System Principle of Thermodynamics...Systems self-organize to maximize their power Systems...
Transcript of System Principle of Thermodynamics...Systems self-organize to maximize their power Systems...
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System Principle
of
Thermodynamics
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Human (H)
Technological (T)
Natural (N)
environments
N
Frederick Kiesler,
Architectural Record, 1939
Correalism
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Pittsburgh, PA
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Beijing, China
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Garden City, Ebenezer Howard, 1902 eCO2, East Coast Megalopolis
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Biotic Community:
Primary Succession
The processes involved in changing an area
from one lacking any community to one
consisting of individuals, populations,
communities, and ecosystems.
succession
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In this eco-system
your lawn wants to be…
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a temperate forest
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Cities: Kleiber’s law
Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities.
Luís M. A. Bettencourt,*† José Lobo,‡ Dirk Helbing,§ Christian
Kühnert,§and Geoffrey B. West*¶
wages
creatives
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“Which, then, of these two dynamics, efficiency or
wealth creation, is the
primary determinant of
urbanization, and how
does each impact urban
growth?”
Bettencourt et al
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H.T. OdumTwo key principles:
Systems self-organize to
maximize their power
Systems self-organize into
hierarchies of energy
exchange and feedback
(to maximize power)
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It has been pointed out by Boltzmann' that the fundamental
object of contention in the life-struggle, in the evolution of the
organic world, is available energy. In accord with this
observation is the principle that, in the struggle for existence,
the advantage must go to those organisms whose energy-
capturing devices are most efficient in directing available
energy into channels favorable to the preservation of the
species.
…
The influence of man, as the most successful species in the
competitive struggle, seems to have been to accelerate the
circulation of matter through the life cycle, both by ‘enlarging
the wheel,’ and by causing it to ‘spin faster.’ The question was
raised whether, in this, man has been unconsciously fulfilling a
law of nature, according to which some physical quantity in the
system tends toward a maximum. This is now made to appear
probable; and it is found that the physical quantity in
question is of the dimensions of power, or energy per unit
time
A. Lotka, 1922
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Trophic web or food-chain
R. Lindeman, “Dynamic-Tropic Aspect of Ecology,” 1942
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H.T. Odum:E[m]ergy
synthesis
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E[m]ergy, sej
E[m]ergy:
“Em”bodied energy
or cumulative, dissipated exergy
Solar em-Joules, sej
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Energy, J
E[m]ergy:
“Em”bodied energy
or cumulative, dissipated exergy
Solar em-Joules, sej
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Intensity or Transformity
E[m]ergy/Energy, sej/J
E[m]ergy:
“Em”bodied energy
or cumulative, dissipated exergy
Solar em-Joules, sej
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Energy, J
E[m]ergy/Energy, sej/J
E[m]ergy, sej
E[m]ergy:
“Em”bodied energy
or cumulative, dissipated exergy
Solar em-Joules, sej
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Three system principles:
4 The Lotka–Odum principle of maximum
e[m]power as the selection goal toward
which self-organizing systems evolve over time.
5 The Lindeman–Odum principle of energy
transformation hierarchies,
which emerge over time to achieve maximum
e[m]power.
6 The Odum-Holling principle of material
concentration hierarchies, closely coupled to energy transformation
hierarchies, which cycle or pulse at different
spatial and temporal scales to achieve maximum
e[m]power.
Odum, Systems Ecology, 1983
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Carnot Darwin
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Laws
1 The Mayer–Joule principle of the conservation of energy measured as heat equivalents.
2 The Carnot–Clausius principle of the increase of entropy, or loss of available energy, in any energy
conversion or work process.
3 The principle of an absolute zero temperature at which the entropy of a perfect crystal is zero.
System Principles
4 The Lotka–Odum principle of maximum empower as the final or selection goal toward which self-
organizing systems evolve over time.
5 The Lindeman–Odum principle of energy transformation hierarchies, which emerge over time to
achieve maximum power.
6 The principle of material concentration hierarchies, closely coupled to energy transformation
hierarchies, which cycle or pulse at different spatial and temporal scales to achieve maximum power.
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Location (site) within
urban land-use hierarchies
Huang, “Urban Hierarchy,” 2001
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Cities by
themselves
are not
sustainable,
they gather &
concentrate
the resources
of their region
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Chautauqua, NY
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Chautauqua, NY
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Chautauqua, NY
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Land Use
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Environmental Resources
Land Use Intensity
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http://mostapharoudsari.github.io/SettlementEmerge/
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Primary & Support Landfor 1 acre of
bioethanol from corn
[21,300,000 kJ]
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Material Flows
Water
Wastewater
Food
Supplies
Trash
Concentrated Flows
Labor
Fuels
Electricity
Information
Currency
Greater transformity
Less material
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Location (site) within
socio-economic hierarchies
Abel, “Systems diagrams for visualizing macro-economics,” 2004
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Christwaller, 1950
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𝑷𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒌1
𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒂
Zipf distribution, “Rank-Size Rule” for US Cities
1𝑠𝑡 = 𝑘
2𝑛𝑑 = 𝑘1
2
3𝑟𝑑 = 𝑘1
3
4𝑡ℎ = 𝑘1
4
𝑎 ≌ 𝟏
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Zipf distribution, “Rank-Size” for US Cities
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H – Human
T – Technological
N - Natural
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System Principle
of
Thermodynamics