most recent incursions of vinifera are in tropical countries; thus, in 1958, vinifera was introduced into

Evolution of Crop Plants

Longthan Scientific & Technical

Fig. 86.2 Evolution of the grapes, Kris and Muscadinia.

specialized cvs

often hcrm ph., Sa own roots, later as scions

(- wine 'table anddried

repeatial auming 4 America and Asia

natural and experimental

hybrid cvs

rinilero backcrosscs

widely adapted

auto - little tnc

allo - is

I potential

sterile hybrids

2n 39

13 ❑ 7 13 I

60 ecospecies

dioccious, interfertile

= 2.v = 38

'North and Central America, Asia

Al usradiuia 3 spp., North America

2,, = 2.r -

( wild romarbfaia

(

local cvs

USA, seventeenth century

domestication 400011.c. geographical spread Su • mutation

sweet less seedy firm flesh

yarthenocarpv .,

acid

seed?

juicy

mutation but are of different types and involve different genetic backgrounds (Olmo and Baris, 1973).

4 Recent history Vitis species are dioecious or, occasionally, subdioe-cious when some male flowers transform to hermaph-rodites. The sexual type is determined by three alleles. This is a primitive type of sex determination in which gross differentiation of sex chromosomes has not occurred (Negi and Olmo, 1971). The primitive hermaphrodite is Su*Su*. A dominant mutation, Su", suppresses ovary development to produce male-ness. A recessive allele, Su', results in reflexing of the filament and in sterile pollen, to produce functional femaleness. In natural populations, males (Su'Sum) and females (Su"Sum) occur in equal numbers and cross-pollination by wind and bees occurs. The domi-nance relationship of the three alleles is Su" > Su' >

Practically all cultivars of Europe and the New World are hermaphrodites (Su e Su* or Su * Sum) and self-pollinating. In Middle Asia, however, many arc female. In a warm, dry climate and with close planting of mixed cultivars, cross-pollination is effective. As

such as Isabella, Herbemont, Concord and others which had been introduced as exotics years before, showed some tolerance. The French government then sent specialists to the United States to discover the best sources of resistance. From Missouri and other areas of the midwest, thousands of cuttings and seeds were sent back to France for local selection. A few proved tolerant, were widely propagated and utilized as resistant rootstocks. Selections of riparia, rupestris and berlandieri proved most useful. From about 1880 onwards, interspecific hybrids were deliberately bred as rootstocks. Thus berlandieri was the best adapted to calcareous soils but rooted with difficulty, so it was crossed with vinifera to improve propagation. The

the Phillipines from California. As the vintfira grape was introduced into zones

beyond its natural range it often hybridized with native Vies to produce new races better adapted to local environments. Thus, new American hybrids arose along the Atlantic seaboard as spontaneous seedlings which were prized as new varieties. The Alexander, Concord and Delaware are examples. In the Caribbean islands and Venezuela, introduced innifera has introgressed with the tropical caribea to produce new vigorous races of Criollas that are disease resistant and tolerant of the climate, giving hopes of a grape culture where none could survive before. Some Japanese and Chinese cultivars arc oriental species introgressed with vinifera.

Wine grapes are seedy, acid and juicy. Among the dessert grapes, scedlessness has evolved in a wide range of expression (Stout, 1936). On the one hand are cultivars that have very small, parthcnocarpic berries such as the ancient Greek variety Black Corinth, dried to produce currants. The Kishmish or Sultanina, the most important raisin variety, is said to be steno-spermocarpic, abortion of the seeds occurring soon after fertilization. Seedless varieties arise by somatic

these female cultivars are moved to new areas and isolated, they are rapidly selected against because of poor fruitfulness. Female vines are useful in breeding, eliminating the need for emasculation (Levadoux, 1946).

No haploids (n = 19) have been reported in Vitis and the only aneuploids (2n+2) appear as rare abet-rants. Autotetraploids were first described in 1929 and have been found to arise spontaneously in most cultivars. They are often periclinal chimeras; only two layers are involved in meristem differentiation, so that three types of tetraploid chimera have been found: 2-4, 4-4 and 4-2. The larger berry size attracted attention to the possibility of producing improved table grapes but, in general, the auto-tctraploids have poor cultural characteristics, being less fruitful, irregular in berry size and more fragile; also, the root system is weaker and tetraploids are better grafted on diploid rootstocks. However, a few tetraploid varieties have long been grown commer-cially in greenhouses where special attention to pollination and cultural factors is possible. Alio-tetraploids ( Jelenkovie and Olmo, 1969) are more promising, since the undesirable features of the auto-tctraploids are not so evident and selection can proceed in a wider genetic base. Triploids are highly sterile but may be useful for vigorous rootstocks, especially if a wide range of resistance to soil pests is desired. Pentaploids are weak and useless.

Vinifera grapes were propagated from earliest times by cuttings or layering and remained relatively free of pests and diseases. However, vines began to die in French vineyards in 1860 and, in 1868, a root aphid, Phylloxera, was identified as the cause. This insect had been introduced from the USA where it lived as a natural symbiont on tolerant native vines. Within a few years, thousands of acres were ruined and, eventually, nearly all the vineyards of Europe were in trouble. It was noticed that American hybrids

breeding of rootstocks was the first massive improve-ment programme, but the germ plasm of the vinifera scions remained intact.

Grafting, however, is expensive. Many breeders therefore set out to breed new vines that would com-bine resistance to phylloxera with fruit of good wine quality, the direct producer. After almost a century, this ideal still remains a dream and we speak now of 'French hybrids'. However, some of the hybrids proved valuable in other ways; for example, in having better resistance to fungus diseases and greater hardiness., In some areas they were better adapted than ordinary vinifera and produced wine of passable quality. They form the base of new wine industries in many parts of the world where vinife•ra is not well adapted. The starting point was a female vine, selection 70 (rupestris x sent by Jaeger from Missouri to Contas-sot in France in 1882. Contassot distributed open-pollinated seed to Couderc and Seibel who produced the first series of hybrids. The work continues and some of the more recent hybrids have germ plasm from as many as six American species, but backcrossing to vinifera is still practised to improve quality. For a summary of breeding programmes and accomplish-ments, particularly in Europe, refer to Neagu (1968).

Grapes are outbreeders. Cultivars are highly hetero-zygous and carry a heavy load of deleterious recessives. Inbreeding depression is severe so that, by the second or third generation, sterility usually ensues. The most successful breeding method is to maintain heterozygo-sity by crossing the best representatives of unrelated lines, resorting occasionally to closer mating to concentrate desirable combinations of characters.

5 Prospects Cultivar improvement is increasingly directed toward disease and insect resistance. A high priority is given to virus resistance, since many of the world's oldest and most renowned vineyards are seriously menaced by soil-borne infections. Native species must be more thoroughly studied, screened and compared as sources of resistance. Allopolyploidy as a tool to produce larger berry size and better cultural features has been neglected in the quest for improved table varieties. We should see the use of native tropical species as a base in greatly extending the zone of commercial grape culture. As before, vinifera must be used to introduce high quality. Hardy clones having short growth cycles should further extend the range. A beginning has been made with oriental amurensis but American species can also be used. Selected female cultivars to obtain mass hybridization can be useful. Increasing need for mechanization of harvesting, pruning and

other cultural methods will place new demands on the breeder. The long generation time from seed to fruit (three to five years) could, perhaps, be shortened by the use of biochemical methods of selection at the earliest possible stage of seedling development.

6 References Bailey, L. H. (1934). Vites peculiares ad Americana bore-

alem. Gent. Herb., 3, 149-244. Helbaek, H. (1959). Domestication of food plants in the

old world. Science, N.Y., 130, 365. Jashemski, W. F. (1973). Large vineyard discovered in

ancient Pompeii. Science, N.Y., 180, 821 -30. Jelenkovic, G. and Olmo, H. P. (1969). Cytogenetics of

Viris. V. Allotetraploids of V. vinifera x V. rotundifoha Vitis, 8, 265-79.

Lavie, P. (1970). Contribution a fitude caryosystematique des Vitacies. These, Faculte des Sciences de Montpellier, 1, pp. 213.

Levadotoc, L. (1946). Etude de la fleur et dc la sexualite chez la vigne. Ann. Leek Nat. Agr. Montpellier, 27, pp. 89.

Neagu, M. M. (1968). Genetique et amelioration de la vigne. Rapport general. Off. lit. Vigne ei Yin. Bull., 41, 1301 -37.

Negi, S. S. and Olmo, H. P. (1971). Conversion and deter-mination of sex in Vitis vinifera (sylvestris). Vitis, 9, 265-79.

Negrul, A. M. (1938). Evolution of cultivated forms of grapes. C. R. Acad. Sri., U.S.S.R., 18, 585-8.

Olmo, H. P. and Baris, C. (1973). Obtention de raisins de table apyrines. 0.l.V. mini Symp., Cyprus, 32-11.

Patel, G. 1. and Olmo, H. P. (1955). Cytogenetics of Vitis. I. The hybrid V. vinifera x V. rotundifolia. Amer. J. Bot., 42, 141-59.

Stout, A. B. (1936). Seedlessness in grapes. N.Y. Agric. Exp. Sta. tech. Bull., 238, pp. 68.

To remember the animal and plant classifications, remember the following statement:

"Killer phylloxera creates orders for grapevine suppliers."

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Napa Valley College BS/92

TAXONOMY OF THE GRAPEVINE

Vascular plants

Seed plants

Flowering, enclosed ovules

2 cotyledons, flower parts 4s or 5s or multiples

7 families, mostly vine-like

Grapevine family, 10 genera

About 60 species

Vitis vinifera - the cultivated, European or Old World grapevine

KINGDOM: Plant

DIVISION: Tracheophyta (Phylum)

SUB-DIVISION: Spermatophyta (Sub-Phylum)

CLASS: Angiospermae

SUB -CLASS: Dicotyledonae

ORDER: Rhamnales

FAMILY: Vitaceae

GENUS: Vitis

SPECIES: vinifera

2_ 0

THE GENUS VITIS

OLD WORLD GRAPE: Vitis vinifera L

AMERICAN VITIS: The following species have contributed to grapevine breeding or are important potential sources of germplasm.

Vitis aestivalis Michaux. Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire to Michigan southward to central Missouri and Georgia.

Vitis berlandieri Planchon. Limestone soils of southwestern Arkansas and through Texas into northeastern Mexico.

Vitis californica Bentham. Along streams in central and northern California and southern Oregon (only of local interest).

Vitis candicans Englemann, Western Arkansas and Louisiana, Oklahoma, central and — eastern Texas, and northern Mexico, mostly on limestone soils.

Vitis champini Planchon. Central and southern Texas, in limy soils.

I/ids cinerea Engelmann. Central states, Louisiana to Wisconsin, on river banks, bottom land, and pond margins.

Vitis cordifolia Michaux. In thickets and along streams in the area from Pennsylvania to eastern Kansas and south to Texas and Florida.

Vitis doaniana Munson. Chiefly northwestern Texas, Oklahoma and New Mexico. (Native habitat about the same as that of V. solonis.)

Vitis girdiana Munson. Along streams in southern California (only of local interest).

Vitis lincecumii (Linsecomii) Buckley. High post-oak lands of southwestern Missouri, northern and eastern Texas, and western Louisiana.

Viti.s. longii. Prince (V. solonis. Hort. Berol). Western Oklahoma, northern Texas, eastern New Mexico, and southeastern Colorado.

Vitis monticola Buckley. Limestone hills of southwestern Texas.

Vitis riparia. Michaux (V. vulpina, Linnaeus). Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Manitoba, west to the Rock Mountains, south into Texas, and east to Arkansas, Tennessee, and Virginia.

Vitis. rufotomentosa Small. Sandy soils, Florida to Louisiana.

Viti.s. rupestris. Scheele. Sandy stream banks, low hills and mountains, southern Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, and western Tennessee to southwest Texas.

Asian Vitis

Minor importance in cultivation

Great interest as source of germplasm for grapevine breeding

About 30 species, examples include:

V. cognetiae

V. thumb ergi

✓ amurensis

✓ armata

Genus Muscadinia (3 Species)

Muscadinia rotundifolia Michaux.

(Southern U.S.A.) Muscadine Grape

Muscadinia munsoniana Simpson.

(Central and Southern Florida)

Muscadinia popenoei Fennell.

(Mexico, rare sp.)

A Geographic Appreciation

Harm Jan de Blij

Eurasian

Species

North American

Species

Genus VITIS

BOTANICAL FAMILY TREE OF THE GRAPEVINE

Species VITIS

aestivalis argentif olia arizonica berlandieri baileyana californica candicans champini cinerea cordifolia doaniana gigas girdiana helleri illex indica (cariboea) labrusca lincecumii longii monticola novae•angliae palmata riparia rut otomentosa rupestris shuttleworthii smalliana simpsoni sola treleasei vulpine

amurensis armata betulifolia coignetiae davidii embergeri ficifolia flexuosa lanata pagnucii pedicellata pentagona piasezkii reticulata romaneti rotordi thunbergii

Prominent Cultivars (Including Hybrids)

Delaware, Norton

Concord, Niagara, Catawba

Elvira, Clinton

Cabernet Sauvignon Pinot Noir Chardonnay Riesling Zinfandel Chenin Blanc Sauvignon Blanc Grenache SdrniHon Sylvaner Nebbiolo Trebbiano Pinotage Palomino

North American

Species

Genus MUSCADINIAE

munsoniana popenoei rotundifolia Scuppernong, Eden

BOTANICAL FAMILY TREE OF THE GRAPEVINE

Family

Genera

Subgenera

Groups of species

Species

Subspecies

Varieties

Subvarieties

Clone

Vitaccae (formerly: Arnpelidaccae)

...

V. rotund:folic:

Vitts

Euvitis

Vitus

V.

W.

none

239

r . 1 1

Ampelopsu Cissus Parthenocissus 6 other genera

(94 species) (350 species) (15 species)

(true grapes) Muscadinia (3 species)

European (1 species)

vinifera

(±

I V. nparia

American 20 species) (10-15

Asiatic species)

of vitaceae. and classification

• V. rupestris

du

hundred

Gloire de Montpellier

(several

Nomenclature

V. berlandieri

Lot Resseguier

varieties)

(several vinifera ssp. sativa V.

thousand varieties) ssp. sylvestris vinifera

bl.

Petit Sauvignon Gros Sauvignon

Riesling Furmint

Nemes Furmint

G.m. Pecs

Sauvignon

2 none

Practical Viticulture