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SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,

SYLLABI AND COURSE OF READING FOR

B.Sc. AGRICULTURE (HORTICULTURE) PART — II

Session : 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20

B.Sc. AGRICULTURE (HORTICULTURE) IIIrd Semester

IIIrd Sem

Subject

Code

Subject Theory PRACTICAL TOTAL

EXTERNAL INTERNAL

I PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TROPICAL

AND SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS

45 15 40 100

II FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTOMOLOGY 45 15 40 100

III PRINCIPLES OF PLANT BREEDING 45 15 40 100

IV MANURE, FERTILIZERS & SOIL FERTILITY

MANAGEMENT

45 15 40 100

V FUNDAMENTALS OF CROP

PHYSIOLOGY

45 15 40 100

VI PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TROPICAL

& SUB-TROPICAL VEGETABLES

45 15 40 100

VII FUNDAMENTALS OF FOOD

TECHNOLOGY 45 15 40 100

VIII (A) PUNJABI COMPULSORY(FOR PUNJAB

STATE STUDENT)/

75 25 -

100 VIII (B) PUNJABI MUDLAGYAN

(FOR OTHER STATE STUDENTS)

75 25 -

VIII (C) ELEMENTARY PUNJABI

(FOR OTHER STATE STUDENTS/ FOR

FOREIGN STUDENTS )

50 20 30

Total 800

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B.Sc. AGRICULTURE (HORTICULTURE) IVth Semester B.Sc IVth Sem

Subject

Code

Subject Theory PRACTICAL TOTAL

EXTERNAL INTERNAL

IX INTRODUCTION TO AGROFORESTRY 45 15 40 100

X PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TEMPERATE

FRUITS

45 15 40 100

XI PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF

TEMPERATE VEGETABLES

45 15 40 100

XII DISEASES OF FRUIT CROPS &

MANAGEMENT

45 15 40 100

XIII ORCHARD MANAGEMENT 45 15 40 100

XIV FARM POWER & MACHINERY 45 15 40 100

XV MEDICINAL & AROMATICAL PLANTS 45 15 40 100

XVI (A) PUNJABI COMPULSORY

(FOR PUNJAB STATE STUDENT)/

75 25 - 100

XVI (B) PUNJABI MUDLAGYAN

(FOR OTHER STATE STUDENTS)

75 25 -

XVI (C) ELEMENTARY PUNJABI

(FOR OTHER STATE STUDENTS/ FOR

FOREIGN STUDENTS )

50 20 30

EVS-202 ENVIRONMENTAL & ROAD SAFETY

AWARENESS (QUALIFYING PAPER)

70 30 - 100 (QUALIFYING

PAPER)

Total 800

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SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



I: PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TROPICAL & SUB-TROPICAL

FRUITS

Max Marks: 100 Duration of the Paper: 3 Hour

Theory: 45 Practical: 40

Internal Assessment: 15 Pass Marks: 40%

INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER SETTER

The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Section A and B will have four

questions from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 9 marks each. Section C will

consist of 9 short-answer type questions of 1 mark each which will cover the entire syllabus

uniformly and will carry 9 marks in all.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR CANDIDATES

The Candidates are required to attempt two questions from each section A and B and the entire

section C.

1. Definition, importance and divisions of horticulture. Climatic zones, area and production of

different fruit crops.

2. Selection of site, use of fencing and wind break. Planting systems, high density planting,

planning and establishment of an orchard.

3. Propagation methods and use of rootstocks. Methods of training and pruning. Use of growth

regulators in fruit production.

4. Package of practices for the cultivation of - Major fruits -mango, banana, citrus, grapes,

guava, litchi and papaya.

Section B

1. Origin, distribution, commercial importance and export potential of fruits in India.

2. Nutrition and water requirements, fertigation, role of bio- regulators, major pests, diseases,

physiological disorders and their control measures in fruits.

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3. Abiotic factors limiting fruit production. Flowering, pollination and fruit set. Storage and

ripening techniques.

4. Package of practices for the cultivation of – Minor fruits - pineapple, pomegranate, ber, fig,

jackfruit, pear, plum, peaches, apricot and cherry.

PRACTICAL

Max. Marks: 40 Time allowed: 3 Hours

Practical:

1. Horticultural tools and their uses.

2. Description and identification of species and varieties of fruits.

3. Growth regulators.

4. Nutritional and physiological disorders and their control.

5. Rejuvenation of old and unproductive trees.

6. Visit to commercial orchards.

7. Project preparation for establishing commercial orchards.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

Hayes, W.P. : Fruits Growing in India, Kitabstan, Allahabad

Singh Ranjit : Fruits

Lal Girdhari & Siddappe : Preservation of Fruits & Vegetables, ICRA, T New Delhi

Nagi Malkiat : Home Preservation of Fruits & Vegetables, PAU,

Ludhiana

Bal, J.S : Fruit Growing

Chatopadhie, T.K. : A Text Book of Pomology (Vol.I)

Jitender Singh : Horticultural Terminology

Chadha, K.L. : Handbook of Horticulture (ICAR)

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SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



II: FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTOMOLOGY











section C.

SECTION A

1. History of Entomology in India. Factors for insect’s abundance.

2. Major points related to dominance of Insecta in Animal kingdom. Classification of

phylum Arthropoda upto classes.

3. Systematics: Taxonomy –importance, history and development and binomial

nomenclature. Definitions of Biotype, Sub-species, Species, Genus, Family and Order.

4. Effect of abiotic factors–temperature, moisture, humidity, rainfall, light, atmospheric

pressure and air currents.Effect of biotic factors – food competition, natural and

environmental resistance. Concepts of Balance of life in nature, biotic potential and

environmental resistance and causes for outbreak of pests in agro-ecosystem.

SECTION B

1. Morphology: Structure and functions of insect cuticle and molting.

2. Body segmentation. Structure of Head, thorax and abdomen. Structure and modifications

of insect antennae, mouth parts, legs, Wing venation, modifications and wing coupling

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apparatus. Structure of male and female genital organ. Major sensory organs like simple

and compound eyes, chemoreceptor.

3. Metamorphosis and diapause in insects. Types of larvae and pupae.

4. Structure and functions of digestive, circulatory, excretory, respiratory, nervous, secretary

(Endocrine) and reproductive system, in insects. Types of reproduction in insects.

PRACTICAL


Practical

1. Methods of collection and preservation of insects including immature stages.

2. External features of Grasshopper/Blister beetle; Types of insect antennae, mouthparts and

egs; Wing venation, types of wings and wing coupling apparatus.

3. Types of insect larvae and pupae.

4. Dissection of digestive system in insects (Grasshopper.

5. Dissection of male and female reproductive systems in insects (Grasshopper).

6. Study of characters of orders Orthoptera, Dictyoptera, Odonata, Isoptera, Thysanoptera,

Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and their families of

agricutural importance.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

Mani, M.S. : General Entomology, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi

Ross, H.H. : A text book of Entomology, John Willen and Sons

Imms. A.D. : Outlines of Entomology, Chapman & Hall London

Atwal A.S. : Insect Pests of South East Asia, Kalyani Publishers,

New delhi

Narayan, K.K. : General & Applied Entomology, Tata McGraw Hill,

New Delhi

: Insects Structure and Function, English

Chapman R.F. : Language Books Society

Pruthi. H.S. : A Text Book of Entomology

Metcalf, R.H. : Destructive and Useful Insect, Mc Graw Hill Book

Comp.

Mishra, R.C : Honey bees and their Management, ICAR

Publication, New Delhi

Gatoria G.S and Goyal Tarun : A Practical manual on Agri-Zoo. And Entomology

for B.Sc Agriculture BFC Deon, Bathinda

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SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



III: PRINCIPLES OF PLANT BREEDING











section C.

SECTION A

THEORY

1. Historical development, concept, nature and role of plant breeding, major achievements

and future prospects

2. Genetics in relation to plant breeding, modes of reproduction and apomixes, self –

incompatibility male sterility and their uses and system of mating.

3. Domestication, Acclimatization, introduction; Centre of origin, component of Genetic

variation, Genetic basis and breeding methods in self- pollinated crops mass and pure line

selection bulk, pedigree and back cross method, hybridization techniques.

4. Concepts of population genetics and Hardy-Weinberg Law, Genetic basis and methods of

breeding cross pollinated crops; Heterosis and inbreeding depression, development of

inbred lines and hybrids, composite and synthetic varieties

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SECTION B

1. Breeding methods in asexually propagated crops, clonal selection and hybridization,

Wide hybridization and pre-breeding;

2. Polyploidy in relation to plant breeding, mutation breeding for crop improvement

3. Breeding for important biotic (disease resistance) and abiotic stresses (drought resistance)

Biotechnological tools-DNA markers and marker assisted selection.

4. Participatory plant breeding; Plant Breeders and Farmer’s Rights. Collaboration of Plant

Breeders/ farmers with private breeders/farmers.

PRACTICAL


Practical

1. Study of Plant Breeder’s kit.

2. Study of floral structure of self-pollinated and cross pollinated crops.

3. Emasculation and hybridization techniques in self & cross pollinated crops.

4. Consequences of inbreeding on genetic structure of resulting populations.

5. Study of male sterility system.

6. Handing of segregation populations.

7. Methods of calculating mean, range, variance, standard deviation.

8. Designs used in plant breeding experiment, analysis of Randomized Block Design.

9. To work out the mode of pollination in a given crop and extent of natural out crossing.

10. Prediction of performance of double cross hybrids.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Hayes, Immar & Smith : Methods of Plant Breeding

2. Poelhhlman J.M. & Borthakur : Breeding of Asian Field Crops

3. Singh B.D. : Plant Breeding- Principles and Methods

4. Singh B.D : A Text book of Plant Breeding

5. Singh Phundan : Essentials of Plant Breeding

6. Chahal G.S and Gosal S.S :Principles and procedure of Plant Breeding,

Biotechnological and conventional approaches

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SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



IV: MANURES, FERTILIZERS AND SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT











section C.

Theory

SECTION A

1. Introduction and importance of organic manures, properties and methods of preparation

of bulky and concentrated manures.

2. Green/ leaf manuring. Compost from farm and town refuse. Methods of composting,

vermicompost and biofertilizers. Integrated nutrient management.

3. Chemical fertilizers: classification, composition and properties of major nitrogenous,

phosphatic, potassic fertilizers.

4. Secondary & micronutrient fertilizers, Complex fertilizers, methods of fertilizers

application, Soil amendments, Fertilizer Storage, Fertilizer Control Order.

SECTION B

1. History of soil fertility and plant nutrition. Criteria of essentiality.

2. Role, deficiency and toxicity symptoms of essential plant nutrients, Mechanisms of

nutrient transport to plants, factors affecting nutrient availability to plants. Factor

influencing nutrient use efficiency (NUE)

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3. Chemistry of soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur and

micronutrients.

4. Soil fertility evaluation, Soil testing. Critical levels of different nutrients in soil. Forms of

nutrients in soil, plant analysis, and rapid plant tissue tests. Indicator plants. Methods of

fertilizer recommendations to crops.

PRACTICAL


Practical

1. Methods of composting,

2. Methods of vermicompost

3. Methods of fertilizers application,

4. Introduction of analytical instruments. and their principles

5. Estimation of available N in soils.

6. Estimation of available P in soils.

7. Estimation of available K in soil.

8. Estimation of N in plants.

9. Estimation of P in plants.

10. Estimation of K in plants.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Brady, Nyle CC: The Nature and Properties of Soil .McMillan Publishing Co., New

Delhi.

2. Tenhane R.V. Motiramani, : Soil Theory Chemistry and Fertility

3. D.P., Bali V.P & in Tropical Asia. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.

4. Roth, H.D., and Truk L.H. : Fundamentals of Soil Science. Wiley Eastern

Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi.

5. Yawlkar, K.S. Aggarwal, J.P : Manures & Fertilizer-Agri/ KA Balkele S. Pulishing

Co.Nagpur.

6. Ranjan Kumar Basak : Fertilizers: A Text Book

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SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



V: FUNDAMENTALS OF CROP PHYSIOLOGY











section C.

Theory

SECTION A

1. Introduction to crop physiology and its importance in Agriculture.

2. Plant cell: an Overview, water relations in plants: role of water in plant metabolism,

osmosis, water potential and its components, absorption of water, mechanisms of

absorption, ascent of sap.

3. Stomata, structure, distribution, classification, mechanism of opening and closing of

stomata, guttation, transpiration, and factors affecting transpiration.

4. Different types of stresses, water, heat and cold tolerance, mechanism of tolerance.

Mineral nutrition of Plants: Functions and deficiency symptoms of nutrients, nutrient

uptake mechanism.

SECTION B

1. Photosynthesis: importance of photosynthesis, factors affecting the photosynthesis. Light

and Dark reactions, C3, C4 and CAM plants.

2. Respiration: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and electron transport chain, ATP synthesis and

factors affecting the respiration.

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3. Fat Metabolism: Fatty acid synthesis and breakdown; Plant growth regulators:

Physiological roles and agricultural uses.

4. Physiological aspects of growth and development of major crops: Growth analysis, Role

of Physiological growth parameters in crop productivity.

PRACTICAL


Practical

1. Study of structure and distribution of stomata.

2. Osmosis demonstration, Plasmolysis-demonstration.

3. Determination of diffusion pressure deficit of losses.

4. Measurement of root pressure, rate of transpiration.

5. Separation of photosynthetic pigments through paper chromatography.

6. Rate of transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration, tissue test for mineral nutrients.

7. Estimation of relative water content, Measurement of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation by

Infra Red Gas Analyser (IRGA).

Books Recommended

1. J.B. Salisbury and L.W. Ross . Plant physiology. Wadswar Ppublisher Company.

Belmont.

2. H.N. Srivastava : Plant Physiology.

3. K.N. Bhatia & M.P. Tyagi : Elementary Biology.

4. V.K. Jain: Fundamentals of Plant Physiology.

5. V.Verma : Text Book of Plant Physiology

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SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



VI: PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TROPICAL & SUB-TROPICAL

VEGETABLES











section C.

Theory

Section A

1. Importance of Olericulture. Classification, area, production of vegetables in India.

2. Package of practices of tomato, brinjal, chillies and okra.

3. Cucurbitaceous vegetables- cucumber, ridge gourd, bottle gourd, bitter gourd and melons.

4. Cole crops - cabbage, cauliflower and knol-khol. Bulb crops - onion and garlic. Beans and

peas - French beans, peas and cowpea.

Section B

1. Principles of cultivation including direct sowing, nursery management, transplanting,

hardening of seedlings and vegetable forcing.

2. Tuber crops - potato, sweet potato. Root crops - carrot, radish, turnip and beet root. Leafy

vegetables - palak, methi.

3. Post harvest handling, processing, storage and marketing of vegetables.

4. Traditional and advanced methods of storage of vegetables and marketing of vegetables in

India.

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Practical


1. Identification of important vegetable seeds and plants.

2. Planning and layout of kitchen garden.

3. Raising of vegetable nurseries.

4. Transplanting of vegetable seedlings in main field.

5. Seed extraction in tomato and brinjal.

6. Visit to commercial vegetable farms.

7. Intercultural operations in vegetable plots.

8. Sowing of potato, root crops and cucurbitaceous vegetables.

9. Harvesting indices of different vegetable crops.

10. Grading and packing of vegetables.

Books Recommended

1. M.S. Dhaliwal : Hand Book of Vegetable crops.

2. G.S. Sani : Text Book of vegetable production.

3. PAU Lud : Package of practices for cultivation of vegetables.

4. Yawlkar : Vegetable crops.

5. Vishnu Swarup : Vegetable science and technology in India.

6. Prem Nath, S. Velayudhan : Vegetables for Tropical Regions.

7. D.P. Singh M.K. Rana : Scientific Cultivation of Vegetables.

8. Chadha,K.L. : Handbook of Horticulture (ICAR)

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SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



VII: FUNDAMENTAL FOOD TECHNOLOGY











section C.

SECTION A

1. Status of food processing industries in India, Development of meat, poultry, egg dairy

and food industry in India. Prospects for future growth in India.

2. Harvesting, transportation and storage of fruits and vegetables. Post harvest processing of

fruits and vegetables: Peeling, sizing, blanching.

3. Canning of fruits and vegetables, Drying and freezing of fruits and vegetables.

4. Juice processing: General steps in juice processing, role of enzymes in fruit. Juice

extraction, equipments and methods of fruit juice extraction, preservation of fruit juices,

fruit juice clarification.

SECTION B

1. Beverages: Classification, scope, carbonated non-alcoholic beverages and their

manufacture. Fruit beverages and drinks, additives for fruit based beverages.

2. Structure and composition of cereals, legumes and oilseeds, Milling of paddy, quality

factors of rice grains, processing of rice bran oil, Instant rice, quick cooking rice, canned

rice.

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3. Milling technology of wheat, Criteria of wheat flour quality, improvers for wheat flour,

Types of wheat flour,.

4. Milling technology of maize, wet milling of corn. Milling technology of barley, malting

of barley and its utilization in manufacture of value added food products including malted

milk foods.

Practical


1. Determination of cooking quality of rice.

2. Manufacture of barley malt.

3. Drying of fruits and vegetables.

4. Preparation of fruit based drinks and beverages: Ready-to-serve drink, Nectar, Squash,

Whey-fruit based beverages.

5. Manufacture of fruit jam.

6. Manufacture of fruit jelly.

7. Manufacture of tomato ketchup/tomato sauce.

8. Manufacture of soups.

9. Manufacture of fruit preserve.

10. Manufacture of candied fruits.

11. Manufacture of fruit bar; Manufacture of pickles.

Books Recommended

1. Singh, J : Hand book of Agriculture, publish by ICAR.

2. S, Mohini and E. S. Rav : Food Science Experiments and application

3. Brooker, B.E. : Food theory and application

4. Russell, N.J and Gould,G.W :Food Preservations

5. Ranganna, S. Handbook of analysis and quality control for fruits and

Vegetable products. Ed.2. New delhi: Tata Mcgraw Hill

publishing Co.Ltd.

6. Lal, Girdhari. :Fruit and vegetable preservation, ICAR

7. Pandey, P.H. principles &practices of Post harvest technology,

Kalyani Publishers

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19

B.Sc. Agriculture (Horticulture) Part-II, Sem-III

Paper No. VIII-B (Punjabi Mudhlya Gyan)

For the session 2017-18, 2018-19 & 2019-20

ਸਮੁਸਟਰ ਤਜ

ਕਾ ਅੰਕ : 100 ਸ ਹੂਣ ਈ ਅੰਕ : 35 ਅੰਦਰਿਨ ਮਾਾਂਕਣ : 25 ਅੰਕ ਅੰਦਰਿਨ ਮਾਾਂਕਣ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਸ ਹੂਣ ਈ ਅੰਕ : 09 ਬਹਰ ਰ਼ਖਆ: 75 ਅੰਕ ਬਹਰ ਰ਼ਖਆ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਸ ਹੂਣ ਈ ਅੰਕ : 26 ਸਮਾਂ : 3 ਘੰਟੀ (ਅ਼ਧਆਨ: 50 ਰਅਡ)

ਠਕਰਮ ਅਤੀ ਪ੍ਰ਼ਸ਼ਨ-ੱਤਰ ਦ ਰਿ-ਰੀਖ ਭਗ-ੳ

਼ਨਰਧਰਤ ਾਸਤਕ: ੰਜਬ ਦ ਠ ਾਸਤਕ, ਬਦੀਿ ਼ਸੰਘ ਚਮ, ਬਕੀਸ਼ਨ ਼ਬਊਰੂ, ੰਜਬ ਯਿਨਿਰ਼ਸਟ, ਼ਟਆ (ਇਸ ਾਸਤਕ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਕੀਿ ਕ਼ਿਤ ਿ ਭਗ ਇਸ ਸਮੁਸਟਰ

ਦੀ ਼ਸੀਬਸ ਿਜੋਂ ਼ਹਿਆ ਜਣ ਹੁ।

ਭਗ- ਅ ਅ-1 ਼ਿਸ਼ਰਮ ਼ਚੰਨ ਦ ਿਰਤ ੂ ਅ-2 ਸਬਦ ਜੂਹਾਂ ਦ ਸਾਧਈ ਅ-3 ੁਰ ਰਚਨ: ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਕ ਜਾਂ ਸੈਂਰ ਸਟੀ ਨ ਸਬੰਧਤ

ਭਗ-ੲ ਉਰੂਕਤ ਠਕਰਮ ਤੀ ਆਧਰਤ ਸੰਖੀ ਉੱਤਰਾਂ ਿੀ ਰਸ਼ਨ।

ਅੰਕ ਿੰਡ ਤੀ ੀਰ ਸੁੱਟਰ/ ਰ਼ਖਆਰਥ ਈ ਹਦਇਤਾਂ

1. ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਰਥਆ ਂ ਨੇ ੰਜਬ ਭਸ਼ ਅਤੀ ਗਾਰਮਾਖ ਼ ਦ ਮਾਢ ਼ਗਆਨ ਰਤ ਕਤ ਹੁ। ਇਸ ਈ ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਰਥਆ ਂ

ਦੀ ਭਸ਼ ਅਤੀ ਼ ਦੀ ਼ਗਆਨ ਨਿੰ ਼ਧਆਨ ਼ਿਚ ਰਖ਼ਦਆ ਂਸਰ, ਸਸ਼ਟ ਅਤੀ ਛੂਟੀ ਉੱਤਰਾਂ ਿੀ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਹ ਾੱਛੀ ਜਣ।

2. ਸਰੀ ਭਗਾਂ ਼ਿੱਚੋਂ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਾੱਛੀ ਜਣ।

3. ਸਰ ਤੀ ਸਸ਼ਟ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਾੱਛੀ ਜਣ।

4. ਿਰਣਤਮਕ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਨ ਾੱਛੀ ਜਣ।

20

5. ੂਹ ਅਨਾਸਰ ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਰਥਆ ਂਨਿੰ ਛੂਟ ਜਾਂ ਚੂਣ ਦੀਣ ਜ਼ਮ ਹੁ। 6. ਭਗ ੳ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਼ਕਸੀ ਕ਼ਿਤ ਦੀ ਸਰ ਅਰਥ ਜਾਂ ਸਰ (ੰਜ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਦੂ) 2x05=10 ਅੰਕ 7. ਼ਕਸੀ ਕ਼ਿ ਟਾਕਹੀ ਤੀ ਭਿ ਅਰਥ (਼ਤੰਨ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਇਕ) 05 ਅੰਕ 8. 15 ਸਬਦ ਦੀ ਕੀ 10 ਸਬਦਾਂ ਦੀ ਸਬਦ ਜੂਹ ਸਾਧ ਕਰਨੇ 10 ਅੰਕ 9. ਼ਕਸੀ ਼ਦੱਤੀ ੁਰੀ ਜਾਂ ਿਕਾਂ ਼ਿਚ ਼ਿਸ਼ਰਮ ਼ਚੰਨਾਂ ਦ ਿਰਤ ੂ 10 ਅੰਕ 10. ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਰਥਆ ਂਦੀ ਜਿਨ ਦੀ ਼ਕਸੀ ਆਮ ਼ਿਸ਼ੀ ਨ ਸਬੰਧਤ ੁਰ ਰਚਨ 10 ਅੰਕ 11.ਭਗ ੲ ਼ਿਚ ਠ ਾਸਤਕ(ਕ਼ਿਤਿਾਂ) ਤੀ ਆਧਰਤ ਸੰਖੀ ਉੱਤਰਾਂ ਿੀ 15 ਰਸ਼ਨ ਾੱਛੀ ਜਣਗੀ। ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਰਥ ਨੇ ਸਰੀ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਕਰਨੇ ਹੂਣਗੀ। ਹਰੀਕ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਦ ਉਤਰ 3-4 ਸਤਰਾਂ

਼ਿਚ ਦੀਣ ਹੂਿੀਗ। ਹਰੀਕ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਦੀ 2 ਅੰਕ ਹੂਣਗੀ। 15x2=30 ਅੰਕ

23

SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



IX: INTRODUCTION TO AGROFORESTRY











section C.

Theory

SECTION A

1. Forest based industries in the developed and developing countries. Trade patterns of forest

based raw materials.

2. Agro-forestry system, sub-system and practice: agri-silviculture, silvipastoral, horti-

silviculture, horti-silvipastoral, shifting cultivation, taungya, home gardens, alley cropping,

intercropping, wind breaks, shelterbelts and energy plantations.

3. Forestry planning for agro-forestry – constraints, diagnosis and design methodology and

selection of tree crops species for agro-forestry.

4. Agro-forestry project – national, overseas. MPTS – their management practices; economics

of cultivation – nursery and planting (Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, Tectona, Populus,

Morus, Grewia, Eucalyptus, Quercus spp., bamboo, tamarind, neem, etc.)

24

SECTION B

1. Forests; definitions, role, benefits; direct and indirect. Status of Indian forests and role in

India farming systems.

2. Classification of forests- Forest types- Agricultural lands and forests- Agro forestry systems;

differences in nutrient cycling, diversity etc. Social forestry, joint forest management;

programmes and objectives.

3. National and international organizations in forestry. Important events/dates related to forests

and environment-themes and philosophy.

4. Important acts and policies related to Indian forests. Global warming; forestry options for

mitigation and adaptation- carbon sequestration.

PRACTICAL


1. Identification and seeds and seedlings of multipurpose tree species.

2. Nursery practices for poplar, Grewia optiva, Morus alba, Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo,

robinia, leucaena, etc.

3. Visit to agro-forestry fields.

4. To study the silvi-pasture, alley cropping, horti-silviculture, agro-silvipasture fuel and fodder

block.

5. Visit to social forestry plantations – railway line plantations, roadside plantations, industrial

plantations and shelterbelts.

6. Rapid assessment of farmers’ needs for green manure, fodder, fuel wood in selected villages.

7. Economic and marketing of products produced in agro-forestry systems.

Suggested reading :

Beazley, M. 1981. The International Book of Forest. London

Champion and Seth. Forest types of India.

25

Grebner, D.L., Bettinger, P.and Siry, J.P. 2012. Introduction to Forestry and Natural

Resources.

Academic Press. 508p (Google eBook).

Khanna, L.S. 1989. Principles and Practice of Silviculture. Khanna Bandhu, New Delhi.

Mitchell Beazly.1981. The International Book of the Forest. Mitchell Beazly Publishers,

London.

Mather, A.S. 1990. Global forest resources. Belhaven, London

Persson, R. 1992. World forest resources. Periodical experts, New Delhi.

Westoby, J. 1991. Introduction to World Forestry. Wiley, 240p.

26

SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



X: PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TEMPERATE FRUITS











section C.

Theory

SECTION A

1. Distribution, commercial importance, scope and classification of temperate fruit and nuts.

2. Detailed study of area, production, varieties, rootstocks, climate and soil requirements for

temperate fruits.

3. Propagation, planting density, cropping systems, after care, training and pruning, pollination

in temperate fruits.

4. Use of growth regulators, nutrition, weeds management, maturity indices, harvesting, post-

harvest handling and storage of temperate fruits.

SECTION B

1. Nutrition and water requirements, fertigation, role of bio- regulators, major pests, diseases, physiological disorders and their control measures.

2. Abiotic factors limiting fruit production. Flowering, pollination and fruit set. Quality improvement. Storage and ripening techniques.

3. Cultivation , harvesting, storage and post harvest handling of apple, pear, peach, plum,

apricot, cherry, persimmon

27

4. Cultivation, harvesting, storage and post harvest handling of strawberry, kiwi, almond,

walnut, pistachio nut, hazel nut and chest nut.

PRACTICAL


1. Description and identification of species and varieties.

2. Training and purring in temperate fruit crops.

3. Study of propagation method of temperate fruit crops

4. Study the characteristics of temperate fruits varieties.

5. Rejuvenation of old and unproductive trees.

6. Visit to commercial orchards.

7. Project preparation for establishing commercial orchards.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED





Ludhiana





28

SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



XI PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TEMPERATE VEGETABLES











section C.

Theory:

SECTION A

1. Importance of cool season vegetable crops in nutrition and national economy, area,

production and export potential.

2. Description of varieties and hybrids, origin, climate and soil requirements production

technology, physiological disorders of cabbage, cauliflower.


technology, physiological disorders of knol-khol, sprouting broccoli.


technology, physiological disorders, of Brussels sprout, lettuce.

SECTION B

1. Introduction, botany, varieties and hybrids, origin, climate and soil requirements

production technology, physiological disorders of Chinese cabbage, spinach.


production technology, physiological disorders of garlic, onion, leek.


production technology, physiological disorders of radish, carrot, turnip.

29


production technology, physiological disorders and marketing of beet root, peas, beans,

rhubarb and asparagus.

PRACTICAL


1. Identification and description of varieties / hybrids.

2. Propagation methods, nursery management, preparation of field and sowing /

transplanting.

3. Identification of physiological and nutritional disorders and their management.

4. Post-harvest handling of produce.

5. Cost of cultivation of important vegetables.

6. Visit to commercial farms.

Books Recommended

9. M.S. Dhaliwal : Hand Book of Vegetable crops.

10. G.S. Sani : Text Book of vegetable production.

11. PAU Lud : Package of practices for cultivation of vegetables.

12. Yawlkar : Vegetable crops.

13. Vishnu Swarup : Vegetable science and technology in India.

14. Prem Nath, S. Velayudhan : Vegetables for Tropical Regions.

15. D.P. Singh M.K. Rana : Scientific Cultivation of Vegetables.

16. Chadha,K.L. : Handbook of Horticulture (ICAR)

30

SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



XII: DISEASES OF FRUIT CROPS & MANAGEMENT











section C.

Theory:

SECT ION A

1. Symptoms, mode of spread, integrated management and chemical control of the diseases

of fruits - mango, banana, grape and citrus.


of fruits - guava, sapota, and papaya.


of fruits jack fruit, pineapple, and litchi.


of fruits- pomegranate, ber, and amla.

SECTION B


of fruits- pear, peach, and plum, apple.

31


of fruits- almond, walnut, and strawberry.


of fruits- cherry, apricot and persimmon.


of fruits- olive, loquat and fig.

PRACTICAL


Practical:

1. Observations of disease symptoms in fruits.

2. Identification of casual organisms of disease in fruits.

3. Examination of important pathogens of fruits crops.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Alexopolues : Introductory Mycology

2. Mundkur, C.T. B.B. & Chattopadhyaya, SB : Fungi and Plant Diseases

3. Singh, RS : Plant Diseases

4. R.P. Singh :Plant Pathology

5. G.L. Chopra :Fungi

6. B.P. Pandey :Plant Pathology

7. Chadha, K.L. : Handbook of horticulture (ICAR)

32

SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



XIII: ORCHARD MANAGEMENT











section C.

Theory:

Section A

1. Importance, objectives, merits and demerits of orchard management.

2. Clean cultivation, sod culture, intercropping, cover cropping, and mixed cropping.

Inorganic and organic mulches and herbicides.

3. Orchard management practices, tree geometry management, lay out and planting of

orchard, planting of important fruit crops.

4. Competitive and complimentary effect of root and shoot systems in different

management systems.

SECTION B

1. Managements of orchard-orchard planning and layout, mineral nutrition in fruit crops,

role of pollination in fruit crops, weed management.

33

2. Soil management in relation to nutrient and water uptake and their effects on soil

environment, moisture, micro-organisms and soil properties.

3. Integrated nutrient management. Utilization of resource constraints in existing systems.

4. Crop models and crop regulation in relation to cropping systems. Systems of irrigation.

PRACTICAL


Practical:

1. Layout of different systems of orchard

2. Soil management of fruit crops: clean, inter, cover and mixed cropping and fillers.

3. Use of mulch materials

4. Moisture conservation and weed control.

5. Layout of various irrigation systems.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED





Ludhiana





Singh, J : Fundamentals of Horticulture

34

SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



XIV: FARM POWER AND MACHINERY











section C.

SECTION A

1. Status of Farm Power in India, Sources of Farm Power, Internal Combustion (I.C).

Engines, working principles of I C engines technology.

2. Comparison of two stroke and four stroke cycle engines, Study of different components

of I.C. engine, I.C. engine terminology and solved problems.

3. Familiarization with different systems of I.C. engines: Air cleaning, cooling, lubrication,

fuel supply and hydraulic control system of a tractor

4. Familiarization with Power transmission system: clutch, gear box, differential and final

drive of a tractor, Tractor types, Cost analysis of tractor power and attached implement.

SECTION B

1. Familiarization with Primary and Secondary Tillage implements, Implements for hill

agriculture, implements for intercultural operations

2. Familiarization with sowing and planting equipment, calibration of a seed drill and

solved examples

3. Familiarization with Plant Protection equipments. Familiarization with harvesting and

threshing equipment.

35

4. Implements for intercultural operations, seed drills, paddy tranplanters, their calibrations.

Plant protection. Harvesting and threshing equipment. Cost of operation of tractor and

machinery.

PRACTICAL


Practicals

1. Study of different components of I.C. engine.

2. To study air cleaning and cooling system of engine.

3. Familiarization with clutch, transmission, differential and final drives of a tractor.

4. Familiarization with lubrication and fuel supply system of engine.

5. Familiarization with brake, steering, hydraulic control system of engine, learning of

tractor driving.

6. Familiarization with operation of power tiller, Implements for hill agriculture.

7. Familiarization with different types of primary and secondary tillage implements: mould

plough, disc plough and disc harrow.

8. Familiarization with seed-cum-fertilizer drills their seed metering mechanism and

calibration, planters and transplanter. Familiarization with different types of sprayers and

dusters Familiarization with different inter-cultivation equipment.

9. Familiarization with harvesting and threshing machinery.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. OJha, T.P : Principles of Agri. Vol. –I Jain Brothers, Publishers, New Delhi

2. . Michale, A.M : Farm Power and Machinery, Kitab Mahal, Allahabad.

3. Smith Kanis Person : Farm Machinery and Equipments; Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing

Co. New Delhi. Wills L. Hang : Agri. Engg. Land Surveying, Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Co. New Delhi.

4. Jain,S.C. and Rai,C.R. : Tractor Engine.

36

SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



XV: MEDICINAL AND AROMATICAL PLANTS











section C.

Theory:

SECTION A

1. History, scope, opportunities and constraints in the cultivation and utilization of

medicinal and aromatic plants in India. Role of medicinal and aromatic plants in Indian

economy.

2. Importance, origin, distribution, area, production, climatic and soil requirements,

propagation and nursery techniques, planting and aftercare, cultural practices, harvesting

of Medicinal plants: Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina) and Isabgol (Plantago ovata).



of Medicinal plants: Asgand (Withania somnifera) and Senna (Cassia angustifolia).



of Medicinal plants: Aloe vera (A. barbadensis) and safed musli (Chlorophytum

borivilianum).

37

SECTION B



of aromatic plants: Tulsi (Ocimum basilicum) and Mentha (Mentha arvensis).



of aromatic plants: palmarosa oil grass (Cymbopogon spp) and patchouli (Pogostemon

patchouli).



of aromatic plants: Rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) and damask rose (Rosa

damascena).



of aromatic plants: Khus (Vetiveria zizanioides) and celery (Apium graviolens).

Practical:


1. Identification of various medicinal plants.

2. Identification of aromatic plants.

3. Commercial use of medicinal and aromatic plants.

4. Nursery raising and transplantation of medicinal crops harvesting, drying, grading and

storage

5. Nursery raising and transplantation of aromatic crops harvesting, drying, grading and

storage

6. Visits to Punjabi University Patiala department of botany

38

Suggested reading

1. Atul, C.K. and Kapur, B.K. (1982).Cultivation and utilization of medicinal

plants.RRL., CSIR,Jammu-Tawi.

2. Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L. and Chopra, I.C. (1956).Glossary of Indian medicinal

plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

3. Gunther, E. (1975). The essential oils. Robert, K Krieger Pub. Co., New York.

4. EIRI Board. (2007). Handbook of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Cultivation,

Utilisation and ExtractionProcesses. Engineers India Research Institute, NaiSarak,

Delhi,.

5. Khan, I.A. and Khanum, A. (2005). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of India ; Herbal

Wealth for HumanHealth (1st Ed). Ukaaz Publications.

6. Muralia, S. (2006).Medicinal and aromatic plants (1st Ed).Neha Publishers &

Distributors.

7. Chopra, A.K. (2007). Medicinal Plants: Conservation, Cultivation and Utilization.

Daya Books.

8. Trivedi, P.C. (2006). Medicinal plants traditional knowledge. I.K. International

Publisher House Pvt.L.td.

9. Chadha,K.L. (2014). Handbook of horticulture. ICAR, New Delhi

39

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40

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41

B.Sc. Agriculture (Horticulture) Part-II, Sem IVth

Paper No. XVI-B Punjabi Mudhla Gyan

2016-17 ਅਤੀ 2017-18 ਸੁਸ਼ਨ ਈ ਸਮੁਸਟਰ ਚਥ

ਕਾ ਅੰਕ:100 ਸ ਹੂਣ ਈ ਅੰਕ : 35 ਅੰਦਰਿਨ ਮਾਾਂਕਣ : 25 ਅੰਕ ਅੰਦਰਿਨ ਮਾਾਂਕਣ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਸ ਹੂਣ ਈ ਅੰਕ : 09 ਬਹਰ ਰ਼ਖਆ: 75 ਅੰਕ ਬਹਰ ਰ਼ਖਆ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਸ ਹੂਣ ਈ ਅੰਕ : 26 ਸਮਾਂ : 3 ਘੰਟੀ ਅ਼ਧਆਨ: 50 ਰਅਡ

ਠਕਰਮ ਅਤੀ ਪ੍ਰ਼ਸ਼ਨ-ੱਤਰ ਦ ਰਿ-ਰੀਖ

ਭਗ-ੳ

਼ਨਰਧਰਤ ਾਸਤਕ: ੰਜਬ ਦ ਠ ਾਸਤਕ, ਬਦੀਿ ਼ਸੰਘ ਚਮ, ਬਕੀਸ਼ਨ ਼ਬਊਰੂ, ੰਜਬ ਯਿਨਿਰ਼ਸਟ, ਼ਟਆ

(ਇਸ ਾਸਤਕ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਕਹਣ ਅਤੀ ਨਟਕ ਿ ਭਗ ਼ਸੀਬਸ ਿਜੋਂ ਼ਹਿਆ ਜਣ ਹੁ)

ਭਗ- ਅ ਅ-1 ਼ਨਜ ਼ਚਠ/ੱਤਰ

ਅ-2 ਸਬਦਾਂ ਦ ਅਨਾਿਦ (ੰਜਬ ਤੋਂ ਅੰਗਰੀਜ਼ ਅਤੀ ਅੰਗਰੀਜ਼ ਤੋਂ ੰਜਬ। ਭਗ-ੲ

ਉਰੂਕਤ ਠਕਰਮ ਤੀ ਆਧਰਤ ਸੰਖੀ ਉੱਤਰਾਂ ਿੀ ਰਸ਼ਨ।

ਅੰਕ ਿੰਡ ਤੀ ੀਰ ਸੁੱਟਰ/ ਰ਼ਖਆਰਥ ਈ ਹਦਇਤਾਂ

1. ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਰਥਆ ਂ ਨੇ ੰਜਬ ਭਸ਼ ਅਤੀ ਗਾਰਮਾਖ ਼ ਦ ਮਾਢ ਼ਗਆਨ ਰਤ ਕਤ ਹੁ। ਇਸ ਈ ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਰਥਆ ਂ

ਦੀ ਭਸ਼ ਅਤੀ ਼ ਦੀ ਼ਗਆਨ ਨਿੰ ਼ਧਆਨ ਼ਿਚ ਰਖ਼ਦਆ ਂਸਰ, ਸਸ਼ਟ ਅਤੀ ਛੂਟੀ ਉੱਤਰਾਂ ਿੀ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਹ ਾੱਛੀ ਜਣ।

2. ਸਰੀ ਭਗਾਂ ਼ਿੱਚੋਂ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਾੱਛੀ ਜਣ।

3. ਸਰ ਤੀ ਸਸ਼ਟ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਾੱਛੀ ਜਣ।

4. ਿਰਣਤਮਕ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਨ ਾੱਛੀ ਜਣ।

5. ੂਹ ਅਨਾਸਰ ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਰਥਆ ਂਨਿੰ ਛੂਟ ਜਾਂ ਚੂਣ ਦੀਣ ਜ਼ਮ ਹੁ।

42

6. ਭਗ ੳ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਼ਕਸੀ ਕਹਣ ਦ ਸਰ। (ਦੂ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਇਕ) 08 ਅੰਕ 7. ਼ਕਸੀ ਤਰ ਸਬੰਧ ਸੰਖੀ ਜਣਕਰ (ਦੂ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਇਕ) 04 ਅੰਕ 8. ਨਟਕ ਦੀ ਤਰਾਂ ਸਬੰਧ ਜਣਕਰ (਼ਤੰਨ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਇਕ) 08 ਅੰਕ 9. ਼ਨਜ ਼ਚੱਠ ਜਾਂ ੱਤਰ। (ਦ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਇਕ) 09ਅੰਕ 10. ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਰਥਆ ਂਦੀ ਆਮ ਜਿਨ ਨ ਸਬੰਧਤ ਸਬਦਿ ਦ ਅੰਗਰੀਜ਼ ਅਤੀ ੰਜਬ ਅਨਾਿਦ 8+8= 16 ਅੰਕ 11.ਭਗ ੲ ਼ਿਚ ਠ ਾਸਤਕ ਤੀ ਆਧਰਤ ਸੰਖੀ ਉੱਤਰਾਂ ਿੀ 15 ਰਸ਼ਨ ਾੱਛੀ ਜਣਗੀ। ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਰਥ ਨੇ ਸਰੀ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਕਰਨੇ

ਹੂਣਗੀ। ਹਰੀਕ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਦ ਉਤਰ ਼ਿਚ ਦੀਣ ਹੂਿੀਗ। ਹਰੀਕ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਦੀ 2 ਅੰਕ ਹੂਣਗੀ। 15x2=30 ਅੰਕ

45

All UG Courses - II Year(Annual & 4th Semester)

Environmental and Road Safety Awareness

Session: 2017-18, 2018-19 & 2019-20

Total Marks : 100 Max Time: 3 hrs.

Theory : 70 marks Lectures per week 5

Internal Assessment: 30 Total Credit : 50

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER SETTERS

The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Each of sections A and B will have

four questions from the respective sections of the syllabus. Each question shall carry 11 marks.

Section C will consist of 13 short answer type questions of 2 marks each.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATES

Candidates are required to attempt any two questions from each section A and B. Section C is

compulsory.

PRIVATE STUDENTS

Max Marks: 100 Max Time: 3hrs.

Lectures per week 5

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER SETTERS

The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Each of sections A and B will have

four questions from the respective sections of the syllabus. Each question shall carry 15 marks.

Section C will consist of 20 short answer type questions of 2 marks each.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATES

Candidates are required to attempt any two questions from each section A and B. Section C is

compulsory.

.SECTION-A

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES:

The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies. Definition, scope and importance

Concept of Biosphere – Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere. (Credit -2)

46

ECOSYSTEM & BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Ecosystem and its components, Types of Ecosystems

Biodiversity - Definition and Value, Threats to biodiversity and its conservation

Level of biological diversity: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity; biogeographic zones of

India; biodiversity patterns and global biodiversity hot spots.

India as Mega-biodiversity nation;Endangered and endemic species of India.

Ecosystem and biodiversity services: Ecological, economic, social, ethical, aesthetic and

informational value.

(Credit -6)

NATURAL RESOURCES–RENEWABLE AND NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Land resources and landuse change; land degradation, soil erosion and desertification.

Deforestation: causes and impacts due to mining, dam building on environment, Forests,

Biodiversity and tribal populations.

Water: Use and over-exploitation of surface and ground water, Floods, droughts, conflicts over

water (international & inter-state)

Energy resources: renewable and nonrenewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources,

growing energy needs, case studies.

(Credit -8)

Environmental Pollution

Environmental Pollution : types,causes,effects and controls; Air, Water, Soil and noise

pollution. Nuclear hazards and human health risks Solid waste management : Control measures

of urban and Industrial waste. Pollution case studies.

(Credit -6)

SECTION-B

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LAWS IN INDIA

Environmental protection act for; Air (Prevention and control of pollution), Water (Prevention

and Control of pollution), Wild life, Forest Conservation, Issues involved in the enforcement of

environmental legislation.Role of an individual in prevention of pollution.

Environmental policies & Practices; Climate change, global warming, ozone layer depletion,

acid rain and imapcts on human communities and agriculture.

(Credit -5)

47

Human Communities and the Environment

Human population growth: Impacts on environment, human health and welfare. Resettlement

and rehabilitation of project affected persons; case studies. Disaster management: floods,

earthquake, cyclones and landslides. Environment movements: Chipko, Silent valley, Bishnois

of Rajasthan. Environmental ethics: Role of Indian and other religions and cultures in

environmental conservation.

Environmental communication and public awareness, case studies (e.g., CNG vehicles in Delhi)

(Credit -5)

ROAD SAFETY AWARENESS

Concept and significance of Road safety, Traffic signs,Traffic rules,Traffic Offences and

penalties, How to obtain license, Role of first aid in Road Safety.

(Credit -5)

Stubble Burning

Its meaning : Why Stubble burning ,Alternatives to Stubble Burning,

Environmental and Health effects/Hazards, Policies to control Stubble burning.

(Credit -4)

Field Work

Visit to an area to document environmental assets: river/Forest/Flora/Fauna, etc.

Visit to Local polluted site –urban/Rural/Industrial/Agricultural.

Study of common Plants, Insects, Birds and basic principles of identification.

Study of simple ecosystems-pond, river, Delhi Ridge, etc.

(Credit -5)

Prevalence

1. Extent and management of crop stubble 2. Impact on Health and Environment. 3. Alternative uses of crop stubble. 4. Environmental Legislations and Policies for Restriction of Agriculture Residue Burning

in Punjab.

(Credit -4)

48

Suggested Readings :

1. Carson,R.2002. Silent Spring, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2. Gadgil.M., & Guha,R.1993. This Fissured Land : An Ecological History of India.Univ. of

California Press.

3. Gleeson, B. and Low, N.(eds.)1999. Global Ethics and Environment, London, Routledge. 4. Gleick,P.H.1993. Water in Crisis.Pacific Institute for Studies in Dev. Environment &

Security .Stockholam Env. Institute,Oxford Univ.Press.

5. Groom , Martha J., Gary K. Meffe, and Carl Ronald Carroll.Principles of Conservation Biology.Sunderland : Sinauer Associates, 2006.

6. Grumbine,R.Edward, and Pandit,M.K.2013. Threats from India's Himalays dams. Science,339:36-37.

7. McCully,P.1996. Rivers no more: the environmetal effects of dams (pp.29-64). Zed Books.

8. McNeill,John R. 2000. Something New Under the Sun : An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century.

9. Odum, E.P., H.T & Andrews, J.1971. Fundamentals of Ecology.Philadelphia : Saunders. 10. Pepper,I.L., Gerba ,C.P & Brusseau,M.L.2011. Environmental and Pollution

Sciences.Academic Press.

11. Rao, M.N. & Datta,A.K.1987. Waste Water Treatment.Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd.

12. Raven, P.H., Hassenzahl, D.M. & Berg, L.R.2012,Environment. 8Th edition. John Wiles & Sons.

13. Rosencranz, A., Divan, S., & Nobie, M.L. 2001. Environmental law and policy in India. Tripathi 1992

14. Sengupta, R. 2003. Ecology and economics: An approach to sustainable development. OUP.

15. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2014. Ecology, Environmental Science and Conservation. S. Chand Publishing, New Delhi.

16. Sodhi, N.S. Gibson, L. & Raven, P.H. (eds). 2013. Conservation Biology: Voices from the Tropics. John Wiley & Sons.

17. Thapar, V. 1998. Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent. 18. Warren, C.E. 1971. Biology and Water Pollution Control. WB Saunders. 19. Wilson, E.O. 2006. The Creation: An appeal to save life on earth. New York:Norton. 20. World commission on Environment and Development. 1987. Our Common Future.

Oxford University Press.

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