Syahrul Kurniawan Teknologi Pupuk dan...
Transcript of Syahrul Kurniawan Teknologi Pupuk dan...
MATERI I Syahrul Kurniawan
Teknologi Pupuk dan Pemupukan
Fertilizer Terminology
A fertilizer is any substance that is added to the soil
to supply those elements required in the nutrition of
plants.
A fertilizer material or carrier is any substance
that contains one or more of the essential elements
A mixed fertilizer is a mechanical or chemical
combination of two or more fertilizer materials and
which contains two or more essential elements
Fertilizer Terminology
A complete fertilizer contains the three major
plant-nutrient elements - nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium
Fertilizer grade refers to the minimum guarantee of
the plant-nutrient content in terms of total nitrogen,
available phosphorus pentoxide, and soluble
potassium oxide (6-24-24 for example).
Fertilizer ratio refers to the relative percentages of
nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide, and potassium
oxide (a 6-24-24 grade has a 1-4-4 ratio).
Fertilizer Terminology
Dry bulk blending is the process of mechanically mixing solid fertilizer material
Clear liquid fertilizer is one in which the NPK and other materials are completely dissolved
Conversion factors :
◦ %P x 2.29 = %P2O5
◦ % P2O5 x 0.44 =%P
◦ %K x 1.2 = %K2O
◦ %K2O x 0.83 = %K
Pupuk Nitrogen
Bahan organik alami ◦ guano
◦ Sisa hewan, kotoran, sisa tanaman
◦ Sebagian N yang dilepaskan dikonversi menjadi N dalam sekitar 3 minggu
N anorganik alami ◦ Natrium Nitrat (NaNO3) Ditambah di Chile
mengandung 16% NO3-N
◦ NH3 dari batubara (Eropa)
Pupuk Nitrogen (kimia sintetik)
Amonia Anhidrous
◦ 82% N; disimpan dalam bentuk cair pada tekanan
tinggi; jika dilepas menjadi gas
◦ Diberikan langsung ke tanah melalui tabung
injeksi
◦ Sebagian hilang ke atmosfer pada saat aplikasi
◦ Diperlukan alat khusus untuk aplikasi
Urea [CO(NH2)2]
◦ 46% N
◦ Hidrolisis cepat menjadi NH4+
◦ Dibenamkan untuk hindari volatilisasi
Pupuk Nitrogen (kimia
sintetik) Amonium Nitrat [NH4NO3]
33.5 -34.5 % N
Menyerap air (higroskopis)
Dibentuk granul untuk hindari menggumpal
Dapat meledak
Larutan Nitrogen (tanpa tekanan) NH4NO3 dan / atau urea
Urea dan NH4NO3 yang dilarutkan dalam air
disebut larutan
Pupuk Nitrogen (kimia
sintetik) Amonium Cair – gas Amonia
dilarutkan dalam air (21% N)
Amonium sulfat 20.5% N
◦ NH3 + H2SO4 =====> (NH4)2SO4
◦ Juga memasok sulfat
◦ Diperlukan penyimpanan dan
penanganan yang baik
Pupuk Nitrogen (kimia sintetik)
Amonium Fosfat – digunakan terutama sebagai sumber P NH3 + H3PO4 =====> NH4H2PO4 .............11-48-0
◦ Monoammonium phosphate (MAP)..... 11-48-0
NH3 + H3PO4 =====> NH4H2PO4
◦ Diammonium phosphate (DAP) ... 18-46-0
(NH4)2HOP4
Kalium Nitrat .... 13-0-44 ◦ 6KCl + 12 HNO3 ==> 6KNO3 + 3Cl2 + 6NO2 + 6H20
Kalsium nitrat ◦ Digunakan di Eropa
Phosphorus Fertilizers
Solubility Terminology ◦ Water soluble P - fertilizer compounds
dissolve in water
◦ Citrate soluble P - compounds that dissolve in ammonium citrate
◦ Citrate insoluble P - the portion that is insoluble in both water and ammonium citrate
◦ Available P - water and citrate soluble
Phosphorus Fertilizers
Fertilizer Materials
◦ Rock Phosphate
Source of all P fertilizers; deposits are found
world wide.
Rock phosphate is insoluble; therefore, it is not
a good fertilizer without being processed.
Applications of rock phosphate on very acid
soils has been shown to become slowly
available to plants. T
o be made readily available to plants
phosphate rock must be acid or heat
processed.
Phosphorus Fertilizers
Fertilizer Materials
◦ Acid treated phophate materials
Wet process phosphoric acid. Rock phosphate
is treated with a sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to
produce phosphoric acid plus calcium
phosphate (gypsum) and the gypsum is
removed. This is sometimes called "green acid"
and is 54-56% P2O5. This acid is used to make
triple superphosphate and liquid fertilizers.
Superphosphoric Acid - (72% P2O5) - Made by
concentrating the 54-56% through evaporation
used in liquid fertilizers.
Phosphorus Fertilizers
Fertilizer Materials
◦ Acid treated phosphate materials
Ordinary Superphosphate - React sulfuric acid with
rock phosphate.
20 % available P2O5 (85-90 % water soluble)
contains 8-10% sulfur as gypsum (CaSO4)
used in mixing and blending fertilizer and is applied
directly
Concentrated Superphosphate (triple) - Made by
treating rock phosphate with phosphoric acid.
46% P2O5 (86-90% water soluble)
Contains very little sulfur < 3% S
used in mixing and blending and applied directly
Phosphorus Fertilizers
Fertilizer Materials
◦ Acid treated phosphate materials
Ammonium Phosphates - manufactured by ammoniating phosphoric acid. Monoammonium phosphate 11-48-0, Diammonium phosphate 18-46-0. These materials have excellent storage and handling properties, highly water soluble, high nutrient content, uniform granules, and are economical.
Others - Nitrophosphates - Nitric acid and rock phosphate. Ammonium polyphosphates - Made by neutralizing superphosphoric acid with anhydrous ammonia.
Potassium Fertilizers
Potassium carriers:
◦ Potassium Chloride - (50-60% K).
◦ Potassium Sulfate - (45-50% K). Source of
S where element is deficient
CONCEPT
Potassium is depleated easily with the rremoval of high yielding
crops without retaining residue
K fertilizer manufacture and
properties Found as water-soluble salts in large
deposits. ◦ Composed mainly of KCl, KCl + NaCl or K2SO4 +
MgSO4.
◦ These salt are mined and refined to produce K fertilizers.
K Fertilizer Materials ◦ 1. KCl - muriate of potash 60% 90% of U.S. consumption
completely water soluble
contains Cl
◦ 2. K2SO4 - Potassium sulfate
K fertilizer manufacture and
properties
K Fertilizer Materials
◦ K2SO4 - Potassium sulfate 50% K2O 18% Sulfur
provides SO4 as well as K and must contain less than 2.5% Cl
used only on Cl sensitive crops because it is more expensive than KCl
◦ K2SO4 * MgSO4 - sulfate of magnesia 22% K2O, 11% Magnesium, 22% Sulfur
max Chloride 2.5 %
◦ KNO3 potassium nitrate react with KCl with nitric acid
44% K2O 13% N
no Cl