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Sustainable Solid Waste Management Planning

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Sustainable Solid Waste Management Planning

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Description: Provides an overview of the importance of developing an integrated waste management plan (IWMP), and includes discussions on the environmental impacts of waste, the keys elements of an IWMP and the steps involved in developing a comprehensive IWMP.

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Learning Objectives

At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

list six sustainable planning principles, and discuss how waste management planning relates to each

explain how waste management impacts greenhouse gas emissions and how it impacts the community as a whole including land use, dynamics, building design and construction sites

list three waste management planning principles, describe the waste management planning hierarchy and identify ways in which this hierarchy should be incorporated into a waste management plan, and

summarize the fourteen steps involved in developing an integrated waste management plan, and describe the Edmonton, Alberta case study as an example of an IWMP.




Table of Contents

Why Study Waste Management? 7

Waste Management Planning 46

Developing an Integrated Waste Management Plan (IWMP) 79

Summary 118

Click on title to view




Why Study Waste Management?




Waste Management: A Natural Approach

This image is a bit of a metaphor for the difference between human and natural approaches to systems and processes, and to waste in particular. Man has cut a tree, and in doing so, has discarded (wasted) that portion which is too difficult or too inefficient to use. Nature, on the other hand, views the very same object (the stump) as an opportunity (resource) to collect seeds, water and nutrients in order to create a replacement treewhat we view as waste, nature views as resource.

The most effective waste management strategies begin with this philosophy: Waste is a resource or opportunity, as opposed to a burden or liability. Once all the opportunities are extracted, then and only then is disposal considered as an option. This approach to waste management planning might be termed bio-mimicry, an approach to problem solving which looks first to see how nature addresses a problem for guidance in developing human solutions.

Nature generates only resources to sustain itself.




The Magnitude of Waste

This photo of a factory in China by Ed Burtynsky from his film Manufactured Landscapes, and the generic shots of supermarkets and big box stores, brings to life the magnitude of the waste management issue.

Everything being manufactured and then made available in stores will most likely become waste at some point. When viewed from that perspective and multiplied by all the stores that an average individual visits in the course of daily life, the amount and variety of goods and materials that must be, in some manner, dealt with after their original purpose has been fulfilled becomes quite staggering in scale and complexity.

Cradle to cradle thinking addresses how objects can be designed and manufactured to be reused and/or reassembled into other objects after their first life. This thinking applies to consumer goods, buildings and community components alike.




Sustainable Planning Principles

How waste management planning relates to sustainable planning principles:

Complete, Livable Communities - Unmanaged waste makes a community unlivable.

Environmental Protection - Improper waste disposal can contaminate the environment.

Energy and Emissions Reduction - Waste management can require or create considerable energy and can generate significant greenhouse gases and pollutants.

Green, Efficient Resources - Excessive consumption leading to waste is an inefficient use of natural resources. Using waste as a resource can reduce natural resource depletion.

Enhanced Economic Performance - Waste management can be a huge cost burden for communities, but it can also create employment and revenue.

Sustainable Community Management and Public Education - Waste, water, and energy management are integrated and must form part of every sustainable community plan.




Construction Waste Is Significant

A new commercial building generates an average of 3.9 pounds of waste per square foot of building area, i.e., a new building of 50,000 square feet will produce almost 100 tons of waste.

A newly demolished commercial building yields an average of 155 pounds per square foot of building area. The same 50,000 square foot building when demolished will create almost 4,000 tons of waste.

More than 135 million tons of debris from construction sites is brought to U.S. landfills every year, making it the single largest source in the waste stream.

Construction and demolition waste accounts for about 25% of Canadas solid waste stream.

Source: Freymann, Vance, John Tessicini, and Martine Dion. Planning for Construction Waste Reduction. USGBC White Paper. http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/MediaArchive/508_Freymann_PA518.pdf Accessed April 2012.

Mines and quarries19%

Agriculture17%

Construction and demolition 22%

Industrial12%

Commercial8%

Municipal7%

Sewage sludge / dredged spoil

15%

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Waste Management Impacts GHG Emissions

All products have an associated generation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Some emissions are upstream in the manufacturing process, and many are downstream from disposal. Recycling can considerably reduce GHG emissions by avoiding the energy and resource extraction required for making new products. Disposal can create emissions through burning by releasing CO2, and landfills create emissions through release of methane, which has approximately twenty times the global warming potential of CO2. Recycling can reduce GHG emissions by a factor of two to six depending on the material being recycled.

Landfills were the third largest human-made source of methane in the United States in 2011, accounting for 17.5% generated. Each kg garbage produced = 2.1 kg CO2 Each kg recycled vs. landfilled saves 2.4 kg CO2 Each kg composted vs. landfilled saves 1.3 kg CO2

Source: An Overview of Landfill Gas Energy in the United States U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) http://www.epa.gov/methane/lmop/documents/pdfs/overview.pdf Last accessed January 2014

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GHG Emissions

What is the connection between source reduction and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions?Reducing the amount of paper used is not just being cost-effective; it is taking concrete steps to fight global warming. More so than any other waste management optionincluding composting, recycling, and landfillingsource reduction helps turn back the clock on global climate change.

What is source reduction?Source reduction, often called waste prevention, is any change in the design, manufacture, purchase, or use of materials or products (including packaging) to reduce their amount or toxicity before they become municipal solid waste. Source reduction also includes the reuse of products or materials.

When a material is source reduced (i.e., less of the material is made), the GHG emissions associated with making the material and managing the post-consumer waste are avoided. In addition, when paper products are source reduced, trees that would otherwise be harvested are left standing and continue to grow, removing additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Source: EPA Reusable News, Fall 2000.




GHG Emissions

What can you do?

What can the average citizen do to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Besides reducing emissions from fossil fuels through energy and transportation efficiency, we also can help minimize climate impacts through source reduction, reuse, and recycling. This saves energy which translates directly to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. GHG emission reductions resulting from source reduction of a variety of common materials are listed in the table.

Source: EPA Reusable News, Fall 2000.

Material Emission Reduction

Aluminum Cans 2.98

Office Paper 1.03

PET Plastic 0.98

Newspaper 0.91

LDPE Plastic 0.89

Steel Cans 0.84

Corrugated Cardboard 0.78

HDPE Plastic 0.61

Glass 0.14

GHG Emission Reductions for Source Reduction(Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent Per Ton of Material Source Reduced)

Source: U.S. EPA. Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Management of Selected Materials in Municipal Solid Waste. September 1998.




How Much Energy Is Saved By Recycling?

Aluminum - Recycling of aluminum cans saves 95% of the energy required to make the same amount of aluminum from its virgin source. One ton of recycled aluminum saves 14,000 kilowatt hours (Kwh) of energy, 40 barrels of oil, 238 million Btus of energy, and 10 cubic yards of landfill space.Newsprint - One ton of recycled newsprint saves 601 Kwh of energy, 1.7 barrels of oil (71 gallons), 10.2 million Btus of energy, 60 pounds of air pollutants from being released, 7,000 gallons of water, and 4.6 cubic yards of landfill space.Office Paper - One ton of recycled office paper saves 4,100 Kwh of energy, 9 barrels of oil, 54 million Btus of energy, 60 pounds of air pollutants from being released, 7,000 gallons of water, and 3.3 cubic yards of landfill space.Plastic - One ton of recycled plastic saves 5,774 Kwh of energy, 16.3 barrels of oil, 98 million Btus of energy, and 30 cubic yards of landfill space.Steel - One ton of recycled steel saves 642 Kwh of energy, 1.8 barrels of oil, 10.9 million Btus of energy, and 4 cubic yards of landfill space.Glass - One ton of recycled glass saves 42 Kwh of energy, 0.12 barrels of oil (5 gallons), 714,000 Btus of energy, 7.5 pounds of air pollutants from being released, and 2 cubic yards of landfill space. Over 30% of the raw material used in glass production now comes from recycled glass. Source: Stanford University. http://recycling.stanford.edu/recycling/caq_benefits.html Accessed April 2012.

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Waste Management Affects Land Usage

Landfills, tire dumps, scrap yards and wastewater treatment lagoons, take up a considerable amount of land. The images show a scrap yard, a landfill, and a tire dump on fire in proximity to residential areas. Not only do these large land users significantly affect the options for community layout and thus also contribute to its sprawl, they also affect the health, safety, comfort and property value of those close by. They can also render adjacent properties unusable or dangerous to use due to toxic odors, dust, noise, and contamination of the water table.

Selecting waste management options which do not rely on large land assemblies can lead to a more compact community form and allow for a greater flexibility in community planning, and can also control toxic emissions and pollution.




Waste Management Affects Land Usage

Even beneficial waste management operations (e.g., making mulch from shipping pallets) require land and generate noise, traffic, and dust. Considerations for where and how these functions should occur should be part of any sustainable community plan.

An operation such as grinding weak or damaged pallets to create beneficial mulch perhaps could be attached to a pallet manufacturing facility. A manufacturer could pick up used pallets after delivering new ones and grind them up in a covered extension to the factory.

This could form part of a business plan similar to that of Interface Flooring (see slide 61), where in essence the manufacturer owns the pallet at all times and essentially sells it as a service, takes it back for exchange after its first useful life and either repairs it, or grinds it and sells it for mulch or fuel.




Waste Management Affects Community Form

Street widths and turning radii are significantly dictated by the requirements of garbage (and fire) trucks. Since the garbage trucks use local streets the most frequently, they usually become the stronger determinant within neighborhoods.

Wider streets with huge cul de sacs (turnarounds) are one unintended consequence of waste management by truck. Many communities which endeavor to reduce their impermeable surface areas in order to reduce stormwater runoff flows, heat islands, and costs are prevented from doing so by this one simple criteria.

Source: Tham, Klas. Detailed Development Plans. http://www.malmo.se/English/Western-Harbour/Plans-and-on-going-projects/Bo01-expo-area/Detailed-development-plans-Bo01.html Accessed April 2012.

There are also a number of studies which show that wider streets where neighbors cannot recognize facial expressions of one another from one side to the other lead to a decrease in familiarity, safety and community cohesion.

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Vacuum collection systems*, such as the one in the Malm, Sweden Bo01 neighborhood, eliminate the garbage truck criteria, and street patterns change as a result. In this case, circulation spaces were then designed to mitigate the negative impacts from on-shore winds from the North Sea.

In addition, organic material is separated at the source by collection in its own tube, and the methane from its decomposition is captured and returned as cooking fuel.

*Disney World installed a similar system in 1971 and Roosevelt Island, NYC also uses one.

Source: Tham, Klas. Detailed Development Plans. http://www.malmo.se/English/Western-Harbour/Plans-and-on-going-projects/Bo01-expo-area/Detailed-development-plans-Bo01.html Accessed April 2012.

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Malm Bo01 is a safe, quiet place to live, walk, work, and ride and also has a wonderful variety of delightful circulation spaces.

In Bo01, the circulation spaces consist of vehicle tolerant or woonerf style (pedestrians and cyclists have legal priority over motorists) courtyards and passages but allow infrequent and careful usage by emergency and delivery vehicles; spaces are designed to accept the vehicles as opposed to be dictated by their requirements. Cars use an underground level and make short and infrequent trips to the upper level to drop off personal items or to pick up passengers.

All green areas shown in these photos capture and store rainwater.





In Malm Bo01, the same pedestrian friendly spaces also assume further roles such as rainwater capture, storage, and reuse. They also foster a greater interaction between residents which in turn improves community safety and livability.

The same spaces which store rainwater can also store snow. There are a number of smaller snow-moving devices which have been designed for sidewalks and smaller spaces that could be used here. Storing snow where it falls eliminates the crushing cost and energy requirements needed to transport it some distance by truck in order to clear conventional streets. In the spring, as water, it can be used for irrigation and even fire protection.





The use of pipes instead of trucks in the heart of the community made a significant difference in its physical form. In addition, the same solution allowed for a more efficient recapture of harmful gases and a conversion of a liability (GHG) into an asset (cooking fuel). The Bo01 pipe system distributes the sorted waste to the community periphery, where trucks transport it to a central treatment plant.

The plant captures the methane, mixes it with natural gas, distributes it for cooking fuel; it incinerates the remaining waste to produce steam for electricity and district heating. Approximately 550,000 metric tons of waste is burned at the plant each year (3.2 metric tons equals 1 ton of oil). The waste-to-energy plant currently delivers over 60% of the district heating to Malm and Burslv municipalities.





Masdar City, the new sustainable research community in Abu Dhabi, also uses a waste collection network in lieu of trucks on a level below its street network. This freed the designers to implement very narrow pedestrian streets which are designed to facilitate shading and the capture of breezes for cooling in this desert climate.

Masdar is planned as a zero waste, and zero energy, city.

Masdar City, while sometimes criticized as a high-cost, high-tech community which is perhaps not truly sustainable from a social point of view, does show us how ancient approachescatching breezes by elevating above the desert surfaceand high- tech approaches can be combined.

(In the images to the right, PRT refers to personal rapid transit: small, electronically controlled cars.)





Because the entire city is lifted to catch breezes, this provided an opportunity to create a readily accessible, at-grade, service and transportation level. The at-grade level would be equivalent to the buried level at Malm Bo01. These projectsone in a cold climate and one in a hot climateshare the same principles but adapt the solutions to their specific context.They illustrate the connections between community elements and the ramifications one system has on another, i.e., that approaching waste collection (and transportation in general) in a different manner facilitates changing the approach to heating and cooling and other community functions. It is also an introduction to how costing should be analyzed. When roads are to be built anyway, then vacuum systems would usually be considered capital cost prohibitive. However, when their usage reduces the amount of roads, and when the cost benefits of reducing or eliminating air conditioning or heating is factored in, the equation becomes very different. When we add the various other social and environmental ramifications discussed in the Bo01 example, the equation changes even further.This whole system approach to community design is made possible by the integrated design process which is highlighted in the sustainable community planning essentials course (see resource section).





The image to the right show Masdars upper, vehicle-free pedestrian level.

Raising the entire city allows it to capture desert breezes. Note the curved forms which accelerate these breezes.

Reducing the need for air conditioning in this manner lowers costs and energy needs and facilitates the use of renewable sources, including waste, for energy.

On the lower transport/servicing level, four-person automated electric vehicles (PRTs) replace conventional cars. For more information, visit http://www.masdarcity.ae/en/. Accessed April 2012.

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Community Form Affects Waste Management

Curitiba, Brazil implemented a garbage is not garbage program for its slums where streets were impassable for conventional vehicles.

Residents brought garbage out and exchanged it for food, education tokens, coupons and transit tickets, allowing them to access jobs and other opportunities further away from their homes.

The program was funded by the municipal health budget and was so successful, it now applies to the entire city.

Other communities have developed specialized equipment such as this small truck, which is designed to collect from narrow streets and to tip into larger trucks which it meets at the intersection of larger, arterial roads on the neighborhood perimeter.





Curitiba is an instance where one of its community formsinformal settlements or slums with narrow, serpentine alleyways and pathways instead of straight, well-planned streetscame before any infrastructure and was created by citizens building wherever there was room for another small building. This phenomena of the creation of unserviceable community forms through ad hoc settlement is world wide and is in fact one of the major issues surrounding global urbanization trends.

All of the circulation spaces in such areas fill rapidly with garbage since there is simply no alternative for collection, disposal, or treatment. In these communities, everything usable or recyclable would generally have been stripped from this waste, as the residents are very impoverished. This infers that all waste left is decomposing and very unhealthy.

The city of Curitiba recognized this obvious health hazard and treated it as such with several innovative programs that allowed residents to remain and prosper without forcing a new (and expensive) urban form on them. Using their health budget to deal with waste is an innovative and insightful approach which has inspired many other communities.

Curtiba, as a whole, has developed numerous innovative and inspirational solutions to park creation, transportation, etc., and has served as a model for many others.





Curitiba now has an award-winning recycling system and has even built public buildings from recycled pipes.

Their recycling station teaches the recycling processes to people of different ages. It has class and conference rooms, a playground, a museum, and a collection of art and objects built with material collected. The facility accommodates drug addicts and other problem people (50% of the people who work here are under care and 50% are employees), and income generated goes to charity programs run by the citys first lady. It takes 15 recycled computers to build a new one, and people learn how to use them at the centers.




Waste Management Affects Community Dynamics

In the slums of Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya, a low-tech, high-temperature, clean emission waste incinerator/stove was prototyped. The stove costs about $5000 to fabricate.

Residents bring their trash from the overcrowded and filthy community to this center and burn it in exchange for time on the stove to cook food and heat water.

There are plans to introduce this technology, which improves health conditions significantly, to other communities and refugee camps.

This is an inspiring example of a grassroots approach to integrated decision making. For a very low cost, a number of issues, beginning with waste management, are simultaneously addressed in a manner which can be readily replicated or reinterpreted in many contexts. This solution even addresses community safety, since as an active center where neighbors congregate to work and share, bonds and familiarity are strengthened and the community begins self-policing. Community spirit and the ability to earn income is also raised with improved health.




Waste Management Affects Community Dynamics

Fifteen recycling houses with full recycling and composting facilities serve the1800 inhabitants of Augustenborg, Sweden, who helped design them.

The neighborhood targets collecting 90% of its waste for recycling or reuse.

Traditional refuse chutes in apartments have been closed, and all inhabitants leave their waste for recycling at the recycling houses instead.

Composting food waste at these houses has converted 33% of this neighborhood waste into fertile compost in less than eight weeks.




Waste Management Affects Construction Sites

In addition to the space requirements, on-site construction waste management requires training for all trades and supervisory staff. It also requires modification to specifications on the part of the design team to outline how on-site sorting should take place, what the penalties are for non-compliance, etc.

Approximately 2540% of the solid waste stream is building-related, but only 20% of construction/demolition debris is actually recycled.1

1Source: http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/secure/documents/pdf/aiap072739.pdf. Accessed January 2014.

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Building sites, especially for LEED accredited projects, must allow space (labeled bins) for sorting of materials. Sites involving salvage, deconstruction or demolition require space for salvaged materials, hard material crushing, and a strategy for moving/reusing salvaged materials.

Benny Farm in Montreal salvaged brick from one building and used it to reclad another. The project also recycled old radiators in a new district geo thermal heating system and reused old wooden studs. (See following slide.)For more information visit http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Portals/1/docs/CA_booklet.pdf. Accessed April 2012.

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These images show brick recovery and cleaned, packaged and labeled bricks ready for reuse; temporary storage for reused studs; and old radiators ready for refurbishment.




Waste Management Affects Building Designs

Conservation Co-op, Ottawa, was built around the sustainable approaches being discussed in this course, with a particular emphasis on conservation of resources and energy. The building originally also included a pilot greywater recycling system, which was abandoned because of maintenance demands.

The project incorporates four recycling rooms per floor and eliminates the garbage chute. Providing this amount of space per floor in a building of this size is quite unusual and requires a strong commitment on the part of the stakeholders.

The one garbage room in the basement must be accessed by elevator, thus making recycling far easier than disposal. The project also incorporated an on-site composting system. The compost is used in communal gardens including roof gardens. Visit: http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/inpr/bude/himu/inbu/upload/Conservation-Co-Op.pdf. Accessed April 2012.

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There are a number of systems available for collecting and separating waste in high-rise buildings.

Some systems use multiple chutes while others use specialized chutes feeding multiple receptacles in the garbage room.

All require space allocation on every floor and on the lower levels for this process.





There are many buildings designed for disassembly.

Homes such as these address waste management at both ends of their cycle.

They are factory assembled in a process which is in itself generally far less wasteful than field construction.

After their first useful life, they can be readily removed and either relocated as-is or disassembled and the parts reused for other buildings.

Image Source: http://www.modabode.com.au. Accessed April 2012.

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Design for disassembly (sometimes referred to as cradle to cradle thinking) has been a concept under development in the manufacturing industry for some time and is now codified in the EU (European Union) End of Life Directive.

This concept has expanded to include the building industry, which can follow a number of the same principles regarding joining materials for easy disassembly and minimizing component intermingling.

The integrated design process can identify these opportunities and develop the techniques.




Waste Management Affects Apartment and Home DesignsKitchens sometimes integrate recycling chutes or specialized cabinetry for sorting waste.

In any form of stacked housing, kitchen layouts must be vertically aligned to facilitate the use of chutes.

Space also needs to be designated in other places on-site for yard and animal waste, etc.




Typical Mix of Household Waste

While it was noted that not all waste can be recovered/managed through chutes and bins in personal spaces, this chart shows that a very high percentage can be; thus, this at source collection and sorting can significantly and positively influence the whole community system.

Organic ~45% Kitchen organics Yard waste Animal waste

Recyclable ~35% Paper Glass Metals Plastic Textiles

Other waste ~20%

Image Source: Norseman Plastics. http://www.norsemanplastics.com/index.html Accessed April 2012.

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Typical Mix of Household Waste

The largest single component of the average Canadians household waste is organic waste, that typically represents from 40% to 50% of the household waste stream. Over half of the organic waste is considered home or backyard compostable. This includes kitchen organics such as fruit and vegetable trimmings, egg shells, coffee grounds, and garden and yard waste.

Typically, a third of the household waste stream is considered recyclable. This includes paper products (newspaper, cardboard, packaging, junk mail), metals (food and beverage containers), glass, and plastics. Only about 20% of the household stream is non-recyclable and non-compostable (e.g., dust, ashes).

The waste mix from economically developing countries often includes a larger portion of organics. Every municipality will have a unique mix of materials that changes by season and over time.Image Source: UN-HABITAT. Solid Waste Management in the Worlds Cities: Water and Sanitation in the Worlds Cities 2010. 2010.




Waste Management Can Be a Design Determinant

The CK Choi Building at the University of British Columbia is a unique building which explores many sustainable concepts. The university originally intended to dispose of the timber from an arena being demolished across the street from the site, but the architect intervened and asked for the timber to be salvaged, inventoried, and tested. The CK Choi Building was then specifically dimensioned and designed to use the heavy timbers retrieved.

The building was clad in brick recovered from yet another deconstructed building and incorporates on-site water waste management features such as composting toilets and greywater gardens.

Mature trees were retained on a very narrow site (previously a parking lot). The architect noted that cutting down trees while preserving timber was counter-productive. The mature trees are also part of the cooling strategy and ambience. This building is so pleasant and productive to work in that its public spaces are often used by many from other faculties.





Once the trusses were taken apart, the portions which were riddled with bolt holes were trimmed off and the resulting timbers measured, tested, and stacked on-site. From this stack an inventory was created, and from this inventory the building design was developed to use the existing timbers.

The armory across from the CK Choi site shows its roof trusses during deconstruction.

Portions of the heavy timber trusses with many bolt holes were trimmed.

A sample of the inventory and classification database shows timber sizes, strengths, source location and destination and was used to determine the design of the new building.





The CK Choi framing process: New timber frames assembled from the old timbers are erected along with concrete stabilizing walls.





There are a number of buildings constructed with reused bottles that provide a certain amount of insulation and a very unique quality of light. Bottles are not necessarily viable in every climate or context. Care must be taken when building with recycled materials to consider all factors and not to have judgement clouded by focusing on one single (and highly visible) issuerecycling. It is important to ensure that any reused or recycled material is healthy, non-toxic, structurally sound, and appropriate for that environment.

Used shipping containers are also popular; they should be carefully checked for residue and structural integrity, especially in multi-story situations as pictured.




Construction Waste Can Be a Resource for Others

Recycled concrete aggregate can be used in many construction projects, as well as in:

water purification sandpaper crayons plastics chewing gum paper sugar rubber fertilizers glass, and ceramics.

Source: Schutz, Uwe, PhD, and R. Doug Hooton, PhD, P. Eng. Specifying Recycled Concrete Aggregate. Construction Canada. April 2012. http://www.kenilworth.com/publications/cc/de/201204/files/86.html Accessed April 2012.

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Waste Management Planning




Prevention/ Reduction

Usage/Diversion

Disposal

Waste Management Planning Hierarchy

Policies, programs, and actions to prevent waste from occurring at all take precedence over approaches to diverting waste through reuse or recycling.

Disposal should be considered only after all other options are exhausted.




Waste Management Planning Hierarchy

The overall approach to waste management should begin by considering waste as a resource. Managing this resource should follow the hierarchy sometimes referred to as the Three Rsreduce, reuse, recycle.

The hierarchy can be seen as: Prevention: avoid making waste in the

first place through careful procurement and design practices or reuse.

Diversion: (from disposal) through reuse, recycling, and composting, and

Disposal: in a safe way that minimizes pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.




Waste Management Planning Principle #1

Consider a life-cycle impact assessment approach to evaluating options.

For example, evaluate all the resources used and waste created for the life-cycle of manufacturing, use, and disposal of a product.

Follow the hierarchy of prevention, diversion, and appropriate disposal.

Recognize waste as a resource.

Deal with waste close to the source of generation in order to make diversion activities simpler and affordable. Dealing with waste close to home or even at home avoids transportation, which means lower GHG emissions and costs.





Create separate handling systems for hazardous wastes. Hazardous wastes include but are not limited to oils, flammables, acids, toxics, pesticides, batteries, and pharmaceuticals.

Disposal options should include identification and analysis of energy recovery potential and local safe disposal options.

Consider implementing extended producer responsibility where the producers must take responsibility for their products, giving them a financial incentive to reduce waste throughout the product life-cycle.





Create an open, transparent and inclusive waste management plan. Decision making must be open and transparent when planning and cooperating (creating buy-in) with different groups (government, manufacturers, designers, retailers, users, public, environmental groups, waste handling industry).

Establish targets or goals for waste management that are easy to measure: amount of waste diverted from landfill; percentage of households participating in collection or home composting programs; number of offices with paper recycling programs.

Develop a plan to measure, review, and report results. Choose indicators that meet the SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timely) criteria.

Educate, engage, and consult with the public. A campaign to educate the broader public on waste management goals and encourage broad participation is an important part of achieving waste targets.

Access resources from different levels of government, environmental groups, and industry associations (e.g., funding, information and program design, implementation support).




Elements of a Plan: Prevention/Reduction Options

Reduction starts upstream by eliminating waste. Packaging waste, which can represent up to 40% of the waste stream, can be reduced through changes in production that encourage thin-walling (using less material for the same product); reusable packaging (boxes and pallets, and packaging returned to the supplier); inflated, sealed plastic bags instead of a large volume of packaging materials; packaging in bulk; and avoiding the use of multi-materials (mixed plastics, metals, and paper) that make reuse and recycling more difficult.

With bulk purchasing, less packaging is used for larger sized containers. However, a larger size isnt necessarily the best choice if the contents become degraded or unusable before they are consumed. For example, a large, family-sized, 4-liter milk container has less total packaging than four, 1-liter milk containers, but the contents may spoil before a single person will consume it.





The National Task Force on Packaging, established at the request of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, developed the National Packaging Protocol. The Protocol was a voluntary covenant viewed by members of the Task Force as a ten-year commitment, and as a challenge to turn around Canadas packaging waste generation and disposal practices.

Under the terms of the Protocol, stakeholders voluntarily agreed to reduce by 50% the amount of packaging sent for disposal by the year 2000. The task force completed its mandate in 2000 with the release of its final report, and achieved 50% diversion four years ahead of schedule.





Keeping material out of the waste stream and thus avoiding the costs and impacts of either diverting or disposing of the material can be effectively accomplished through take-back programs. Examples include: Take-back used motor oil and oil filters at garages

and other points where oil is sold to do-it-yourselfers. Take-back hypodermic syringes and pharmaceuticals

to the pharmacies that dispense these materials.

The Ontario Beer Store has a system where consumers pay a refundable deposit at the time of purchase which is refunded when the empty container is returned to The Beer Store. This has led to a 96% return rate of all beer packaging (97% bottle recovery). This saves 550,000 tonnes a year from landfill and municipalities and $60,000,000 a year in disposal and diversion costs. The program was so successful, it was extended to include all liquor bottles from the Liquor Control Board with similar results.

Liquor bottles returned to The Beer Store

Oil and oil filter collection at gas station. Quinte Waste Solutions, Ontario





Take-back programs help avoid littering (beverage containers), and often target wastes that are high value to reuse (computer printer cartridges, glass bottles) or are problems for typical disposal (car tires, used car oil and batteries).

These take-back programs are often supported by government regulations requiring the diversion of the target waste. Industry cooperation in organizing take-back programs can be encouraged by government policies that state that more stringent bans, fines, or increased taxes will occur if industry does not come up with solutions to manage the problematic wastes.





Some systems charge a nominal amount and use revenue for other programs, while others are free and operate on a straight honor system donation/exchange approach.

Space requirements for the latter are usually small and can be designed into many types of residential and community buildings and public spaces.

Community reuse centers are an appropriate venture for non-profit organizations as well as for-profit companies. Reuse centers will repair and sell a broad range of items that otherwise would end up in landfill.

Reuse centers (repair, rental, and second-hand shops) reduce waste while creating local jobs and training, and provide a service, often to lower income households.





An important subset of reuse centers is the used building material center. This provides an outlet for many different building items acquired from demolition sites and renovation projects.

The Habitat for Humanity ReStore is perhaps one of the most famous reuse centers. Used construction material and some fitments are donated by contractors and homeowners and sometimes by larger suppliers, as well. Items are resold to others looking to save money. The funds are used to help finance their sweat equity building programs around the world.





Rethink Your Purchase: Is it necessary? Can the need be met in another way (creative solution)? If the produce is a consumable item, can the consumption be reduced?Rent, Lease, or Buy It Second-hand: Rent it if it is used infrequently. Can the item be purchased used? Can it be shared?Choose a Durable or Longer-life Product: Confirm if there is a non-disposable option for a disposable product (evaluate the total costs of disposable products). Ask suppliers to report the environmental or social benefits of products and choose products with advantages, and review environmental product certification programs.

Source: Sustainable Purchasing Guide. Greater Vancouver Regional District. Produced by Five Winds International.http://www.fivewinds.com/_uploads/documents/g3j8eri0.pdf Accessed April 2012.

Choose Suppliers Committed to Sustainability: Review corporate environmental policies from suppliers websites. Question suppliers on their specific environmental commitments.Calculate Total Costs: Evaluate total cost including purchase, additional cost requirements, maintenance, energy use, disposal, and administration.Reduce Transportation and Energy Impacts: Choose products with minimal transportation distances. Choose products which minimize the use of raw materials and energy.

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Elements of a Plan: Construction Waste Prevention/Reduction Use design and construction approaches such as optimal value engineering or off-site factory fabrication, which both maximize material usage and minimize offcuts.

Have construction contracts that specify how construction waste must be disposed of by workers on-site. This can encourage the contractor to reduce waste during the construction process.

Make contracts with waste haulers to have recycling bins on-site and require waste (e.g., wood, metal, gypsum wallboard, cardboard, plastic, hazardous materials) to be separated at the construction site. If separation on-site isnt possible, some waste hauling contractors also sort and recover recyclables from waste after it is removed from the site.

Image Source: Greater Vancouver Regional District




Elements of a Plan: Construction Waste Prevention/Reduction When buildings reach the end of their desired life, they represent both a massive amount of waste and a great source of future building material. Most old buildings have materials and systems that still have some useful life, and most items recovered from existing buildings can be reused or can be recycled into usable materials.

The benefits of recovering materials from demolished or deconstructed buildings are numerous. They include: lower disposal costs; additional revenue from material sales; avoided expense of purchasing new materials; minimal use of landfill space; and reduction in the pollution and energy consumption associated with the manufacture of new materials.

Reusable deconstruction materials/demolition debris include: bricks, concrete, soil, rocks, lumber, glass, electrical materials, plumbing fixtures, asphalt, insulation, drywall, steel, aluminum, corrugated cardboard, and plastics.

Source: Metro Vancouver. http://www.metrovancouver.org/buildsmart/Pages/Construction.aspx Accessed April 2012.

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Elements of a Plan: Construction Waste Prevention/Reduction There are many commercial/institutional reuse success stories where companies have saved money while reducing waste.

Interface Flooring is an international carpet manufacturer with facilities around the world, including Canada. They are on the road to sustainability and are reducing environmental impact through a series of measures that reduce waste, effluent, and energy requirements and utilize renewable energy and materials.

The QUEST - War on Waste initiative is now 15 years old. It comprises: Recycling post-consumer carpet and fabrics (take back and refurbish their product) Re-extruding post-industrial fiber Reusing PVC backing Identifying single polymer resources for easy recycling Creating products designed to be dismantled for reuseTheir waste elimination efforts saved Interface $438 million in 2010 alone.




Construction Waste: Case Study

Canadian Forces Base, Harvey Barracks Decommissioning - Calgary, AlbertaThe base, built on aboriginal land, was closing and had to be returned to a state suitable for residential development. 58 army buildings demolished for a new residential

development government and private sector cooperated to set targets

and plan for reuse/recycling of the buildings increased employment for local indigenous people who

were trained to deconstruct building components by hand for salvage and resale

diverted about 99% of waste which typically goes to landfill and received $200,000 for salvaged materials

overall cost savings of $75,000 compared with typical demolition (additional costs to pay laborers to dismantle buildings rather than using heavy equipment)

Source: About Remediation. http://www.aboutremediation.com/techdir/caseStudy_details.asp?csid=1590 Accessed April 2012.

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Elements of a Plan: Diversion Options

Recycling

Recycling collects old material destined for the waste stream and redirects it to a recycling material stream.

There are three main components to successful recycling programs: collection of material (ideally as source-separated

material) separation into different material streams (sometimes

up to 20 different streams), and marketing the material for its most beneficial and

valuable use.

Multi-compartment recycling truck for gathering curbside residential recyclables. Sorting line cleaning paper at a multi-material recycling plant.

Loading baled material for market. Quinte Waste Solutions, Ontario





Curbside Recycling

Curbside recycling of source separated material can be a very effective diversion system. Curbside collection is a common system in Canada for collecting recyclables from single family households. The householder is responsible for cleaning and separating the recyclables and setting out on collection day.

Special containers or bags are usually provided for the collection. The material is collected curbside and taken to a MRF (municipal recycling facility) where the material is further separated into as many as 15 to 20 categories and baled for shipping and sales to the secondary materials market.

Ontario initiated the first blue box curbside program in the early eighties, and it has spread to cover over 90% of the population.

Curbside separation into different compartments on the 30 cu. yd. truck.

Blue box promotion character used in Ontario. Quinte Waste Solutions, Ontario





Depot Recycling

Depot recycling can be a low-cost collection system but may have limited recovery of recyclables. Depots can be central facilities where people or businesses bring recyclables.

These cost less to operate than a curbside collection system, but are less effective because consumers must make additional efforts to deliver waste to a depot. Depots can work well with specific materials where a deposit provides a financial incentive to return the product.

Community depot site. Quinte Waste Solutions, Ontario




Diversion Options: Recycling Program Case Study

Alberta Beverage Container Recycling Regulation Regulation creates a management board to manage

recycling. Board made of representatives from government,

beverage industry, and recycling collection industry. Board oversees a network of 214 recycling depots who

collect, clean, and package containers for reuse or recycling.

Consumers pay a deposit when purchasing a drink, and it is reimbursed when the container is returned to the depot.

Containers sized 1 liter or less carry a $0.10 deposit, over 1 liter $0.25, and all beer containers have a $0.10 deposit.

Program covers all beverages except milk and targets an 85% recovery rate.

The system partly pays for itself from value of unredeemed containers.

Source: Linton, Jeff. Alberta, Canada Model Beverage Container Recycling System. GrassRoots Recycling Network. January 7, 2002. http://archive.grrn.org/beverage/deposits/alberta.html Accessed January 2014..

Image Source: http://www2.v-com.com/artonline/index.asp.

Accessed April 2012.

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Diversion Options: Recycling Program Case Study

Alberta Beverage Container Recycling Corporation (ABCRC) is a provincially incorporated not-for-profit product stewardship corporation whose mandate is to be the agent for the beverage manufacturers to operate a common collection system for registered containers; be responsible for recycling beverage containers; comply with regulation and Beverage Container Management Board (BCMB) bylaws; and promote the economic and efficient collection of beverage containers. There are over 200 Bottle Depots throughout the province, which refund deposits to consumers. ABCRC arranges the collection, transportation, processing, and recycling of these used beverage containers in Alberta.

ABCRC operates on the basis of several guiding principles: Ensure high standards of transparency and accountability. Promote and encourage beverage container recovery. Ensure each container type (material/size) is self-funding. Minimize the cost of beverage container recycling. Strive for continuous improvement in operations. Maintain a safe and healthy environment for employees, and Provide a culture of honesty and integrity.

Source: Alberta Beverage Container Recycling Corporation. http://www.abcrc.com/about/ Accessed April 2012.

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Recycling programs work best when they are part of an integrated and well-promoted approach to waste management. Maximizing materials recycled to include all plastics (such as film plastic and polystyrene), all paper products, metals, glass, and even textiles, increases recovery and decreases cost.

Regulatory measures to enhance recycling and reduce costs include: user-pay (or pay-as-you-throw) garbage, where each bag or can of garbage must be labeled with a pre-paid tag; mandatory recycling; and landfill bans.

Enhanced programs can have material recovery rates of 85%+ with total diversion programs costing less per tonne than disposal. Costs net of revenue are often in the $100 per tonne range, compared to what is often over $200 per tonne for waste collection and disposal.

Expanded blue box curbside setout.Quinte Waste Solutions, Ontario





Commercial and institutional waste is generally easy to keep separated into recyclable and organic components. Very little of what is typically generated can be considered waste. Getting a buy-in for diversion programs from the company from the top down is critical.

The Hudsons Bay Company, a major retailer in Canada, set out to make its headquarters office tower in Toronto a designated zero waste building.

Working with the building management and a recycling company (Turtle Island Recycling), all garbage containers were replaced with recycling containers for paper and multi-material, and for compostables. A 96.5% diversion rate has been quantified by a third-party audit.

The zero waste model is being expanded to other HBC offices and stores.

Separate containers for paper and containers in an office. Quinte Waste

Solutions, Ontario





The organic fraction represents 40% or more of the residential waste stream. Communities will have specific industries and retailers that also have significant organic waste. The secret is to separate the organic material at source before it becomes contaminated with undesirable materials.

In landfills, organic material degrades into a liquid called leachate, that can extract and carry other toxins in the waste stream and pollute groundwater. It will also generate methane under anaerobic conditions (no oxygen). Methane is a potent greenhouse gas.

Composting avoids these problems of disposing organics and creates a beneficial material (compost) that is an important amendment to any agricultural operation. Composting is an excellent example of man mimicking nature and treating waste as a resource.





Central composting facilities will accept both residential and commercial source-separated organics. Composting works best when it has the optimal mix of green waste (high nitrogen content) and brown waste (high carbon content). Often, obtaining a source of carbon, such as leaves and yard waste, is critical to successful operation.

Composting plants can operate open windrows, regularly turned rows of mixed organic material. This can be difficult in hot and dry climates as a high humidity content should be maintained for proper composting.

Composting can also take place in a closed vessel, either a large covered facility, or a series of smaller modular containers. This is more expensive, but it is easier to control the composting operation.

Ottawa Valley Recycling containerized composting. REIC Perth, Ontario





Mid-scale composting might be an appropriate system for some residential areas or mid-sized commercial operations. For neighborhoods, residents bring their organic material to a central, local place. This is appropriate where home composting is not feasible and central composting doesnt exist. Some business that generate organics can compost on-site with the appropriate technology. Wright Environmental Management Inc. in Maple, Ontario, manufactures in-vessel composting systems for on-site or central composting. These systems are in use around the world. The system uses an accelerated aerobic (excess oxygen) process that retains the material for approximately 14 days. After that, it is sent to cure (stabilize) in an outdoor windrow for at least two months, but the majority of the b

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