Sustainable sanitation systems as a key for circular ...
Transcript of Sustainable sanitation systems as a key for circular ...
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Sustainable sanitation systems as a key for circular economy
- Three examples from Germany
1 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze & Peter Thomas
Re Water Braunschweig , 2011.11.22
Structure of the lecture
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•! Introduction
•! Public toilet facility in the central station Hamburg
•! Public toilet facility in the TerraBoga research project
•! Zero-Emissions-Hotel in Berlin
•! Outlook
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•! Climate change and extreme weather events •! Pressure on fresh water availability, food production and
infrastructures
Introduction
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Introduction
•! Pressure on resources and infrastructures •! Population growth & urbanization in big cities •! Population shrinkage in rural areas and small cities
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Introduction
Peak Phosphorous Curve [Cordell, 2009]
•! The world is losing fertile top soil 10 to 20 times
faster than it is replenishing it. •! Phosphorous production is expected to peak at
2040. Currently estimated minable Phosphorous reserves will be depleted in 70 – 100 years.
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Introduction
•! Depletion of natural resources despite enhanced efficiency
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Introduction
Ecological Footprint:
•! Demands (for processes & production) are converted into a measure of land area used in 'global hectares' (gha) per capita.
•! Today the average footprint is 2,3 gha (1.2 worlds)
•! Average footprint gha per capita (2003) : •! USA: 9.5 gha •! China: 1.5 gha, Shanghai: 7 gha •! UK: 5.6 gha, London: 6.63 gha
4 planets!
Mining, processing, consumption, freshwater use, biodiversity services & loss of bio-capacity from the release of wastes have been omitted = underestimation of footprint [Wackernagel et al. 2002]
[Best foot forward]
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•! Decoupling of resource consumption from economic wealth
Introduction
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From linear !
! to circular urban metabolism!
[Girardet & Mendonca 2009]
Introduction
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Introduction
•! Contribution of the water sector to reduced CO2 emissions
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Introduction
•! Learning from the past •! Developing sustainable resource management systems •! Separate water, liquid and solid human waste, organic waste
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze & Peter Thomas
•! Circular, sustainable & climate resilient economy •! Including water, sanitation, soil, biomass, food & energy
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Introduction
Terra Preta
bio-char
organic waste
dry feces
urine
permanent topsoil
climate resilient
horticulture
agriculture
&
forestry
food
&
renewable energy
Transport of organic
waste
water treatment and reuse
separation liquid
&
solid
Building &
household
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•! 200 000 visitors per year •! Case study for resource
efficient sanitation •! Experiences are crucial
for further developments
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Public toilet facility in the central station Hamburg
Reference: Villeroy & Boch AG Reference: Berger Biotechnik
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze & Peter Thomas
•! Initiated by Peter Groenwall & Peter Thomas
•! Operated by by the agency for city development and environment , Hamburg
•! Remodelling in 2010 (waterless urinal, water saving toilets)
•! Fees = 4.83 Euro/m3 for drinking water supply and sewer connection in Hamburg
•! Savings facilitate funding of investments for remodelling
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Public toilet facility in the central station Hamburg
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•! Aiming for development of sustainable sanitation systems
•! Collection of undiluted urine and filtration of black water
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Public toilet facility in the central station Hamburg
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•! The collected blackwater is filtered by a wedge wire screen originally developed for grease separation from sewage discharged in kitchens (“TeceBASIKA-filter”)
•! A screw conveyor transports the separated solids (mainly faeces and toilet paper) automatically to a storage tank
Public toilet facility in the central station Hamburg
solids
[Basika]
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•! The drained sludge is collected together with a specific portion of bio-char and Effective Microorganisms (EM) in removable containers.
Public toilet facility in the central station Hamburg
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Public toilet facility in the central station Hamburg
•! Fertile soil for the cities nurseries, parks & graveyards •! In the best case no chemical fertilizer would be required
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•! Transport of faeces and urine to Berlin
•! Use in the applied research project “TerraBoga” for the production of Terra Preta and its use in urban agriculture
Public toilet facility in the central station Hamburg
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•! Huge amounts of biomass and human faeces •! 1,480 m3/a of organic waste consisting of green-, grass-,
woodcut and stem wood excreta of 300,000 visitors and employees
•! Since 2010 applied research with organic waste •! Toilet separation facilities in planning / under construction
Public toilets in the TerraBoga research project
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•! Currently 50 tons CO2 can be stored in the framework of the applied mulch and composting processes
•! >350 tons of carbon dioxide could be stored in fertile soil •! Finalization of the first sanitation facility by the end of 2011.
Public toilets in the TerraBoga research project
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•! Potential of all sanitation facilities in the botanical Garden
Public toilets in the TerraBoga research project
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•! Estimation of savings (in ") with “water saving calculator”
•! Validated (1a) at public toilet facility, central station Hamburg
•! Savings would exceed investment costs for sanitation objects
•! 4.72 Euro/m3 in 2011 – approx. 4.85 Euro in 10 years
•! Additional investment for other work related to the remodeling, such as plumbing, tiling, etc.
•! Execution in framework of standard remodeling = 0 additional cost for construction
Public toilets in the TerraBoga research project
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•! Estimation of collection and reuse potential with “nutrient calculator”
•! Based on parameters used for “water saving calculator & nutrient load of human excreta, listed in DWA theme issue on novel sanitation systems
•! Ammonia evaporation losses from urine (50%) to be reduced by minimized pipe diameters, air volume, ventilation pipes and flexible storage tank
•! Recovery rate: only 32 – 39% of total discharged Phosphorous, Potassium and Sulphur?
Public toilets in the TerraBoga research project
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•! Small recovery rate of nutrients due to small portion of collected urine, containing 80-90% of total N and 40-50% of the total P
•! Urinals used by 80% of men and 0% of women (rest in WC)
•! 75% N & P recovery rate from urine •! Recovery rate of BOD and COD is
much higher and between 60 and 89% due to blackwater filtration
•! With first 4 female water toilets and 1 separation facility for recovery of solids and nutrients, net content of 4 Kg N can be collected per year
Public toilets in the TerraBoga research project
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Zero-Emission-Hotel in Berlin
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Wahl & Bauer architects, HATI GmbH & expert planners for the building owner, incorporated association Ludwig-Wolker-Haus e.V.
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Zero emission hotel in Berlin
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Integrated overall system consisting of subsystems: •! Sustainable building
design (application ENOB r & d) with minimized primary energy demand
•! IURM with RWHM,
waterborne technologies and resource-effective and efficient installation systems (contribute DGNB)
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Zero emission hotel in Berlin
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•! Heat recovery from
greywater and processing for service water use and regenerative cooling
•! Urine/ yellowwater collection
•! Sludge collection and drying for the production of TerraPreta
•! Urban agriculture
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29 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze & Peter Thomas
Zero emission hotel in Berlin
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Outlook
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Success through networking and multidisciplinary cooperation for the creation of innovation cycles:
•! Structural cooperation throughout the value chains •! Thinking – research: Demand-steered problem approach
(research) •! Doing – pilot projects: Showing the possibilities and
requirements (development, realization, monitoring) •! Scaling up – Commercial projects: Creation of demand &
sharing knowledge and expertise in the value chain (implementation on commercial level)
•! Rules and Regulations: Creation of incentives to take on opportunities !
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze & Peter Thomas
Contact Data
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze, Sungkyunkwan University, Department of Architecture Suwon 440-746 South Korea [email protected] ! Peter Thomas, HATI GmbH, Gesellschaft für Handwerk, Technik und Innovation Wrangelstr. 50 10997 Berlin Tel.: +49-30-6149090 [email protected]
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Thank you very much for your attention!
[Vincent Callebaut]
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze & Peter Thomas