Symbiosis: Symbiosis: Living TogetherLiving Together

3 types of symbiotic relationships3 types of symbiotic relationships mutualism, commensalism, parasitismmutualism, commensalism, parasitism

Parasitism: Parasitism: a parasite expliots the a parasite expliots the resources of its host to its own benefit, resources of its host to its own benefit, while harming the hostwhile harming the host

Commensalism:Commensalism:two specifies form a close association two specifies form a close association where one organism benefits and the where one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped. other is neither harmed nor helped.

Shrimp and anemoneShrimp and anemone

Commensalism

Mutualism: Mutualism: an intimate association between an intimate association between two species that offers advantage to both speciestwo species that offers advantage to both species

AmensalismAmensalism

ExamplesBread mold and bacteriaalgal blooms can lead to the death of many species of fish, however the algae do not benefit from the deaths of these individuals.

occurs when one species hurts another, but does not benefit from this interaction

-/0 relationship

Industrial SymbiosisIndustrial Symbiosis

a nitrogen producer selling excess heat and CO2 to a greenhouse grower that is then able to increase yields and cut energy costs

a construction company using discarded car tires to line a drainage ditch, avoiding fresh materials.

Attack of the Attack of the Bot Flies!!Bot Flies!!Order Diptera,

Family Cuterebridae, Dermatobia hominis

Torsalo or “Human Bot Fly” is native to Central and South America

Exhibits both Commensalism and Parasitism

Life CycleLife Cycle Female torsalos glue their

eggs to the abdomen of a mosquito or fly

Body heat from the host triggers rapid hatching of the torsalo's eggs.   The tiny maggots burrow quickly into the skin (even through clothing) and begin development as internal parasites.

Larvae develop over a period of 5-10 weeks, forming a painful cyst under the skin.   When mature, they emerge from the host, fall to the ground, and pupate.   The adult fly emerges several weeks later.

General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics An adult torsalo is a rather

large insect (10-15 mm) with a bluish-black body, brown wings, and yellow markings on the face and legs.

Fastest flies in the world (80/kph)!!

Adults lack maxillary palps and are thought to be unable to feed due to their atrophied mouthparts. Rely on food reserve from larval stage.

Larvae have sharp spikes to anchor themselves to host

Bacteria microhabitat?

TreatmentTreatment

Bot Flyoramma!Bot Flyoramma! Cattle Bot Fly Rodent/Tree Squirrel Bot

Fly Nose (Sheep) Bot Fly Stomach (Horse) Bot Fly

Rodent/Tree Squirrel Bot FlyRodent/Tree Squirrel Bot Fly

Eggs are layed on habitat substrates rather than directly on host animal.

Nose (Sheep) Bot FlyNose (Sheep) Bot Fly Living maggots are

deposited in the nostrils of sheep.

Harmful to sheep due to migration of larvae through the nasal passageways and sinuses.

The larvae remain in the sinuses for 8 to 10 months and then are sneezed out

of the nostrils.

Horse Bot FlyHorse Bot Fly Adult females deposit eggs on

the horse's legs, shoulders, chin, throat and the lips.

Bot eggs enter the horse's mouth and develop into larvae. The larvae migrate and attach themselves to the mucus lining of the horse's stomach, remaining there during the winter.

After about 10 months, they detach themselves and are passed in the feces. The larvae burrow into the ground and mature into adult flies.

ReferencesReferences Symbiosis – Torsalo

Botfly

The Bot Fly - Insects, Bugs, Flies

http://entomology.unl.edu/ent108/BOTW/BOTW3_rabbit_botfly.html

Screwworm flies as agents of wound myiasis

The Associated Microflora to the Larvae of Human Bot Fly Dermatobia hominis L. Jr. (Diptera: Cuterebridae) and its Furuncular Lesions in Cattle

Bot Flies Are Our Friends – About

Human Botfly, Bot Fly, Botflies, Torsalo, Dermatobia hominis

biology, economic effects and early efforts to eradicate hypoderma

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SymbiosisSymbiosisClose interactions

between two or more different species

African Crocodile and Blackbird Plover

Clown Fish and Sea Anemone

Bees and Flowers

Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships

Mutualism◦Both species benefit from the interaction

Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships

Parasitism◦One species benefits and the other species is harmed◦Parasite

Organism that lives on or within a host species

Parasitic WaspTapeworm (Taenia solium)

Deer Tick (Ixodes scapularis)

Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships

Amensalism◦One species is harmed

and the other species is neither harmed nor benefits from the relationship.

◦Antibiosis and Competition Bread Mold

Penicillium Overgrowth of algae

Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships

Commensalism◦One species benefits and the other species does not gain or

lose anything

Barnacles and Whales Cattle and Egrets