Sustainable Management of Land Use Change and Agrobiodiversity in SE Asia

Agrobiodiversity: Blank, niche or promise?

Thomas H HilgerThomas H. Hilger

Department of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics S b it Pl t P d ti i th T i d S bt i (380 )Subunit: Plant Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (380a)

International DAAD-Alumni Summer School on Agrobiodiversity Hanoi, Viet Nam, July 12-23, 2010

Why conserving biodiversity and plant genetic resources?

Ethical responsibilityEthical valueIndirect economical values (Provision of ecosystems services)- protection of watersheds- stabilisation of slopes- improvement of soils- moderation of climate- habitats of wild faunaDirect economical values - food supply- gene bank for natural products and breeding - income generation, diversification- potential for future use in agriculture and medicine

Conservation of plant genetic resources

Ex situgene banks (seed, field, ti lt )

In situReserves and natural parks

tissue culture)botanical gardens

away from natural habitats

on-farm conservationrehabilitation of natural populations and ecosystemsaway from natural habitats,

managed by humanspreserves segments of diversity from a wide range of

p p yin centres of diversity, on farmers’ fieldscan be used at all biologicaldiversity from a wide range of

ecosystemsstarted with collections by

can be used at all biological levels (genetic diversity, species, ecosystem)

Vavilov in the 1930s.Today ~1320 gene banks in 131 countries

used for forest conservation; sites valued for their wildlife and ecosystems

Ex situ conservation in gene banks

Quinoa, canihua, amaranth and lupinecollections from thecollections from the Andes

(Fotos: Kroschel)

(Fotos: Hilger)

Ex situ conservation by tissue culture (e.g. Musa spp.)

In situ conservationin centres of diversity

on farmer fields(e g maize and quinoa in the(e.g. maize and quinoa in the

Andes)

(Fotos: Kroschel)

What are minor crops?

Synonyms: under utilised or neglected cropsOnly few staple crops produce the majority of the foodOnly few staple crops produce the majority of the food supply, but the contribution of minor crops should not be underestimated They are often adapted to various marginal growing conditions (e.g. highlands, arid areas)

Uses

Minor crops are often: staples at a national or regional levelstaples at a national or regional level.They contribute to food supply in certain periods.They are important for a nutritionally well-balanced diet.y p yThey are used as beverages, stimulants, fibres and dyes.

Examples of minor crops

Staple foodTef (Eragrostis tef)Ensete (Ensete ventricosum)

Fibre plantsHenequen (Sisal fourcroydes)Curauá (Ananas lucidus)Ensete (Ensete ventricosum)

Mashua (Tropaeolumtuberosum)Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes)

Curauá (Ananas lucidus)

Oil plantsPhysic nut (Jatropha curcas)Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes)

StimulantsQat (Catha edulis)

y ( p )Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa)

Dye producing plants( )Betel nut (Areca catechu)Guaraná (Paullinia cupana)

S l t

Urucúm (Bixa orellana)Assaí palm (Euterpe edulis)

Medicinal plantsSugar plantsSugar palm (Arenga pinnata)Katemfe (Thaumatocccus

Medicinal plantsSarsaparillia (Smilax chiriquensis)Artemisia annua(

daniellii)

Versatility of plants

Assai palm - Euterpe oleracea

Leaves: Roofing, fibre, cellusose, fodder, manure, shelter

Palm hearts: Food and fodder

Fruits: Beverage, manure, alcohol, medicine (diarrhoea)

F it b h bFruit bunch: manure, broom

Stem: construction, cellulose, fuel wood, insolating

Roots: medicine (vermicide)( )

Assaí or Para palm – Euterpe edulis, Euterpe oleraceae

Amazon basinjuicedyepalm hearteconomic value and potential high

Urucúm, lipstick tree - Bixa orellana (Bixaceae)

originates from S- and C-AmericaEast Africa, India, distribution worldwideworldwideSmall shrub or tree with red fruits, ornamental and hedge shrub30-40 seeds , 4-8 mm long, testacontains the dyes Bixin and NorbixinDye content of seed: 3,4 - 5,3%Indigeneous use of pigments for skin protectionskin protectionAnnatto dye is prepared by stirring the seeds in water and is used to colour foodcolour foodCosmetics

Bixa orellanaBixa orellana

Peach palm (Pejibaye) – Bactris gasipaes (Arecaceae)

Amazon basin, cultivated from S-Mexico to Bolivia, important food plant in Costa Rica Panamaplant in Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuadorheight up to 30 m, one or several stems un-branched comose crownstems, un-branched, comose crown with 3.5 m long leavesmature fruit shining yellow, orange, red or multi-coloured stone fruitred or multi coloured stone fruit, very nutritive palm heart (Palmito), eaten raw or as saladas saladleaves for thatching straw, woodhard and elastic (construction)generative and vegetativegenerative and vegetativepropagation

Peach palm – Bactris gasipaes

Medicinal plants - Exploitation

(Fotos: Van Wyk et al Medicinal plants of South Afrika)

Medicinal plants - Domestication

Medicinal plants – Potential (Source: Terborgh, 1991, modified)

Traditional medicine Clinical medicineInflammation 12%

Skin diseases15%

Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis2%

Cancer 4%

Cancer 1%

GynaecologicalGynaecological disorder/

obstetrics 14%

Skin diseases 1%

Gastroenteritis15%

y gdisorder/obstetrics 7%

Heart & circulation 2%

Heart & circulation 10%

N

Nervoussystem29%

Inflammation 7%

Others 10%

I f ti 12%

Nervoussystem10%

29%

Poisening of kidney, &

Poisening of kidney, blood & immune

Others18%

Infections9%

Infections12%blood & immune system 11%

system 11%

A. annua - annual wormwood,sweet wormwood, sweet annie, qīnghāo

Asteraceae

Asia and eastern EuropeAsia and eastern Europewide spread in temperate regionsNative to northern America, marketed to limited extentWell known in traditional Chinese medicine Leaves are used in Europe toLeaves are used in Europe to flavour beverages

Quelle: Simon, et al.. 1990. Artemisia annua L.: A promising aromatic and medicinal plant. p. 522-526. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), Advances in new crops. Timber Press, Portland, OR

A. annua

BotanyAnnual herbLeaves are aromatic; strong campher like smellSmall light yellow flowersSmall light yellow flowersMain stem up to 2 m high; twigsand leaves are alternateleaves 2.5-5 cm long, fern likefertilization by wind or insectsdi l id 2 36diploid, 2n=36Contains artemisinin and otheralkaloids

Quelle: Simon, et al.. 1990.

A. annua

Main applicationsMalaria (Chloroquine resistant)Cancer AIDSSkin diseases: antibacterial and fungicideSkin diseases: antibacterial and fungicideBilharziosis, nematodsPsoriasisRheumatismRheumatismGastritisNeuralgia and … ?

Further applicationse. g. Herbicidegessential oils

(Quelle: Simon, et al.. 1990; Klayman 1985; WHO 1981 u.a.)

Biodiversity and Industrial Production (Panik, 1998)

Fiberssisal (Agava sisalana), henequen (A. fourcroydes) curauá(Ananas lucidus) piteira (Furcraea sp ) buriti (Mauritia(Ananas lucidus), piteira (Furcraea sp.), buriti (Mauritiaflexuosa) and aninga (Montrichardia linifera)

Resinsbreu (Protium spp.), jatoba, jutaicica (Hymenea courbaril)

Oilscopaiba (Copaifera multijuga) andiroba (Carapacopaiba (Copaifera multijuga), andiroba (Carapaguianensis), babaçu (Orbignya sp.), Brazilian nut(Bertholletia excelsa) and buriti (Mauritia flexuosa)

Pigmentsjenipapo (Genipa americana), urucum (Bixa orellana) açai(Euterpe olerceae)( p )

Natural fibres

mineralPlant(cellulose)

Animal(protein)

silkbast hard wool &

(cellulose) (protein)

plant

tt h l lti t d b t

fibres fibres hairs

fl i l

pfibres

cottonkapok

sheep woolgoat hairangora wool

cultivated silkwild silk

asbestosflaxhempjute

sisalhenequencocos g

lama woolhorse hairother animal hairs

jramiesunn-hemp

Manila hempyucca other animal hairs

kenafhemp yucca

curauá (Kübler, 1998)

Ananas lucidus - curauá

• eastern Amazon • Bromeliaceae

curauá brancocurauá branco

• Bromeliaceae• versatile plantexcellent fibre quality curauá brancocurauá branco• excellent fibre quality

• cropped by small scale farmersfarmers

• gaining industrial interest since the mid 90ssince the mid 90s

• Herbaceous perennial and resistant plant

curauá roxocurauá roxo

resistant plant

Substitution of glass fibers by natural fibers

Cost reduction by 10 30%Cost reduction by 10 - 30%

Weight reduction by 10- 30%

Similar technical properties

Common plastic processing technologies are applicableg g

Improvement of recycling

Use of natural fibers in car manufacturing

Coco nut fibre, cottonCurauá, sisal

Jute, hemp, linenCurauá, sisal

Source: Mercedes Benz do Brasil

Coconut – fibre processing

Coconut – fibre processing

Coconut – fibre processing

Coconut – fibre processing

Cars in relation to population in selected countries(Source: http://earthtrends.wri.org)

Country Population % of World Cars per 1000 Country Population(in Mill)

% of World population

Cars per 1000 inhabitants

Germany 82 1 546

Korea 70 1 175

Chile 16 <1 87

USA 296 5 770USA 296 5 770

India 1080 17 13

China 1306 20 8China 1306 20 8

World 6,446 130

Comodity mports of China (1996-2005)

C— Copper— Iron & steel— Zinc— Aluminium— Oil

Flows of ethanol in 2000 (thousand tons)(Source: UNCTAD)

Flows of ethanol in 2004 (thousand tons)(Source: UNCTAD)

Total trade: 3 billion litresTotal production 32 billion litres

Main flows of palm oil in 2000 (thousand tons)(Source: UNCTAD)

Main flows of palm oil in 2004 (thousand tons)(Source: UNCTAD)

Brazil’sBrazil’s currentcurrent fuelfuel matrixmatrixPetrolPetrol Hydroeletric energyHydroeletric energy

43.143.1%% BiomassBiomass27.027.0%%14.014.0%%Wood/Charcoal: Wood/Charcoal: 11.911.9%%

Sugarcane:Sugarcane: 12 612 6%%

6.66.6%%7.57.5%% 1.81.8%%

Sugarcane: Sugarcane: 12.612.6%%

Others: Others: 2.52.5%%

CoalCoalGLPGLP UraniumUranium

Source: MME 2004, modified by Berger and Moraes (2007)

Brazil’sBrazil’s futurefuture fuelfuel matrixmatrixBrazil sBrazil s futurefuture fuelfuel matrixmatrix

Hydrated ethanol (10,0%)

Gasoline (30,0%)

B100 Biodiesel

(10%)

GLP (10,0%)(30,0%)(10%)

Hydrogen (5,0%)

Di l

Bn Biodiesel

Diesel (10,0%)

(35%)Source: MME 2004, modified by Berger and Moraes (2007)

Physic nut - Jatropha curcas

EuphorbiaceaeNeotropics: 77 Jatropha sp.p p pCentral America – Mexico to Panama (Münch, 1986) succulent, leaf shedding and latex-containing small tree or large shrub (<5m)seeds and press cake are toxicseeds and press cake are toxic well adapted to arid and semi-arid conditions and lower altitudes (<500m)300-1000 mm of rainfall; 20-28°Cpropagated by seeds and cuttings

ld l l 6 3 00 / h b dyield levels: 64-3500 g/shrub and 200-5000 kg/ha

Actual and potential uses of Jatropha curcas L.

physic nut planti l• erosion control

• hegderow plant• medicinalmedicinal• plant protection• fuel wood

fruits exocarp

d t tfuel/green manure

• green manureseeds testa

physic nut oil press cakephysic nut oil• soap• fuel

di i l

press cake• manure• (fodder)

• medicinal uses(Heller, 1992; Henning, 1998)

Acrocomia ssp.

• Native to the Americas: Florida, northernNative to the Americas: Florida, northernMexico – Argentina and Parguay

• A. aculeata, A. sclerocarpa, A. totei, p ,• Indigenious use as food (Gurani) • Human nutrition (oil and flour), animal feed( ),

(entire fruit, pulp), medicinal use (roots)• Industrial uses: oil (since 1850: soap),

cosmetics, activated carbon, construction• Potential for biodiesel

A. totei

A. totei

A. totei

Fruits of A. totei

Pulpa oAlmendra o

endospermioPericarpio o p

mesocarpioendospermiocascarilla

Carozo o iexocarpio

Frutos enteros

• Mesocarp 18%• Endocarp 36%• Pulp expeller 25%p p• Kernel expeller 4%