Swiss politics and political institutions: 1. Society and History
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Swiss politics and political institutions:
1. Society and History
Prof. Dr. Andreas Ladner
iMPA 2013
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For a very good introduction see
Linder/Iff (
http://www.swissworld.org/media/political_system_
2011/?lang=en
)
Very good!!!
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Module 1: 5 Blocks
1. Society and History
2. Federalism and Municipalities
3. Government and Parliament
4. Direct Democracy
5. Party system and Parties
6. What about the citizens?
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What do people know about Switzerland?
Cheese, chocolate, watches and Nespresso?
Banks, insurances and pills?
Innovative policy solutions, political
institutions and a special form of democracy?
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Political issues
What happens to the Swiss Franc?
Immigration and the Growth of the Swiss population – Free
Movement of Persons Switzerland – EU/EFTA
Nuclear Power Plants
Banking secrecy – US, EU
……
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The three pillars of the Swiss political system and the idea of power sharing
Society
Fed
era
lism
Con
sen
su
s
Dem
ocra
cy
Dir
ect
Dem
ocra
cy
Politics
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SwitzerlandPopulation: 8 mio.
Languages: German, French and Italian
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Denominations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland
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Cross-cutting Cleavages
French speaking,Catholics,poor
German speaking, protestants, rich
F
G
rich
rich
poor
poor
cath.
cath.
prot.
prot.
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“The biggest sorrows of the Swiss“ (Sorgenbarometer Credit Suisse 2010)
UnemploymentOld age pension schemeHealth servicesSocial securityForeignersPersonal securityEU/BilateralesAsylum seekersNew poverty...
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Refugees, Asylum seekers Integration of
foreigners, free movement of persons
EU, bilateral agreements
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GDP (PPP) per capita
The gross domestic product at purchasing power parity of countries per capita,
shows the value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given
year divided by the average (or mid-year) population for the same year.
GDP dollar estimates are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations.
Such calculations are prepared by various organizations, including the
International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. As estimates and assumptions
have to be made, the results produced by different organizations for the same
country tend to differ, sometimes substantially. PPP figures are estimates rather than
hard facts, and should be used with caution.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita
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Reasons for the succes?
Neutrality, not involved in WW I and WW II
Banking secrecy
Not member of the EU
Small country, no Kings and Queens, no colonies
International orientation, innovative, niche oriented
Liberal country
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Reasons for the success
Weltwoche Nr. 36.13 Robert U. Vogler: «Mythos arme Schweiz»
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The Swiss state
Liberal state, minimal state or welfare state?
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http://www.efv.admin.ch/f/dokumentation/downloads/themen/oeff_haushalte/intv_staatsquote.pdf
(Ratio of government expenditures to gross national product)
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Ratio of government expenditures to gross national product (Economiesuisse)
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Economiesuisse: Finances publiques consolidées selon caractère obligatoire (dépenses)
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Expenditures (State levels and Social Insurances, 2009, percentages)
Transfers included; total: 229 billions Swiss francs
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Civil servants on the different state levels
Ballendowitsch, Jens (2003). Sozialstruktur, soziale Sicherung und soziale Lage des öffentlichen Dienstes der Schweiz. Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung. Working papers Nr. 68.
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Central government expenses 2009 (58 billion)
http://www.efv.admin.ch/f/dokumentation/zahlen_fakten/finanzberichterstattung.php
Transport
Finances and tax
Social Security
Others
International Affairs
Agriculture and Food
Education and Research
Defense
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Expenses central government (Confederation) 1960 (2.7 billions)
Administration générale; 5.5
Police, Justice; 1.1
Relation avec l'étranger; 3.2
Défense nationale;
35.5
Formation et recherche
fondamentale; 3.6
Culture et loisirs; 0.6Santé; 0.6
Prévoyance sociale; 13.7
Traf ic; 6.1
Protection et aménagement de l’environnement;
0.8
Agriculture et alimentation; 12.6
Finances et impôts; 16.8
Transport
Finances and tax
Social Security
Others
International AffairsAgriculture and Food
Education and Research
Defense
Health Culture
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Income central government (Confederation)
http://www.efv.admin.ch/f/downloads/finanzberichterstattung/bufi/R_Bufi_2009_f.pdf
Federal Direct Tax on income and wealth
Value Added Tax
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The Old Swiss Confederacy (1291-1515)
Important trade route over the Gotthard
Interest and influence of Habsburg ->
„Oath on Rütli“ to mutual help against
anyone attempting to subject them
German king Friedrich II exempted the
valleys of Uri (1231) and Schwyz (1240)
from the jurisdiction of any counts and
dukes so they would be subject to the king
alone
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The ancient political system in Switzerland
Source: http://history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch/swiss-revolution-helvetic-republic-1798.html
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Catholics 1850 und 1990 (percentages)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
VS
UR
OW T
I
AI
NW SZ
JU LU
FR
ZG
GE
SG
SO
GR
AG
GL
NE
VD
TG
BS
ZH
BL
AR
SH
BE
CH
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Revolts against the Ancien Regime
From 1650 to 1790, the various revolts against the rich families in the cities
did not have any success:
The war of the peasants of the Emmental (subject territory of Berne) and
Entlebuch (subject territory of Lucerne) against these cities in 1653
The revolt of Wilchingen against Schaffhausen (1717 - 1729)
The revolt of Werdenberg against Glarus (1719 - 1722)
The revolt of major Abraham Davel in Lausanne (Vaud) against Berne
(1723)
The revolt of the peasants of Jura against the prince-bishop of Basel (1726 -
1739)
The revolt of the Leventina (Ticino) against Uri (1755)
The revolt of Chenaux (Fribourg) against Fribourg (1781)
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French Revolution (1789)
The Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789
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The Helvetic Republic (1798-1803)
On 5 March 1798, French troops completely overran
Switzerland and the Old Swiss Confederation
collapsed.
On 12 April 1798 121 cantonal deputies proclaimed
the Helvetic Republic, "One and Indivisible".
The new régime abolished cantonal sovereignty and
feudal rights. The occupying forces established a
centralised state based on the ideas of the French
Revolution.
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1803: „Act of Mediation“ = Restoration of the old Confederation of the 13 Cantons + 6 new Cantons (SG, GR, AG, TG, VD, TI)
1814: Genève, le Valais et Neuchâtel join the Confederation
1815: Congress of Vienna -> Swiss neutrality
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The foundation of the modern national state (1848)
Tensions between the liberal Protestant and the Catholic cantons lead
to the civil war in 1847 (the “Sonderbundskrieg”).
After a brief military campaign with federal troops, the Catholics, who
had founded a separatist federation, surrender.
1848 The modern Swiss federal state is founded in 1848. Its
constitution centralises and harmonises numerous areas which were
previously the responsibility of the cantons, such as military service,
customs, and postal services and coinage.
This leads to the creation of a cohesive territory ripe for economic
development.
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Nation Building after a short Civil War (1847)
The Radical Party and liberals made up of urban bourgeoisie and burghers, which were strong in the largely Protestant cantons proposed a new Constitution for the Swiss Confederation which would draw the cantons into a closer relationship and develop into a modern capitalist nation with banking and trade (Engels).
The conservative city patricians and mountain or Ur-Swiss from the largely Catholic cantons were opposed to the new constitution.
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1848: 70 per cent of the Cantons accept the new Constitution
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Federation ≠ Confederation
The “Swiss Confederation” is not a Confederation!
-> Compare to the European Union!
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Since then
More and more tasks are allocated to the state
sector (infrastructure, social security, risk,
sustainability)
The central state becomes more important. The
execution in many domains, however, remains in
the hands of the lower units -> increasing
entanglement („Poliltikverflechtung“)
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A paradigmatic case of political integration
Small state
No royalist past
Strategically important location in Europe
Bottom-up nation building
Core principles of the political system: power sharing!
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Study work
How would you describe your country compared to
Switzerland?
How do people in our country spend their money?