Sustainable Waste Management in Palm Oil Mills

Tjandra Se*adi 1) and Udin Hasanudin 2) 1) Centre for Environmental Studies

Centre of Resource Ecient and Cleaner Produc*on Indonesia Ins*tut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia

tjandra@che.itb.ac.id 2) Department of Agro-industrial Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung,

Jl. Sumantri Brojonegoro No. 1, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia

Country Profile - Indonesia Area : 1,904,000 km2 Popula*on : 246.9 millions (2012) Growth rate : 5.6 % (2013) GDP per capita : USD 3,420 (2012) (source: h\p://data.worldbank.org/country/indonesia)

h\p://www.geographicguide.net/globes/pacic-islands.htm

INDONESIA

3

MALDIVES

Palm Oil In Indonesia

Largest Crude Palm Oil (CPO) producer in the world since 2006

45.5 % of the worlds CPO are from Indonesia

Source: h\p://ers.usda.gov/

Indonesia Produc*on

Indonesia Exports

Mass Balances for 40 ton FFB/hour

Electricity

Steam

FFB

WATER

FUEL

PALM OIL MILL

40 ton/hr

60 ton/hr

720 kWh/hr

Palm oil

EFB

Kernel

Fiber

Shell

POME

9.4 ton/hr

1.7 ton/hr

4.8 ton/hr

2.8 ton/hr

24 ton/hr

5.6 ton/hr

85%

55%

24 ton/hr

Diesel oil 0.075 kL/hr

9.7 ton/hr

FFB Fresh Fruit Bunches; POME Palm Oil Mill Euents; EFB Empty Fruit Bunches

WASTE Kernel

EFB 9.4 ton/hr

1.7 ton/hr

Waste from Palm Oil Ac9vi9es

Plantation POM FFB

Waste POME

EFB

Oil palm trunk

Oil palm frond

Palm kernel shell

root

Biomass waste

FFB-Fresh Fruit Bunches POM Palm Oil Mill EFB Empty Fruit Bunches

Current Prac9ces in Indonesia POM

BIOMASS UTILIZATION IN PALM OIL MILL

FFB

Open Anaerobic Ponds

The anaerobic ponds emit a huge amount of the strong greenhouse gas, i.e. methane and the euent of the ponds contains nutrients responsible for pollu*on of surface and ground water

Land Applica9on for Palm Oil Mill Euents

POME, either in fresh or treated form, contains a high level of plant nutrient. When the BOD level is brought down to below 5,000 mg/l, the treated POME is allowed to u9lize for land applica9on in oil palm planta9ons. Studies by various groups have demonstrated that such an applica*on has been benecial to oil palm, besides the saving on fer*lizer cost extensively.

However, controlling the ground and surface water pollu9on is the key factor for successful of the land applica*on.

Liquid Waste Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Remnant Oil from EFB

Excess Palm Kernel Shells

Empty Fruit Bunches

Oil Palm Trunk

Oil Palm Frond

Refining Process

Crude Palm Oil

Crude Palm Oil Extraction

Fresh Fruit Bunches

SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT

Palm Plantation

Root

EFB incineration mulch or fertilizer

Dewatered EFB heat and/or electricity or organic diesel

EFB co-composting with POME

The recovered remnant oil supplement for CPO production or used to produce bio-diesel

Biogas from POME existing energy system or for electricity generation

Possible Options

Electricity Genera9on from POME

The benet of methane capture from POME and their impact to reduce global and local environmental burden

The poten9al of electricity produc9on and CO2e emission reduc9on from POME at palm oil mill with capacity

45 tons of FFB/hour

Integrated Solu9on for zero-waste euent and palm oil solid waste

Remarks: 1. Thesser 6. Transport from mill 2. Bunch Crusher 7. Heap making 3. Mini Thresser 8. Mixing 4. Bunch Shredder 9. Spraying heap using POME 5. Hopper 10. Maturation

EFB-POME compost produc9on

EFB-POME co-compos9ng plant shown that about 13.06% of POME s9ll remain and need to be treated or u9lized for land applica9on

Palm Oil Industries as an Eco-Industrial Cluster

Case Study: Riau Siak Hulu Cluster Source: IGES Report, 2008

POTENTIAL SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL IN SIAK HULU (IGES Study, 2008)

No Palm Oil Mill FFB, ton/year 1 Indo Sawit 210,000 2 Sinar Agro 150,000 3 Multi Palma Sejahtera 150,000 4 Sinar Siak Dian Permai 250,000 5 Sei Pagar PTPN V 150,000 6 Meridan Sejati Surya 150,000

Total 1,530,000

CPO : 336,600 ton/year Solid waste EFB : 351,900 ton/year PKS : 91,800 ton/year MF : 198,900 ton/year Liquid waste POME : 918,000 ton/year

The Possible Eco-Industrial Cluster

Biomass waste

PLANTATION CPO & DERIVATIVES

LOCAL DEMAND & EXPORT

Industrial & economic DEVELOPMENT

POM

UTILIZATION OF WASTE

Value added products

Power generation

Conclusions The benets of POME u*liza*on for biogas produc*on and

compos*ng are the renewable energy produc*on, saved POME treatment cost in pond systems, total u*liza*on of the POME nutrients, reduced cost for EFB transport and u*liza*on, and higher FFB yields in the planta*on. With the process of mulch or compost produc*on from EFB in combina*on of POME, with or without biogas produc*on before, it is possible to realize a sustainable process in palm oil mills with zero waste.

In palm industries cluster, signicant amount of biomass waste generated and disposed leading to environment and local health issue. Introduc*on of new technologies, cluster management system, market orienta*on are essen*al for a successful transforma*on of these biomass waste

West Hall INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG