Sustainable Urban Development and Emerging Professions - Wersja Do Druku

3/18/2015 SustainableUrbanDevelopmentandEmergingProfessionsWersjadodruku

http://www.esgh.com/lms/content/8000502/do_druku.php?id_kursu=134546 1/15

ECOINNOVATIONINCITIES

Newmodelsofurbanentrepreneurship

Module2.SustainableUrbanDevelopmentandEmergingProfessions

author:KatarzynaNegacz,PhDStudent

Aimofthemodule

Inthismoduleweexplaintheconceptofsustainableurbandevelopmentandgreenprofessionsemerginginthecities.Ouraimistointroducetheconceptofsustainabledevelopmentintheurbanareas,aswellasinsustainableapproachtomostessentialissuesinthecitieswhichare:energyandwatersupply,transportationsystems,wastemanagementandrecycling,andbuildings'constructionanddesign.

Afterthismodule,thestudentwill:

Knowtheconceptofsustainableurbandevelopment.

Understandpracticalapplication.ofit

Recognizesustainablesolutionsinthecity.

Knowmeasurementmethodsandmostsignificanttopicsforsustainabledevelopmentinthecities.

Specifybestpracticesinsolutionsforgreeningthecities.

Knowhowtopursueagreenprofession.

Thetopicwaschosentobetterunderstandhowtheideaofsustainabledevelopmentcanbeappliedinthecitieswhichusuallyareconsideredunsustainableandtoshowhowonecanfindaprofessionlinkedtogreeneconomy.

KEYWORDS:

INTRODUCTION



sustainabledevelopment,urbandevelopment,sustainablesolutions,greenjobs

Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmentwasshaped in thesecondpartof the20thcentury.The termwasshapedintheBrundtlandReportin1987whereitisdefinedas

thedevelopmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds1.

Sustainable development idea may be considered in the urban environment understood as a holisticsystem2. It isdirectlylinkedtothedevelopmentof localeconomyandurbanareas.Inthisframework,local administration plays a crucial role by designing and implementing local development policy,managing taskswithin institutional structure and create opportunities for the inhabitants to support itsactions.

There are numerous lists ofsustainableurban indicators proposed bymultiple regional and internationalorganizations.OneofthemareInternationalUrbanSustainabilityIndicatorsList(IUSIL)3launchedbyEuropeanFoundationfortheImprovementofLivingandWorkingConditions4.TheconstructionoftheindicatorsincludesareasasillustratedintheFigure1.

Figure1.IndexofUrbanSustainabilityPerformance

THECONCEPTOFSUSTAINABLEURBANDEVELOPMENT



Source:UrbanSustainabilityIndicators,V.Mega,J.Pedersen,EuropeanFoundationfortheImprovementofLivingandWorkingConditions,Dublin,1998,p.15.

1OurCommonFuture,UNWCED,1987.2W.Pski,Zarzdzaniezrwnowaonymrozwojemmiast,Arkady,Warszawa,1999,pp.3132.3G.Yalcin,Urbanactivitiesintheviewofthesustainabledevelopment,ProcediaTechnology12,2014,pp.566571.4ItisanautonomousbodyoftheEuropeanUnion,createdtoassisttheformulationoffuturepolicyonsocialandworkrelatedmatters.FurtherinformationcanbefoundattheFoundationwebsite:http//www.eurofound.ie/.

There is a difference between sustainable urban development and sustainable urban transformation. It wasexplainedbyCamagni1andhedefinedsustainableurbandevelopmentasfollows:

SUSTAINABLECITYCONCEPTS



Aprocessofsynergisticintegrationandcoevolutionamonggreatsubsystemsmakingupacity(economic,social,physicalandenvironmental),whichguaranteesthelocalpopulationanon

decreasinglevelofwellbeinginthelongterm,withoutcompromisingthepossibilitiesofdevelopmentofsurroundingareasandcontributingbythistowardsreducingtheharmfuleffectsofdevelopment

onthebiosphere.

Atthesametimesustainableurbantransformationconcentratesonstructuraltransformationprocesses,both multidimensional and radical change, which can effectively direct urban development towardssustainability2.

To better understand taken actions it is good to look at some basic vocabulary related to sustainableurbantransformationexplainedbyHiggins3:

Resilience /Resilience an ability of social or ecological system to absorb disturbances whileretainingthesamebasicstructureandwayoffunctioning,thecapacityforselforganisationandthecapacitytoadapttostressandchange./

Vulnerability/Vulnerabilityadegreetowhichthesystemissusceptibletoandunabletocopewithadverseeffectofclimatechange,includingclimatevariabilityandextremes.Itisafunctionofthecharacter, magnitude and rate of climate and variation to which the system is exposed, itssensitivityandadaptivecapability./

Adaptive capacity/Adaptivecapacitytheabilityofasystemtoadjusttoclimatechange(includingclimatevariabilityandextremes)tomoderatepotentialdamages,totakeadvantageofopportunitiesorcopewiththeconsequences./

Mitigation/Mitigationactiontaketoreducetheimpactofhumanactivityontheclimatesystem,primarilythroughreductngnetgreenhousegasemissions,forexamplecarbondioxide./

Risk/Riskacombinationoftheprobabilityofaneventanditsconsequenceswithseveralwaysofcombingthesetwofactorsbeingpossible.Itcanbepositiveornegativeandmeasurequalitativelyorquantitatively./

Sustainable urban development has been measured via numerous indicators in different countries. Forexample, Japanese standards for sustainable building and urbanization are the ComprehensiveAssessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency (CASBEE for anUrbanArea+Building4.Most of the system include three pillars of the sustainable development and consider land use,communication,transportation,housingperformance5.Table1showschosenassessmentsystemsinthecountrieswiththeyearsoflaunching.

At the moment, majority of the constructions built in the 1990s do not meet criteria of sustainabledevelopment.Thenumerousproblemsinclude:

buildingdesignomitenergyefficiencyanddonotconsidergreenaffordablehousing

constructionitselfcreatesavarietyofecologicalproblems

groupsofbuildingshasanegativeimpactontheoverallperformance.



Table1.Sustainableurbandevelopmentassessmenttoolsinchosencountries

A.Bakar,K.SooCheen,AFrameworkforAssessingtheSustainableUrbanDevelopment,ProcediaSocialandBehavioralSciences,85,2013,p.487.

1R.Camagni,Sustainableurbandevelopment:definitionandreasonsforaresearchprogramme,InternationalJournalofEnvironmentandPollution,1998,10(1),pp.626.2K.McCormick,etal.,Advancingsustainableurbantransformation,JournalofCleanerProduction,50,2013,p.4.3P.Higgins,op.cit.,p.63.DEFRA,AdaptingtoClimateChangePredictions,UKClimateProjections.Crown,London2009.IPCC,op.cit.4S.K.SooCheen,andAbuBakar,A.H.,IncorporatingsustainablemanagementsystemintohousingdevelopmentpracticeinMalaysia',Int.J.SustainableDevelopment,2012,15(3),pp.277291.5Ibidem.



Task1.Forselfcheck

HavealookatsustainablecityconceptsinChinaavailableinthescript.Howdotheydiffer?Matchthenametotheconcept.

1) It's a concept proposed by the Ministry ofEnvironmentalProtectionofChinain1997.Thedefinitionincludes fast economic growth, a clean environment andhealthyecosystem.

ChooseGreencityGardencityNationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCityEcocityLowcarboncityLowcarbonecocity

2) Some of the projects are SinoSingaporeTianjinEcocityandTangshanBayEcocity1.


3) In 1992, the Ministry of Housing and UrbanRuralDevelopment (MOHURD) suggested an idea that put anemphasisonthelandscapeandgreenspaces.


4)Itisacombinationofthetwopreviousconceptsandishighlysupportedbytheauthorities.


5) First, itwasmeant asmore green spaces i.e. parks incities, but as the concept of sustainable development

SUSTAINABLECITYCONCEPTSSustainablecityconceptsTask1



becamemoreandmorepopularamongdecisionmakersitwasgivenabroadermeaning.Nowadays, it isnotonlyagreen space in urban area, but the integrated system ofenvironmental,economicandsocialaspects.


6)Thisconcept is related tomultipleothersconnected totheminimizingcarbonemissions.


1Chinalowcarbonecocitydevelopmentreport,ChinaBuildingIndustryPress,ChineseSocietyforUrbanStudies,2011.

There are some challenges for the cities like resourcemanagement, transportation systems,waste andrecyclingsystems,constructionanddesign.Inthismodule,wewillpresentselectedissues.

Water

Creationanddevelopmentofcitiesgreatlyincreasesademandforbothwaterandenergyintheregion.Theproblemwaterinthecitycanbeconsideredas:

socalled'bluespace'intheplaceslocatedattheriverfront,seasideorlakesareasaroundblueandgreenspacesbecomesomeofmostdesirable locations. IncaseofCopenhagen,an increase in the realestatepricesresultedintransformingtheharbourfromindustrytoresidentialareas.Eventhepriceofflatslocatednearbytotheharbourhasincreasedby10%.Itisalsoaneffectofintegratedworkofenvironmentalexperts,planners,municipality,privatesector,researchers,architects,engineerswhojoinedeffortstointroduceinnovativesustainablesolutions.Inordertomaintainclearwaterinthecityreservoirsoneneedstomanagewatercomingfromrain,storm,roof,road,etc.1.

drinkabletapwaterfortheinhabitantscurrentlymainchallengeformostofurbanareasistomaintainabilitytotakewaterdrinkingwatersupplyfromthegroundwater.Veryoftenbecauseofalackofthewatersourcesintheproximityorhighlevelofcontamination,thewaterneedstobetransportedoverthelongdistancesinthepipes.Someinnovativesolutionshavebeenintroducedtolimitlossesinthedrinkingwatersupplysystem,reducedrinkingwaterconsumptionandprotectgroundwater.Thankstothatlessenergyisused,pipesystemgetsusedslower,thereisabettermonitoringandlocalbusinessescanreduceoperationcosts2.

THEMATICAPPROACHTOSUSTAINABLEURBANDEVELOPMENT



Wastemanagement

Withgrowingglobalpopulationmanagingwasteandsewagebecomesamajorchallengeformanyurbanareas.Manycitieshavedevelopedstrategiestodealwiththisissue.

Forexample,inCopenhagen,theapproachtowardsthechallengehasbeencalledAcitywithoutwastebutfullofresources.Theambitiousgoalsinclude45%ofhouseholdwastebeingrecycledby2018andzerowaste city by 2050.There are alsomultiple flagship projects started to solve the issue ofwaste, e.g.:Sydhavn Recycling Centre (for spreading innovation and knowledge) and Copenhagen waste sorting(naturalwayforeverybody).

AninterestingmodelcalledPayAsYouThrow(PAYT)isused inTaipei,Taiwan.Citizensandcompaniesbuyspecialbluebagsandputwasteinthem.Thecityservicescollectonlywasteinthesespecialbags.Thesemodelencouragesrecyclablematerials.Thosedonothavetobeplacedinthebluebagsandarecollectedfreeofcharge.ThisschemeiscalledPerBagTrashCollectionFee3.

AnotherinterestingcaseisBeloHorizontewhichrunsdoortodoorcollectionofrecyclablematerialsfor14%ofcityinhabitants.Citytrucksdoitonceaweekanddelivertowastepickerledcooperativesforsortingand processing. This example of cooperation between local authorities and informal sector createsemploymentfor600peopleandincreaserecycling4.

1Copenhagen:Solutionsforsustainablecities,January2014,3rdedition,CityofCopenhagen,CityHall,pp.1517.2Ibidem,pp.1921.3 J. Ross, What I Picked Up About Trash in Taipei, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2007/11/29/AR2007112901887.html,December2,2007,15.06.2014.4GoingGreen.Howcitiesareleadingthenexteconomy,P.Rode,G.Floater,LSELibraryServices,London,2013,p.17.

Task2.

Thinkaboutsustainablesolutionsrelatedtomostchallengingproblemsinachosencity.Checkcitywebsitesrelatedtoenvironmentalpolicyandsustainabledevelopment.Preparealistof:

1. threesolutionswhicharealreadyapplied

2. threesolutionswhichmaybeusedinthefuture.

Post your opinion on forum of discussion. Look for different examples than

students who have posted answers before you. The most valuable posts will bescored.

THEMATICAPPROACHTOSUSTAINABLEURBANDEVELOPMENTThematicapproachtosustainableurbandevelopmentTask2



Raisingmovementforgreenercitiesstimulatelabormarket.Asaresult,morespecialistintheexperienceandknowledgeonthesustainablesolutionswillbeneededinthefuture.Inthispartofthechapter,wewillelaborateon:sustainablejobsinthecitiesandeducationprogramspreparingprofessionalsforthesejobs.

Citiesarealsobaseforincreasingnumberofcooperativesofvariouskind.Somefocusontheworkwithpeoplewith disabilities,which offer some products or food.Others bring nature back in the city andsupplyfreshvegetables.AgoodexampleisWarsawwherefoodcooperativesareflourishing.Theideaisto enable people to buy vegetables, fruits and diary cheaper than in the shops through the organizedpurchaseinthegroup.Thankstothisthegrouptonotpayforintermediarycosts.Otherbenefitsincludestablecooperationwithlocalfarmersandaccesstolocalandseasonalfood.GoodcasesarecooperativessuchasWarszawskaKooperatywaSpoywcza,KooperatywaDobrzeandRWSwierePanki1.

Another interesting concept is city gardening or guerilla gardening. The former assumes that there arenumerouseatableplants in thecityandonecanplantorfindthem.Thelatter isslightlymoreextremeformweregroupsor individualswho individuallystartplantingvariousplantsaround thecitywithoutasking for permission. There is amap of eatable places inWarsaw called Falling Fruit created byPaulina Jeziorek and Jodie Baltazar, an American artist living in Warsaw2 . With the free productavailableinmostofthecities,onehavefreeresourcestostartaselfsustainingseasonaleatery.

Another idea of how to start up a business with little resources is a restaurant in Copenhagen calledRub&Stubwhichbattlethewastedfood.Itworkswithanetworkofsuppliersandacquireproductsthatcannotbesold.Theyarenotoldorpasttheexpirydate.Ratherthanthat,theyhavebeendiscardedduetothe aesthetic reasons: nonstandard shape, surplus production, etc. Additionally people who cook andservemealsarevolunteers,sotherestaurantonlyhiresamanagerandkitchenleader3.

1KooperatywySpoywczeWarszawa,www.jemylokalnie.pl/kooperatywyspozywczewarszawa,14.06.16.2 Jedzenie (ronie) na miecie,Wyborcza.pl/magazyn/1,127926,15859659,Jedzenie_rosnie_na_miescie.html,14.06.15.3Rub&Stub,http://spisrubogstub.dk/en/,14.06.15.

Task3.

Havealookatthesectioninthescript.Decidewhetheryouprefertobeanintrapreneurorentrepreneur.Thenchooseacompanyexistingoneforintrapreneurs,fictionaloneforentrepreneurs.Designaplan:

1. tomakeworkplacegreenasanintrapreneuror

2. tomakeyourentreprisegreen?

NEWGREENPROFESSIONS

NEWGREENPROFESSIONSNewgreenprofessionsTask3



Activitywillbediscussedandgradedduringtheseminar

Manystudentsconsiderpursuingagreencareerbutoftentheyhavenoexperienceinfindingsustainablejoboffers and opportunities. Solution to this problem appeared in the US. More than Money Careers is acompany,acertifiedBenefitCorporation,assistinginfindingasustainableandgreenjobwhichnotonlybring incomebutalsocombine itwithsocial impactandservice forenvironment.Thefoundersof thecompanyareDrMarkAlbionandDrMrimBoutla.

Torealizethismissiontheyassist:

Universitiestohelpstudentslookingforsociallyresponsibleorgreenjobs

Fellowshipprogramsandprofessionalassociations

Individualstochoosethebestjobfortheirskillsandabilities,getaccesstojoboffers,gettacticsforlookingforajobthatsuitstheirneeds.

Thecompanyoffers access to a rich collectionof resources, including,various communications tools,forums,calendaring,documentmanagement,andotherpersonalizedcontentviathewebsite.

IntroductiontoMorethanMoneyCareers

Source:About,http://www.mtmc.co/aboutus,14.06.05.

Thecompanyoffersalsoablogandwebinarsforstudentstogetadviceonfindingarightposition.OneofthepostwasdevotedtoImpactInvestingCareers.

MORETHANMONEYCAREERS



Keytakehomemessagesincluded:

Impactinvestingisabroadfieldthatseekstogeneratefinancial,social,andenvironmentalvalue.

Manyuniversitystaffandfacultyhaveoutdatedbeliefsaboutimpactinvestingcareers.Therefore,theiradvicetostudentsandgraduatesisnotalignedwithcurrentemploymenttrendsandhiringpractices.Forexample,manybelievethatimpactinvestingcareersarefocusedonvaluations,andarethereforeonlyvalidoptionsorfinancemajors.Thisisinaccurate,therearemanyimpactinvestingcareeroptionsavailabletoliberalartsandlawstudents.

Thesamejobcanbeadreamjobforonegraduateandanightmareforanother.Thisisnotduetotheirmajorortheirdegreeprogram,butrathertopersonaldifferencesinmotivatedskills,work/lifebalancepriorities,andimpactfocus.Wediscusshowourtriplefitmodelbesthelpsgraduates(andtheiruniversities)gainclarityaboutwhichjobseachstudentwouldlikesothattheycanbestfocusoncompetingforimpactinvestingjobstheywillactuallylikedoing.

Source:2014WebinarSeries:ImpactInvestingCareers,http://www.mtmc.co/impactinvestingcareers,14.06.15.

Figure.2014WebinarSeries:ImpactInvestingCareers

Source:2014WebinarSeries:ImpactInvestingCareers,http://www.mtmc.co/impactinvestingcareers/,14.06.15.



Task4.

ReadadviceavailableatMore thanMoneyCareerblog.Thinkofasustainability related jobyoucan findwithyourdegree.Writeaplanthatastudentshouldfollowtogetthisjob.

Post your opinion on forum of discussion. The most valuable posts will be

scored.

In thismodule,weanalyzed the ideaofsustainableurbandevelopmentaswellasgreenprofessions.First,wesearched for the better understanding of the term and connected elements. Then we looked at theframeworks,rankings,gradingsystemsandapproaches.Laterwemovedtosectorialapproachtowardssustainablesolutionsinthecities.

Here, we examined approaches towards water and waste management. Then we took up the issue ofsustainableprofessions.Bygivingexamplesofalternativeapproacheswepresentedavailableoptionsandinnovativesolutions.

Thenweconcludedwithacaseofacompanywhichassistsstudentsanduniversitiesinfindingworkplacesrelatedtosustainability.

Suggestedliterature

Green growth, green profit :how green transformation boosts business /Roland Berger StrategyConsultantsGmbH.BasingstokeNewYork:PalgraveMacmillan,cop.2011.

Implementing sustainable urban travel policies /EuropeanConferenceofMinisters ofTransport.Paris:Org.forEconomicCoOperationandDevelopment,2003.

Sustainabilitystrategies:whendoesitpaytobegreen?/RenatoJ.Orsato.BasingstokeNewYork:PalgraveMacmillan,2009.

Thepracticeofsustainabledevelopment /DouglasR.Porter primaryaut.RutherfordH.Platt [iin.]contr.ThomasCahill[iin.].Washington,D.C.:UrbanLandInstitute,2001.

MORETHANMONEYCAREERSMorethanMoneyCareersTask4

CONCLUSIONS

SUGGESTEDLITERATUREANDBIBLIOGRAPHY



Urbanand rural agrofoodsystemsasa factorof local sustainabledevelopment /ed. JoostPlatjeandJanuszSodczyk.Opole:WydawnictwoUniwersytetuOpolskiego,2005.

Zarzdzaniezrwnowaonymrozwojemmiast,PskiW.,Arkady,Warszawa,1999.

Bibliography

Bakar A., K. Soo Cheen, A Framework for Assessing the Sustainable Urban Development,ProcediaSocialandBehavioralSciences,85,2013,p.487.

CamagniR.,Sustainable urbandevelopment: definitionand reasons for a researchprogramme,InternationalJournalofEnvironmentandPollution,1998,10(1).

Chinalowcarbonecocitydevelopmentreport,ChinaBuildingIndustryPress,ChineseSocietyforUrbanStudies,2011.

Copenhagen:Solutionsforsustainablecities,January2014,3rdedition,CityofCopenhagen,CityHall.

DEFRA,AdaptingtoClimateChangePredictions,UKClimateProjections.Crown,London2009.

GoingGreen.Howcitiesareleadingthenexteconomy,P.Rode,G.Floater,LSELibraryServices,London,2013.

HigginsP.,Fromsustainabledevelopmenttocarboncontrol:urbantransformationinHongKongandLondon,JournalofCleanerProduction50,2013.

ImpactInvestingCareers,http://www.mtmc.co/impact-investing-careers/,14.06.15.

J. Ross, What I Picked Up About Trash in Taipei, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/29/AR2007112901887.html,December2,2007,15.06.2014.

Jedzenie (ronie) na miecie,Wyborcza.pl/magazyn/1,127926,15859659,Jedzenie_rosnie_na_miescie.html,14.06.15.

KooperatywySpoywczeWarszawa,www.jemylokalnie.pl/kooperatywy-spozywcze-warszawa,14.06.16.

McCormick K., et al., Advancing sustainable urban transformation, Journal of CleanerProduction,50,2013.

OurCommonFuture,UNWCED,1987.

PskiW.,Zarzdzaniezrwnowaonymrozwojemmiast,Arkady,Warszawa,1999.

Rub&Stub,www.spisrubbogstub.dk/concept,14.06.15.

SooCheenS.K.,andAbuBakar,A.H.,IncorporatingsustainablemanagementsystemintohousingdevelopmentpracticeinMalaysia',Int.J.SustainableDevelopment,2012,15(3).



UrbanSustainabilityIndicators,V.Mega,J.Pedersen,EuropeanFoundationfortheImprovementofLivingandWorkingConditions,Dublin,1998.

YalcinG.,Urbanactivitiesintheviewofthesustainabledevelopment,ProcediaTechnology12,2014.

Thetestisscored.Youcanreceive1pointforeachcorrectanswerinthistest.Don'tforgettoclickonabutton'sendtotheteacher'.

Question1

ThecityconceptwhichwasnotintroducedinChinais:

a)Ecocity

b)Greencity

c)Gardencity

d)Sustainablecity.

Question2

Sustainableurbandevelopmentissimilartosustainableurbantransformation.

a)True

b)False.

Question3

WastemanagementsystemusedinTaiwaniscalled:

a)PayAsYouThrow(PAYT)

a)PayAsYouGrow(PAYG)

c)SustainableWasteManagement

d)Rub&Stub.

Question4

AssessmenttoolforsustainableurbandevelopmentlaunchedintheNetherlandsin2004is:

CHECKYOURSELF



a)ComprehensiveAssessmentSystemforBuildingEnvironmentalEfficiency

b)NatureBalance

c)InternationalUrbanSustainabilityIndicators

d)MTMC.

Question5

Resiliencecanbedefinedas:

a)Adegreetowhichthesystemissusceptibletoandunabletocopewithadverseeffectofclimatechange,includingclimatevariabilityandextremes.Itisafunctionofthecharacter,magnitudeandrateofclimateandvariationtowhichthesystemisexposed,itssensitivityandadaptivecapability.

b)Anabilityofsocialorecologicalsystemtoabsorbdisturbanceswhileretainingthesamebasicstructureandwayoffunctioning,thecapacityforselforganisationandthecapacitytoadapttostressandchange.

c)The ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including climate variability andextremes)tomoderatepotentialdamages,totakeadvantageofopportunitiesorcopewiththeconsequences.

d)Action take to reduce the impact of human activity on the climate system, primarilythroughreductngnetgreenhousegasemissions,forexamplecarbondioxide.

sendtotheteacher save

Morethanmoneycareers,http://www.mtmc.co

InternationalSocietyofSustainabilityProfessionals,www.sustainabilityprofessionals.org

Careers in sustainable business, http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/series/careers-in-sustainable-business

UrbanInitiativesUNHabitat,www.unhabitat.org/urban-initiatives

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