SYMBOLISM OF MANDALA IN VISUAL ART FORM BASED ... OF...Hindu deity who resides at the center of the...

SYMBOLISM OF MANDALA IN VISUAL ART FORM BASED ON HINDUISM SPIRITUAL

Jacklin Rose AlP Nathan

Ijazah Sarjana Muda Sem Gunaan dengan Kepujian (Sem Halus)

2018

SYMBOLlSM OF MANDALA IN VISUAL ART FORM BASED ON HINDUISM SPIRITUAL

JACKLrN ROSE NP NATHAN

Pro)ek ini merupakan salah satu keperluan untuk

Ijaah Sa rjana Seni Gunaan dengan Kepujian

(Seni Halus)

Fakulti Seni Gunaan dan Kreati f

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2018

I derlare th a t P rojectThesis is classlfied a s (Please tIck ( )

CONFIDE1TIAL (Contams confide nti al inform a tIOn und e r the Officia l Secret Act 1972)

RESTRICTED (Contams res trIcted Inform a tio n as s pecified by Ihegt orga niza t ion w he re r esea rch was drm(-ji

OPEl ACCESS

Validation of ProjecUThesis

I th erefore duly affirm wIth free conse nt a nd willin gly decla re tha t t hi d p oJPctrrheHb s hal l be placed offi cia lly In the Ce ntre for Academic Information Sen ices with thp a bid lne In terest and n ghts a s follows

T hIS Prol ectfIhes ls IS the sole legal proper ty of U ni ver s lty Malaysia Sa rawa k (UNliLASj T he Ce ntre for Academic InformatIOn Services has th e la wful n ghl tu ma ke copie~

for the purpose of academIc and research only and not fo r othll p urp ose Th e Centre for AcademIc InformatlOn Services has the lawful rI ght to digi ta hse the content for the Local Content Database The Ce ntre for Academic Information Services has the la wful right to ma ke cop Ies of the Pro)ecttrhesls for academic exchange betw een HIgher Learnm g In s titute No dispute or any claim shall arie from the student ItSEmiddotlf neIther third pa rty on ths ProjectiThesls once it becomes the sole property of UNnLA S This ProjectThesis or any matenal data and information rela ted to it s ha ll not be dis tnbuted published or disclosed to any party by the s tudent except w ith UNIIVLAS permlSSlOn

Supervisor signat

Curre nt Address

NO 26 J ALAN 2 TAMAN S I7NGAI JELlX 4000 KAJANG SELA1() OR D ARlJI E HSAN

Notes If the ProjectThes s is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED please attach togethe r

as a nnexurel I Iter fro m the orga nisatIOn with the pe riod a nd reasonS of confide n lJa li ty a nd res trictio n

[T he in s t rume nt is duJy prep a red by The Ce ntr e for Aca de mic Inform ation Ser vices]


Grade ______

PIau lid ( I

fJ Yur Pngt0lt1 Rlt= ~

)las u U Ph) 0

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

This declaration IS made on the I ~~ )Gli

Students Declaration

I I JACKLIN ROSE AlP NATHAN(49717) from IACULT Y OF AP PLIED AND CREATIVE ARTS hereby declare that the work entIt led SYMBOLISM OF MANDALA IN VISUAL ART FORM BASED ON HINDUISM S P IRITUAL is my original work I have not copled from any other students work or from any other soureiS except where due reference or acknowledgement is made expliCItly in th ( text nor has (lIlY part been wntten for me by another person

- Date Su bmI rted

Supervisors Declaration

I DR YAKUP BIN RAFEE hereby certIfIes that the work enUtled SYMBOLISM OF MANDALA IN VISUAL ART FORM BASED ON HINDUISM MANDALA prepared by the above named student and was submltted to the FACULTY as a partia Ufull fulfillment for the conferment of BACHELOR OF APPLIED ARTS WITH HONOURS (FINE ARTS) and the aforementioned work to the best of my knowledge is the said students work

ReceIved f1 examinat ion by

Date 11 ~rl~ (DR YAKDP BIN MOHD

PENGAKUAN

Projek bertajuk SYMBOLISM OF MANDALA IN VISUAL ART FORM BASED ON

HINDUISM SPIRITUAL telah di sediakan oleh JACKLIN ROSE AlP NATHAN dan

telah di serahkan kepad a FalnJlti Seni Gunaan dan Kreatif sebagai memenuhi syarat unru k

Ij azah Sarjana Muda Seni Gunaa n dengan Kepujian (Sen Halus)

Oi erima untuk diperiksa oleh

Tari kh

_--=-gt-flI~~-f gtOI~

PENGESAHAN

Adalah ini diakui bahawa saya JACKLIN ROSE NP NATHAN disel1ai penulisan yang

bel1ajuk SYMBOLISM OF MANDALA IN VISUAL ART FORM BASED ON

HINDUIS II SPIRITUAL sebagai sebahagian daripada keperluaan untuk Ijazah Sarjana

Muda Seni Gunaan dengan Kepujian (Sen Halus)

Disahkan oleh

Penyelia

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In thi s oppOlllmity I would like to thanks a lot to my supervi sor Dr Yakup Mo hd Rafee

because willing to help me throughout my Final Year Project All hi s help courage and

supp ort helped me very much in this project

Besides that I would like to thank my both parents Without the ir hel p I could not be here

doing my project They also he lp me by giving the co urage and financia ll y support me fo r

me to complete my Final Year Project I also do not miss to thank al l my oth er lecturer who

helped my by sharing knowledge and guidance given to me to complete Final Year project

I would al so like to thanks all my fri ends who helped me by sharing knowledge along

completing Final Year Proj ect They was al ways there to correct my mistakes a ll the time

v

T ABLE OF CONTENT


BORANG PENGAK UAN

BORANG PENGESAHAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

CHAPTE R I INTRODUCTION

1 0 Introduction

J Background

111 Symboli sm

112 Mandala

113 Spirit11al

J 2 Research Statement

13 Research Question

14 Obj ecti ve

1 5 Research Scope

16 Research ImpoJ1ance

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

20 Introduc tion

21 Symbo li sm

2 11 The word symbol

211 I The symbol sign

21 2 How pictures become symbol signs

21 21 The process of stylization

2122 Simplification through material and tools

213 Types o f symbol

213 1 Fauna symbols

vi

PAGES

i- ii

iii

v

VI

xiii

xiv

3

3

3

4

5

6

7

7

8

9

9

9-11

I I

II

12

12

13

13

14

213 11 From multiplicity to simplicity 14

2 13 12 Life and Death T he Serpent symbol 14

213 13 Olher fauna symbols 15

2132 Plant symbols 16

213 3 The human fOlm as symbol 17

2134 Obj ects landscapes elements of nature 17

214 The symbol o f ci rcl e 18-20

2141 The symbol of the center 20-21

2 142 Geometry 21-22

2 143 The ground plan 22-24

2 2 Mandala 25middot26

22 1 What is Chakra in Mandala 26

222 Chakra shape symbol 27

22 3 Mandala in different Belief 27

2231 Tibetan Buddhism 28

2 2 3 2 Hindu Mandalas 29

2 2 33 Australia Ab iori gi nal 29

2 2 34 Navajo Indians 29

224 Sri Yantra 30-3 1

2 241 Components of Sri Yantra 3 1-33

224 2 Purpose of Sri Yantra 33

23 Spiritual 34

2 3 I What is Hinduism 34-35

23 2 Elements of Hinduism 36

2321 T he Vedas 36

2 32 11 T he Structure and Content of Vedas 37-3 8

23 22 Tantra 38

23 2 3 Yantra 39

233 Hindu Beliefs 41

233 1 Brahman 41

2 332 Multiple God 41

2333 Dharma 42

vii

2334 Samsara 43

2335 Karma 43

3 RESEARCH METHODOLY 45

Introduction 45

31 Reading materials 45

32 Online websites 45

33 Observation and Re-draw 45

34 Experimentation 45

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS 46

40 Introduction 45

41 Reading Materials 47

411 SymbolISm 47

411 SymbOl in social 47-48

412 1andala 48-49

4121 The Sri Yantra 50-51

4122 antra Symbolism 51-54

4123 1andala and Bindhu 54

4124 Symbol of Vastu and Bindbu by Mandala 55

4125 Sri Yantra in temple architecture 55-56

42 Observation 58

421 Element of [111 58

421 I Lme 58

4212 Shape 59

422 Principles of arts 59

4221 Repetition 60

4222 Unity 60

4223 Emphasis GO

4224 Balance 60

4225 Harmony 60

43 Re-draw 60

vlli

431 The

432 The 16 lotus nng

433 8 lotus nng

434 Tnangle and full Sf Yantra

44 JXIPerln1cntElll

45 Conclusion

DTtD 5 THE PROCESS OF CREATING OWN ARTWORK

50 Introduction

51 Idea of Final Work

Fll1al Idea

53 Process orEnal anwork

54 Final Arl work

55 Conclusion

REFERENCE

61

62

62

63

63

64

65

65

65

66

67

71

74

ix

ABSTRACT

This reseach explains the Symbolism of Mandala in Visual Art Form Based on Hindui sm

Spiritual It is been carri ed out by identifying the symboli sm and implement it in personal

artwork Mandala Sri Ya ntra is Spiritual symbol whi ch originally 2 Dimensional and used

for sp iritua l hinduism purposes especaiU y devotion Sri Ya ntra also represent the temples

blueprint where it accurate the oca tion of the goddess in the center of the temple T hi s

proj ec t will be new insight for existed knowledge on mandala especiall y from visual ar1S

perspecti ve

x

ABSTRAK

Projek ini adalah hasil kajian terhadap symbolism yang digunakan dalarn Mandala

bercirikan keagamaan Hinduismc Kajian dilaksanakan rnelalui rnengenal pasli ciri-ciri

simbolisme Mandala Hinduism dan mengaplikasikannya dalam karya peribadi Mandala

Sri Chakra merupakan simbo l spiritual Hinduisme yang seeara trad is inya merupakan seni 2

Dimensi yang dihasilkan menggunakan pasi r berwarna untuk upacara pernujaan dan

rneditasi Sri Chakra juga mewakili pelan kedudukan dewa Hindu di pusat struktur

sesebuah kuil yang mempunyai unsur-unsur indi vidu dimana menyumbang kepada po la

geornetrik keseluruhan yang membentuk dan masing-rnasing rnewakili komponen tenaga

dunia Projek ini ada lah untuk menghasilkan input baru dalam pengetahuan sedia ada

mandala terutama dari sudut seni visual

xi

Chapter I

Introduction

LO Introduction

The main purpose of the research is about symbolism of Mandala in visual art form in context

of Hinduism spiritual According Alembik L (2011) which says traditional Mandai a a twoshy

dimensional circular painting drawn with colour sand represents a temple blueprint for a

Hindu deity who resides at the center of the structure It shows there are symboiism in

Mandala based on Hinduism spiritual plllposes Researcher will C01)me Sri Yantra mandala

as the choosen mandala for ths research [0 study of symbolism

it lmportant for researcher to identify the bi~grap)llcal research on mandala The Sri

iuura mandala be focused Violai C (201 stated the word randalia is a Sanskrit

term that means circle or discoid object Mandalas are ODICClS m

Hindu A mandala Can be defined in two ways externally as a visual

rerJreselawtlCm of the universe and internally as a DIde for several psychophyslcal

that place in many Asian traditions includmg meditation It is to make sure reearcI1er

know the history and background of 1andala well

will also will identify what is symbolism and its element of it In the process

researcher will identify the symbols used in Si Yantra Hinduism spiritual Mandala BeSllJes

that understanding the common or needs in mandala has to be research by ca~jjq III

order to Jl Me the basic knowledge such as medium and tools used Then the collected

data which converted 10 idea which ill be implemented to own final al1work

1

Researcher will be implementing qualitative method and ex ploratory type of research The

identifying of symbolism of mandala based on spiritual in context of Hinduism process will

be done by using primary and secondary data collection which is reading materia ls online

journals and theses in order to get the accurate fact data Then the analyse process will take

place by analyse symbolism in MandaJa with elements and principles of art by observation

and re-draw The observation will take place by defining the e lements and principl es in

Ma ndala whil e the process ofre draw w here resea rcher re draw the Ma ndala uses the origi nal

procedures and elements It is important so that researcher ex perience the process of

Mandala

The researcher s scope is about symbolism in Mandala The researcher specific it into

Hinduism spiritual Mandala Hereb y only Hinduism spiritual inOuenced Manda la will be

used in this research The Sri Yantra mandala is the choosen one on in this research It is

where after the identification of symbolism of Mandala in spiritual based on Hinduism

researcher will analyse the symbolism based on findings with elements and principle of arts

By this il will help researcher come out on what idea to use in final contemporary own

artwork based on the symbolism findings

Researcher thinks its important to do this research because by thi s research th e symboli sm

in Sri Yantra Mandala based on spiritual in Hinduism contex t can be iden tify It may not a

new knowledge but it will be a new input for existing knowledge It also will help

researcher artist and others to understand Mandala more Aida A (20 10) You cant get

there by bus only by hard work risking and by not quite knowing you re doing What

youll d iscover wi ll be wonderful yourself

2

11 Background

Based on the introduction above the key points of the research have to be briefed specifically

as below

11 1 Symbolism

Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities by giving them symbolic

meanings that are different from their literal sense Symbolism can take diCte rent fonus

Generally it is an object representing another to give an entirely different meaning that is

much deeper and more significant Sometimes however an action an event Or a word

spoken by someone ma y ha ve a symbolic value

Symbols do shift their meanings depending on the context they are used in Thus symbolic

meaning of an object or an action is understood by when where and how It is used It also

depends on who reads the work

112 Mandala

Mandala is a Sanskrit term which simpl y means circle A Sanskrit thesaurus defines various

meanings hiding behind the ternl Mandala It defines that the term Mandala is synonym with

the word Chakravala meaning a cosmic disc Or wheel Chakra is manifested in Ali Yoga

and Tantrik tradition as one of the central symbols of the oriental civili zation

Etymologically the term Chakra is derived from the root Kra- meaning to create which

implies the idea of movement

3

Thus it denotes to circular object potential of motion and velocity just like a disc or a wheel

Chakra lit erall y means so lar disc which is regarded as a symbol of Time sca le since the

ancient period In the vedic mythology the Sun is interpreted as a celestia l wheel

113 Hinduism

Spirituality involves the recognition of a feeling or sense or belief that there is something

greater than myself somethin g mOre to being human than sensory ex perience and that the

greater whole of which we are part is cosmic or divine in natu re

Hinduism is an ancient reli gion whose origins predate recorded hi story It has no single

human founder and it has developed over thousands of years Its most sacred scri ptures are

the Vedas which means knowledge in Sanskrit the ritu al language of Hinduism

The Vedas began as an ora l tradition and modem scholars have specul ated that they date

back as far as 6500 BCE Historians believe that the Vedas were written down around 1000

BCE or earlier Other elements of Hinduism-such as sacred symbols and the worship of

certain Gods-can also be traced back to the seventh century BCE The wo rd Hindu was first

used by the ancient Persians to desc ribe the practices and beliefs of peo ple who lived east of

the river Sindhu or the lndus River Hindus ca ll their religion Ved ic Dharma (1he religion

of knowledge)

4

12 Problem statement

Based on the literature review that calTied out there were few statements had arose the

inspiration of the resea rc her on symbo li sm of Mandala in visua l al1 form based o n Hinduism

Spiritual

V io latti C (2013) The wo rd mandala is a Sanskrit term that means circle or di sco id

object A mandala can be defmed in two ways extern all y as a schematic vi sual

representation of the uni verse and internally as a guide fo r several psychophysical prac tices

She added al so that mandalas ma y be based o n o r include a va ri e ty of geo metric shapes

using patterns that have evo lved from different symbo ls

In other side by Thorp C L (2017) said that where each mandala represents the entire

universe with Mount Meru a sacred mountain with fi ve peaks manifesting physica lly

metaphysically and spiritu al ly in Buddhist Hindu and Jain cosmologies in the centre

There are three realms inside th e mandala Arupyadhatu - the fo rmless realm Rupudh atu shy

the rea lm of form and Kamadhatu - the desire realm that take place in many As ian

traditions including meditation

To support above statement Vi olatti C (2013) al so mentioned the methods used in crea ting

mandalas are very precise and merged with different ritu als including the chantings of sacred

fOlmulas Mandalas may be based On or include a variety o f geometric shapes using patterns

that ha ve evolved from different symbols

It shows that Mandala hi ghly connected to spiritual and have their own symbolisms To show

it accurate there is anoth er supporting statem ent by A lembik L (2011) which says

5

traditional Mandala a two-dimensional circular painting drawn with co lored sand

represents a temple blueprint for a Buddhist or Hindu deity who re sides at the center of the

structure This work is used as an aid in meditation acting as a guide in one s search for

enlighterunent

The pal1 researcher take more interest is the stalement of Khanna M (2003) abo ut Sri Yantra

mandala The Sri Yantra is a tool to give a vision of the totality of existence so thai the

adept may internalize its symbols for the ultimate realization of his unity with the cosmos

The goal of contemplating the Sri Yantra is that the adept can redi scover hi s primordial

sources The circuits symbolically indicate the successive phases in the process of becoming

It gives the researcher the urges to reveal more on the symbolism used in it

By this research the researcher wants to apply the symbolism used in Hinduism spiritual

mandala in own contemporary fOlm of artwork It is important for the researcher to do this

research to understand the symbolism better To make sure the process of making artwork

based on symbolism data collected must be accurate To achieve that this research has to

be done This research also need to be done to show how far the app lica ti on of the data

analysed used in contemporary own artwork

As a result the problem statement of the research is symboli sm in Mandala in visual art fonn

based on Hinduism spiritual

13 Research Questions

a) What are the symboli sm of Ma ndala in visual art form based on Hinduism Spiritual

b) How to analyse (he symboli sm in Ma ndala based on elements and principles research

c) How to implement the outcome of the research on personal al1work

6

14 Objectives

a) Identify the symbolism of Mandala in visual art form based on Hinduism Splfltual

b) Analyse the sYlnbohsm in Mandala based on dements and principles research

c) To implement the outcome of the research on personal artwork

1S Research Scope

The researchers scope is about symbolism of Mandala tn visual art foon It been more

narrowed Mandala in context of Spiritual based in Hinduism and the choosen mandala is

Sri Yantra

According to Alembik L 20 11) which says traditional vIandala a twodimensional circular

painting drawn with colored sand represents a temple blueprint for a Hindu deity who

resides at the center of the structure This work is used as an aid in ~cdilation acting as a

guide in ones search for enlightenment It shows there are symbolism in lviandala based on

spiritual purposes

It will be done hy the reading materials to findlllg the hi(HYranh study on mandala It

is Important for researcher to understand the history and background of the clanciaia well

Then the symbolism used in mandala based only Hinduism spiritual will be focused which

is Sri Yantra mandala The symbol includes all the element related to mandala

By lhal researcher will analyse lhe s)1nbolism used based on elements and principles of

arts The symbols used in mandala will be explored based on elements and principal of aJ1S

which includes 11Oe form balance compOSItion It will help researcher

come out on what idea to llSC in final contemporary own artwork based on the symbolrsm

findings The analyse process will took place by reading material and observation

7

By thi s researcher will collect data on finding and implement it own cont emporary artwo rk

16 Research Importance

Researcher thinks its impol1ant to do this research because by this research th e symb oli sm

in Si Yanlra Ma nda la in visua l aJ1 fOim based on spi ritua l in Hinduism cont ex t can be

identi fy It may no t a new knowledge but it will be a new in put for existin g know ledge It

also will he lp researcher a rtis t and others to und ers tand Mand ala more Aida A (20 I 0) You

can t get there by bus onl y by hard work ri sking and by not quite knowing you re do ing

What you ll di scove r will be wonderful yourse lf

8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction

The purpose researcher do thi s research is to find and collect sources that trusted so that

it is used as accurate ev idence to support in resea rchers researchB y thi s literature revi ew

researcher will get to identi fy the key words and theories which influences the research of

the researcher Resea rch er a lso will find and co ll ect the important data by books articles

j oumal documents from intem et and many more By this research starts with identifying

and und erstanding symboli sm Mandala in spiriwal Hinduism context and Sri Yantra

21 Symbolism

Frutiger A (1989) in hi s book of Signs and Symbols stated its often undeti nab le capacity of

a representatio n to make a statement is also denoted by the telm symboli c content This

symbolic e lement in pic tures is an implied val ue a mediator between recogni zable reality

and th e mystical invisible rea lm of religion phil oso phy and magic extending from the

consciously understandable into the field of the unconsc ious

In other side symbolism is the argument that nati ve exegesi s-its presence absence or

content-is fundamentally irre levant to the naWre and power of ritual symbols as vehicles

of communica tion has been advanced by a number of theorists Gell Alfred (1975) Ritual

symbols it is argued carry messages that are by their naWre radica ll y different from the

messages ex pressed in language and thus are no t onl y large ly hidden from consc iousness

but translat able into language if at all only in partial or di st0l1ed ways

9

Symbolism means in tenm of spiritual by Pagea u J (201 2) in his journal The Recovery of

Symbolism is that Symbolism has been progressively reduced from underlying our very

cosmological world v iew to now be ing a form of s ignifyi ng like the littl e man on the door

of the lavatory or a tra ffic sign with its shapes and colour There is an ex te riority a nonshy

participation between the symbol and the si gnified meanin g Looking at the word

symbol one can already gather what the ori ginal understanding was

Figure I Painting o f an Egyptian coffin

He added the Greek word symbol means a meeting gatherin g We call a symbo of faith

that which is a bringing together of the essential elements of what we believe A symbol in

the tme sense of th e word is not a substituti on for something a slgn merely pointing to

something else thJough resemblance or through an arb itrary consensus A symbol properly

understood is only a s ign pointing to something a principle in the sense that it concentrates

that princ iple in a direct way makes it manifest And a symbol being a concentration and

manifestation is a lso a parti cipation in the thing it symbolizes It gives a lot point of view on

10

symboli sm for researcher To more deeper understanding on symboli sm and elements

content in it researcher foc used main all review on Frutiger A (1989) book of Signs Gnd

Symbols The review from the book was as below

211 The word Symbol

The term symbol is often inconectly used today fo r example to describe newl y invented

signs that are different from the nOlmal - alphabe t and numera ls Admittedl y it may well

be difficult to alter this practice in the future A scientist will always wish to make use of a

new sign unit for a newly di scovered fOlm ula by findi ng or inventing a so-called new

symbol which fundamentall y belongs to the ca tegory of purely scientific s igns and in no

wa y justifies the use of the name of symbol On th e other hand J is diffi cult to achi eve

any certai nty about the symbolic expression co ntent of any given figure in the class of non

alphabet ica l graphic expression in our envirorunent

2111 The Symbol Sign

Maximum fonnal reduction from symbolic image O symbolic sign In contrast to this

elevation of the symbolic picture to perfect beauty we al so find the tendency to

simplifi cation where the pic toria l is reduced O the sign like through the representation of

the object in a basic fonn An example of this is provided by the symbol picture o f the

crucified Christ which cannot be regarded by an ybody in the Western world as an anecdotal

illustration but only as an absolute obj ect of worship a symbol o f the CIuistian fai th

11

SYMBOLlSM OF MANDALA IN VISUAL ART FORM BASED ON HINDUISM SPIRITUAL

JACKLrN ROSE NP NATHAN

Pro)ek ini merupakan salah satu keperluan untuk

Ijaah Sa rjana Seni Gunaan dengan Kepujian

(Seni Halus)

Fakulti Seni Gunaan dan Kreati f


2018




OPEl ACCESS





Supervisor signat

Curre nt Address






Grade ______

PIau lid ( I


)las u U Ph) 0





- Date Su bmI rted





PENGAKUAN






Tari kh


PENGESAHAN





Disahkan oleh

Penyelia

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT










v

T ABLE OF CONTENT


BORANG PENGAK UAN

BORANG PENGESAHAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK


1 0 Introduction

J Background

111 Symboli sm

112 Mandala

113 Spirit11al



14 Obj ecti ve

1 5 Research Scope



20 Introduc tion

21 Symbo li sm







213 1 Fauna symbols

vi

PAGES

i- ii

iii

v

VI

xiii

xiv

3

3

3

4

5

6

7

7

8

9

9

9-11

I I

II

12

12

13

13

14






















23 Spiritual 34



2321 T he Vedas 36


23 22 Tantra 38

23 2 3 Yantra 39


233 1 Brahman 41


2333 Dharma 42

vii

2334 Samsara 43

2335 Karma 43


Introduction 45






40 Introduction 45


411 SymbolISm 47


412 1andala 48-49






42 Observation 58


421 I Lme 58

4212 Shape 59


4221 Repetition 60

4222 Unity 60

4223 Emphasis GO

4224 Balance 60

4225 Harmony 60

43 Re-draw 60

vlli

431 The


433 8 lotus nng


44 JXIPerln1cntElll

45 Conclusion


50 Introduction


Fll1al Idea


54 Final Arl work

55 Conclusion

REFERENCE

61

62

62

63

63

64

65

65

65

66

67

71

74

ix

ABSTRACT







perspecti ve

x

ABSTRAK











xi

Chapter I

Introduction

LO Introduction



















1









Mandala














2

11 Background


as below

11 1 Symbolism









112 Mandala







3




113 Hinduism













of knowledge)

4




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11




OPEl ACCESS





Supervisor signat

Curre nt Address






Grade ______

PIau lid ( I


)las u U Ph) 0





- Date Su bmI rted





PENGAKUAN






Tari kh


PENGESAHAN





Disahkan oleh

Penyelia

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT










v

T ABLE OF CONTENT


BORANG PENGAK UAN

BORANG PENGESAHAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK


1 0 Introduction

J Background

111 Symboli sm

112 Mandala

113 Spirit11al



14 Obj ecti ve

1 5 Research Scope



20 Introduc tion

21 Symbo li sm







213 1 Fauna symbols

vi

PAGES

i- ii

iii

v

VI

xiii

xiv

3

3

3

4

5

6

7

7

8

9

9

9-11

I I

II

12

12

13

13

14






















23 Spiritual 34



2321 T he Vedas 36


23 22 Tantra 38

23 2 3 Yantra 39


233 1 Brahman 41


2333 Dharma 42

vii

2334 Samsara 43

2335 Karma 43


Introduction 45






40 Introduction 45


411 SymbolISm 47


412 1andala 48-49






42 Observation 58


421 I Lme 58

4212 Shape 59


4221 Repetition 60

4222 Unity 60

4223 Emphasis GO

4224 Balance 60

4225 Harmony 60

43 Re-draw 60

vlli

431 The


433 8 lotus nng


44 JXIPerln1cntElll

45 Conclusion


50 Introduction


Fll1al Idea


54 Final Arl work

55 Conclusion

REFERENCE

61

62

62

63

63

64

65

65

65

66

67

71

74

ix

ABSTRACT







perspecti ve

x

ABSTRAK











xi

Chapter I

Introduction

LO Introduction



















1









Mandala














2

11 Background


as below

11 1 Symbolism









112 Mandala







3




113 Hinduism













of knowledge)

4




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11


Grade ______

PIau lid ( I


)las u U Ph) 0





- Date Su bmI rted





PENGAKUAN






Tari kh


PENGESAHAN





Disahkan oleh

Penyelia

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT










v

T ABLE OF CONTENT


BORANG PENGAK UAN

BORANG PENGESAHAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK


1 0 Introduction

J Background

111 Symboli sm

112 Mandala

113 Spirit11al



14 Obj ecti ve

1 5 Research Scope



20 Introduc tion

21 Symbo li sm







213 1 Fauna symbols

vi

PAGES

i- ii

iii

v

VI

xiii

xiv

3

3

3

4

5

6

7

7

8

9

9

9-11

I I

II

12

12

13

13

14






















23 Spiritual 34



2321 T he Vedas 36


23 22 Tantra 38

23 2 3 Yantra 39


233 1 Brahman 41


2333 Dharma 42

vii

2334 Samsara 43

2335 Karma 43


Introduction 45






40 Introduction 45


411 SymbolISm 47


412 1andala 48-49






42 Observation 58


421 I Lme 58

4212 Shape 59


4221 Repetition 60

4222 Unity 60

4223 Emphasis GO

4224 Balance 60

4225 Harmony 60

43 Re-draw 60

vlli

431 The


433 8 lotus nng


44 JXIPerln1cntElll

45 Conclusion


50 Introduction


Fll1al Idea


54 Final Arl work

55 Conclusion

REFERENCE

61

62

62

63

63

64

65

65

65

66

67

71

74

ix

ABSTRACT







perspecti ve

x

ABSTRAK











xi

Chapter I

Introduction

LO Introduction



















1









Mandala














2

11 Background


as below

11 1 Symbolism









112 Mandala







3




113 Hinduism













of knowledge)

4




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11

PENGAKUAN






Tari kh


PENGESAHAN





Disahkan oleh

Penyelia

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT










v

T ABLE OF CONTENT


BORANG PENGAK UAN

BORANG PENGESAHAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK


1 0 Introduction

J Background

111 Symboli sm

112 Mandala

113 Spirit11al



14 Obj ecti ve

1 5 Research Scope



20 Introduc tion

21 Symbo li sm







213 1 Fauna symbols

vi

PAGES

i- ii

iii

v

VI

xiii

xiv

3

3

3

4

5

6

7

7

8

9

9

9-11

I I

II

12

12

13

13

14






















23 Spiritual 34



2321 T he Vedas 36


23 22 Tantra 38

23 2 3 Yantra 39


233 1 Brahman 41


2333 Dharma 42

vii

2334 Samsara 43

2335 Karma 43


Introduction 45






40 Introduction 45


411 SymbolISm 47


412 1andala 48-49






42 Observation 58


421 I Lme 58

4212 Shape 59


4221 Repetition 60

4222 Unity 60

4223 Emphasis GO

4224 Balance 60

4225 Harmony 60

43 Re-draw 60

vlli

431 The


433 8 lotus nng


44 JXIPerln1cntElll

45 Conclusion


50 Introduction


Fll1al Idea


54 Final Arl work

55 Conclusion

REFERENCE

61

62

62

63

63

64

65

65

65

66

67

71

74

ix

ABSTRACT







perspecti ve

x

ABSTRAK











xi

Chapter I

Introduction

LO Introduction



















1









Mandala














2

11 Background


as below

11 1 Symbolism









112 Mandala







3




113 Hinduism













of knowledge)

4




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11

PENGESAHAN





Disahkan oleh

Penyelia

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT










v

T ABLE OF CONTENT


BORANG PENGAK UAN

BORANG PENGESAHAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK


1 0 Introduction

J Background

111 Symboli sm

112 Mandala

113 Spirit11al



14 Obj ecti ve

1 5 Research Scope



20 Introduc tion

21 Symbo li sm







213 1 Fauna symbols

vi

PAGES

i- ii

iii

v

VI

xiii

xiv

3

3

3

4

5

6

7

7

8

9

9

9-11

I I

II

12

12

13

13

14






















23 Spiritual 34



2321 T he Vedas 36


23 22 Tantra 38

23 2 3 Yantra 39


233 1 Brahman 41


2333 Dharma 42

vii

2334 Samsara 43

2335 Karma 43


Introduction 45






40 Introduction 45


411 SymbolISm 47


412 1andala 48-49






42 Observation 58


421 I Lme 58

4212 Shape 59


4221 Repetition 60

4222 Unity 60

4223 Emphasis GO

4224 Balance 60

4225 Harmony 60

43 Re-draw 60

vlli

431 The


433 8 lotus nng


44 JXIPerln1cntElll

45 Conclusion


50 Introduction


Fll1al Idea


54 Final Arl work

55 Conclusion

REFERENCE

61

62

62

63

63

64

65

65

65

66

67

71

74

ix

ABSTRACT







perspecti ve

x

ABSTRAK











xi

Chapter I

Introduction

LO Introduction



















1









Mandala














2

11 Background


as below

11 1 Symbolism









112 Mandala







3




113 Hinduism













of knowledge)

4




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT










v

T ABLE OF CONTENT


BORANG PENGAK UAN

BORANG PENGESAHAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK


1 0 Introduction

J Background

111 Symboli sm

112 Mandala

113 Spirit11al



14 Obj ecti ve

1 5 Research Scope



20 Introduc tion

21 Symbo li sm







213 1 Fauna symbols

vi

PAGES

i- ii

iii

v

VI

xiii

xiv

3

3

3

4

5

6

7

7

8

9

9

9-11

I I

II

12

12

13

13

14






















23 Spiritual 34



2321 T he Vedas 36


23 22 Tantra 38

23 2 3 Yantra 39


233 1 Brahman 41


2333 Dharma 42

vii

2334 Samsara 43

2335 Karma 43


Introduction 45






40 Introduction 45


411 SymbolISm 47


412 1andala 48-49






42 Observation 58


421 I Lme 58

4212 Shape 59


4221 Repetition 60

4222 Unity 60

4223 Emphasis GO

4224 Balance 60

4225 Harmony 60

43 Re-draw 60

vlli

431 The


433 8 lotus nng


44 JXIPerln1cntElll

45 Conclusion


50 Introduction


Fll1al Idea


54 Final Arl work

55 Conclusion

REFERENCE

61

62

62

63

63

64

65

65

65

66

67

71

74

ix

ABSTRACT







perspecti ve

x

ABSTRAK











xi

Chapter I

Introduction

LO Introduction



















1









Mandala














2

11 Background


as below

11 1 Symbolism









112 Mandala







3




113 Hinduism













of knowledge)

4




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11

T ABLE OF CONTENT


BORANG PENGAK UAN

BORANG PENGESAHAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK


1 0 Introduction

J Background

111 Symboli sm

112 Mandala

113 Spirit11al



14 Obj ecti ve

1 5 Research Scope



20 Introduc tion

21 Symbo li sm







213 1 Fauna symbols

vi

PAGES

i- ii

iii

v

VI

xiii

xiv

3

3

3

4

5

6

7

7

8

9

9

9-11

I I

II

12

12

13

13

14






















23 Spiritual 34



2321 T he Vedas 36


23 22 Tantra 38

23 2 3 Yantra 39


233 1 Brahman 41


2333 Dharma 42

vii

2334 Samsara 43

2335 Karma 43


Introduction 45






40 Introduction 45


411 SymbolISm 47


412 1andala 48-49






42 Observation 58


421 I Lme 58

4212 Shape 59


4221 Repetition 60

4222 Unity 60

4223 Emphasis GO

4224 Balance 60

4225 Harmony 60

43 Re-draw 60

vlli

431 The


433 8 lotus nng


44 JXIPerln1cntElll

45 Conclusion


50 Introduction


Fll1al Idea


54 Final Arl work

55 Conclusion

REFERENCE

61

62

62

63

63

64

65

65

65

66

67

71

74

ix

ABSTRACT







perspecti ve

x

ABSTRAK











xi

Chapter I

Introduction

LO Introduction



















1









Mandala














2

11 Background


as below

11 1 Symbolism









112 Mandala







3




113 Hinduism













of knowledge)

4




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11






















23 Spiritual 34



2321 T he Vedas 36


23 22 Tantra 38

23 2 3 Yantra 39


233 1 Brahman 41


2333 Dharma 42

vii

2334 Samsara 43

2335 Karma 43


Introduction 45






40 Introduction 45


411 SymbolISm 47


412 1andala 48-49






42 Observation 58


421 I Lme 58

4212 Shape 59


4221 Repetition 60

4222 Unity 60

4223 Emphasis GO

4224 Balance 60

4225 Harmony 60

43 Re-draw 60

vlli

431 The


433 8 lotus nng


44 JXIPerln1cntElll

45 Conclusion


50 Introduction


Fll1al Idea


54 Final Arl work

55 Conclusion

REFERENCE

61

62

62

63

63

64

65

65

65

66

67

71

74

ix

ABSTRACT







perspecti ve

x

ABSTRAK











xi

Chapter I

Introduction

LO Introduction



















1









Mandala














2

11 Background


as below

11 1 Symbolism









112 Mandala







3




113 Hinduism













of knowledge)

4




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11

2334 Samsara 43

2335 Karma 43


Introduction 45






40 Introduction 45


411 SymbolISm 47


412 1andala 48-49






42 Observation 58


421 I Lme 58

4212 Shape 59


4221 Repetition 60

4222 Unity 60

4223 Emphasis GO

4224 Balance 60

4225 Harmony 60

43 Re-draw 60

vlli

431 The


433 8 lotus nng


44 JXIPerln1cntElll

45 Conclusion


50 Introduction


Fll1al Idea


54 Final Arl work

55 Conclusion

REFERENCE

61

62

62

63

63

64

65

65

65

66

67

71

74

ix

ABSTRACT







perspecti ve

x

ABSTRAK











xi

Chapter I

Introduction

LO Introduction



















1









Mandala














2

11 Background


as below

11 1 Symbolism









112 Mandala







3




113 Hinduism













of knowledge)

4




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11

431 The


433 8 lotus nng


44 JXIPerln1cntElll

45 Conclusion


50 Introduction


Fll1al Idea


54 Final Arl work

55 Conclusion

REFERENCE

61

62

62

63

63

64

65

65

65

66

67

71

74

ix

ABSTRACT







perspecti ve

x

ABSTRAK











xi

Chapter I

Introduction

LO Introduction



















1









Mandala














2

11 Background


as below

11 1 Symbolism









112 Mandala







3




113 Hinduism













of knowledge)

4




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11

ABSTRACT







perspecti ve

x

ABSTRAK











xi

Chapter I

Introduction

LO Introduction



















1









Mandala














2

11 Background


as below

11 1 Symbolism









112 Mandala







3




113 Hinduism













of knowledge)

4




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11

ABSTRAK











xi

Chapter I

Introduction

LO Introduction



















1









Mandala














2

11 Background


as below

11 1 Symbolism









112 Mandala







3




113 Hinduism













of knowledge)

4




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11

Chapter I

Introduction

LO Introduction



















1









Mandala














2

11 Background


as below

11 1 Symbolism









112 Mandala







3




113 Hinduism













of knowledge)

4




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11









Mandala














2

11 Background


as below

11 1 Symbolism









112 Mandala







3




113 Hinduism













of knowledge)

4




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11

11 Background


as below

11 1 Symbolism









112 Mandala







3




113 Hinduism













of knowledge)

4




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11




113 Hinduism













of knowledge)

4




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11




Spiritual


















5




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11




enlighterunent



















6

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11

14 Objectives




1S Research Scope



Sri Yantra





spiritual purposes










7









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11









8

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20 Introduction







21 Symbolism












9















10




211 The word Symbol
















11















10




211 The word Symbol
















11




211 The word Symbol
















11

SYMBOLISM OF MANDALA IN VISUAL ART FORM BASED ... OF...Hindu deity who resides at the center of the...

Documents

Transcript of SYMBOLISM OF MANDALA IN VISUAL ART FORM BASED ... OF...Hindu deity who resides at the center of the...