Sweet Cherry - Great Lakes EXPO€¦ · Cherry Rootstocks by Tree Size Gi 12, Mazzard, Colt Maxma...
Transcript of Sweet Cherry - Great Lakes EXPO€¦ · Cherry Rootstocks by Tree Size Gi 12, Mazzard, Colt Maxma...
Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable & Farm Market EXPO Michigan Greenhouse Growers EXPO
December 9 - 11, 2014 DeVos Place Convention Center, Grand Rapids, MI
Sweet Cherry Where: Gallery Overlook (upper level) Room G & H
MI Recertification credits: 2 (1C, COMM CORE, PRIV CORE)
CCA Credits: CM(2.0)
Moderator: Mark Miezio, MSHS Board, Suttons Bay, MI
2:00 pm Tree Training, Long-Term Management Decisions, and Performance Comparisons for
Super Slender Axe (SSA) and Bi-Axis Sweet Cherry Orchards
Stefano Musacchi, Horticulture Dept., Washington State Univ.
2:55 pm Experiences with Four High-Density Sweet Cherry Training Systems in Michigan:
Upright Fruiting Offshoots (UFO), Super Slender Axe (SSA), Tall Spindle Axe (TSA),
and Kym Green Bush (KGB)
Gregory Lang, Horticulture Dept., MSU
3:35 pm Q and A Panel—Everything You Have Wanted to Know About Growing High Quality
Sweet Cherries but Were Afraid to Ask
Stefano Musacchi, Horticulture Dept., Washington State Univ.
Gregory Lang, Horticulture Dept., MSU
John King, King Orchards, Central Lake, MI
Adele Wunsch, Wunsch Orchards, Traverse City, MI
Don Armock, Riveridge Produce, Sparta, MI
4:00 pm Session Ends
Asso
ciat
e Pr
ofes
sor
Endo
wed
Cha
ir - T
ree
Frui
t Phy
siol
ogy
and
Man
agem
ent
Was
hing
ton
Stat
e U
nive
rsity
Tr
ee F
ruit
Rese
arch
and
Ext
ensi
on C
ente
r (TF
REC)
11
00 N
. Wes
tern
Ave
., W
enat
chee
stefan
o.musacchi@
wsu.edu
Hig
h D
ensi
ty S
SA p
lant
ings
: how
we
can
optim
ize
Frui
t Qua
lity
WSH
A 11
0th
Ann
ual M
eetin
g an
d Tr
ade
Show
Dec
embe
r 2nd
, 201
4 Th
ree
Riv
ers
Con
vent
ion
Cen
ter,
Ken
new
ick,
Was
hing
ton
Che
rry
show
s a
grea
t clim
ate
adap
tabi
lity
�Sw
eeta
ndso
urch
erry
:hig
hly
inte
rest
ing
mod
els
for
the
stud
yof
the
adap
tatio
nof
frui
t tre
esto
clim
ate
chan
ges.
�W
ide
dist
ribut
ion
inal
mos
teve
ryEu
rope
an(fr
om
Sout
hto
Nor
than
dEa
stto
Wes
t)re
gion
due
toa
very
high
plas
ticity
.
�H
igh
vuln
erab
ility
face
tocl
imat
ech
ange
s.
�
•Nat
ural
tend
ency
of t
rees
to d
evel
op b
ig
cano
pies
•Not
able
acr
oton
y w
ith u
prig
ht h
abit
•Rel
ativ
ely
long
per
iod
prio
r to
initi
al c
ropp
ing
•Dw
arfin
g ro
otst
ocks
onl
y re
cent
ly a
vaila
ble
Che
rry
char
acte
ristic
s
Tree
Vigo
r, Pr
oduc
tivity
, Effi
cien
cy, F
ruit
Qua
lity,
•Cul
tivar
•Roo
tsto
ck•I
nter
actio
n cv
/roo
tsto
ck
Envi
ronm
ent
•Soi
l (St
ruct
ure,
text
ure,
fert
ility
, ecc
.)
•Wea
ther
(tem
pera
ture
, Hum
idity
, lig
ht, e
cc.)
Tech
nica
l sub
ject
s•S
oil m
anag
emen
t•P
runi
ng•I
rrig
atio
n an
d nu
triti
on•L
evel
of k
now
ledg
e of
th
e gr
ower
Trai
ning
sys
tem
Plan
ting
dist
ance
Volu
me t
rain
ing
syst
em an
d fru
it wa
ll with
vig
orou
s ro
otst
ocks
Me
dium
Plan
ting
Dens
ity
Frui
t wall
with
sem
i-dwa
rfing
ro
otst
ock o
r spi
ndle
with
dwa
rfing
ro
otst
ocks
High
or V
ery H
igh
Plan
ting
Dens
ity
Volu
me t
rain
ing
syst
em w
ith vi
goro
us
root
stoc
ks
(app
licat
ion
of
paclo
butra
zol)
Low
dens
ity
Den
sity
(tr
ees/
ha)
Trai
ning
sys
tem
Plan
ting
dist
ance
(m)
Roo
tsto
cks
Low
(unt
il 50
0)
200
tree
s/ac
re
Vase
trad
ition
al6.
0-5.
5 x
4.0
-5.0
Vigo
rous
Palm
etta
Fru
it w
all
5.5-
5.0
x 4
.0-5
.0
Dra
peau
x5.
5-5.
0x
3.5-
4.5
Med
ium
(500
-800
) 20
0-32
0tr
ees/
acre
Smal
lVas
e5.
0-5.
5x
4.5-
3.5
Vigo
rous
Sem
i-dw
arfin
gM
ultia
xis
vase
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5.5
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5
5.0-
5.5
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5-3.
5
Dra
peau
x5.
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Hig
h(8
00-1
200)
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tree
s/ac
re
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lvas
e4.
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i-Dw
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war
fing
Spin
dle
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5.0
x3.
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5
Sola
xe4.
5-5.
0x
3.5-
2.5
Very
hig
h(o
ver
1200
) ov
er 4
85
tree
s/ac
re
Spin
dle
4.0-
3.5
x2.
5-1.
5D
war
fing
Vsy
stem
4.0-
3.5
x1.
5-0.
5-0.
3
Vert
ical
axe
(SSA
)4.
0-3.
5x
1.5-
0.5
Palm
etta
(Fru
itW
all)
Vero
na, I
taly
197
0Tr
aditi
onal
Ope
n Va
seR
oots
tock
: See
dlin
gP
lant
ing
dens
ity: 3
00-
400
trees
/ha
heig
ht: 6
m
Trad
ition
al O
pen
Vase
Vign
ola
(MO
), Ita
ly
2000
Frui
t wal
l -Pa
lmet
teR
oots
tock
: See
dlin
g or
Col
tP
lant
ing
dens
ity:
400-
500
trees
/ha
heig
ht: 4
-5 m
Frui
t Wal
l -Pa
lmet
teD
rape
au M
arch
and
Lerid
a (E
S),
1980
Sm
all C
atal
uña
Vase
Roo
tsto
ck: S
L64
Pla
ntin
g de
nsity
: 700
-80
0 tre
es/h
ahe
ight
: 2.5
-3.5
m
Smal
l Cat
aluñ
a Va
seM
ulti-
axis
vas
eSo
laxe
UFO
Alti
ssim
a de
nsità
2000
1994
Cili
egio
/ G
isel
a*
1980
-’90
1930
Per
o / M
C
1970
-’80
1950
Mel
o / M
9
Prim
i fru
tteti
inte
nsiv
i VH
DP
Diff
usio
ne
porti
nnes
to
* G
isel
a 5
e G
isel
a 6
+ al
tri p
ortin
nest
i nan
izza
nti
Sum
mer
pru
ning
(end
of A
ugus
t) in
the
envi
ronm
enta
l con
ditio
ns o
f the
Po
valle
y
Spin
dle
Trad
ition
al
Spin
dle
Zahn
Sp
indl
eVo
gel
Spin
dle
Bru
nner
Spin
dle
Plan
ting
dist
ance
(m)
4-4.
5–
1.5-
2.5
4-4.
5 x
1.5-
2.5
3.5-
6 x
1.5-
44.
5-6
x 2.
5-3.
5
Plan
ting
dens
ity
(tr
ees/
ha)
(tree
s/ac
re)
900
–1,
700
364-
688
tree
s/ac
re
900-
1,70
036
4-68
8tr
ees/
acre
450
–1,
800
182-
729
tree
s/ac
re
450
–65
018
2-26
3tr
ees/
acre
Tree
Hei
ght (
m)
(ft
)2.
5-3.
58.
3-11
.7 ft
2.5
–3.
58.
3-11
.7 ft
2.5-
48.
3-13
.3 ft
3.5-
411
.7-1
3.3
ftSo
il co
nditi
on
Goo
dG
ood
Goo
d+M
ediu
m
Roo
tsto
cks
vigo
r M
ediu
m s
emi
dwar
fing
Vigo
rous
se
mid
war
fing
Med
ium
Sem
idw
arfin
gVi
goro
us
sem
idw
arfin
g
Firs
t cro
p3r
d yr
3rd
yr3r
d yr
4th
yr
Kin
d of
Tre
e fr
om n
urse
ryTr
ee w
ith o
r w
ithou
t fe
athe
rs
Tree
with
fe
athe
rsTr
ee w
ith fe
athe
rsTr
ee w
ith o
r w
ithou
t fe
athe
rs
Sou
rce:
Hro
tko,
200
5
Trad
itioon
al
Spin
dle
type
sP
lant
ing
dist
ance
for U
HD
P (U
ltra
Hig
h D
ensi
ty P
lant
ing)
GiS
elA® 5
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iSel
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Plan
ting
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ance
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antin
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nsity
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antin
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ce
Plan
ting
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ity
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Vert
ical
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1,5
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5
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elA® 5
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iSel
A® 6
Plan
ting
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ance
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antin
g de
nsity
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ee/a
cre
Plan
ting
dist
ance
Pl
antin
g de
nsity
tr
ee/a
cre
V sy
stem
12
x 1
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2,
313
12 x
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ft
1,44
5
Vert
ical
axi
s 12
x 1
.7 ft
2,
313
12 x
2.3
ft
1,65
3
Spin
dle
12 x
3.3
ft
1,15
6 12
x 5
ft
771
V-sy
stem
Ferra
ra, I
taly
200
5Ve
rtica
l axi
s (S
SA
)R
oots
tock
: Gis
ela
5Pl
antin
g de
nsity
: 5,0
00 tr
ees/
hahe
ight
: 2-2
.5 m
Vert
ical
axi
s (S
SA)
Cro
ppin
g in
a U
HD
P w
ith v
ertic
al a
xis
tree
s sh
ould
take
pla
ce a
s fa
r as
poss
ible
on
bas
al b
uds
of 1
-yea
r-ol
d sh
oots
.
Vert
ical
axi
s (S
SA)
RO
OTS
TOC
KS
Intro
ducti
on•
Dw
arfin
gro
otst
ocks
indu
cem
any
chan
ging
inth
ech
erry
orch
ard
desi
gnan
dm
anag
emen
tin
the
last
ten
year
s.•
New
idea
sre
gard
ing
tree
shap
efo
rch
erry
incl
ude
smal
ltr
eeob
tain
edby
the
use
ofdw
arfin
gro
otst
ocks
like
Gis
ela
serie
sor
othe
rge
noty
pes.
Mai
n ro
otst
ocks
Ger
man
y
Gis
ela
Wei
root
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igh
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nsity
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tree
s/ac
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Mod
ified
and
upd
ated
from
De
Sal
vado
r and
Lug
li, 2
003
Cher
ry R
oots
tock
s by
Tree
Size
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i 12,
Maz
zard
, Co
lt M
axm
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, M
ahal
eb
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Gis
ela
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ela
5
Clin
ton
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ass
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wfo
rd
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-40%
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ce: T
om A
uvil
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ton:
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redu
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prea
ding
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itP
reco
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s, w
ill be
sm
alle
r can
opy
than
Gi 5
. Sour
ce: T
om A
uvil
New
root
stoc
ks fr
om M
ichi
gan
Stat
e U
nive
rsity
Cra
wfo
rdSp
read
ing
grow
th h
abit
Very
Pre
coci
ous
Mat
ure
tree
siz
e w
ill tr
end
smal
ler t
han
indi
cate
d on
cha
rt, s
igni
fican
tly
smal
ler t
han
Gi.
5
Sour
ce: T
om A
uvil
New
root
stoc
ks fr
om M
ichi
gan
Stat
e U
nive
rsity
Cas
s:
•Upr
ight
gro
wth
hab
it•V
ery
Prec
ocio
us, w
ill b
e sm
all c
anop
y, s
imila
r to
Cla
ire (T
CSA
)•M
ore
easy
to o
ver c
rop
than
Cla
ire (h
ighe
r flo
wer
/spu
r rel
atio
nshi
p)
Lake
: 40-
50%
red
uctio
n•N
ot a
s sp
read
ing
of g
row
th h
abit
as C
linto
n/C
raw
ford
•Muc
h sm
alle
r tha
n G
i. 5
•Can
opy
need
s to
be
prun
ed a
ggre
ssiv
ely
to k
eep
crop
sm
all e
noug
h no
t to
indu
ce
decl
ine
•May
hav
e 3
to 5
day
gen
etic
con
trol
led
adva
nce
of m
atur
ity…
. The
sm
alle
r can
opy
may
ad
vanc
e m
atur
ity d
ue to
mor
e ra
dian
t ene
rgy
thro
ugho
ut c
anop
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ire: 3
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ight
gro
wth
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itP
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ill be
sm
alle
st c
anop
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CS
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Has
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er fl
ower
per
spu
r rel
atio
nshi
p th
an G
i 6 o
r C
linto
n.
Sour
ce: T
om A
uvil
New
root
stoc
ks fr
om M
ichi
gan
Stat
e U
nive
rsity
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Pre
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atio
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Pre
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sho
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form
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Cro
ppin
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a U
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xis
trees
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s fa
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s of
yea
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w
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n el
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0-50
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7,00
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TRIA
L D
ATA
Expe
rimen
tal o
rcha
rd fe
atur
es
� p
lant
ing
year
200
7.
� 3
trai
ning
syst
ems f
or H
DP:
spin
dle
V-sy
stem
Su
per S
pind
le A
xis (
SSA)
.
� 2
root
stoc
ks:
GiS
elA®
6
GiS
elA®
5.
� sc
ion-
root
stoc
k co
mbi
natio
n:
GiS
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6
Gio
rgia
and
Gra
ce S
tar*
G
iSel
A® 5
G
race
Sta
r*, B
lack
Sta
r*, E
arly
Sta
r®,
Sw
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umm
it, E
arly
Big
i®, S
ylvi
a,
Kor
dia,
Fer
rovi
a an
d Re
gina
.
� 4
repl
icat
ions
per
cv-
root
stoc
k-tr
aini
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stem
com
bina
tion
in a
com
plet
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rand
omize
d bl
ock
desig
n.
� a
nti-h
ail n
et a
nd m
icro
irrig
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stem
.
� sa
me
agro
nom
ic p
ract
ices
(pru
ning
, fer
tiliza
tion,
irrig
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pest
dise
ase
cont
rol)
for e
ach
cv-r
oots
tock
com
bina
tion.
Tre
e sp
acin
g an
d pl
antin
g de
nsiti
es
Expe
rimen
tal o
rcha
rd fe
atur
es
SPIN
DLE
V-SY
STEM
SS
A
Root
stoc
k Tr
aini
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stem
Tr
ee sp
acin
g (m
) Pl
antin
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nsity
(t
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GiS
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V
3.5
x 0.
8 3.
571
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3.5
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5 1.
905
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V
3.5
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857
Expe
rimen
tal p
art
The
rese
arch
aim
s at a
sses
sing
th
e fr
uitin
g ha
bitu
s of
11
swee
t che
rry
varie
ties
in
ord
er to
def
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w
hich
are
mor
e su
itabl
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r U
HDP
orch
ard.
� tr
unk
diam
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(TCS
A)
� w
eigh
t of w
inte
r pru
ned
woo
d �
frui
t num
ber a
nd y
ield
per
tree
�
frui
t size
on
a sa
mpl
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1 k
g pe
r plo
t �
frui
t qua
litat
ive
anal
ysis
A.Co
mpa
rison
of H
DP tr
aini
ng sy
stem
s:
Expe
rimen
tal p
art -
Dat
a co
llect
ion
annu
al m
easu
rem
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from
th
e 2nd
to th
e 5th
yea
r aft
er p
lant
ing
on
12
diffe
rent
scio
n-ro
otst
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com
bina
tion
� n
umbe
r of v
eget
ativ
e an
d flo
wer
bud
s �
frui
t set
3
tree
s/cv
trai
ned
to sp
indl
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d SS
A �
yie
ld o
n 1
and
2-ye
ar-o
ld w
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r
of v
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ativ
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d flo
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bud
s
B.Fr
uitin
g ha
bitu
s inv
estig
atio
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ear 2
010)
:
Expe
rimen
tal p
art -
Dat
a co
llect
ion
Flow
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uds
on 1
-yr-
old
shoo
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Spur
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2-yr
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ood
C.Fl
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bas
al b
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valu
atio
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ear 2
010)
:
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Dat
a co
llect
ion
� le
ngth
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hoot
s �
num
ber o
f cro
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num
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f veg
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and
flow
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asal
bud
s �
frui
t num
ber a
nd y
ield
per
shoo
t �
frui
t size
and
qua
litat
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anal
ysis
shoo
ts a
ccor
ding
to th
eir i
nser
tion
posi
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in th
e m
ain
cut-
back
lim
b
for e
ach
cv-r
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tock
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stem
co
mbi
natio
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tion
(yea
r 201010101
0)0)0)0:: :
syst
emco
mbi
natio
n
C.Fl
ower
bas
al b
uds a
sses
smen
t (ye
ar 2
010)
:
Expe
rimen
tal p
art -
Dat
a co
llect
ion
1-ye
ar-o
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: 1.
APIC
AL
2.M
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N 1
3.
MED
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2
4.BA
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SSA (3,571 trees/ha)
V-system (3,571 trees/ha)
Grace Star
Giorgia
GiS
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01020304050607080
Spindle (2,857 trees/ha)
SSA (5,714 trees/ha)
V-system (5,714 trees/ha)
Grace Star
Black Star
Early Star
Ferrovia
Regina
Sweet Early
Kordia
Summit
Early Bigi
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GiS
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TCSA (cm2)
885
Trun
k-Cr
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Sect
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l-Are
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201
1 (4
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ong
trai
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Resu
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4.9 b
8.6 a
7.0
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5.4 B
4.5 B
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2.9 b
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0.5 B
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4.4 a
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3.9 B
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3.6 B
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2008
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Resu
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1, n
s= n
ot si
gnifi
cant
.
Mea
n va
lues
follo
wed
by
sam
e sm
all l
ette
rs d
o no
t diff
er si
gnifi
cant
ly a
ccor
ding
to S
NK
test
(p=
0.05
).
Resu
lts P
art B
– F
ruiti
ng h
abitu
s
1-yr
-old
woo
d111
yrol
d o
Num
bers
of f
low
er b
ud in
rela
tion
to th
e ag
e of
woo
d: c
ompa
rison
am
ong
culti
var
Roo
tsto
ckC
ultiv
ar2-
yrs-
old
woo
dN
. veg
etat
ive
bud
/tree
yo
ys
oy
N. s
pur
/tree
N. f
low
er/tr
eeFr
uits
et
(%)
GiS
elA
®5
Swee
tEar
ly2
b
/trreeeere 34 a
260
ab9.
4 bc
Silv
ia0
b34344444
a4a
432
ab28
3 a
29.6
aEa
rly S
tar
6 a
3332322aababab
24 a
bc17
5ab
4.4
cSu
mm
it0
b24
a24
aaabc
abc
abc
22 a
bc14
4ab
1.5
cFe
rrov
ia2
b222
a22
a22
aaabcc
abab20
bcd
295
a23
.1 a
bG
race
Sta
r4
ab222020
bbbdd
bcd
bcd
19bc
d15
9ab
21.9
ab
Early
Big
i1
b111919
bbbbdd
bcd
bcd
16 c
d19
1ab
36.7
aB
lack
Star
1 b
16
16cdccdcd
13 c
d93
b9.
8 bc
Reg
ina
0 b
13
13cdcd
12 c
d16
1ab
7.1
bcK
ordi
a0
b12122
2cdcd
8 d
126
ab27
.7 a
Sign
ifica
nce
***
88888 d
8d
***
****
*
GiS
elA
®6
Gio
rgia
2 b
*****
3941
558
.1 a
Gra
ce S
tar
8 a
39339 3125
032
.6 b
Sign
ifica
nce
*3131 ns
ns**
Sign
ifica
nce:
*=
p<0.
05, *
*=p<
0.01
, ***
=p<
0.00
1, n
s= n
ot si
gnifi
cant
.
Mea
n va
lues
follo
wed
by
sam
e sm
all l
ette
rs d
o no
t diff
er si
gnifi
cant
ly a
ccor
ding
to S
NK
test
(p=
0.05
).
Resu
lts P
art B
– F
ruiti
ng h
abitu
s
2-yr
s-ol
dw
ood
gN
umbe
r of s
pur o
n 2-
YEAR
-OLD
WO
OD
fo
r eac
h cu
ltiva
r/ro
otst
ock
com
bina
tion.
Flow
er b
uds
on 1
-yea
r-ol
d sh
oot a
nd s
pur o
n 2-
year
-old
w
ood:
com
paris
on a
mon
g cu
ltiva
rs.
297
a28
8 a
227
b
180
c16
4 c
141
cd
111
de
90 e
f87
ef
47 f
177
A
113B
050100
150
200
250
300
350
Re
gina
Kor
dia
Ferr
ovia
Bla
ck
Sta
rE
arly
B
igi
Sum
mit
Gra
ce
Sta
rS
ilvia
Sw
eet
Ear
lyE
arly
S
tar
Gio
rgia
Gra
ce
Sta
r
GiS
elA
® 5
GiS
elA
® 6
Number per tree
Flow
er b
uds
on 1
-yr-
old
woo
dS
pur
on 2
-yrs
-old
woo
d
***
*
Frui
ting
habi
tus
Resu
lts P
art B
– F
ruiti
ng h
abitu
s
1381
1093
955
a
430
413
337
A18
7 a
116
B63
a57
A
1449
567
773
693
297
b
713
348
131
B71
b22
6 A
80 a
36 A
2053
6 83
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Ferr
ovia
Ear
ly
Big
iK
ordi
aS
ylvi
aG
race
S
tar
Reg
ina
Bla
ck
Sta
rS
wee
t E
arly
Ear
ly
Sta
rS
umm
itG
iorg
iaG
race
S
tar
GiS
elA
® 5
GiS
elA
® 6
Yield (g/tree)
1-yr
-old
sho
ot2-
yrs-
old
woo
d
ns
ns
**ns
ns*
*ns
ns
ns
ns
*
4000
Yiel
d pe
r tre
e on
1 a
nd 2
-yea
r-ol
d w
ood
for e
ach
sc
ion-
root
stoc
k co
mbi
natio
n.
65%
61%
75%
38
%
54%
72%
41%
45%
5
712
14
3
86
6166
199
3
9089
94
3041
30
220
98
2118
28
52
11
9594
8899
9697
14
3934
8191
97
1111
7
7060
70
9810
0
8091
9279
8272
9598
9999
020406080100
V-system
SSA
Spindle
V-system
SSA
Spindle
V-system
SSA
Spindle
V-system
SSA
Spindle
V-system
SSA
Spindle
V-system
SSA
Spindle
V-system
SSA
Spindle
V-system
SSA
Spindle
V-system
SSA
Spindle
V-system
SSA
Spindle
Ferr
ovia
Gra
ce
Sta
rS
ylvi
aR
egin
aB
lack
S
tar
Kor
dia
Sum
mit
Ear
ly
Sta
rG
iorg
iaG
race
S
tar
GiS
elA
® 5
GiS
elA
® 6
(%)
< 28
mm
> 28
mm
Frui
t pe
rcen
tage
(%
) in
tw
o cl
asse
s of
siz
e (<
28 m
m a
nd >
28 m
m)
for
Gis
ela
5 an
d G
isel
a 6:
com
pari
son
amon
g tr
aini
ng s
yste
ms
wit
hin
each
cul
tiva
r.
Gis
ela
5G
isel
a 6
Resu
lts P
art B
– F
ruiti
ng h
abitu
s g
Frui
t per
cent
age
in tw
o cl
asse
s of s
ize
for 1
and
2-y
ear-
old
woo
d: co
mpa
rison
be
twee
n SS
A an
d sp
indl
e.
33%
49%
24%
41%
61%
78%
25%
37%
67%
51%
76%
59%
39%
22%
75%
63%
0%10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1-yr-old shoots
2-yr-old wood
1-yr-old shoots
2-yr-old wood
1-yr-old shoots
2-yr-old wood
1-yr-old shoots
2-yr-old wood
SS
AS
pind
leS
SA
Spi
ndle
Gis
elA
® 5
Gis
elA
® 6
< 28
mm
> 28
mm
11,4
A
10,2
B
12,0
a
10,8
b
9,3
8,5
10,5
9,7
0246810121416
1-yr-old shoot
2-yr-old wood
1-yr-old shoot
2-yr-old wood
1-yr-old shoot
2-yr-old wood
1-yr-old shoot
2-yr-old wood
SS
AS
pind
leS
SA
Spi
ndle
GiS
elA
® 5
GiS
elA
® 6
Avg. fruit weight (g)
A*
a*
ns
ns
Frui
t wei
ght o
n 1
and
2-ye
ar-o
ld w
ood:
co
mpa
rison
bet
wee
n SS
A an
d sp
indl
e.
LEAF
AR
EA A
ND
FR
UIT
SIZ
E
LEAF
AR
EA A
ND
FR
UIT
SIZ
E
LEAF
AR
EA A
ND
FR
UIT
SIZ
E
LEAF
AR
EA A
ND
FR
UIT
SIZ
ERe
sults
Par
t B –
Fru
iting
hab
itus
Qua
litat
ive
para
met
ers o
f fru
its o
n 1
and
2-ye
ar-o
ld w
ood
for
each
root
stoc
k-sy
stem
com
bina
tion.
Roo
tsto
ckTr
aini
ng
syst
emW
ood
Dur
ofel
SSR
(Bri
x°)
Firm
ness
(kg/
cm2)
Aci
dity
(g/L
ac.
mal
ic)
pH
GiS
elA
® 5
SSA
1-ye
ar56
.8(B
rix
rix
)15
.1(k
g/cm
2)cm
2)0.
49/L
ac.
mal
ic.
mal
6.01
3.76
e1-
yearea
2-ye
ar566
.857
.6155
.114
.90.
490.
496.
015.
983.
763.
78Si
gnifi
canc
ens
nsns
nsns
Spin
dle
SiSiSig
Sig
ccgn
ific
gnifi
cee
canc
eca
nce
cc1-
year
nnnsns 57.8
nsnnsss15
.6 a
nnnsns 0.54
nnnsns 6.36
nnnsns 3.76
e1-
yearea
2-ye
ar577
.858
.915
.66 a6 a
15.1
b0.
540.
536.
366.
083.
763.
79Si
gnifi
canc
ens
**ns
nsns
GiS
elA
® 6
SSA
SiSiSig
Sig
ccgn
ific
gnifi
cee
canc
eca
nce
cc1-
year
nnnsns 63.2
15.0
nnnsns 0.45
nnnsns 9.22
nnnsns 3.66
e1-
yearea
2-ye
ar633
.264
.0155
.014
.90.
450.
459.
228.
953.
663.
64Si
gnifi
canc
ens
nsns
nsns
Spin
dle
Sig
Sigigig
ccgn
ifign
ifiee
canc
eca
nce
cc1-
year
nnnsns 65.7
nsnnsss15
.9 a
nnnsns 0.47
nnnsns 8.96
nnnsns 3.71
e1-
yearea
2-ye
ar655
.765
.115
.99 a9 a
15.2
b0.
470.
498.
968.
453.
713.
72Si
gnifi
canc
ens
***
nsns
nsSi
gnifi
canc
e: *
=p<
0.05
, **=
p<0.
01, *
**=
p<0.
001,
ns=
not
sign
ifica
nt.
M
ean
valu
es fo
llow
ed b
y sa
me
smal
l let
ters
do
not d
iffer
sign
ifica
ntly
acc
ordi
ng to
SN
K te
st (
p=0.
05).
C.Fl
ower
bas
al b
uds f
ertil
ity a
sses
smen
t (ye
ar 2
010)
:
Expe
rimen
tal p
art -
Dat
a co
llect
ion
1-ye
ar-o
ld sh
oots
: 1.
APIC
AL
2.M
EDIA
N 1
3.
MED
IAN
2
4.BA
SAL
1
2 3
4
Resu
lts P
art C
– F
low
er b
asal
bud
s nu
mbe
r
Roo
tsto
ckSh
oot
Len
gth
(cm
)N
. cro
wn
basa
l bu
d/sh
oot
N. v
eget
ativ
e bu
d/sh
oot
N. f
low
er
/sho
otN
. flo
wer
bu
d/sh
oot
Frui
t set
(%
)/sho
ot
GiS
elA
®5
Api
cal
65.4
a4.
22.
6 a
13.4
5.6
16.1
Med
ian
165
.44a
4 a
59.9
b4.
24.
12.
3 a
14.5
6.0
15.8
Med
ian
259
.959
9999 b
9b
50.9
c4.
13.
92.
0 a
14.1
5.7
18.1
Bas
al50
.950
9999 c
9c
44.8
d3.
94.
40.
9 b
15.0
5.8
17.8
Sign
ifica
nce
44.8.88
d**
*ns
***
nsns
nscv
*sho
ot**
*ns
ns**
***
*ns
GiS
elA
®6
Api
cal
66.2
anss 2.
8 3.
67.
13.
440
.2M
edia
n 1
66.22
a59
.7 a
2..8
2.6
4.0
7.1
3.4
47.4
Med
ian
259
.759
777a
7 a
7a
49.9
b2.
62.
53.
96.
83.
347
.6B
asal
49.9
499999
b9
b40
.1 c
2.5
2.5
2.6
9.6
4.6
49.5
Sign
ifica
nce
40.1.11
c**
*ns
nsns
nsns
cv*s
hoot
nsns
nsns
nsns
Sign
ifica
nce:
*=
p<0.
05, *
*=p<
0.01
, ***
=p<
0.00
1, n
s= n
ot si
gnifi
cant
.
Mea
n va
lues
follo
wed
by
sam
e le
tters
do
not d
iffer
sign
ifica
ntly
acc
ordi
ng to
SN
K te
st (p
=0.
05).
Vege
tativ
e an
d pr
oduc
tive
para
met
ers
of sh
oots
in re
latio
n to
thei
r po
sitio
n in
the
mai
n cu
t-ba
ck li
mb:
com
paris
on a
mon
g sh
oots
.
Resu
lts P
art C
– F
low
er b
asal
bud
s
Roo
tsto
ckC
ultiv
arL
engt
h (c
m)
N. c
row
n ba
sal
bud/
shoo
tN
. veg
etat
ive
bud/
shoo
tN
. flo
wer
bu
d/sh
oot
N.
flow
er/s
hoot
Frui
t set
(%
)/sho
ot
GiS
elA
®5
Reg
ina
61.8
b4.
7 c
1.5
d9.
2 a
23.1
a9.
8 c
Sum
mit
51.7
d5.
3 b
0.7
e9.
22 a
2 a
8.2
b20
.4 b
1.2
eFe
rrov
ia51
.6 d
4.7
c2.
7 bc
8.2
82222
b2
b7.
3 c
19.5
b30
.1 a
Kor
dia
55.3
c4.
6 c
1.5
d7.
37
33 c
33c
7.1
c15
.9 c
14.3
bEa
rly B
igi
62.2
b5.
1 b
2.0
c7.
17
11 c
1c
7.1
c18
.9 b
27.9
aSi
lvia
44.7
e5.
6 a
2.9
b7.
17
111c
1 c
1c
6.0
d15
.5 c
26.3
aB
lack
Sta
r65
.4 a
3.4
e1.
0 de
6.0
60000
d0
d5.
4 e
12.9
d10
.8 c
Gra
ce S
tar
61.8
b1.
9 f
2.3
c5.
45
4444 e
44e
3.3
f6.
5 e
28.1
aSw
eet E
arly
58.9
b3.
8 d
4.6
a3.
33
3333f
3 f
3f
1.9
g4.
3 f
7.4
dEa
rly S
tar
67.5
a1.
4 g
3.1
b1.
91
999 g
9g
1.9
g4.
0 f
7.1
dSi
gnifi
canc
e**
***
***
*1.
999 g
***
***
***
GiS
elA
®6
Gio
rgia
47.9
b3.
9 a
4.0
a4.
9 a
10.8
a52
.7 a
Gra
ce S
tar
65.6
a1.
7 b
3.6
b4.
99 a
9 a
2.1
b4.
1 b
37.5
bSi
gnifi
canc
e**
***
**
2.111
b**
***
**
Sign
ifica
nce:
*=
p<0.
05, *
*=p<
0.01
, ***
=p<
0.00
1, n
s= n
ot si
gnifi
cant
.
Mea
n va
lues
follo
wed
by
sam
e le
tters
do
not d
iffer
sign
ifica
ntly
acc
ordi
ng to
SN
K te
st (p
=0.
05).
Res
ults
Par
t C –
Flow
er b
asal
bud
sR
elat
ions
hip
betw
een
num
ber o
f flo
wer
bud
s in
the
basa
l par
t of 1
-ye
ar-o
ld s
hoot
s an
d TC
SA fo
r eac
h cv
-trai
ning
sys
tem
co
mbi
natio
n on
GiS
elA
® 5
.
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
N. flower basal buds/shoot
TC
SA
201
0 (c
m2 )
V-s
yste
mS
SA
Spi
ndle
A) E
arly
Big
i, Sy
lvia
, Sum
mit,
Kor
dia,
Reg
ina,
Fer
rovi
a.
50
B) E
arly
Sta
r, Sw
eet
Early
.
C) B
lack
Star
, Gra
ce
Star
.
Con
clus
ion
�Th
e ne
w tr
aini
ng s
yste
ms,
as
V-sy
stem
and
SSA
, are
sui
tabl
e fo
r dev
elop
ing
swee
t ch
erry
UH
DP
orch
ards
.
�Ad
optin
g th
ese
UH
DP
syst
ems,
the
flow
er b
uds
in th
e ba
sal p
art o
f 1-y
ear-
old
shoo
ts
prof
ound
ly a
ffect
s th
e yi
eld
pote
ntia
l.
�SS
A sy
stem
s w
ith G
iSel
A® 5
resu
lted
mor
e ef
ficie
nt th
an s
pind
le: i
t pro
vide
d th
e hi
ghes
t fru
it se
t per
tree
.
�C
ultiv
ar c
an b
e di
vide
d fo
r the
ir at
titud
e in
pro
duci
ng m
ore
on 1
or 2
-yea
r-ol
d w
ood.
�K
ordi
a, E
arly
Big
i, R
egin
a an
d Fe
rrov
iava
rietie
s pr
oduc
ed m
ore
on 1
-yea
r-ol
d w
ood.
�G
race
Sta
r, Sy
lvia
, Ear
ly S
tar a
nd S
wee
t Ear
ly re
sulte
d m
ore
suita
ble
to p
rodu
ce o
n ol
d w
ood.
�Th
e sh
oots
on
cut-b
ack
limb
deve
lope
d th
e sa
me
num
ber o
f cro
wn
basa
l bud
s. S
o th
e pr
unin
g in
tens
ity d
id n
ot c
ompr
omis
e th
e am
ount
and
qua
lity
of b
ud le
ft.
THES
E PR
ELIM
INA
RY R
ESU
LTS
WIL
L A
LLO
W T
O
ENH
AN
CE
PRU
NIN
G T
ECH
NIQ
UE
AN
D T
O IN
CR
EASE
FR
UIT
QU
ALI
TY A
ND
YIE
LD.
How
we
can
redu
ce th
e co
st o
f the
tr
ees
in a
SSA
?
Test
ing
the
DO
UB
LE S
SA
Roo
tsto
cks:
Gis
ela
12 o
r sim
ilar s
ize
Plan
ting
dens
ity: 3
.5 m
x 1
.5-2
m
DO
UB
LE S
SADO
UBL
E SS
A Ch
ile e
xper
ienc
e H
uert
o Ro
mer
al (
Alej
andr
o N
avar
ro F
arm
)
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
DO
UBL
E SS
A Ch
ile e
xper
ienc
e H
uert
o Ro
mer
al (
Alej
andr
o N
avar
ro F
arm
)
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
Regi
na/
Gis
ela
12
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
R
egin
a/ G
isel
a 12
dou
ble
SSA
seco
nd y
ear
Reg
ina/
Gis
ela
12 d
oubl
e SS
A se
cond
yea
r
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
Com
bina
tion:
Reg
ina/
Gis
ela1
2. P
lant
ing
dist
ance
: 3.5
m x
1.5
m. D
ensi
ty: 2
,000
tree
s/ha
O
ne a
xe e
very
75
cm.
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
Com
bina
tion:
Reg
ina/
Gis
ela1
2. P
lant
ing
dist
ance
: 3.5
m x
1.5
m. D
ensi
ty: 2
,000
tree
s/ha
O
ne a
xe e
very
75
cm.
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
Com
bina
tion:
Reg
ina/
Gis
ela1
2. P
lant
ing
dist
ance
: 3.5
m x
1.5
m. D
ensi
ty: 2
,000
tree
s/ha
O
ne a
xe e
very
75
cm.
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
Com
bina
tion:
Reg
ina/
Gis
ela1
2. P
lant
ing
dist
ance
: 3.5
m x
1.5
m. D
ensi
ty: 2
,000
tree
s/ha
O
ne a
xe e
very
75
cm.
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
Com
bina
tion:
Reg
ina/
Gis
ela1
2. P
lant
ing
dist
ance
: 3.5
m x
1.5
m. D
ensi
ty: 2
,000
tree
s/ha
O
ne a
xe e
very
75
cm.
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
Com
bina
tion:
Reg
ina/
Gis
ela1
2. P
lant
ing
dist
ance
: 3.5
m x
1.5
m. D
ensi
ty: 2
,000
tree
s/ha
O
ne a
xe e
very
75
cm.
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
Com
bina
tion:
Reg
ina/
Gis
ela1
2. P
lant
ing
dist
ance
: 3.5
m x
1.5
m. D
ensi
ty: 2
,000
tree
s/ha
O
ne a
xe e
very
75
cm.
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
Com
bina
tion:
Reg
ina/
Gis
ela1
2. P
lant
ing
dist
ance
: 3.5
m x
1.5
m. D
ensi
ty: 2
,000
tree
s/ha
O
ne a
xe e
very
75
cm.
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
Com
bina
tion:
Reg
ina/
Gis
ela1
2. P
lant
ing
dist
ance
: 3.5
m x
1.5
m. D
ensi
ty: 2
,000
tree
s/ha
O
ne a
xe e
very
75
cm.
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
Com
bina
tion:
Reg
ina/
Gis
ela1
2. P
lant
ing
dist
ance
: 3.5
m x
1.5
m. D
ensi
ty: 2
,000
tree
s/ha
O
ne a
xe e
very
75
cm.
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
Com
bina
tion:
Reg
ina/
Gis
ela1
2. P
lant
ing
dist
ance
: 3.5
m x
1.5
m. D
ensi
ty: 2
,000
tree
s/ha
O
ne a
xe e
very
75
cm.
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
Com
bina
tion:
Reg
ina/
Gis
ela1
2. P
lant
ing
dist
ance
: 3.5
m x
1.5
m. D
ensi
ty: 2
,000
tree
s/ha
O
ne a
xe e
very
75
cm.
DOU
BLE
SSA
Chile
exp
erie
nce
Hue
rto
Rom
eral
(Al
ejan
dro
Nav
arro
Far
m)
Com
bina
tion:
Reg
ina/
Gis
ela1
2. P
lant
ing
dist
ance
: 3.5
m x
1.5
m. D
ensi
ty: 2
,000
tree
s/ha
O
ne a
xe e
very
75
cm.