Sustaining Cocoa Production through Research for development: IITA's Perspectives

A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org

Sustaining Cocoa Production through Research for Development:

IITA’S PerspectivesRanjana Bhattacharjee

Molecular GeneticistIITA-Ibadan


Outline1. About IITA

2. Cocoa R4D at IITA

3. Cocoa production in West and Central Africa

4. Improving cocoa production

5. HumidTropics – the IITA-led CGIAR Research Program

6. Conclusions


• IITA, an international non-profit R4D organization created in 1967 for the development of agricultural sector.

• Mission is to reduce producer and consumer risks, enhance crop quality and productivity, and generate wealth from agriculture.

1. Who We Are

• Our R4D activities reach ~85% of national systems in Africa.

• Our partners includes national and international institutes, NGOs, academia, and the private sector.


Cocoa Growing Countries


Cocoa Producers and Chocolate Consumers


NigeriaGhanaCote'divoire

Cameroun

700 0 700 Kilometers

N

CocoaProducingCountries ofWest andCentral Africa

MapofAfricaShowingWest AfricawithCameroon

Agroecological zonesafrica.DrierMid-AltDrierSavannahHighAltitudeHumid ForestMoist Mid-AltMoist SavannahOther

Cocoa producing areas of West & Central Africa

Chocolate Consumption Kilos per person 2010

Belgium 10.74 Austria 8.33

Switzerland 10.14 Denmark 7.13

UK 9.94 Sweden 6.97

Norway 9.19 Finland 6.43

Germany 8.96 USA 5.58

Source: Mitchell (2007a, 2007b and 2007c); Faostat (2012)

Cocoa: World Production (1895-2010)



Both Cocoa and Chocolate is in Crisis Productivity is not keeping up with demand (demand increasing at 2% per year Pest and disease pressure is increasing Soils in cocoa growing areas are depleted Heavily populated countries like India and China are demanding more Many cocoa producing countries are affected by war and political unrest Both Ivory Coast and Ghana are in environmental crisis Ageing farmers and ageing tree stocks: low investment on rehabilitation Young farmers equate cocoa bean crops with poverty Cocoa is one of the major driver of deforestation


Sustainable Increase in Cocoa Yields

Cocoa yield

Environment Management

Biotic stresses

Abiotic stresses

Pests Diseases

Planting material

High quality planting material of high yielding clones is fundamental to optimum plant performance

Habitat management(GAP, NRM and post-harvest)

GEM Factor: Clean planting material and integrated management is key


IITA and CocoaThe Sustainable

Tree Crops Project• Conglomeration of international, regional, and national partners including the private sector with a vision to develop public-private partnership for cocoa sector in West and Central Africa• Countries: Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, and Nigeria

Horticulture and Tree Systems

Improved seed production and distribution systems (hybrid pods) Integrated crop and pest management practices (Farmers’ Field Schools) Promoted sustainable production and postharvest technologies Influenced enabling policy and marketing environments for increased productivity and income (world bank cocoa policy briefing) Child labor (baseline survey of child labor incidence in 2001-2002), Certification, Occupational health and safety of farmers Research on understanding the genetic diversity of cocoa germplasm, pest and disease management, rehabilitation and diversification of cocoa farms Farmers training through field schools, ICT, and other participatory approaches


IITA and Cocoa: Achievements

•Trained farmers showed 15-40% higher cocoa yields without increasing the use of pesticides/external inputs• Increase in cocoa income of households averaged 23%

with a maximum of 55% as a result of production and marketing interventions

• The video viewing club method piloted in Ghana won the 2008 CGIAR award for outstanding communications

• Farmer field schools (FFS) approach adopted by the National Cocoa Development Committee as the primary cocoa extension mechanism for Nigeria and ANADER in Cote d’Ivoire

• New smart phone based extension delivery tool on cocoa and currently being piloted in Uganda


IITA and Cocoa: AchievementsExploited:-Traditional cultivars-Pound collection (SCA6)Unexploited-Chalmers and Allen-Ucayali-Guyana

Coefficient2.00 5.25 8.50 11.75 15.00

AFF1 AFF3 AFF6

C74 OBD12 W4/65

OBD20 OBD14 OBD16 OBD10

AFF2 AFF13

AME03 AME02

AK11 AFF15

C13 AFF22

BOK14 T20/21

CF62 CTIS23

AFF20 AK01 AK02 AK03

BOK13 AK06

OBD15 BOK15

AK04 OBD24 OBD13

AFF4 AFF7 AFF8

OBD17 OBD19 OBD18 AFF11

C43 AME04 OBD21 AFF17

C68 W5/85 T7/12

AME01 C72 C64 C67

T83/5 C20 C27 C40 C75

AFF21 AFF19

OBD22 CF176 ICS60 ICS40 ICS39

ICS6 C22 C23

WEU-1 OBD23

AK10 AK09 AK07

W4/44 AMAZ10

T17/11 CTIS24 CTIS25

AK05 OBD11 OBD05

AFF5 AFF10 AFF12

AFF9 AFF14 AFF18 SCA6

AFF16 T86/80

C67 PA35

C27 W4/70 W4/37 W4/61 T65/7 AK08 CSSV distribution in Nigeria


IITA and Cocoa Networks


- The African Cocoa Breeders’ Working Group (ACBWG) - Nigerian Cocoa Transformation Agenda (CocTA) - Ingenic Group

ITRA, Togo

USAID/USDA-ARS/MARS/WCF

IITA and Cocoa: Networks


• A multidisciplinary research team involved in cocoa R4D efforts

• State-of-the art labs for research on - Molecular Genomics & Bioinformatics; - Molecular Diagnostics; Germplasm Health/Quarantine for clean seed systems; - Tissue Culture/ Micropropagation; - Gene bank for germplasm conservation including cryo-preservation

• Vast land for breeding activities and field genebank

• Online cocoa databases with real-time data collection

• Training modules and curricula for scientists, extension staff and farmers

• Specialized communication department

2. IITA: Cocoa Team and Facilities


IITA : Ongoing Cocoa Activities• Technical partner in Component 2 of African Cocoa Initiative of World

Cocoa Foundation

• Lead centre of the CGIAR’s Humidtropics program with cocoa as one of the key commodity

• Involved in CGIAR programmes on ‘Climate Change’ & ‘Markets and Institutions’ that are also relevant to cocoa

• BMZ programme on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Coffee and Cocoa Systems

• Collaboration with SNV in Ghana and Cameroon

• Research on climate change and resilience of cocoa production systems

• Research and development of cocoa information systems for M&E


Country Accessions No. of clones

Nigeria 2000 22Ghana 2551 12

Cote d'Ivoire 2550 15Cameroon 2070 No reference clone

Togo 869 No information

Total number of genotypes = 10,040 genotypes (seed gardens and breeding materials) from five participating countries SNP-chip of 100 SNPs (from both Criollo and Matina) distributed across 10 linkage groups (LG 1: 9; LG 2: 11; LG 3: 10; LG 4: 10; LG 5: 10; LG 6: 11; LG 7: 10; LG 8: 9; LG 9: 10; LG 10: 10) Genotyping completed using 89 SNPs using whole genome amplification (WGA) method

Cocoa: ACI ProjectObjective: DNA fingerprinting of cocoa genoypes from West and Central Africa

A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org

ACI project: Results Statistical analysis of individual country data (Ghana = completed; Cote d’Ivoire = under completion; remaining countries = not completed) True-to-type genotyping through visualization of data using FlapJack software Data analysis using R-software


ACI project: Results

A1/154 A1/197

ACU 85

AMAZ 15-15

AMAZ 3-2AMAZ 5-2

APA 4

B5/3

B5/7BE 10BE 3BE 8 CAS 3

C-SUL 7DOM 4

EET 400

EET 59HEQX 3338 EQX 3360-3EQX 78

GU 123 CGU 125 C

GU 144C

GU 175 V

GU 239 H

GU 255V

GU 290 HGU 341 H

ICS 1 ICS 43 ICS 95IFC 5

IMC 23IMC 39IMC 47

IMC 53IMC 60IMC 67IMC 76

LCT EEN 163

LCT EEN 241

MA 12

MAN 15-2MAN 15-60

MO 20

MOCORONGON38

NA 33

NA 79

P 30PA 107PA 118PA 121PA 13

PA 137PA 150PA 151

PA 175

PA 20

PA 300PA 303

PA 7PA 70PA 88

PNG 218

POUND 10

POUND 12

POUND 15

POUND 7

RB 46RB 49

RIM 41

S84

SCA 12

SCA 23

SCA 6SCA 9

SGU 50T16/613

T17/524T44/547T60/887

T63/967

T63/971

T65/238T65/326

T79/467T79/501

T85/799

PA 146

IMC 47 (type 2)

PA 186PA 65PA 188

AMEL 67AMEL 10 AMEL 4

AMEL 19

AMEL 9AMEL 130

AMEL 22AMEL 16

AMEL 67AMEL 78

AMEL 129

AMEL 43

AMEL 17

AMEL 71

AMEL 2AMEL 77

AMEL 20

AMEL 51 AMEL 118

NA 34Q10R3662B

Coord. 1 (20.2%)

Coor

d. 2

(11.

8%)

Low genetic diversity observed in Breeders’ active collection Large number of mislabelling observed in seed gardens and breeders’ collection Analysis showed that only 1% of seed garden genotypes have been fingerprinted - need for further fingerprinting Clones developed from families will need to be fingerprinted to confirm parentage

Padi et al (2015). The impact of SNP fingerprinting and parentage analysis on the effectiveness of variety recommendations in cocoa (under review)

Structure analysis showing admixtures (k = 10)


ACI: Workshop and Next Steps Ninth session of African Cocoa Breeders’ Working Group (ACBWG) meeting and Workshop on statistical data analysis of regional data from 9-13 March 2015, Lagos, Nigeria

- Identification of true-to-type genotypes using different statistical methods- Assessment of genetic diversity (national and regional)- Identification of standard clones for the region, which will be maintained, bred

and distributed- Association analysis using genotypic and historical phenotypic data

Regional symposium on ‘Next generation cocoa research in West and Central Africa’


HumidTropicsA CGIAR Program Led by IITA

15 year targets • Increase staple food yields by

60%• Increase average farm

income by 50%• Lift 25% of poor households

above the poverty line• Reduce the number of

malnourished children by 30%

• Nutrient depletion on 40% of farms reversed to sustainable nutrient flow


HumidTropics: What To Do?

Identify cocoa production systems that are more resilient to the identified risks associated with changing climate and related changes in the pest and disease spectrum

Support farmers in developing diversified and resilient agricultural systems that provide critical ecosystem services (water supply and regulation, habitat for wild plants and animals, genetic diversity, pollination, pest control, climate regulation)

Develop a clearer understanding as to where the risk to production is highest in the cocoa growing belt of West and Central Africa and what type of risk we need to anticipate

Long term research investment to provide robust answers to questions on climate change and how to reduce deforestation in the cocoa belt


Cocoa: R4D Needs to Overcome Challenges

Rehabilitate ageing plantations: use of improved true-to-type planting materials with resistance and high-yielding ability under different climatic conditions

Establish a pipeline of varieties to combat emerging threats

Wide promotion of pest and disease control measures

Address the shortage of quality planting materials and develop capacity for sustainable production and distribution

Effective strategies for input delivery mechanisms

Understanding synergies/trade-offs in cocoa systems

More innovative and scalable extension approaches/technologies such as use of smart phones and community knowledge brokers

Understanding the roles of interrelation of life stage, gender, inheritance systems and land tenure in the cocoa investment decision

Characterization and documentation of information


Cocoa and Chocolate in Everyday Life!!

Sustaining Cocoa Production through Research for development: IITA's Perspectives

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