System Approach

System

System is a set of interacting or interdependent entities forming an integrated whole.

System emphasizing a fair degree of integration and a holistic view(whole is greater than sum of its part).

The term system may also refer to a set of rules that governs behavior or structure.

A group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole.

Characteristic of a system

• Systems have structure, defined by parts and their composition;

• Systems have behavior, which involves inputs, processing and outputs of material, energy or information;

• Systems have interconnectivity: the various parts of a system have functional as well as structural relationships between each other.

• System(s) have by itself function(s) or group of functions .

Types of a System

• An open system exchanges matter and energy with its surroundings. Most systems are open systems; like a Human Beings.

• A closed system exchanges energy, but not matter, with its environment; like Watch, Earth.

• An isolated system exchanges neither matter nor energy with its environment; a theoretical example of which would be the universe.

Subsystem

A subsystem is a set of elements, which is a system itself, and a part of a larger system.

Example- Tula’s institute is a system and different departments are subsystem which acts as a separate system.

System Approach

Interdependence of objects and there attributes- independent elements can never constitute a system

Holism – emergent properties not possible to detect by analysis , should be possible to defined by holistic approach .

Goal seeking – system interaction must result in some goal or final state

System approach

Input and output- in a closed system input are determined once and constant , in open system additional inputs are admitted from the environment

Transformation of input into output- This is the process by which goal are obtained.

Entropy- Amount of disorder and randomness present in any system.(is a measure of the number of ways in which a system may be arranged). Higher the entropy , higher the disorder.

System approach

Regulation- A method of feedback is necessary for the system to operate predictably

Hierarchy- Complex whole are made up of smaller subsystem

Differentiation – Specialized unit perform specialized function

Equifinality- Alternative way to attaining the same objective

Major concepts comes in system approach

SpecializationGroupingCoordinationEmergent properties

Major concepts comes in system approach

Specialization - System is divided into smaller components allowing more specialized concentration on each component

Grouping - To avoid generating greater complexity with increasing specialization it becomes necessary to group related discipline or sub discipline

Major concepts comes in system approach

Coordination- As the components and the sub continent of system are group it necessary to coordinate the interaction among groups.

Emergent properties – Dividing a system into subsystem required recognizes and understanding the emergent properties of system i.e. recognizes why the system as a whole is greater than some of its parts.