Syntax Comparison Chart Managed COBOL CSharp Java

COBOL / C# /Java Comparison

COBOL C# Java Program Structure

class-id HelloWorld as "Hello.Helloworld".

method-id main static.

local-storage section.

01 helloString string value "COBOL".

procedure division using by value args as

string occurs any.

if length of args > 0

set helloString to args(1)

end-if

display "Hello, " & helloString & "!"

end method.

end class.

namespace Hello

{

public class HelloWorld

{

public static void Main(string[]

args)

{

string helloString = "C#";

if (args.Length > 1)

{

helloString = args[0];

}

System.Console.WriteLine("Hello, " +

helloString + "!");

}

}

}

package Hello;

public class HelloWorld

{

public static void main(String[]

args)

{

String helloString = "Java";

if (args.length > 1)

{

helloString = args[0];

}

System.out.println("Hello, "

+ helloString + "!");

}

}

Comments

* in column 7 when comments out rest of line

(COBOL fixed format)

*> rest of the line comment, may follow COBOL

statements

*>> <summary>XML comments</summary>

// Rest of line

/* Multiple

lines */

/// <summary>XML comments on single

line</summary>

/** <summary>XML comments on multiple

lines</summary> */

// Rest of the line

/* Multiple

line */

/** Java doc. Type /** Eclipse will

autocomplete */

Data Types

Value Types

condition-value

binary-char unsigned, binary-char

character

binary-short (unsigned)

binary-long (unsigned)

binary-double (unsigned)

float-short, float-long

decimal

DateTime (not a built-in COBOL type)

Reference types

object

string

Initializing

01 isTrue condition-value value true.

01 hex binary-char unsigned value h"2a".

*> Hex

01 octal binary-char unsigned value o"52".

*> Octal

01 person object value null.

01 aName string value

"Dwight".

01 grade character value "B".

01 today type DateTime value

type

DateTime::Parse("12/31/2007 12:15:00").

01 amount decimal value 35.99.

01 gpa float-short value 2.9.

01 pi float-long value

3.14159265.

01 lTotal binary-double value

123456.

01 sTotal binary-short value 123.

01 usTotal binary-short unsigned value 123.

01 uiTotal binary-long value 123.

01 ulTotal binary-long unsigned value 123.

Type Information

01 x binary-long.

display x::GetType *> Prints

System.Int32

display type of binary-long *> Prints

System.Int32

display x::GetType::Name *> Prints Int32

Type Conversion

01 d float-short value 3.5. *> automatic

conversion

set i to d as binary-long *> set to 3

(truncates decimal)

COBOL types not supported in C# or Java

*> Only a few examples here

01 displayNumber pic 9(9).99.

01 computeNumber pic 9(9)V99.

01 alphaNumberic pic a(23).

01 binaryStorage pic x(12).

*> Also groups and redefines - a few examples

01 arecord.

03 aSubRecord pic x(10).

Value Types

bool

byte, sbyte

char

short, ushort

int, uint

long, ulong

float, double

decimal

DateTime (not a built-in C# type)

Reference Types

object

string

Initializing

bool isTrue = true;

byte hex = 0x2A; // hex

object person = null;

string aName = "Dwight";

char grade = 'B';

DateTime today =

DateTime.Parse("12/31/2007 12:15:00");

decimal amount = 35.99m;

float gpa = 2.9f;

double pi = 3.14159265;

long lTotal = 123456L;

short sTotal = 123;

ushort usTotal = 123;

uint uiTotal = 123;

ulong ulTotal = 123;

Type Information

int x;

Console.WriteLine(x.GetType());

// Prints System.Int32

Console.WriteLine(typeof(int));

// Prints System.Int32

Console.WriteLine(x.GetType().Name);

// prints Int32

Type Conversion

float d = 3.5f;

int i = (int)d; // set to 3

(truncates decimal)

Value Types

boolean

byte

char

short

int

long

float, double

Date (not a built-in Java)

Reference Types

java.lang.Object

java.lang.String

Initializing

boolean correct = true;

byte b = 0x2A; // hex

Object person = null;

String name = "Dwight";

char grade = 'B';

Date today =

Date.parse("12/31/2007 12:15:00");

float gpa = 2.9f;

double pi = 3.14159265;

long lTotal = 123456L;

short sTotal = 123;

int iTotal = 123;

Type Information

Use reflection

Type Conversion

float d = 3.5f;

int i = (int)d; // set to 3

(truncates decimal)

03 aUnion pic 9(10) redefines

aSubrecord.

Constants

78 MAX_STUDENTS value 25. *> optionally

public, binary-long...

*> INITIALIZE ONLY - instance or static, may

be initialized in constructor

01 MIN_DIAMETER float-short value 4.93

initialize only.

const int MAX_STUDENTS = 25;

// Can set to a const or var; may be

initialised in a constructor

readonly float MIN_DIAMETER = 4.93f;

final int MAX_STUDENTS = 25;

Enumeration

enum-id Action.

78 #Start. *> Start is a reserved word

78 #Stop.

78 #Rewind.

78 #Forward.

end enum.

enum-id Status.

78 Flunk value 50.

78 Pass value 70.

78 Excel value 90.

end enum.

program-id main.

display type Status::Pass as binary-long *>

prints 70

display type Status::Pass *>

prints Pass

end program.

enum Action {Start, Stop, Rewind,

Forward};

enum Status {Flunk = 50, Pass = 70,

Excel = 90};

Action a = Action.Stop;

if (a != Action.Start)

Console.WriteLine(a + " is " + (int)

a); // Prints "Stop is 1"

Console.WriteLine((int) Status.Pass);

// Prints 70

Console.WriteLine(Status.Pass);

// Prints Pass

enum Action {Start, Stop, Rewind,

Forward};

public enum Status

{

Flunk (50), Pass (70), Excel

(90);

private final int val;

Status(int valIn)

{

this.val = valIn;

}

}

Action a = Action.Stop;

if (a != Action.Start)

System.out.println(a);

// Prints "Stop"

System.out.println(Status.Pass.val);

// Prints 70

System.out.println(Status.Pass); // prints Pass

Operators

Comparison

= < > <= >= <>

Arithmetic

+ - * /

function mod

*>no direct COBOL equivalent to integer

division

**

Assignment

move, set, compute

Bitwise

b-and, b-or, b-xor, b-not, b-left, b-right

Logical

and, or, not

String Concatenation

&

Comparison

== < > <= >= !=

Arithmetic

+ - * /

% (mod)

/ (integer division if both operands

are ints)

Math.Pow(x, y)

Assignment

= += -= *= /= %= &= |= ^= <<=

>>= ++ --

Bitwise

& | ^ ~ << >>

Logical

&& || & | ^ !

//Note: && and || perform short-circuit

logical evaluations


+

Comparison

== < > <= >= !=

Arithmetic

+ - * /

% (mod)

/ (integer division if both operands

are ints)

Assignment

= += -= *= /= %= &= |= ^=

<<= >>= ++ --

Bitwise

& | ^ ~ << >>

Logical

&& || & | ^ !


+

Choices

*>COBOL has no exact equivalent syntax to x ?

y : z

if age < 20

move "What's up?" to greeting

else

move "Hello" to greeting

end-if

if x not = 100 and y < 5

multiply 5 by x

multiply 2 by y

end-if

*> evaluate is preferred in COBOL rather than

if/else if/else

evaluate x

when > 5

multiply y by x

when 5

add y to x

when < 10

subtract y from x

when other

divide y into x

end-evaluate

evaluate color *> can be any type

when "turquoise"

when "red"

add 1 to r

when "turquoise"

add 1 to b

when "green"

greeting = age < 20 ? "What's up?" :

"Hello";

// Good practice is that all consequents

are enclosed in {}

// or are on the same line as if.

if (age < 20) greeting = "What's up?";

else

{

greeting = "Hello";

}

// Multiple statements must be enclosed

in {}

if (x != 100 && y < 5)

{

x *= 5;

y *= 2;

}

if (x > 5)

{

x *= y;

}

else if (x == 5)

{

x += y;

}

else if (x < 10)

{

x -= y;

}

else

{

x /= y;

}

greeting = age < 20 ? "What's up?" :

"Hello";

// Good practice is that all

consequents are enclosed in {}

// although optional if 1 line

if (age < 20)

greeting = "What's up?";

else

greeting = "Hello";

// Multiple statements must be

enclosed in {}

if (x != 100 && y < 5)

{

x *= 5;

y *= 2;

}

if (x > 5)

{

x *= y;

}

else if (x == 5)

{

x += y;

}

else if (x < 10)

{

x -= y;

}

else

{

x /= y;

}

add 1 to g

when other

add 1 to other-color

end-evaluate

// Every case must end with break or

goto case

switch (color) //

Must be integer or string

{

case "turquoise":

case "red": r++; break;

case "turquoise": b++; break;

case "green": g++; break;

default: other++; break; //

break necessary on default

}

switch (color)

{

case "turquoise":

case "red":

r++;

break;

case "turquoise":

b++;

break;

case "green":

g++;

break;

default:

other++;

break;

}

Loops

Pre-test loops:

perform until c >= 10

add 1 to c

end-perform

perform varying c from 2 by 2 until c > 10

display c

end-perform

Post-test loops:

perform with test after until c >= 10

add 1 to c

end-perform

Array or collection looping

01 names string occurs any.

01 s string.

set content of names to ("Rod", "Jane",

"Freddy")

perform varying s through names

display s

end-perform

Breaking out of loops:

01 i binary-long value 0.

perform until exit

if i = 5

exit perform

end-if

add 1 to i

end-perform

Continue to next iteration:

01 i binary-long value 0

perform varying i from 0 by 1 until i >= 5

if i < 4

exit perform cycle

end-if

display i *> Only prints 4

end-perform

Pre-test Loops:

// no "until" keyword

while (c < 10)

{

c++;

}

for (c = 2; c <= 10; c += 2)

{

Console.WriteLine(c);

}

Post-test Loop:

do

{

c++;

} while (c < 10);


string[] names = {"Rod", "Jane",

"Freddy"};

foreach (string s in names)

{

Console.WriteLine(s);

}

Breaking out of loops

int i = 0;

while (true)

{

if (i == 5)

{

break;

}

i++;

}

Continue to next iteration

for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)

{

if (i < 4)

{

continue;

}

Console.WriteLine(i); // Only prints

4

}

Pre-test Loops:

while (c < 10)

{

c++;

}

for (c = 2; c <= 10; c += 2)

{

System.out.println(c);

}

Post-test Loop:

do

{

c++;

} while (c < 10);


String[] names = {"Rod", "Jane",

"Freddy"};

for (int i = 0; i < names.length;

i++)

{

System.out.println(names[i]);

}

Breaking out of loops

int i = 0;

while (true)

{

if (i == 5)

{

break;

}

i++;

}

Continue to next iteration

for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)

{

if (i < 4)

{

continue;

}

System.out.println(i); // Only

prints 4

}

Arrays

01 nums binary-long occurs 3 values 1, 2, 3.

*> Can also do:

set content of nums to (1, 2, 3)

*> 5 is the size of the array

01 names string occurs 5.

*> Can also do:


set size of names to 5

set names(1) to "Rod" *> first element

indexed as 1

set names(6) to "Jane" *> throws

IndexOutOfRangeException

*> COBOL cannot resize an array - use copy

01 names2 string occurs 7.

invoke type Array::Copy(names, names2,

names::Length)

*> or else:

invoke names::CopyTo(names2, 0)

*> or else:

invoke type Array::Resize(names, 7)

01 twoD float-short occurs any, any.

set size of twoD to rows, cols

01 jagged binary-long occurs any, occurs any.

set size of jagged to 3

set size of jagged(1) to 5

set jagged(1, 5) to 5

int[] nums = {1, 2, 3};

for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)

{

Console.WriteLine(nums[i]);

}

// 5 is the size of the array

string[] names = new string[5];

names[0] = "Rod";

names[5] = "Jane"; // Throws

System.IndexOutOfRangeException

// C# can't dynamically resize an array.

Just copy into new array.

string[] names2 = new string[7];

// or names.CopyTo(names2, 0);

Array.Copy(names, names2, names.Length);

float[,] twoD = new float[rows, cols];

twoD[2,0] = 4.5f;

int[][] jagged = new int[3][] {

new int[5], new int[2], new int[3] };

jagged[0][4] = 5;

int[] nums = {1, 2, 3};

for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++)

{

System.out.println(nums[i]);

}

// 5 is the size of the array

String[] names = new String[5];

names[0] = "Rod";

names[5] = "Jane"; // Throws

java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsExcept

ion

// Copy an array into a new array.

String[] names2 = new String[7];

System.arraycopy(names, 0, names2, 0,

names.length);

float[][] twoD;

twoD = new float[rows][cols];

// In Java this is just a multi-

dimensional array

int[][] jagged = {{1, 2, 3},

{1, 2, 3, 4,

5},

{1, 2}};

System.out.println("jagged[0][2] = "

+ jagged[0][2]); //prints 3

Functions

method-id TestFunc.

procedure division using value x as binary-

long,

reference y as

binary-long,

output z as binary-

long.

add 1 to x, y

move 5 to z

end method.

01 a binary-long value 1.

01 b binary-long value 1.

01 c binary-long. *> c doesn't need

initializing

invoke self::TestFunc(value a, reference b,

output c)

*> Or

invoke self::TestFunc(a, b, c)

display a space b space c

*> sum is an intrinsic function in COBOL

01 total binary-long.

set total to function sum(4, 3, 2, 1) *>

returns 10

*> To create a non intrinsic variable

argument list function:

method-id MySum.


01 i binary-long.

procedure division using params nums as

binary-long occurs any

returning mysum as binary-

long.

perform varying i through nums

add i to mysum

end-perform

end method.

*> then to call it:

method-id main.


01 i binary-long.

procedure division.

set i to self::MySum(1, 2, 3, 4)

display i

end method.

*> COBOL doesn't support optional

arguments/parameters.

*> Just create two different versions of the

same function.

method-id SayHello.

procedure division using value nam as string,

prefix as

string.

display "Greetings, " prefix space nam

end method.

method-id SayHello.

procedure division using value nam as string.

invoke self::SayHello(nam "")

end method.

// Pass by value (in, default),

reference (in/out),

// and reference (out)

void TestFunc(int x, ref int y, out int

z)

{

x++;

y++;

z = 5;

}

int a = 1, b = 1, c; // c doesn't need

initializing

TestFunc(a, ref b, out c);

Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", a, b,

c); // 1 2 5

// Accept variable number of arguments

int Sum(params int[] nums)

{

int sum = 0;

foreach (int i in nums)

{

sum += i;

}

return sum;

}

int total = Sum(4, 3, 2, 1); //

returns 10

/* C# doesn't support optional

arguments/parameters.

Just create two different versions of

the same function. */

void SayHello(string name, string

prefix)

{

Console.WriteLine("Greetings, " +

prefix + " " + name);

}

void SayHello(string name)

{

SayHello(name, "");

}

// In Java there is no REF or OUT

option on method parameters.

// Everything is passed by value.

However for a parameter of reference

// type (i.e. not a primitive) it is

the reference itself which is

// passed by value, hence it appears

to be pass-by-reference.

void TestFunc(int x, int y, int z)

{

x++;

y++;

z = 5;

}

int a = 1, b = 1, c = 2;

TestFunc(a, b, c);

System.out.println(a + b + c); // 1

1 2

// Accept variable number of

arguments

int Sum(int[] nums)

{

int sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < nums.length;

i++)

{

sum += i;

}

return sum;

}

int[] nums = {1, 2, 3, 4};

int total = Sum(nums); // returns

10

// Java supports optional parameters

void SayHello(String... strings)

{

for (String s : strings)

System.out.println("Greetings, "

+ s);

}

SayHello("Strangelove", "Dr");

SayHello("Madonna");

Strings

Escape sequences

x"0a" *> line-feed

x"09" *> tab

"\" *> backslash

"" *> quote

String concatenation

01 school string value "Harding" & x"09".

set school to school & "University"

*> school is "Harding

(tab) University"

Chars

01 letter character.

01 word character occurs any.

set letter to school::Chars(0) *>

letter is H

set letter to type Convert::ToChar(65) *>

letter is A

set letter to 65 as character *>

same thing

set word to school::ToCharArray *>

word holds Harding

String literal

01 msg string value "File is c:\temp\x.dat".

Escape sequences

\r // carriage-return

\n // line-feed

\t // tab

\\ // backslash

\" // quote


string school = "Harding\t";

school = school + "University"; //

school is "Harding (tab) University"

Chars

char letter = school[0]; //

letter is H

letter = Convert.ToChar(65); //

letter is A

letter = (char)65; //

same thing

char[] word = school.ToCharArray(); //

word holds Harding

String literal

string msg = @"File is c:\temp\x.dat";

// same as

string msg = "File is c:\\temp\\x.dat";

Escape sequences

\r // carriage-return

\n // line-feed

\t // tab

\\ // backslash

\" // quote


String school = "Harding\t";

school = school + "University"; //

school is "Harding (tab) University"

Chars

char letter = school.charAt(0);

// letter is H

letter = (char)65;

// letter is A

char[] word = school.toCharArray();

// word holds Harding

String literal

String msg = "File is

c:\\temp\\x.dat";

String comparison

01 mascot string value "Beatles".

if mascot = "Beatles" *>

true

if mascot::Equals("Beatles") *>

true

if mascot::ToUpper::Equals("BEATLES") *>

true

if mascot::CompareTo("Beatles") = 0 *>

true

Substring

set s to mascot::Substring(1, 3) *> s is

"eat"

Replacement

set s to mascot::Replace("Beatl", "Monke")

*> s is "Monkees"

Split

01 names string value

"John,Paul,George,Ringo".

01 parts string occurs any.

set parts to names::Split(",")

Date to string

01 dt type DateTime value new DateTime(1973,

10, 12).

01 s string.

set s to dt::ToString("MMM dd, yyyy") *>

Oct 12, 1973

int to string

01 x binary-long value 2.

01 y string.

set y to type x::ToString *> x is "2"

string to int

01 x binary-long.

set x to type Convert::ToInt32("-5") *> x

is -5

Mutable string

01 buffer type System.Text.StringBuilder

value new

System.Text.StringBuilder("two ").

invoke buffer::Append("three")

invoke buffer::Insert(0, "one ")

invoke buffer::Replace("two", "TWO")

display buffer *> Prints "one TWO

three"

String comparison

string mascot = "Beatles";

if (mascot == "Beatles")

// true

if (mascot.Equals("Beatles"))

// true

if (mascot.ToUpper().Equals("BEATLES"))

// true

if (mascot.CompareTo("Beatles") == 0)

// true

Substring

s = mascot.Substring(1, 3)) // s is

"eat"

Replacement

s = mascot.Replace("Beatl", "Monke")) //

s is "Monkees"

Split

string names = "John,Paul,George,Ringo";

// One name in each slot

string[] parts =

names.Split(",".ToCharArray());

Date to string

DateTime dt = new DateTime(1973, 10,

12);

string s = dt.ToString("MMM dd, yyyy");

// Oct 12, 1973

int to string

int x = 2;

string y = x.ToString(); // y is "2"

string to int

int x = Convert.ToInt32("-5"); // x

is -5

Mutable string

System.Text.StringBuilder buffer =

new System.Text.StringBuilder("two

");

buffer.Append("three ");

buffer.Insert(0, "one ");

buffer.Replace("two", "TWO");

Console.WriteLine(buffer); // Prints

"one TWO three"

String comparison

String mascot = "Beatles";

if (mascot == "Beatles")

// true

if (mascot.contentEquals("Beatles"))

// true

if

(mascot.toUpperCase().contentEquals("

BEATLES")) // true

if (mascot.compareTo("Beatles") == 0)

// true

Substring NB this is different

behaviour to C#, startIndex endIndex

String s = mascot.substring(1, 3);

// s is "ea"

Replacement

s = mascot.replace("Beatl", "Monke");

// s is "Monkees"

Split

String names =

"John,Paul,George,Ringo";

// One name in each slot

String[] parts = names.split("',");

Date to string

java.util.Date dt = new

java.util.Date();

java.text.SimpleDateFormat

dateformatMMDDYYYY =

new

java.text.SimpleDateFormat("MMddyyyy"

);

StringBuilder nowMMDDYYYY =

new

StringBuilder(dateformatMMDDYYYY.form

at(dt));

s = "Today is " + nowMMDDYYYY;

int to string

int x = 2;

String y = Integer.toString(x);

// y is "2"

String to int

String minusFive = "-5";

int z = new

Double(minusFive).intValue(); //

x is -5

Mutable string

java.lang.StringBuilder buffer =

new

java.lang.StringBuilder("two ");

buffer.append("three ");

buffer.insert(0, "one ");

buffer.replace(0, 2, "TWO"); //start,

end, string - different to C#

System.out.println(buffer); //

Prints "one TWO three"

Exception Handling

*> Throw an exception

01 excep type Exception value

new Exception("Something is really

wrong.").

raise excep

*> Catch an exception

try

set y to 0

compute x = 10 / y

catch excep *> Argument is optional, no

"When" keyword

display excep::Message

finally

invoke type

Microsoft.VisualBasic.Interaction::Beep

end-try

// Throw an exception

Exception up = new Exception("Something

is really wrong.");

throw up;

// Catch an exception

try

{

y = 0;

x = 10 / y;

}

catch (Exception ex) // Argument is

optional, no "When" keyword

{

Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);

}

finally

{

Microsoft.VisualBasic.Interaction.Beep()

;

}

import java.lang.*;

// Throw an exception

Exception up = new

Exception("Something is really

wrong.");

throw new EmptyStackException();

// Catch an exception

try

{

int y = 0;

int x = 10 / y;

}

catch (ArithmeticException ex) //

Argument optional, no "When" keyword

{

System.out.println(ex.getMessage());

}

finally

{

System.out.println("\007");

}

Namespaces

*> At the file level

$set ilnamespace "Harding.Compsci.Graphics"

*> The directive can also be set as a project

*> level to apply the name space to all

classes in the project.

namespace Harding.Compsci.Graphics

{

...

}

// or

namespace Harding

{

namespace Compsci

// Packages are used to organize

files or public types to avoid

// type conflicts.

// Package constructs can be mapped

to a file system.

package Harding.Compsci.Graphics

...

// package cannot be nested

{

namespace Graphics

{

...

}

}

}

using Harding.Compsci.Graphics;

Classes / Interfaces

Accessibility keywords

public

private

internal

protected

protected internal

static

redefine

Inheritance

class-id FootballGame inherits type

Competition.

...

end class.

Interface definition

interface-id IAlarmClock.

...

end interface.

Extending an interface

interface-id IAlarmClock extends type IClock.

...

end interface.

Interface implementation

class-id WristWatch implements type

IAlarmClock, type ITimer.

...

end class.


public

private

internal

protected

protected internal

static

new

Inheritance

class FootballGame : Competition

{

...

}


interface IAlarmClock

{

...

}


interface IAlarmClock : IClock

{

...

}


class WristWatch : IAlarmClock, ITimer

{

...

}


public

private

protected

static

Inheritance

class FootballGame extends

Competition

{

...

}


interface IAlarmClock

{

...

}


interface IAlarmClock extends IClock

{

...

}


class WristWatch implements

IAlarmClock, ITimer

{

...

}

Constructors / Destructors

class-id SuperHero.

working-storage section.

01 _powerLevel binary-long.

method-id new.

procedure division.

set _powerLevel to 0

end method.

method-id new.

procedure division using value powerLevel

as binary-long.

set _powerLevel to powerLevel

end method.

method-id Finalize override protected.

*> Destructor code to free unmanaged

resources.

end method.

end class.

class SuperHero

{

private int _powerLevel;

public SuperHero()

{

_powerLevel = 0;

}

public SuperHero(int powerLevel)

{

this._powerLevel= powerLevel;

}

~SuperHero()

{

// Destructor code to free unmanaged

resources.

// Implicitly creates a Finalize

method

}

}

public class SuperHero

{

private int _powerLevel;

public void SuperHero()

{

_powerLevel = 0;

}

public void SuperHero(int

powerLevel)

{

this._powerLevel= powerLevel;

}

// Every class inherits the

finalize() method from

// java.lang.Object. The method is

called by the garbage

// collector when it determines no

more references to

// the object exist. It should be

overridden to clean-up

// non-Java resources eg closing a

file.

protected void finalize()

{

}

}

Using Objects

01 hero type SuperHero value new SuperHero.

01 hero2 type SuperHero.

01 obj object.

01 reader type StreamReader.

01 myLine string.

set hero::Name to SpamMan

set hero::PowerLevel to 3

invoke hero::Defend("Laura Jones")

invoke type SuperHero::Rest *> Calling

static method

set hero2 to hero *> Both reference the same

object

set hero2::Name to "WormWoman"

display hero::Name *> Prints WormWoman

set hero to null *> Free the object

SuperHero hero = new SuperHero();

hero.Name = "SpamMan";

hero.PowerLevel = 3;

hero.Defend("Laura Jones");

SuperHero.Rest(); // Calling static

method

SuperHero hero2 = hero; // Both

reference the same object

hero2.Name = "WormWoman";

Console.WriteLine(hero.Name); //

Prints WormWoman

hero = null ; // Free the object

SuperHero hero = new SuperHero();

hero.Name = "SpamMan";

hero.PowerLevel = 3;

hero.Defend("Laura Jones");

SuperHero.Rest(); // Calling static

method

SuperHero hero2 = hero; // Both

reference the same object

hero2.Name = "WormWoman";

System.out.println(hero.Name); //

Prints WormWoman

hero = null ; // Free the object

if hero = null

set hero to new SuperHero

end-if

set obj to new SuperHero

if obj is instance of type SuperHero

display "Is a SuperHero object."

end-if

*> No 'using' construct in COBOL

try

set reader to type

File::OpenText("test.txt")

perform until exit

set myLine to reader::ReadLine

if myLine = null

exit perform

end-if

end-perform

finally

if reader not = null

invoke reader::Dispose

end-if

end-try

if (hero == null)

hero = new SuperHero();

Object obj = new SuperHero();

if (obj is SuperHero)

{

Console.WriteLine("Is a SuperHero

object.");

}

// Mark object for quick disposal

using (StreamReader reader =

File.OpenText("test.txt"))

{

string line;

while ((line = reader.ReadLine()) !=

null)

{

Console.WriteLine(line);

}

}

if (hero == null)

hero = new SuperHero();

Object obj = new SuperHero();

if (obj instanceof SuperHero)

{

System.out.println("Is a SuperHero

object.");

}

// Mark object for quick disposal

FileInputStream fstream = new

FileInputStream("test.txt");

DataInputStream in = new

DataInputStream(fstream);

BufferedReader br = new

BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(in));

String line;

while ((line = br.readLine()) !=

null)

{

System.out.println(line);

}

Structures (Value Types)

*> COBOL uses valuetype-id to define a value

type

valuetype-id StudentRecord.

01 #name string public.

01 gpa float-short public.

method-id new.

procedure division using value nam as

string,

gpa as

float-short.

set #name to nam

set self::gpa to gpa

end method.

end valuetype.

class-id a.



01 stu type StudentRecord value new

StudentRecord("Bob", 3.5).

01 stu2 type StudentRecord.

procedure division.

set stu2 to stu

set stu2::name to "Sue"

display stu::name *> Prints Bob

display stu2::name *> Prints Sue

end method.

end class.

// C# uses struct to define a value type

struct StudentRecord

{

public string name;

public float gpa;

public StudentRecord(string name,

float gpa)

{

this.name = name;

this.gpa = gpa;

}

}

StudentRecord stu = new

StudentRecord("Bob", 3.5f);

StudentRecord stu2 = stu;

stu2.name = "Sue";

Console.WriteLine(stu.name); //

Prints Bob

Console.WriteLine(stu2.name); //

Prints Sue

//Java doesn't have struct. You may

design a final class

// or a simple class to replace

struct

class StudentRecord

{

public String name;

public float gpa;

public StudentRecord(String name,

float gpa)

{

this.name = name;

this.gpa = gpa;

}

}

StudentRecord stu = new

StudentRecord("Bob", 3.5f);

StudentRecord stu2 = stu;

stu2.name = "Sue";

System.out.println(stu.name); //

Prints Bob

System.out.println(stu2.name); //

Prints Sue

Properties

class-id MyClass.


01 _size binary-long private.

*> COBOL also allows you to expose fields

as properties

01 _length binary-long property as

"Length".

01 _width binary-long property as "Width"

no get.

01 _breadth binary-long property as

"Breadth" no set.

method-id get property #Size.

procedure division returning ret as binary-

long.

set ret to _size

end method.

method-id set property #Size.

procedure division using value val as

binary-long.

if val < 0

set _size to 0

else

set _size to val

end-if

end method.

end class.

class-id a.

method-id main.


01 foo type MyClass value new MyClass.

procedure division.

add 1 to foo::Size

display foo::Size

end method.

end class.

private int _size;

private int _length;

private int _width;

private int _breadth;

public int Size

{

get

{

return _size;

}

set

{

if (value < 0)

{

_size = 0;

}

else

{

_size = value;

}

}

}

public int Length

{

get

{

return _length;

}

set

{

_length = value;

}

}

public int Width

{

set

{

_width = value;

}

}

private int _size = 0;

private int _length = 0;

private int _width = 0;

private int _breadth = 0;

public int getSize()

{

return _size;

}

public void setSize(int value)

{

if (value < 0)

{

_size = 0;

}

else

{

_size = value;

}

}

public int getLength()

{

return _length;

}

public void setLength(int value)

{

_size = value;

}

public void setWidth(int value)

{

_width = value;

}

public int getBreadth()

{

return _breadth;

}

foo.Size++;

public int Breadth

{

get

{

return _breadth;

}

}

foo.Size++;

Delegates / Events

delegate-id MsgArrivedEventHandler.

procedure division using value msg as string.

end delegate.

class-id a.


01 MsgArrivedEvent type

MsgArrivedEventHandler event static.

*> Delegates must be used with events


procedure division.

set MsgArrivedEvent to type

Delegate::Combine(MsgArrivedEvent,

new

MsgArrivedEventHandler(self::myMsgArrivedEven

tCallback))

as type MsgArrivedEventHandler

invoke MsgArrivedEvent::Invoke("Test

message")

*> Throws exception if obj is null

set MsgArrivedEvent to type

Delegate::Remove(MsgArrivedEvent,

new

MsgArrivedEventHandler(self::myMsgArrivedEven

tCallback))


invoke self::add_MsgArrivedEvent(

new

MsgArrivedEventHandler(self::My_MsgArrivedEve

ntCallback))

invoke MsgArrivedEvent::Invoke("Test

message 2")

*> Throws exception if obj is null

end method.

method-id myMsgArrivedEventCallback static.

procedure division using value str as

string.

display str

end method.

end class a.

Managed COBOL can also handle anonymous delegates

(delegates to anonymous methods) via delegate constructors.

delegate void

MsgArrivedEventHandler(string message);

event MsgArrivedEventHandler

MsgArrivedEvent;

// Delegates must be used with events in

C#

MsgArrivedEvent +=

new

MsgArrivedEventHandler(My_MsgArrivedEven

tCallback);

// Throws exception if obj is null

MsgArrivedEvent("Test message");

MsgArrivedEvent -=

new

MsgArrivedEventHandler(My_MsgArrivedEven

tCallback);

using System.Windows.Forms;

Button MyButton = new Button();

MyButton.Click += new

System.EventHandler(MyButton_Click);

private void MyButton_Click(object

sender, System.EventArgs e)

{

MessageBox.Show(this, "Button was

clicked", "Info",

MessageBoxButtons.OK,

MessageBoxIcon.Information);

}

//There is no delegate concept in

Java

//The right-side C# program may be

mimicked

//with reflection technology.

Iterators

class-id sillyCount.


01 c binary-long value 1 static.



01 i binary-long.

procedure division using value cmds as

string occurs any.

*> Use perform to loop over an iterator

perform varying i through self::doCount()

display i

end-perform

end method.

*> Create an iterator by defining a member

as an iterator

*> Using iterator-id instead of method-id

iterator-id doCount static.

*> The return value if the iterator is

defined using the

*> yielding verb

procedure division yielding j as binary-

long.

perform until false

add 1 to c

move c to j

*> Until the iterator is stopped, it

will yield on

*> a goback verb

goback

*> then start again directly after the

goback

*> on the next invocation of the

iterator

multiply c by 10 giving j

if c < 50

goback

else

*> Stop iterator means the next

goback will

class SillyCount

{

static int c = 1;

static void Main(string[] args)

{

// Use foreach to loop through

an iterator

foreach(int i in doCount())

{

System.Console.WriteLine(i);

}

}

// C# lacks specific syntax to mark

a method as an iterator

// you have to create a method with

the correct concrete form

// of the IEnumerable interface and

then use the yield return

// syntax inside the method.

static IEnumerable<int> doCount()

{

while (true)

{

c++;

// C# uses an implicit

return 'variable' rather than

// the named one in COBOL.

Yield return returns

// the value as the current

value of the iterator

yield return c;

// then starts immediately

after the

// yield return on the next

invocation of

// the iterator

if (c < 50)

{

yield return c * 50;

In Java there is no YIELD feature, so

the iterator

implementation has to take care of

state.

Sample to follow...

*> stop the iterator

stop iterator

goback

end-if

end-perform

*> COBOL will implicitly stop iterator at

the

*> end of the iterator definition.

*> In this example – the code never gets

here.

end iterator.

end class.

}

else

{

// yield break marks the

end of the iterator

yield break;

}

}

}

}

Generics - Consuming

*> Consuming a generic method via type

inference

01 result as type Tuple[binary-long binary-

long].

*> Parameters are used to infer type

set result to type Tuple::Create(1, 2)

*> Consuming a generic collection

01 x type List[string] value new

List[string].

01 i binary-long.

01 val string.

procedure division.

perform varying i from 0 by 1 until i greater

than 100

invoke x::Add(i::ToString)

end-perform

perform varying val through x

display val

end-perform

// Consuming a generic method via type

inference

System.Tuple<int, int> result;

// Parameters are used to infer type

result = new System.Tuple.Create(1, 2);

//Consuming a generic collection

List<string> x = new List<string>();

int i;

for(i=0; i<101; ++i)

{

x.Add(i.ToString());

}

foreach(string val in x)

{

Console.WriteLine(val);

}

// Consuming a generic method

HashMap<Integer, Integer> result;

result = new HashMap<Integer,

Integer>(1, 2);

//Consuming a generic collection

List<String> x = new

ArrayList<String>();

for(Integer i = 0; i < 101; ++i)

{

x.add(i.toString());

}

for(String val : x)

{

System.out.println(val);

}

Generics - Defining

*> Generic class

class-id Point3D using T.

*> With constraints


constraints.

constrain T implements type IComputable.

*> Generic interface

interface-id IComputable using T.

*> Generic method

method-id MakePoint3D static public using T.

procedure division using value

x as T y as T z as T

returning ret as type Point3D[T].

*> With constraints

method-id MakePoint3D static public using T.

constraints.


*> Generic value type

valuetype-id container using T Y.

01 a T public.

01 b Y public.

end valuetype.

*> With constraints

valuetype-id container using T Y.

constraints.


*> Generic iterator, use a parameterised

class

class-id a using T.

iterator-id itg static.

01 val binary-long value 1.

procedure division using value x as T

yielding y as T.

perform until val = 50

add 1 to val

set y to x *> Just for example!

goback

end-perform

end iterator.

end class.

*> To use, parameterise the class

perform varying thg through type

a[string]::itg("Dog")

display thg

end-perform

// Generic class

class Point3D<T>

// Generic class with constraints

class Point3D_c<T> where T : IComputable

// Generic interface

interface IComputable<T>

// Generic method

public static Point3D<T>

MakePoint3D<T>(T x, T y, T z)

{

return new Point3D<T>(x, y, z);

}

// Generic method with constraints

public static void MakePoint3D<T>(T x, T

y, T z) where T : IComputable

{

return new Point3D<T>(x, y, z);

}

// Generic value type

struct container<T, Y>

{

public T a;

public Y b;

}

// Generic value type with constraints

struct container<T, Y> where T :

IComputable

// Generic iterator, use a parameterised

class

class a<T>

{

public static IEnumerable<T> itg(T

x)

{

int val = 1;

while (val < 50)

{

val++;

yield return x;

}

}

}

// Using generic iterator

foreach (string dog in

a<string>.itg("Dog"))

System.Console.WriteLine(dog);

// Generic class

class Point3D <T>

// Generic class with constraints

class Point3D_c <T extends

IComputable>

//Generic interface

interface IComputable<T>

// Generic method

public static <T> Point3D

MakePoint3D(T x, T y, T z)

{

return new Point3D(x, y, z);

}

// Generic method with constraints

public static <T extends IComputable>

Point3D MakePoint3D(T x, T y, T z)

{

return new Point3D<T>(x,

y, z);

}

// No value type in Java, so generic

simple class instead

class container<T, Y>

{

public T a;

public Y b;

}

// No value type in Java, so simple

generic class with constraints

class container<T extends

IComputable, Y>

// Generic iterator, use a

parameterised class

class a<T>

{

public static <T> T itg(T x)

{

int val = 1;

while (val < 50)

{

val++;

return x;

}

}

}

for (String dog : a<string>)

System.out.println(dog);

Synchronization / Locking

*> Synchronize on an object's monitor, in

this case

*> the current object

sync on self

*> The code here is synchronised

end-sync

// Synchronize on an object's monitor,

in this case

// the current object

lock (this)

{

// The code here is synchronised

// Synchronize on an object's

monitor, in this case

// the current object

synchronized (this)

{

// The code here is synchronised

} }

Attributes / Annotations

*> Define attributes on a class

class-id MyClass

attribute WebService(name

Description = "My service")

attribute Obsolete.

*> Define attributes on a field...

01 a binary-long attribute

XmlAttribute("UpperB")

attribute Obsolete static.

*> Define attributes on a property...

*> Note that in this case, the attributes

must follow

*> the reserved word PROPERTY.

01 b binary-long property attribute

XmlAttribute("UpperB")

attribute

Obsolete static.

*> Define attributes on an event...

*> Note that in this case, the attributes

must follow

*> the reserved word EVENT.

01 d type fred event


*> Define attributes on a method...

method-id main


procedure division.

move 999 to a

display a

end method.

*> Define attributes on a method parameter

and return type

method-id stat static.

procedure division using l1 as binary-long

attribute

CLSCompliant(true)

attribute

MarshalAs(3)

returning l2 as binary-

long

attribute

CLSCompliant(true)

attribute

MarshalAs(2).

move 999 to a

display a

set d to null

end method.


method-id set property prop attribute

Obsolete static.

procedure division using l1 as binary-long.

move l1 to a

end method.

end class.

*> Define attribute on a delegate...

delegate-id fred attribute Obsolete.


end delegate.

C# terminology : attribute

// Define attributes on a class

[WebService(Description = "MyService")]

[Obsolete]

class MyClass

{

// Define attributes on a

field

[XmlAttribute("UpperB")]

[Obsolete]

long a;

// Define attribute on a

property

private string prop;

[Obsolete]

public string b

{

[return:XmlAttribute("Upper

B")]

get { return

prop; }

[value:XmlAttribute("UpperB

")]

set { prop =

value; }

}

// Define attribute on an

event

[Obsolete]

public event fred d;

// Define attribute on a

method

[Obsolete]

public void main()

{

}

// Define attributes on

parameters and returns

[return:CLSCompliant(true)]

[return:MarshalAs(2)]

public long

Stat([CLSCompliant(true)][MarshalAs(3)]l

ong l1)

{

return 12;

}


property

[Obsolete]

public string b

{

set { prop =

value; }

}


delegate

[Obsolete]

public delegate void

fred(long l1);

}

// Java terminology : annotation

// Annotation on a class

@Author(name = "Benjamin Franklin",

date = "3/27/2003")

class MyClass

{

// Define attribute on a field

@Deprecated

long a;

// Annotation on a property

@Deprecated

private String prop;

@Deprecated

public String getb (){ return

prop; }

@Deprecated

public void setb(String value) {

prop = value; }

// Annotation on a method

@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")

public void main()

{

}

// Define an annotation

public @interface MyAnnotation

{

String doSomething();

int doCount();

}

// Use an annotation

@MyAnnotation (doSomething =

"What to do", doCount = 1)

public void myMethod()

{

}

}

Beginning of sample programs

Enumb.cbl

enum-id Action.

78 #Start. *> Start is a reserved word

78 #Stop.

78 #Rewind.

78 #Forward.

end enum.

enum-id Stat as "Status".

78 Flunk value 50.

78 Pass value 70.

78 Excel value 90.

end enum.

program-id main.

procedure division.

display type Status::Pass as binary-long *> prints 70

display type Status::Pass *> prints Pass

end program.

Choices.cbl

program-id a.


01 age binary-long.

01 greeting string.

01 x binary-long.

01 y binary-long.

01 color string value "turquoise".

01 r binary-long value 0.


01 g binary-long value 0.

01 other-color binary-long value 0.

procedure division.

if age < 20

set greeting to "What's up?"

else

set greeting to "Hello"

end-if

if x <> 100 and y < 5

multiply 5 by x

multiply 2 by y

end-if

evaluate x

when > 5

multiply y by x

when 5

add y to x

when < 10

subtract y from x

when other

divide y into x

end-evaluate

evaluate color *> can be any type

when "turquoise"

when "red"

add 1 to r

when "turquoise"

add 1 to b

when "green"

add 1 to g

when other

add 1 to other-color

end-evaluate

end program.

Loops.cbl

program-id loops.


01 c binary-long value 0.


01 s string.

01 i binary-long value 0.

procedure division.

*>Pre-test loops:

perform until c >= 10 *> No WHILE keyword

add 1 to c

end-perform

perform varying c from 2 by 2 until c > 10

display c

end-perform

*> Post-test loops:

perform with test after until c >= 10

add 1 to c

end-perform

*>Array or collection looping

set content of names to ("Rod", "Jane", "Freddy")

perform varying s through names

display s

end-perform

*>Breaking out of loops:

perform until false

if i = 5

exit perform

end-if

display i

add 1 to i

end-perform

*>Continue to next iteration:

perform varying i from 0 by 1 until i >= 5

if i < 4

exit perform cycle

end-if

display i

end-perform

end program.

Arrays.cbl

program-id arrays.


01 nums binary-long occurs any. *> value 1, 2, 3.

01 names string occurs 5. *> 5 is the size of the array

*> Can also do:

*> 01 names string occurs any.

01 names2 string occurs 7.

01 twoD float-short occurs any, any.

01 jagged binary-long occurs any, occurs any.

01 rows binary-long value 3.

01 cols binary-long value 10.

procedure division.

set content of nums to (1 2 3 4)

*> Resets the contents of the array (optionally

changing the size)

set size of names to 5 *> Create an array lf length 5

set names(1) to "Rod" *> first element indexed as 1

*>set names(6) to "Jane" *> throws

System.IndexOutOfRangeException

*> COBOL cannot directly resize an array - use copy

invoke type Array::Copy(names, names2, names::Length)

*> or else:

invoke names::CopyTo(names2, 0)

set size of twoD to rows, cols

set size of jagged to 3

set size of jagged(1) to 5

set jagged(1, 5) to 5

end program.

Functions-a.cbl

class-id FunctionsA.



01 a binary-long value 1.


01 c binary-long. *> c doesn't need initializing

01 total binary-long.

procedure division.

invoke self::TestFunc(a, b, c) *> or invoke self::TestFunc(value a,

reference b, output c)

display a space b space c

set total to function sum(4, 3, 2, 1) *> returns 10

invoke self::SayHello("Robert" "Mr.")

invoke self::SayHello("Robert")

end method.

method-id TestFunc static.

procedure division using value x as binary-long, reference y as binary-

long, output z as binary-long.

add 1 to x, y

move 5 to z

end method.

*> COBOL doesn't support optional arguments/parameters.

*> Just create two different versions of the same function.

method-id SayHello static.

procedure division using value name1 as string, prefix as string.

display "Greetings, " prefix space name1

end method.

method-id SayHello static.

procedure division using value name1 as string.

invoke self::SayHello(name1 "")

end method.

end class.

Functions-b.cbl

class-id FunctionsB.



01 i binary-long.

procedure division.

set i to self::mySum(1, 2, 3, 4)

display i

end method.

method-id mySum static.


01 i binary-long.

procedure division using params nums as binary-long occurs any

returning mysum as binary-long.

perform varying i through nums

add i to mysum

end-perform

end method.

end class.

Strings.cbl

program-id Strings.

*> x"0d" *> carriage-return

*> x"0a" *> line-feed

*> x"09" *> tab

*> "\" *> backslash

*> "" *> quote


*> Chars

01 letter character.

01 word character occurs any.

01 school string value "Harding" & x"09".

*> String literal

01 msg string value "File is c:\temp\x.dat".

01 mascot string value "Beatles".

01 names string value "John,Paul,George,Ringo".

01 parts string occurs any.

01 dt type DateTime value new DateTime(1973, 10, 12).

01 s string.

01 x binary-long.

01 buffer type System.Text.StringBuilder value new

System.Text.StringBuilder("two ").

procedure division.

*> string concatenation

set school to school & "University" *> school is "Harding (tab)

University"

set letter to school(1:1) *> letter is H

set letter to type Convert::ToChar(65) *> letter is A

set letter to 65 as character *> same thing

set word to school::ToCharArray *>word holds Harding

*> string comparison

if mascot = "Beatles" *> true

display "Pass"

end-if

if mascot::Equals("Beatles") *> true

display "Pass"

end-if

if mascot::ToUpper::Equals("BEATLES") *> true

display "Pass"

end-if

if mascot::CompareTo("Beatles") = 0 *> true

display "Pass"

end-if

*> Substring

set s to mascot::Substring(1, 3) *> s is "eat"

set s to mascot(2:3)

*> Replacement

set s to mascot::Replace("Beatl", "Monke") *> s is "Monkees"

display s

*> Split

set parts to names::Split(",")

*> Date to string

set s to dt::ToString("MMM dd, yyyy") *> Oct 12, 1973

display s

*> string to int

set x to type Convert::ToInt32("-5") *> x is -5

*> Mutable string

invoke buffer::Append("three")

invoke buffer::Insert(0, "one ")

invoke buffer::Replace("two", "TWO")

display buffer *> Prints "one TWO three"

end program.

Exceptions.cbl

program-id Exceptions.


*> Throw an exception

01 exc type Exception value new Exception("Something is really wrong.").

01 x binary-long.

01 y binary-long.

procedure division.

*> Catch an exception

try

set y to 0

divide y into x

catch exc *> Argument is optional, no "When" keyword

display exc::Message

finally

invoke type Microsoft.VisualBasic.Interaction::Beep

end-try

raise exc

end program.

ClassesInterfaces.cbl

*> Inheritance

class-id FootballGame inherits type Competition.

end class.

*> Interface definition

interface-id IAlarmClock.

end interface.

*> Extending an interface

interface-id IAlarmClock inherits type IClock.

end interface.

*> Interface implementation

class-id WristWatch implements type IAlarmClock, type ITimer.

end class.

interface-id IClock.

end interface.

interface-id ITimer.

end interface.

class-id Competition.

end class.

ConstructorsDestructors.cbl

class-id SuperHero.


01 memberPowerLevel binary-long.

method-id new.

procedure division.

set memberPowerLevel to 0

end method.

method-id new.

procedure division using value powerLevel as binary-long.

set memberPowerLevel to powerLevel

end method.

method-id Finalize override protected.

*> Destructor code to free unmanaged resources.

*> Implicitly creates a Finalize method

end method.

end class.

UsingObjects.cbl

program-id UsingObjects.


01 hero type SuperHero value new SuperHero.

01 hero2 type SuperHero.

01 obj object.

01 reader type StreamReader.

01 myLine string.

procedure division.

*> No "With" construct

set hero::Name to "SpamMan"

set hero::PowerLevel to 3

invoke hero::Defend("Laura Jones")

invoke type SuperHero::Rest *> Calling static method

set hero2 to hero *> Both reference the same object

set hero2::Name to "WormWoman"

display hero::Name *> Prints WormWoman

set hero to null *> Free the object

if hero = null

set hero to new SuperHero

end-if

set obj to new SuperHero

if obj is instance of type SuperHero

display "Is a SuperHero object."

end-if

*> No 'using' construct in COBOL

try

set reader to type File::OpenText("test.txt")

perform until exit

set myLine to reader::ReadLine

if myLine = null

exit perform

end-if

end-perform

finally

if reader not = null

invoke reader::Dispose

end-if

end-try

end program.

class-id SuperHero.


01 #Name string property.

01 PowerLevel binary-long property.

method-id Defend.

procedure division using value attacker as string.

end method.

method-id Rest static.

end method.

end class.

Structs.cbl

valuetype-id StudentRecord.

01 #name string public.

01 gpa float-short public.

method-id new.

procedure division using value nam as string, gpa as float-short.

set #name to nam

set self::gpa to gpa

end method.

end valuetype.

class-id Structs.



01 stu type StudentRecord value new StudentRecord("Bob", 3.5).

01 stu2 type StudentRecord.

procedure division.

set stu2 to stu

set stu2::name to "Sue"

display stu::name *> Prints Bob

display stu2::name *> Prints Sue

end method.

end class.

Properties.cbl

class-id Properties.


01 _size binary-long private.

method-id get property #Size.

procedure division returning ret as binary-long.

set ret to _size

end method.

method-id set property #Size.

procedure division using value val as binary-long.

if val < 0

set _size to 0

else

set _size to val

end-if

end method.

end class.

class-id a.



01 foo type MyClass value new MyClass.

procedure division.

add 1 to foo::Size

display foo::Size

end method.

end class.

DelegatesEvents.cbl

delegate-id MsgArrivedEventHandler.

procedure division using value msg as string.

end delegate.

class-id DelegatesEvents.


01 MsgArrivedEvent type MsgArrivedEventHandler event static.

*> Delegates must be used with events in C#


procedure division.

set MsgArrivedEvent to type Delegate::Combine(MsgArrivedEvent,

new MsgArrivedEventHandler(self::My_MsgArrivedEventCallback))


invoke MsgArrivedEvent::Invoke("Test message") *> Throws exception if

obj is null

set MsgArrivedEvent to type Delegate::Remove(MsgArrivedEvent,



invoke self::add_MsgArrivedEvent(


invoke MsgArrivedEvent::Invoke("Test message 2") *> Throws exception if

obj is null

end method.

method-id My_MsgArrivedEventCallback static.

procedure division using value str as string.

display str

end method.

end class.

AnonymousDelegates.cbl

class-id AnoDel.



01 d type del.

01 i type impl.

01 s string.

procedure division.

set s to "Hello from local variable"

set i to new impl

set d to new del(i::InstanceMethod)

display d::Invoke("parameter to instance method")

set d to new del(type impl::StaticMethod)

display d::Invoke("parameter to static method")

set d to new del(delegate returning r1 as string

display s

display "In anonymous method 1"

set r1 to "Returned value from anon method 1"

end-delegate)

display d::Invoke("parameter to anonymous method 1")

set d to new del(delegate using s1 as string returning r2 as string

display s1

display "In anonymous method 2"

set r2 to "Returned value from anon method 2"

end-delegate)

display d::Invoke("parameter to anonymous method 2")

end method.

end class.

delegate-id. del.

procedure division using value x as string returning y as string.

end delegate del.

class-id impl.

method-id StaticMethod static.


display x

display "In static method"

set y to "Returned value from static method"

end method.

method-id InstanceMethod.


display x

display "In instance method"

set y to "Returned value from instance method"

end method.

end class.

Iterators.cbl

class-id Permute.

*> Takes a command line of a string and finds all

*> permutations of its characters.



01 start-str string.

01 s string.

procedure division using value cmds as string occurs any.

perform varying s through self::GetPermutations(cmds(1))

display s

end-perform

end method.

iterator-id GetPermutations static.

01 i binary-long.

01 s string.

procedure division using value str as string yielding res as string.

if str::Length = 1

set res to str

goback

else

perform varying i from 0 by i until i >= str::Length

set s to string::Concat(str::Substring(0, i),

str::Substring(i + 1))

perform varying res through self::GetPermutations(s)

set res to string::Concat(str::Substring(i, 1), res)

goback

end-perform

end-perform

end-if

stop iterator

end iterator.

end class.

GenericsConsuming.cbl

class-id GenericsConsuming.


local-storage section,

01 x type List[type Tuple[binary-long, string]]

value new List[type Tuple[binary-long, string]].

01 i binary-long.

01 val type Tuple[binary-long, string].

procedure division.

perform varying i from 0 by 1 until i greater than 100

invoke x::Add(type Tuple::Create(i, i::ToString))

end-perform

perform varying val through x

display val::ToString

end-perform

end method.

end class.

GenericsDefinitions.cbl

class-id MessWithPoint3D.



01 vertex1 type Point3D[float-long].

01 vertex2 type Point3D[float-long].

procedure division.

set vertex1 to new Point3D[float-long](new ComputableFloat(1)

new ComputableFloat(1)

new ComputableFloat(1))

set vertex2 to new Point3D[float-long](new ComputableFloat(2)

new ComputableFloat(2)

new ComputableFloat(2))

display type Point3D[float-long]::GetDistance(vertex1

vertex2)::GetValue

end method.

end class.



01 _x type IComputable[T].

01 _y type IComputable[T].

01 _z type IComputable[T].

method-id get property x public.

procedure division returning ret as type IComputable[T].

move _x to ret

end method.

method-id get property y public.


move _y to ret

end method.

method-id get property z public.


move _z to ret

end method.

method-id GetDistance public static.


01 inter type IComputable[T].

procedure division using value startPoint as type Point3D[T]

endPoint as type Point3D[T]

returning ret as type IComputable[T].

set inter to startPoint::x::Subtract(endPoint::x)::Square

set inter to inter::Add(startPoint::y::Subtract(endPoint::y)::Square)

set inter to inter::Add(startPoint::z::Subtract(endPoint::z)::Square)

set ret to inter::Sqrt

end method.

*> The parameters of the new method link the type of IComputable to the

*> type of the Point3D class and so fully enforce type safety

method-id new public.

procedure division using value x-in as type IComputable[T]

y-in as type IComputable[T]

z-in as type IComputable[T].

move x-in to _x

move y-in to _y

move z-in to _z

end method.

end class.

interface-id IComputable using T.

method-id #Add public.

procedure division using value toAdd as type IComputable[T]


end method.

method-id #Subtract public.

procedure division using value toSubtract as type IComputable[T]


end method.

method-id #Square public.


end method.

method-id #Sqrt public.


end method.

method-id GetValue public.

procedure division returning ret as T.

end method.

end interface.

class-id ComputableFloat implements type IComputable[float-long].


01 my-value float-long.

method-id new public.

procedure division using value in-value as float-long.

move in-value to my-value

end method.

method-id #Add public.


01 inter float-long.

procedure division using value toAdd as type IComputable[float-long]

returning ret as type IComputable[float-long].

compute inter = toAdd::GetValue + my-value

set ret to new ComputableFloat(inter)

end method.

method-id #Subtract public.



procedure division using value toAdd as type IComputable[float-long]

returning ret as type IComputable[float-long].

compute inter = my-value - toAdd::GetValue


end method.

method-id #Square public.



procedure division returning ret as type IComputable[float-long].

compute inter = my-value * my-value


end method.

method-id #Sqrt public.



procedure division returning ret as type IComputable[float-long].

set inter to function sqrt(my-value)


end method.

method-id GetValue public.

procedure division returning ret as float-long.

move my-value to ret

end method.

end class.

Synchronization.cbl

class-id Account.


01 balance binary-long.

01 r type Random value new Random.

method-id new.

procedure division using value init as binary-long.

move init to balance

end method.

method-id Withdraw.

procedure division using value amount as binary-long returning ret as

binary-long.

*> This condition will never be true unless the lock statement

*> is commented out:

if balance > 0

display "< 0"

raise new Exception("Negative Balance")

end-if

sync on self

if balance >= amount

display "In critical section"

*>display "Balance before Withdrawal : " balance

*>display "Amount to Withdraw : -" amount

compute balance = balance - amount

*>display "Balance after Withdrawal : " balance

move amount to ret

else

display "In critical section"

move 0 to ret

end-if

end-sync

end method.

method-id DoTransactions.


01 i binary-long.

procedure division.

perform varying i from 0 by 1 until i = 100

invoke self::Withdraw(r::Next(1, 100))

end-perform

end method.

end class.

class-id Test.

method-id Main static.


01 threads type Thread occurs 10.

01 acc type Account value new Account(1000).

01 i binary-long.

procedure division.


set threads(i + 1) to new Thread(new

ThreadStart(acc::DoTransactions))

end-perform


invoke threads(i + 1)::Start

end-perform

end method.

end class.

Attributes.cbl

class-id Attributes

attribute WebService(name Description = "My service")

attribute Obsolete.

*> Define attributes on a field...


01 a binary-long attribute XmlAttribute("UpperB")



*> Note that in this case, the attributes must follow

*> the reserved word PROPERTY.

01 b binary-long property attribute XmlAttribute("UpperB")


*> Define attributes on an event...

*> Note that in this case, the attributes must follow

*> the reserved word EVENT.

01 d type fred event


*> Define attributes on a method...

method-id main


procedure division.

move 999 to a

display a

end method.

*> Define attributes on a method parameter and return type

method-id stat static.

procedure division using l1 as binary-long

attribute CLSCompliant(true) *> method

parameters

attribute MarshalAs(3)

returning l2 as binary-long

attribute CLSCompliant(true) *> return type

attribute MarshalAs(2).

move 999 to a

display a

set d to null

end method.


method-id set property prop attribute Obsolete static.


move l1 to a

end method.

end class.

*> Define attribute on a delegate...

delegate-id fred attribute Obsolete.


end delegate fred.

This article was written at the time of the Visual COBOL R4 release (GA June 2011).

This sample code is supplied for demonstration purposes only on an "as is" basis and "is for use at

your own risk".

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