System Respiratory -...
Transcript of System Respiratory -...
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Respiratory SystemChapter 9
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Air Intake
Air in the atmosphere is mostly Nitrogen (78%)
Only ~21% oxygen
Carbon dioxide is less than 0.04%
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Air Intake
Oxygen is required for Aerobic Cellular Respiration to produce ATP (energy required for life-processes)
O2 is produced by plants through photosynthesis.
O2 in the atmosphere must constantly replenished for human cells to survive.
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Breathing vs. Respiration
Breathing: the process by which air enters and leaves lungs
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Breathing vs. Respiration
Respiration: the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
2 types:Internal External Between cells in tissue and blood Between airway and cells in blood
Airway
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Respiratory System - Structures
Nasal CavityPharynxEpiglottisTracheaLarynxBronchi
BronchiolesAlveoli
DiaphragmRib Muscles
Pleural Membranes
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Respiratory System - Nasal Cavity
Air enters through the nasal cavity
Functions:
- Hair filters out large debris
- Mucus traps smaller particles
- Sensory cells detect smells
- Air is warmed and humidified
22oC
32oC
37oC
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Respiratory System - Pharynx
Pharynx: cavity at the back of the mouth- leads to the esophagus and trachea
Trachea “windpipe”
Epiglottis: flap that covers the trachea opening when swallowing food
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Respiratory System - Larynx
Larynx “voice box”
Composed 2 elastic ligaments stretching across opening to the trachea = vocal cords
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Respiratory System - Larynx
The Larynx helps to:- Regulate breathing- Keep food out of lungs- Create sounds
Thicker or swollen vocal cordsproduce lower frequency
sounds
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Respiratory System - LarynxEndoscopic views of the larynx
Open - inhale Narrow - exhale Closed - sound
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Respiratory System - Larynx
The Larynx is also protected by the the thyroid cartilage
The cartilage grows more in males than females = Adam’s Apple
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Respiratory System - Trachea and Bronchi
Air from the trachea passes into 2 Bronchi (singular: bronchus)
Trachea and Bronchi have cartilage rings to keep them open
They are lined bycilia and mucusto keep pathogensout of the respiratorysystem
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Respiratory System - Bronchioles
The bronchi then branch off into smaller Bronchioles
The Bronchioles do NOT have cartilage rings. Instead they have muscular walls.
If the walls become inflamed(swollen) it becomes difficult to breathe
Ex. asthma, bronchitis
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Respiratory System
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
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Respiratory System - Alveoli
The Bronchioles lead into numerous small sacs called Alveoli (singular: alveolus)
The alveoli are extremely small and are surrounded by capillaries
= site of gas exchange (external respiration)
Alveoli during breathing
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Respiratory System - Alveoli
The inner surface of alveoli is lined with a layer of lipoproteins which prevents them from “sticking closed” when you exhale
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Respiratory System
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Respiratory System - Pleural Membrane
Pleural Membrane: thin membranes surrounding the lungs and lining the inner surface of the chest cavity
“Stick” the lungs to the chest wall so they move when the chest walls move as youbreathe
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Respiratory System - Pleural Space
Pleural space: fluid-filled space between the pleural membrane and the chest wall
Reduces friction between the lungs and chest wall
If there is fluid buildup in the lungIt becomes painful to inhale(lungs push on fluid and cannotexpand fully)
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Respiratory System
PLEURAL MEMBRANE
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Respiratory System - Lung Health
Quitting smoking is the single best thing you can do to improve your health and quality of life.Non-smokers have a much lower risk of getting dozens of smoking-related diseases like lung cancer, heart disease, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis)
From lung.ca
E-cigarettes (vapes)
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Respiratory System - Structures
Nasal CavityPharynxEpiglottisTracheaLarynxBronchi
BronchiolesAlveoli
DiaphragmRib Muscles
Pleural Membranes
1
234
5
6
7
8
910
11 12
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Respiratory System - Thoracic Cavity
Diaphragm: thick muscle that separates the chest (thoracic cavity) from the belly (abdominal cavity)
The lungs are surrounded by the ribs, sternum and Intercostal muscles
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Respiratory System - Breathing
The ribs are hinged to the spine - allowing them to move up and down
Intercostal muscles control movement of the ribs
External and internal muscles work opposite to each other
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Respiratory System - Breathing
Breathing (movement of air into and out of lungs) relies on differences in gas pressures. Atmospheric pressure remains constant but the pressure in the lungs changes as you inhale/exhale
More volume = lower
pressure
Less volume = higher pressure
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Respiratory System - Breathing
Inhalation:
Diaphragm contracts
Chest volume increases
Gas pressure in chest is low
Gas moves from atmosphere INTO lungs
Exhalation:
Diaphragm relaxes
Chest volume decreases
Gas pressure in chest is high
Gas moves into atmosphere OUT OF
lungs
Gases move from area of HIGH to LOW pressure
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Respiratory System - Breathing
When the external muscles CONTRACT they pull the ribs UP AND OUT
When the RELAX the ribs fall DOWN AND IN
(the external intercostal muscles contract/relax at same as diaphragm)Breathing video
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Respiratory System - Breathing
In a pneumothorax air fills the pleural space
Air
Collapsed lung
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Respiratory System - Lung Capacity
Normal lungs have a total air capacity of about 5L
Lung capacity is affected by age, height, gender and health
Lung disease, obesity and asthma are causes decreased lung capacity.
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Respiratory System - Lung Capacity
A Spirometer is used to measure Lung Capacity. Called a Pulmonary Function Test
Not a recommended
method
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Respiratory System - Lung Capacity and Volumes
A pulmonary function graph gives us the following information:
TLC - Total Lung CapacityVC - Vital Capacity
TV - Tidal VolumeERV - Expiratory Reserve VolumeIRV - Inspiratory Reserve VolumeRV - Residual Volume
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Respiratory System - Tidal Volume
Tidal Volume
Tidal volume is normally ~500mL
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Respiratory System - Pulmonary Function Graph
Deep inhalation
Deep exhalation
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Respiratory System - Pulmonary Function Graph
Deep inhalationTidal Volume - the amount of air that is exchanged in a normal breath
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Respiratory System - Pulmonary Function Graph
Deep inhalationInspiratory Reserve Volume - amount of air that can be inhaled forcibly
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Respiratory System - Pulmonary Function Graph
Deep inhalationExpiratory Reserve Volume - amount of air that can be exhaled forcibly
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Respiratory System - Pulmonary Function Graph
Deep inhalationResidual Volume - amount of air that remains in the lungs after exhaling (never is exchanged)
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Respiratory System - Pulmonary Function Graph
Deep inhalationVital Capacity - the total amount of air that can be inhaled/exhaled
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Respiratory System - Pulmonary Function Graph
Deep inhalationTotal Lung Capacity - total amount of air contained in the lungs
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Respiratory System - Lung Capacity
Predict how the Lung Volumes might be different in
How would TLC, VC and RV change?
Marathon runner (Athlete) vs.Smoker with Emphysema (Lung disease)
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Respiratory System - Lung Capacity
Average TLC 5 L Athletic TLC 5 L
VC 3 L VC 4 L (increased)
RV 2 L RV 1 L (decreased)
Lung Disease TLC 5 L
VC 2 L (decreased)
RV 3 L (increased)
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Respiratory System - Lung Capacity
Graph the Pulmonary Function curves for these people:
Normal: TLC 5L, IC 2L, ERV:1.5, RV 1.5
Obese: TLC 4L, IC 2L, ERV: 0.5L, RV:1.5L
Note: IC = IRV + TV