Sustainable, Organic Vegetable Gardening · 2015-04-22 · ecological approach •Rely on local...
Transcript of Sustainable, Organic Vegetable Gardening · 2015-04-22 · ecological approach •Rely on local...
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2
College of
Agriculture and Natural Resources
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What is organic gardening?
• No synthetic pesticides or fertilizers – Only Organic Materials Review Institute
(OMRI) approved?
– https://www.omri.org/
• U of MD recommendations for home gardeners are organic
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What is sustainable gardening?
• Mimic the natural ecosystem
– Good bugs eat bad bugs
• Use local resources
– Reduce purchased inputs
• Employs knowledge, planning and skill
• Apply NPK according to soil test recommendations
• Apply IPM principles
• Make optimal use of water
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MGs teach a common-sense, ecological approach
• Rely on local materials and resources
– Compost neighbors leaves and your grass
– Local animal manure
– HC compost or Leafgro
• Maximize biological and genetic diversity to strengthen your garden eco-system.
– Example: Plant an assortment of annual flowers and herbs to attract and feed beneficial insects.
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Unbordered raised beds
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Ingredients to a Successful,
Organic Vegetable Garden
• Healthy soil • Lots of organic material
• Shooting for % OM in soil test > 4%
• Normal ranges from 1% to 3%
• Proper soil pH 6.2-6.8
• Proper nutrient levels • Soil test
• Follow NPK recommendations
• Secondary and micro nutrients
• Sufficient soil moisture
• Practice Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
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Importance Of These Ingredients
• Healthy highly enriched organic soil with
proper moisture level creates healthy plants
which resist insect attack
• IPM • In nature, bad insects are predated by beneficials
• Use physical controls and erect barriers to pests
• Use targeted applications for specific pests
• Use broad spectrum organic insecticides only as a
last resort
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What is Healthy Soil
• Soil rich in organic matter with lots of
invertebrates • Has lots of pores for air and water
• Six inches of OM for new gardens
• One inch for established gardens
• % OM of soil s/b > 4%
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Healthy Soil (cont.) • Soil with proper pH and nutrient levels
• Do a soil test
• Follow recommendations
• University of MD. recommends .2# of N/100 sq. ft.
• 3-4-3 .2/.03=7 lbs./100 sq. ft.
• Blood meal 12-0-0 .2/.12=1.6 lbs./100 sq. ft.
• HC compost 1.41-0.6-1.36 rich in N
• 1 inch over 100 sq, ft. = 8 cu. ft. = 200 lbs.
• 200 X 0.0141= 2.82 lbs. N
• 15% available = .42 lbs.
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Healthy soil (cont.)
• References at www.extension.umd.edu/hgic click on
“Soils” or click on “Information Library”,
“Publications” and “Soil, Mulch and Composting”
• HG11 Soil test basics
• HG110 Selecting and using a soil testing
laboratory
• HG 42 Soil amendments and fertilizers
• FS782 Basics of soil and plant fertility
• http://www.youtube.com/UMDHGIC to see video on
collecting a soil test sample
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Soil Moisture
• On average plants require one inch of water a week
• On a 4 by 8 foot bed, that’s 20 gallons of water
• Moisture needs to be delivered to the plant roots
• Most efficient method of delivery is drip irrigation • http://www.youtube.com/UMDHGIC look or search for video on
“Drip Irrigation”
• Can also use soaker hoses
• Mulching plants helps conserve soil moisture – Organic (dried grass, newspaper, compost )
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Intensive planting
• Assume a four foot wide bed
– In a 2 or 3 foot long area plant 5 broccoli plants in an x pattern
– Plant 4 lettuce plants between the broccoli plants
B L B
L B L
B L B
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Intensive planting (cont.)
• Plant three rows of green beans in 2 X 4 square
– 36 plants lots of beans
• Four rows of beets, carrots or onions
– 48 beets, 48 carrots, 24 onions
• Plant tomatoes three feet apart on the north or west side of the garden
• Plant peppers and eggplants in the same pattern as broccoli above
• Vegetable spacing on Pub HG 16
– Plant Spacing – very important
– Row spacing – less important in raised beds
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Succession Planting
• Use transplants when possible
– Cool weather crops (spring and fall)
• Broccoli, cauliflower, lettuce, etc.
– Warm season crops (summer)
• Tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, squash, etc.
• Rotate crops
– Plant beans after broccoli (adds N to soil)
• Inoculate with rhizobium bacteria
– Don’t plant tomatoes, eggplant or potatoes where they have been before.
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Cucurbit Tip
• Start 4 inch pot of cucurbits indoors 4/26
– 4 seeds per pot
– Cut off 2 weakest seedlings
• Transplant into garden on frost free date
– 5/17
• Cover with row cover
– Start new pot of seeds when male flowers appear
– Remove row cover when female flowers appear
• Repeat
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Start early, end late
• Garden from 4/1 to 12/15
– See Pub. GE 007 or HG 16 for planting times
– Cool season crops (Mid March & April)
• Use low tunnels to extend season forward
– Warm season crops (mid-May & early June)
– Cool season crops (August & September)
• Use low tunnels to extend season
– Garlic (mid-October)
– Winter over spinach and kale for spring crop
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Integrated Pest Management
• Simple steps and common sense
• Study
• Spy
• Squish
• An once of prevention is worth a pound of cure
• Companion planting
• A healthy garden with good soil, adequate
moisture and proper nutrition can withstand some
pest predation
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Beneficial's v. Pests
• Attract predators and parasites by planting open
faced flowers which attract predators that require
nectar in their adult stage
• Ultimately, predators will increase as prey is
available
• Purchasing predators tends not to be effective
• Build a toad house
• Use broad spectrum insecticides only as a last
resort – they kill beneficals
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Common Predators
Praying Mantid
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Common Predators
Lady Bird Beetle and Larva
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Common Predators Yellow Argiope
Jumping spider
Wolf Spider Orb Weaver
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Wheel bug
Common Predators
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Common Predators
Syrphid fly and larva: predator of aphids
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Common Predators
Parasitized Tomato Hornworm
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Common Vegetable Pests Mexican Bean Beetle
Adult Eggs & larvae
• Row cover
• Crush
• Neem, spinosad, Pyrethrum spray top and bottom of leaves
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Common Vegetable Pests Cucumber Beetle
Stripped Spotted
Floating row cover
Neem oil, spinosad, Pyrethrum
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Common Vegetable Pests Harlequin bug
Adult Eggs & nymphs
• Row cover
• Crush
• Insecticidal soap alone or with pyrethrum or neem for nymphs
• Use cleome as a trap crop
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Common Vegetable Pests Flea Beetle
Adults
Floating row cover over hoops
Surround (kaolin clay) – reapply after rain
Neem oil, spinosad, Pyrethrum
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Common Vegetable Pests Imported Cabbage Looper
Adult Larvae
• Floating row cover
• Bacillus Thuringensis (BT), insecticidal soap
• Neem oil, spinosad, pyrethrum – use with sticker spreader
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Common Vegetable Pests Squash Bug
Adult Eggs & nymphs
• No organic pesticide for adults available to homeowners
• Floating row cover
• Hand pick tear out section of leaf with eggs
• Kill nymphs with neem or hort oil or insecticidal soap
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Common Vegetable Pests Squash Vine Bore
Larvae
• Floating row cover
• Cut out borer and mound soil over wound
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Common Vegetable Pests Stink Bugs
BMSB Adult Southern Green Stink Bug Brown
• True hard shell bugs like squash and stink bugs are hard to kill
• No organic pesticide available for homeowners to kill adults
• Use row cover where possible or netting
• Hand pick and destroy adults and eggs
• Insecticidal soap and botanicals can be used on 1st and 2nd instars (nymphs)
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Targeted Applications for Specific Pests
• With all pesticides
– Always read the label
– Follow label instructions
• Bacillus Thuringiensis
– Cabbage looper and other caterpillars
• Horticultural oils
• Insecticidal soap
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Broad Spectrum Killers
• With all pesticides
– Always read the label & follow label instructions
• Pyrethrums
– excites nervous system causing paralysis & death
• Spinosad
– affects the nervous system causing muscles to flex
• Neem oil – azadiractin
– Reduces feeding & acts as growth regulator
• http://npic.orst.edu/
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Resources • Grow-It-Eat-It website
– http://www.extension.umd.edu/growit
– Access to valuable and practical gardening tips and information. Share your experiences in our blog
– Click on vegetables, common vegetable problems and vegetable insect pests
• Home and Garden Information Center (HGIC)
– http://www.extension.umd.edu/hgic – Ask the Experts – Send questions and photos 24/7 through this web site for
a quick and thorough answer
• Maryland Master Gardener Program – https://extension.umd.edu/mg
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This program was brought to you by
Maryland Master Gardener Program
Howard County
University of Maryland Extension
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