Synthesis, Characterization and Transport Properties of...

IJREAS VOLUME 6, ISSUE 3 (March, 2016) (ISSN 2249-3905) International Journal of Research in Engineering and Applied Sciences (IMPACT FACTOR – 6.573)

International Journal of Research in Engineering & Applied Sciences Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org

211

Synthesis, Characterization and Transport Properties of Polyaniline/Nickel ferrite Nanocomposites

Ajai Kumar S Molakeri1,

Assistant Professor, Department of Physics,

Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar-585403, Karnataka, India.

Sangashetty Kalyane2,

Associate Professor Department of Physics,

Bheemanna Khandre Institute of Technology, Bhalki-585328, Karnataka, India.

Sindhu S3,

Associate Professor, Department of Physics,


Shilpa Kodge4

Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry,


Abstract : Conducting polyaniline/Nickel ferrite (PANI/NiFe2O4) nanocomposites have been synthesized by an interfacial polymerization using ammonium persulphate as the oxidant, with different weight percentage (10, 30 and 50 wt %) of NiFe2O4 in PANI whereas NiFe2O4 nanoparticles have been synthesized by microwave method. The samples were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, structures and morphology of samples were studied by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) indicates the dispersion of NiFe2O4 in PANI. The AC conductivity, Dielectric constant and Dielectric loss of these samples were investigated as a function of frequency at room temperature in the frequency range 10 Hz to 106 Hz. The AC conductivity of 7.58x10-6 Scm-1 at 6x105 Hz due to dipole polarization at room temperature is observed as the maxima for the PANI/NiFe2O4 (30wt %) nanocomposites. The real dielectric constant and imaginary dielectric constant decreased as the frequency increased and after 104 Hz they remain almost constant. The magnetic properties of the samples were measured at room temperature using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) in the field range ±15000G.

Key words: Conductivity, Polyaniline, Nickel ferrite, Nanocomposites, Dielectric constant.



212

1. Introduction: Conducting polymers have emerged as a very specific and important class of materials because of their unique electrical, optical and chemical properties leading to the wide range of technological applications. The unique properties of conducting polymers, not only provides the great scope for their various applications but also led to the development of new models to explain their observed properties, particularly various mechanisms of charge transport. These materials provide the ultra tremendous scope for tuning of their electrical conductivity from semiconducting to metallic regime by means of doping. Among the different conducting polymers, conducting polyanaline is one of the most extensively studied materials, due to ease effect of synthesis, better environmental and thermal stabilities and greater scope of playing with chemistry to tailor their excellent properties [Mac Diarmid AH et.al., 1994, Wessling B, 1998, Kaiser AB et.al., 1995]. Nanocrystalline Ferrites, which possesses a general formula M Fe2O4 (M = divalent metal ion e.g., Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Mg, Cd, etc..,) is one of the most attractive class of materials for technological applications. Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) has an inverse spinal structure has been intensively investigated as one of the magnetic nanomaterials. The location of the divalent cation (Ni2+) in the crystal structure is closely related to the magnetic properties of the nickel ferrite. Extraordinary qualities of nickel ferrite shows super-paramagnetic behavior and it has various applications such as gas sensor [Chu XF et.al., 2007], magnetic fluids [Hasmony E et.al., 2000], catalysts[Rana S et.al., 2005], magnetic storage system[De-Hua et.al., 1996], photomagnetic materials[Raikher YL et.al., 2004, Giri AK et.al., 2000], magnetic resonance imaging[Cunningham CH et.al., 2005], site-specific drug delivery[Yoon TJ et. Al., 2005] and microwave devices [Sivakumar P et.al., 2011]. Conducting polymers and magnetic nanoparticle composite materials have attracted maximum and utmost attention for their high potential technological applications in several fields, such as electromagnetic interference shielding [Makela T et.al., 1997], rechargeable batteries [Kuwabata S et.al., 1999], corrosion protection coatings[Ahmed N et.al.,1996], localized hyperthermia[Zhao DL et.al., 2006], microwave absorption[Rose TL et.al., 1997], sensors[Anderson MR et.al., 1991, Mattes BR et.al., 1993], microelectronic devices[Diniz FB et. al.,] and non-linear optical systems[Maciel GS et.al., 2010]. In this paper, NiFe2O4 nanoparticles are prepared by microwave method and PANI/NiFe2O4

nanocomposites are then synthesized via interfacial polymerization. The structure and morphology of the PANI, NiFe2O4 and PANI/NiFe2O4 nanocomposites have been investigated through FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM. The frequency dependence of AC conductivity and dielectric properties are investigated in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 106 Hz. The magnetic properties are measured using the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature in the field range of ± 15000 gauss.

2. Experimental:

2.1 Materials and Methods: All the chemicals and reagents used were AR grade. Double distilled water was used throughout the work. Ammonium persulphate was purchased from Qualigens. Aniline was double distilled before use and HCl was purchased from Aldrich chemicals.

2.2 Synthesis of PANI: The synthesis of polyaniline is based on mixing aqueous solution of aniline, hydrochloride and ammonium persulphate at room temperature, followed by the separation of polyaniline hydrochloride precipitates by filtration and drying, Aniline hydrochloride is dissolved in double distilled water in a volumetric flask to 100 ml of solution. Ammonium persulphate (0.25M) is dissolved in water also to 100 ml solution and then were kept for 1 hour at room temperature



213

(~25oC), then mixed in a beaker, stirred mechanically and left for rest to polymerize. After 24 hours the polyaniline precipitate was collected on a filter, washed with portions of 0.2M HCl and similarly with acetone. Polyaniline hydrochloride powder was dried in air and then vacuum at 60oC to achieve a constant mass.

2.3 Synthesis of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles: The synthesis of nickel ferrite is initiated by precipitation of nickel oxalate and iron oxalate precursors. These precursors were prepared by dissolving equimolar quantities of nickel salt and iron salt with carboxylic acid and by stirring well in separate beakers. The precipitates of nickel oxalate and iron oxalate obtained is filtered through sintered glass funnel and washed with double distilled water. Finally, washed with dry acetone and is then dried under vacuum. The nickel oxalate, iron oxalate and polyvinyl alcohol are mixed in the weight ratio 1:1:5 and ground well in a pestle and mortar and this resultant solid was placed in a crucible and initially the resultant solid is burnt in electrical oven for complete evolution of the fumes. The resultant residue is transferred into microwave oven for the complete combustion process. The reaction is completed within ten minutes at high power level to form a brown crystalline NiFe2O4. On cooling it to a room temperature and then treating it with acetone separates carbon impurities.

2.4 Synthesis of PANI/ NiFe2O4 nanocomposites via interfacial polymerization: PANI/NiFe2O4 nanocomposites were prepared with different weight percentage of NiFe2O4 (10, 30 and 50 wt %), which includes the dissolving of 0.5 gram of aniline in 20 ml of chloroform (CHCl3). 0.1M ammonium persulphate is dissolved in 1M HCl and the NiFe2O4 nanoparticles are slowly added to the above mixture of aqueous during the organic phase. After 5 minutes, dark green precipitate is formed; slowly at the interface and then gradually diffused into aqueous phase. After 24 hours, the entire aqueous phase is filled homogeneously with dark green colour film; an organic layer observed shows the orange colour due to the formation of aniline oligomers. The aqueous phase was then collected and washed with ethanol and water to remove the unreacted aniline. The residue of polymer thus obtained is purified and dried in vacuum oven at 40oC for 36 hours. The dried PANI/NiFe2O4 nanocomposites sample is used for the structural characterization. Thus, the same is further used for conductivity and magnetic studies.

2.5 Preparation of pellets: The obtained powders of PANI, NiFe2O4 nanoparticles and PANI/NiFe2O4 nanocomposites so obtained are crushed finely in the presence of acetone medium in agate mortar. The pellets of 10 mm diameter were prepared with thickness varying from 1 to 2 mm by applying a pressure of 90 MPa in a hydraulic press. In conductivity studies, both surfaces of the pellets are coated with silver paste for better electrical conduction.

3. Characterisation techniques:

The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the samples are recorded on a ThermoNicolet,Avatar 370 spectormeter in KBr medium at room temperature. The XRD patterns are recorded on a X-ray diffractometer, Bruker AXS D8 advance using CuKα radiation (α = 1.5418 AU) in the 2θ range 20o to 80o. The surface morphology of the samples is investigated using scanning electron microscope Joel Model JSM-6390 LV and transmission electron microscope PHILIPS-CM 200. The AC conductivity for the samples in a frequency range 10 to 106 Hz was performed using N4L-PSM 1735 NumetriQ. Magnetic hysteresis loops were recorded at room temperature using vibrating sample magnetometer Lakeshore VSM 7410 with a maximum magnetic field of ±15000 gauss.



214

4. Results and Disscussion: 4.1 FTIR Analysis: The FTIR spectra measurement was carried out to study the molecular structure of the PANI, NiFe2O4 nanoparticles and PANI/NiFe2O4 nanocomposites. Figure 1(a) shows the FTIR spectra of pure PANI. The characteristic absorption peaks are found to be at 1478 cm-1 is corresponds to nitrogen quinoid ring and 1301 cm-1 is corresponds to stretching vibration of benzonide ring forms due to the conducting state of the polymer. Figure 1(b) shows the FTIR spectra of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles, the characteristic absorption peaks are found to be at 553 cm-1 corresponds to intrinsic stretching vibration of the metal at the tetrahedral site, 461 cm-1 corresponds to intrinsic stretching vibration at the octadedral site [Yavuz O et.al., 2005]. Figure 1(c-e) shows the FTIR spectra of PANI/NiFe2O4 nanocomposite at different percentage (10, 30 and 50 wt %). The absorption peaks are found to be at 1580 cm-1, 1570 cm-1 and 1583 cm-1 is due to C=C double bond quinoid rings, 1496 cm-1, 1480 cm-1 and 1493 cm-1 is due to vibration of C=C double bond associated with the benzenoid ring, 1305 cm-1, 1302 cm-1 and 1304 cm-1 is due to combination of C-N in quinoid and bebzenoid sequences. The peaks at 832 cm-1, 814 cm-1 and 883 cm-1 are the characteristic peaks of polyaniline backbone, which indicates the coating of PANI on NiFe2O4 nanoparticles [Senthilkumar B et.al., 2013].

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

0

20

40

60

80

100

% T

ran

sm

itta

nce

Wavenumber (cm-1)

Pure PANI

808.3

2

1564.0

6

1244.0

6

1137.8

8

1478.1

5

1301.2

2

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

0

20

40

60

80

100

461.6

3553.0

7

1113.3

5

1440.9

7

3415.1

4

% T

ran

sm

itta

nce

Wavenumber (cm-1)

NiFe2O

4 nanoparticles

(a) (b)



215

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

0

20

40

60

80

100

% T

ran

sm

itta

nce

Wavenumber (cm-1)

PANI/NiFe2O

4 (10 wt%) nanocomposite

612.2

7

1134.8

6

1304.6

0

1496.6

41583.1

4

3202.6

3

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

0

20

40

60

80

100

506.2

4618.4

1702.3

8814.1

5

1087.7

81139.7

0

1302.5

2

1480.4

01570.4

3

3196.2

1

% T

ran

sm

itta

nce

Wavenumber (cm-1)

PANI/NiFe2O


(c) (d)

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

0

20

40

60

80

100

611.8

5

833.1

4

1136.1

4

1304.3

1

1493.8

41580.8

9

3208.4

3

% T

ran

sm

itta

nce

Wavenumber (cm-1)

PANI/NiFe2O


(e)

Figure 1: FTIR spectra of PANI, NiFe2O4 and PANI/NiFe2O4 (10, 30 and 50 wt %) nanocomposites.

4.2 XRD Analysis: Figure 2(a) shows the XRD pattern of pure PANI, the band peaks at value of 25.20o. This is the characteristic peak of PANI [Kondawar SB et.al., 2012], which ascribed to the periodicity in parallel and perpendicular directions of the polymer chains [Moon YB et.al., 1989]. Figure 2(b) shows the XRD pattern of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles. The prominent peaks at 2θ= 30.84o, 35.48o, 43.16o, 53.95o, 57.24o, 62.74o, 75.31o and 79.43o corresponds to (2 2 0), (3 1 1), (4 0 0), (4 2 2), (5 1 1), (4 4 0), 6 2 2) and (4 4 4) planes, matching with the JCPDS pattern of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (JCPDS-10-325). Figure 2(c-d) shows the XRD pattern of the PANI/NiFe2O4 (10 and 50 wt %) nanocomposites are similar to the main peaks of NiFe2O4 nanoparticle indicating that the nanocomposites contain NiFe2O4 nanoparticles. The crystalline size of the nanoparticles and nanocomposites can be estimated by XRD using Scherrer formula [Elsayed AH et.al., 2011].

D=k λ

β cos θ

Where, D is the crystal size, β is the FWHM of stronger peak, λ is the wave length of the X-ray, θ is the peak position and k is the constant.



216

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Inte

nsity (

A.U

)

2 (degree)

Pure PANI

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

(444)(6

22)

(440)

(511)

(422)

(400)

(222)

(311)

(220)

Inte

nsity (

A.U

)

2 (degree)

NiFe2O

4 nanoparticles

(a) (b)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Inte

nsity (

A.U

)

2 (degree)

PANI/NiFe2O


10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Inte

nsity (

A.U

)

2 (degree)

PANI/NiFe2O


(c) (d)

Figure 2: XRD pattern of PANI, NiFe2O4 and PANI/NiFe2O4 (10 and 50 wt %) nanocomposites.

4.3 SEM and TEM Analysis: Figure 3(a) shows the image of pure PANI is highly agglomerated granular in shape and has amorphous nature. Figure 3(b-e) shows TEM image of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles and PANI/NiFe2O4 (10 wt %, 30 wt % and 50 wt %) nanocomposites respectively, it is clearly seen that NiFe2O4 nanoparticles have nearly spherical in shape and the size of these particles ranging from 17 nm - 36 nm. PANI/NiFe2O4 (10, 30 and 50 wt %) nanocomposites exhibit similar shape as that of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles. The average size of the composites was increased, which confirms the interaction of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles with PANI. Table 1 shows that comparision between the average sizes measured of samples by XRD and TEM.



217

Figure 3: SEM micrograph of a) PANI b) TEM micrograph of NiFe2O4 and c-e) PANI/NiFe2O4 (10, 30 and 50 wt %) nanocomposites.

a b

c

e

d



218

Table1: Comparision between the average sizes measured of samples by XRD and TEM

Samples

Average size of samples in nm

XRD TEM

NiFe2O4 nanoparticles

31.42

25.39

PANI/NiFe2O4 (10 wt %) nanocomposites

36.27

50.87

PANI/NiFe2O4 (30 wt %)nanocomposites

32.34

25.80

PANI/NiFe2O4 (50 wt %)nanocomposites

37.76

42.83

4.4 Electrical Properties.

The AC conductivity as a function of frequency for pure PANI, pure NiFe2O4 nanoparticles and PANI/NiFe2O4 (10, 30 and 50 wt %) nanocomposites at room temperature are shown in figure 4. The conductivity of PANI, NiFe2O4 and PANI/NiFe2O4 nanocomposites increases with increasing frequencies, obey universal power law. The conductivity is almost constant up to 103 Hz and then increases with increase in frequencies are the characteristic property of disordered materials. Among all 30wt% shows high conductivity of 7.58x10-6 Scm-1 at 6x105 Hz due to dipole polarization [Ramesh Patil et.al., 2012].

102

103

104

105

106

0.0

5.0x10-3

1.0x10-2

1.5x10-2

2.0x10-2

2.5x10-2

3.0x10-2

3.5x10-2

4.0x10-2

4.5x10-2

AC

co

nd

uctivity (

AC)

in S

cm

-1

Frequency in Hz

Pure PANI

101

102

103

104

105

106

0.0

1.0x10-6

2.0x10-6

3.0x10-6

4.0x10-6

5.0x10-6

Co

nd

uctivity in

S c

m-1

Frequency in Hz

pure NiFe2O

4



219

101

102

103

104

105

106

0.0

1.0x10-6

2.0x10-6

3.0x10-6

4.0x10-6

5.0x10-6

6.0x10-6

7.0x10-6

8.0x10-6

Co

nd

uctivity in

S c

m-1

Frequency in Hz

PANI/NiFe2O4 10wt% nanocomposite



Figure 4: AC conductivity of PANI, NiFe2O4 and PANI/NiFe2O4 (10, 30 and 50 wt %) nanocomposites.

The variation of real dielectric constant (ε’) as function of frequency for pure PANI, NiFe2O4 nanoparticles and PANI/NiFe2O4 (10, 30 and 50 wt %) nanocomposites at room temperature is shown in figure5. The values of ε’ decreases as frequency increased. Among all composites 30 wt% shows high value of ε’ due to dielectric relaxations. The value of ε’ is low for all because the relaxation mechanism is relatively slow compare to resonant electronic transitions or molecular vibration. Hence pinning of the polarons in small distance through the polymer chain is very easy and will get more conductivity with increasing in frequency [Ramesh Patil et.al., 2012].

102

103

104

105

106

0.0

2.0x104

4.0x104

6.0x104

8.0x104

Re

al d

iele

ctr

ic c

on

sta

nt (

')

Frequency in Hz

Pure PANI

102

103

104

105

106

0.0

5.0x102

1.0x103

1.5x103

2.0x103

2.5x103

3.0x103

3.5x103

4.0x103

4.5x103

Re

al d

iele

ctr

ic c

on

sta

nt (

')

Frequency in Hz

PANI/NiFe2O

4 10wt% nanocomposite

PANI/NiFe2O


PANI/NiFe2O


Pure NiFe2O

4 nanoparticles

Figure 5: Variation of real dielectric constant (ε’) with frequency.

The variation of imaginary dielectric constant as function of frequency for pure PANI, NiFe2O4 nanoparticles and PANI/NiFe2O4 (10, 30 and 50 wt %) nanocomposites at room temperature is shown in figure 6. The value of ε’’ decreases with increase in frequency and after 104 Hz frequency ε’’ is low for all. The difference in the dielectric relaxation time with changing concentration is due to the electric charges being displaced inside the polymer [Bisquert J et.al., 1998].



220

102

103

104

105

106

0.0

2.0x105

4.0x105

6.0x105

8.0x105

1.0x106

Ima

gin

ary

die

lectr

ic c

on

sta

nt (

'')

Frequency in Hz

Pure PANI

102

103

104

105

106

0.0

2.0x103

4.0x103

6.0x103

8.0x103

1.0x104

1.2x104

1.4x104

Ima

gin

ary

die

lectr

ic c

on

sta

nt (

'')

Frequency in Hz

pure NiFe2O

4 nanoparticles

PANI/NiFe2O

4 (10 wt %) nanocomposite

PANI/NiFe2O


PANI/NiFe2O


Figure 6: Variation of imaginary dielectric constant (ε’’) with frequency.

4.5 Magnetic Properties: Figure 7(a-c) shows plots of Magnetization vs Applied magnetic field (-15000 G to +15000 G) for pure PANI, NiFe2O4 nanoparticles and PANI/NiFe2O4 (10, 30 and 50 wt %) nanocomposites. Figure (a) shows the diamagnetic nature of PANI. Figure 7(b) shows the hysteresis loop of NiFe2O4

nanoparticles exhibits the presence of an ordered magnetic structure in spinel system. The saturation magnetization is 20.24 emu g-1, Remanent magnetization is 4.76 emu g-1 and coercivity is 301.77 G. From figure 7(c-e), it is observed that a significant decrease in the saturation magnetization values are due to encapsulation of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles by PANI. The difference in measured values of MS is due to interactions developed between PANI and NiFe2O4 nanoparticles at the interface. The magnetization curves for NiFe2O4 nanoparticles and NiFe2O4 nanocomposites show ferromagnetic nature. The saturation magnetization (MS), remanent magnetization (MR) and coercivity (HC) are listed in Table 2.

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Ma

gn

etiza

tio

n (

em

u g

-1)

Applied Field (G)

PANI

a

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Mo

me

nt/M

ass (

em

u g

-1)

Applied field (G)

NiFe2O

4 nanoparticles

b



221

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

(e)

(d)

(c) PANI/NiFe

2O

4 (10 wt %)

PANI/NiFe2O

4 (30 wt %)

PANI/NiFe2O

4 (50 wt %)

Mo

ne

nt/M

ass (

em

u g

-1)

Magnetic field (Oe)

Figure 7: Magnetic hysteresis loops for PANI, NiFe2O4, and PANI/NiFe2O4 (10, 30 and 50 wt %) nanocomposites .

Table 2: Magnetic parameters of PANI, NiFe2O4 and PANI/NiFe2O4 nanocomposites.

Sample MS (emu g-1) MR (emu g-1) HC (G) PANI 0.698 8.311x10-3 -

PANI/NiFe2O4 10 wt% nanocomposite 16.425 7.136 910.81 PANI/NiFe2O4 30 wt% nanocomposite 5.025 1.650 552.48 PANI/NiFe2O4 50 wt% nanocomposite 14.119 4.639 543.55

NiFe2O4 nanoparticles 20.246 4.764 301.77

5. Conclusions:

In summary, NiFe2O4 nanoparticles have been synthesized by microwave route. PANI/NiFe2O4 nanocomposites were synthesized by an interfacial polymerization. A structural characterization by FTIR, XRD and TEM reveals incorporation of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles in PANI matrix. The introduction of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles significantly affects the AC conductivity and dielectric values. The magnetic parameters such as saturation magnetization and coercivity of nanocomposites found to be dependence on the wt% of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles and interactions developed between PANI and NiFe2O4 nanoparticles.

References:

1. Mac diarmid and Epstein A.J., 1994, Frontiers of Polymers and Advanced Materials, (Plenum Press, New York), p-251.

2. Wessling B., 1998, Hand book of Conducting Polymers, (Marcel Dekker Inc. Press; New York), p-471.

3. Kaiser A.B, Subramaniam C.K, Gilberd P.W, Wessling B., 1995, “Electronic Transport Properties of Conducting Polymers and Polymer Blends”, Synthetic Metals, vol.69, no.1, pp. 197-200.



222

4. Chu X.F, Jiang D.L, Zheng C.M., 2007, “The preparation and gas-sensing properties of NiFe2O4 nanocubes and nanorods”, Sensors and Actuators, B, vol. 123, no2, pp.793-797.

5. Hasmonay E., Depeyrot J., Sousa M.H., Tourinho F.A., Bacri J.C., Perzinski R., Raikher Y.L., Rosenman I., 2000, “Magnetic and optical properties of ionic ferrofluids based on nickel ferrite nanoparticles”, Journal of Applied Physics,vol. 88, no.11, pp. 6628-6635.

6. Rana S., Srivastava R.S., Sorensson M.M., Misra R.D., 2005, “ Synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles with magnetic core and photocatalytic shell: Anatase TiO2–NiFe2O4 system”, Materials Science and Engineering B, vol. 119, no. 2, pp. 144-151.

7. De-Hua Han, He-Lie Luo, Zheng Yang, 1996, “Remanent and anisotropic switching field distribution of platelike Ba-ferrite and acicular particulate recording media”,Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.161, pp. 376-378.

8. Raikher Y.L., Stepanov V.I., Depeyrot J., Sousa M.H., Tourinho F.A., Hasmonay E., Perzynski R., 2004, "Dynamic optical probing of the magnetic anisotropy of nickel-ferrite nanoparticles",Journal of Applied Physics vol.96, no. 9, pp. 5226-5233.

9. Giri A.K., Pellerin K., Pongsaksawad W., Sorescu M., Majetich S., 2000, “Effect of light on the Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles”, IEEE Trans. Magn, vol.36, no.5, pp. 3029-3031.

10. Cunningham C.H., Arai T., Yang P.C., McConnell M.V., Pauly J.M., Conolly S.M., 2005, “Positive contrast magnetic resonance imaging of cells labeled with magnetic nanoparticles”, Magn Reson Med, vol.53, no.5, pp. 999-1005..

11. Yoon T.J., Kim J.S., Kim B.G., Yu K.N., ChoM.H., Lee J.K., 2005, “Multifunctional nanoparticles possessing a ‘magnetic motor effect’ for drug or gene delivery”, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl , vol.44, no.7, pp. 1068-1071.

12. Sivakumar P., Ramesh R., Ramanand A., Ponnusamy S., Muthamizhchelvan C., 2011, “Preparation and properties of nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles via sol–gel auto-combustion method”, Materials Research Bulletin, vol. 46,pp. 2204–2207.

13. Makela T., Pienimaa S., Taka T., Jussila S., Isotalo H., 1997, “Thin polyaniline films in EMI shielding”, Synthetic Metals, vol.85, no.1-3, pp. 1335-1336..

14. Kuwabata S., Masui S., Yoneyama H., 1999, “Charge–discharge properties of composites of LiMn2O4 and polypyrrole as positive electrode materials for 4 V class of rechargeable Li batteries”, Electrochimica Acta,vol.44, no. 25, pp. 4593-4600.

15. Ahmad N., MacDiarmid A.G., 1996,“Inhibition of corrosion of steels with the exploitation of conducting polymers”, Synthetic Metals, vol. 78, no.2, pp. 103-110.

16. Zhao D.L., Zhang H.L., Zeng X.W., Xia Q.S., Tang J.T., 2006, “Inductive heat property of Fe3O4/polymer composite nanoparticles in an ac magnetic field for localized hyperthermia”, Biomed Mater, vol.1, no.4, pp. 198-201.

17. Rose T.L., D'Antonio S., Jillson M.H., Kon A.B., Suresh R., Wang F., 1997, “A microwave shutter using conductive polymers”, Synthetic Metals, vol. 85, no. 1-3, pp. 1439-1440.

18. Anderson M.R., Mattes B.R., Reiss H., Kaner R.B., 1991, “Gas separation membranes: A novel application for conducting polymers”, Synthetic Metals, vol.41, no.3, pp.1151-1154.

19. Mattes B.R., Anderson M.R., Conklin J.A., Reiss H., Kaner R.B., 1993, "Morphological modification of polyaniline films for the separation of gases," Synthetic Metals, vol. 55-57, no. 1-3, pp. 3655-3660.

20. Diniz F.B., de Freitas K.C.S. and. de Azevedo W.M., 1999, “Salinity Measurements with Polyaniline Matrix Coated Wire Electrodes”, Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 271-273.

21. Maciel G.S., de Araujo C.B., Correia R.R.B., de Azevedo W.M., 1998, “Nonlinear optical response of polyaniline liquid solutions”, Optics Communicatios, vol.157, no.1-6, pp. 187-192.

https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=xAIPPIUAAAAJ&citation_for_view=xAIPPIUAAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC



http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304885396002636



http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03048853



http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cunningham%20CH%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=15844142

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Arai%20T%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=15844142

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Yang%20PC%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=15844142

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=McConnell%20MV%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=15844142

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pauly%20JM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=15844142

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Conolly%20SM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=15844142










http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Zhao%20DL%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18458406

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Zhang%20HL%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18458406

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Zeng%20XW%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18458406

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Xia%20QS%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18458406

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Tang%20JT%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18458406







https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ja&user=RyKDYnIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=RyKDYnIAAAAJ:UeHWp8X0CEIC



http://serials.unibo.it/cgi-ser/start/it/spogli/ds-s.tcl?authors=%22Maciel%2c+GS%22&language=ITALIANO

http://serials.unibo.it/cgi-ser/start/it/spogli/ds-s.tcl?authors=%22+de+Araujo%2c+CB%22&language=ITALIANO

http://serials.unibo.it/cgi-ser/start/it/spogli/ds-s.tcl?authors=%22+Correia%2c+RRB%22&language=ITALIANO

http://serials.unibo.it/cgi-ser/start/it/spogli/ds-s.tcl?authors=%22+de+Azevedo%2c+WM%22&language=ITALIANO



223

22. Yavuz O., Ram M.K., Aldissi M., Poddar P., Hariharan S., 2005, “Synthesis and the physical properties of MnZn ferrite and NiMnZn ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposites particles, Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol.15, no.7, pp. 810-817.

23. Senthilkumar B., Vijaya Sankar K., Sanjeeviraja C., Kalai Selvan R., 2013, “Synthesis and physic-chemical property evaluation of Pani-NiFe2O4 nanocomposite as electrodes for supercapacitors”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol.553, pp.350-357.

24. Kondawar S.B., Despande M.D., Agrawal S.P., 2012, “Transport properties of conductive polyaniline nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes”, International Journal of Composite Materials, vol.2, no.3, pp. 32-36.

25. Moon Y.B., Cao Y., Smith P., Heeger A.J., 1989, “X-ray scattering from crystalline polyaniline”, Polymer Communications, vol.30, no.7, pp. 196-199.

26. Elsayed A.H., Mohy Eldin M.S., Elsyed A.M., Abo Elazm A.H., Younes E.M., Motaweh H.A., 2011,“Synthesis and Properties of Polyaniline/ferrites Nanocomposites”, Int.J. Electrochem. Sci., vol.6, pp.206-221.

27. Ramesh Patil, Aashish R Roy, Koppalkar R Anil kumar, Jadhav K M, Srikant Ekheliker, 2012, “ Dielectric relaxation and ac conductivity of polyaniline-zinc ferrite composite”, Composites: Part B, vol.43, pp. 3406-3411.

28. Bisquer J., Garcia-Belmonte G., Bueno P., Longo E., Bulhoes L.O.S., 1998, “Impedance of constant phase element (CPE)-blocked diffusion in film electrodes”, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 452, pp. 350-357.

***

Synthesis, Characterization and Transport Properties of...

Documents

Transcript of Synthesis, Characterization and Transport Properties of...