Sustainable Integrated MSW Management …...1,07,876 TPD. • The untapped waste has a potential of...

Sustainable Integrated MSW

Management including DSS

Dr Indrani Chandrasekharan

Former Adviser, Planning Commission

Wastech International Summit & Expo

‘4 R’s – A Way to Sustainability’

21-22 November 2014; Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

Current Status of MSW • 62 million tonnes of MSW generated annually by

377 Million people in urban areas, more than 80% is disposed of at dump yards in an unhygienic manner

• Waste is projected to be 165 million tonnes by 2031 and 436 million tonnes by 2050.

• The 62 million tonnes annual gen. of MSW if dumped without treatment; will need 3,40,000 cu.M of landfill space everyday. Considering the projected waste generation of 165 million tonnes by 2031, the land for landfill for 20 years (10 M high pile) could be as high as 66,000 ha. (1240 ha per year) of precious land, which India cannot afford to waste.

2 Dr Indrani Chandrasekharan

Current Status of MSW

• As per CPCB report 2012-13 municipal areas in the country generate 1,33,760 metric tonnes per day of MSW, of which only 91,152 TPD waste is collected and 25,884 TPD treated. The MSW, therefore, dumped in low lying urban areas is a whopping 1,07,876 TPD.

• The untapped waste has a potential of generating 329 MW of power from 32,890 TPD of combustible wastes including Refused Derived Fuel (RDF), 1.3 Million cubic meter of bio gas per day or 72 MW of electricity from bio gas and 5.4 Million metric tonnes of compost annually to support agriculture


Sustainable ISWM ---Data on MSW

• Data is the basic requirement to develop an sustainable

Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Plan.

• There are conflicting data about the quantum of waste

actually generated in urban areas in the country. (62

Million Tonnes,( CPCB) 70 Million Tonnes (MoUD)

As per CPCB (2012), municipal authorities have so far only

set up:-

• 279 compost plants,

• 172 bio methanation plants,

• 29 RDF plants and

• 8 Waste to Energy (W to E) plants in the country.


Sustainable ISWM

1. Optimum utilization of all components of MSW in a cost effective manner,

2. minimization of waste going to landfill ,

3. Separate collection and transportation of inert wastes such as street sweepings , silt from surface drains and C&D wastes and

4. Keeping biodegradable and recyclable wastes separate to facilitate smooth processing of MSW.


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Status of MSWM

7

Components of a Sustainable ISWM plan

• Approach:-Integrated Approach towards MSW Mg.

• System:-Centralised and Decentralized processing of

different components of waste.

• Technology:-Selection of appropriate technologies

for processing of MSW waste.

• mode of service delivery—PPP, etc

• Financing


Integrated MSW Management

• An integrated MSW management approach

must address all essential activities viz; door to door collection, segregation, secondary storage, transportation, Transfer stations, processing and disposal of MSW simultaneously in a coordinated manner.

• Improve MSW collection System • Strengthen plastic wastes management system • Set up Waste Storage Depots / Transfer Stations


System:-Centralized / decentralized processing

• utilize all components of waste at a decentralized

level to minimize cost of collection and

transportation to centralized processing facilities.

• Centralized plants be setup only when suitable lands

is not available /or there is opposition to setting up

such facilities. Where setting up of centralized

facilities become inevitable, these should be

sufficiently large and private sector should be

encouraged to design, construct, finance, operate

and maintain such facilities


Decentralized v/s Centralized processing

Experts feel that decentralized approach is appropriate

for :- segregation at source,

transportation,

pre-processing of wastes,

biomethanation,

Conventional and vermi composting.

Centralized approach is recommended for :-

incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, RDF production,

mechanical composting , C&D waste processing and

managing sanitary landfills.

11


Decentralized v/s Centralized processing of MSW

• decentralized processing of Biodegradable waste.

• Centralized compost or biomethanation plants should be setup where suitable lands or small entrepreneurs for setting up decentralized facilities are not available.

• For combustible waste, centralized W to E facilities sufficiently large to handle at least 500 TPD of combustible waste be setup and private sector be encouraged to invest in such projects on design, Build, finance, operate and transfer basis (DBFOT).

12

15-12-2014

Centralized and Decentralized Approaches for MSW-Management

13

Issues

Type Selection Criteria

Decentralized • Land for composting/bio gas are available in local area

• Availability of informal workers for processing of waste

• High degree of organic content in waste

• Markets for compost/bio gas is available

•Possible to manage health risks adequately

•Operational expenditure is generally low

Centralized • Land is not available close to the community for decentralized model

•Significant economies of scale makes the project viable \

• Composition of waste allows high value extraction through use of technology, e.g., waste-to-energy plants

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9/11/2014 14

Municipal Solid Waste

Thermal Process * Bio-chemical Conversion Land Filling

Composting Biomethanation Gasification Incineration Pyrolysis

Stream Turbine

Electric Generate

Power

Anaerobic Digestion

Bio-Gas

Thermal Energy

Bio-Degradable

Combustible Inerts

Bio-Fertilizer

As per MSW Rules, 2000 biodegradables cannot be land filled, so, no combustible gas collection is considered

* RDF enhances the efficiency of thermal processes

C & D Wastes

Alternate Building Material

Options available for MSW treatment and utilization

Technology Options for Treatment & Disposal of MSW

• Bio-Chemical Waste to Energy Technologies

• Thermo-Chemical Waste to Energy Technologies

• Common Regional Sanitary Landfill Facility

15 15-12-2014

Technological Options

• Under Indian conditions technologies identified for processing of MSW are :-

�Biomethanation for wet biodegradable wastes

�Conventional microbial windrow/mechanized/ vermi composting for wet biodegradable wastes

�Preparation of briquette/ pellets/ fluff as Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from dry high-calorific value combustible wastes

� Incineration / Gasification / Pyrolysis for dry high-calorific value combustible wastes

�Plastic wastes to fuel oil

16 15-12-2014

Technological Models Proposed

• Based on the range of population and quantity and composition /quality (% biodegradable) of wastes generated a combination of technologies has been recommended. In addition, the cost of setting up of processing plants ,expected quantities of value added products and by-products were also considered.

• Based on these five criteria Choice of suitable technologies for various classes of cities as per census, 2011 have been made.

17 15-12-2014

15-12-2014 18

15-12-2014 19

20

Justification for population cut-off at 5,000: Villages and peri-urban centres having population > 5,000 and more than 75% male population involved in non-agricultural activities are classified as “urban centres” as per the Census of India.

Start

YES

NO Currently not

considered

Less than

1 Lakh

For Process

Flow Diagram

Refer to Figure

1

1 Lakh to 10 Lakh

+

Hill Town

For Process

Flow Diagram

Refer to

Figure 2

1 Million

to

2 Million

For Process

Flow Diagram

Refer to Figure

3

For Process

Flow Diagram

Refer to Figure

4

Above

2 Million

Is Urban

Population Greater than

5,000?

15-12-2014

21

General Framework for Integrated Municipal Solid W aste Management Scheme

Compostable materials

Purchase by kabadiwalas

Feedstock to processing facility (Centralized and / or Decentralized)

Biomethanation

Single or Regional Sanitary Landfilling Facility

Special wastes to

be handled as per SPCB

direction

Secondary storage &

transfer station

Door-to-door collection

Domestic and commercial

waste segregation

Plastics to liquid

fuel

Thermal route W to

E

RDF making

Vermi / Conventional Composting

Rejects

Street

sweeping & silt from drains

Construction

and demolition

wastes

Alternate building material


Bulk

source of recyclabl

e

Decentralized

processing (Biomethan

ation Plant)

Energ

Manure

Hotel, vegetable market,

restaurant, abattoir

Secondary storage & transfer station


Collection of selected

materials by rag-pickers

Recycling industries

Bulk wet

food waste

15-12-2014

The Proposed Models

• The Integrated MSW management flow diagram for a class of city depicts the four necessary streams of waste collection namely,

• 1) street sweepings, scattered wastes and silt from drains

• 2) construction and demolition (C & D) wastes

• 3) single source bulk wastes collected from market yards, restaurants and canteens, slaughter houses, etc.,

• 4) wet bio-degradable & recyclable fraction from households, institutions & commercial establishments.

22 E

23

Fig-1 Population above 2 Million-

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24

Fig-2 Population of 1 to 2 Million

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25

Fig-3 Population of 1 L to 10 L and hill Stations

Compostable materials

Purchase by kabadiwalas

Feedstock to processing facility (Centralized and / or Decentralized)

Biomethanation

Single or Regional Sanitary Landfilling Facility

Special wastes to

be handled as per SPCB

direction

Secondary storage &

transfer station

Door-to-door collection

Domestic and commercial

waste segregation

Plastics to liquid

fuel

RDF making


Rejects

Street

sweeping & silt from drains

Construction

and demolition

wastes

Alternate building material


Bulk

source of recyclabl

e

Decentralized

processing (Biomethan

ation Plant)

Energ y

Manure

Hotel, vegetable market,

restaurant, abattoir



Collection of selected

materials by rag-pickers

Recycling industries

Bulk wet

food waste

15-12-2014

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Fig-4 Population of 1 lakh and less

Category Technological Options Justification

15,000 to 50,000

Biomethanation, Vermi / conventional Composting

Biomethanation and / or vermi / conv.composting are ideal for treatment of organic matter. Smaller quantity hence other technologies not feasible.

50,000 to 1 Lakh

Biomethanation, Vermi / Con.Composting RDF as feed stock to Power Plant or

Cement Industry

Biomethanation and / or vermi / conv.composting are ideal for treatment of org. matter. Small quantity of recyclables be converted to RDF as feed stock for power/ cement plant, Plastic to fuel oil

1 Lakh to 1 Million

Integrated Waste Processing Biomethanation and / or vermi / conv. composting + RDF as Feed Stock to power / Cement plant. Plastic to Fuel Oil

Biomethanation and / or vermi / conv.Composting. Waste Quantity not adequate for setting up power plant. Advisable to make RDF as a feed stock for Power / Cement plant. Plastic to fuel oil

1 Million to 2 Milllion

Integrated Waste Processing Biomethanation and / or vermi / conventional composting + RDF.

W to E Plant to be established where wastes exceeds 500 TPD Options: Gasification and Pyrolysis, Incineration and Mass Burning. Plastic to Fuel Oil

Biomethanation and / or vermi / conventional composting tech. ideal for treatment of organic matter. Can set up W to E plant if the quantities of wastes exceed 500 TPD. Advisable to make RDF if the quantity is less than 500 TPD and use as a feed stock for Power plant / Cement Industry. Plastic to fuel oil

More than 2 Million

Inte. Waste Processing Biomethanation and /or vermi / conv.composting + RDF.

W to E Plant be Established for Power Gen. or RDF be fed to Cement plants Options: Gasification and Pyrolysis, Incineration and Mass Burning. Plastic to Fuel Oil

Biomethanation and / or vermin / conventional composting technologies are appropriate for treatment of organic matter. It is ideal to set up large W to E plants as the quantities exceed 500 TPD. Plastic to fuel oil

HillTowns Biomethanation and / or vermi / conventional composting / RDF as feed stock. Plastic to Fuel Oil

Biomethanation and / or vermi / conventional composting tech. ideal for treatment of org. matter. Quantity of recyclable wastes is higher in hills and can be converted to RDF for use as feed stock for power or cement industry. Plastic to fuel oil.

15-12-2014 27

The Proposed Models

28

Type of processing plant Indicative number of

plants

Waste to be treated (in TPD)

Cumulative power/ energy

generation

Cumulative estimated compost

generation

Recyclable waste available to recycling industries through rag pickers

17,000

Biomethanation plants (decentralized/ 1 to 20 TPD capacity

7,935 18,590 72 MW 1,260 TPD

Vermi compost/compost plants (decentralized as well as centralized plants) +RDF separation

7,935 59,020 Nil 14,755 TPD

Power plants based on combustible/ RDF produce @ 1 plant per 500 TPD RDF

66 32,890 329 MW

Establishment of MSW based power plants by 2030

172 85,514 855 MW

Establishment of MSW based power plants by 2050

447 2,22,336 2,223 MW

Estimated Waste to Energy Processing Facilities

For more details see page 54 of the report 15-12-2014

15-12-2014 29

Sanitary landfill is an essential component of waste

management chain where inert wastes such as street

sweepings, silt from the surface drains and residual

waste from the processing plants are to be disposed.

The percentage of inerts and residual waste currently

required to be disposed off in sanitary landfills in the

country is around 25% of the MSW generation – which

will progressively reduce with improvement in waste

management system. Landfill requires professional

management ,heavy machinery and regular monitoring

to safeguard the environment.

Common Regional Sanitary landfills

Recommendation:-Policy

30

1. A national policy on “Recycling, Resource Conservation and Preventive Environmental Management” be notified,

2. A performance based viability gap funding for waste processing projects be made available.

3. A performance based incentives in the field of environment and waste management for rewarding excellence be initiated and implemented.

4. An action plan to implement specific recommendations made for waste sector in the National Environment Policy needs to be prepared and persued.

15-12-2014

Recommendations :- R & D for Appropriate Technologies

31

�Indian Institute of Technologies (IITs) and leading

scientific institutions be encouraged to take up research projects and programs in MSWM sector, including recycling processes

�At least four institutions be identified one each in north, south, east and west where Centre of Excellence can be set up with Government of India and CSR support.

15-12-2014

Decision Support System for Sustainable ISW Management

(DSS –ISWM)


Formerly Adviser, Planning Commission,

and

Senior Partner, ERC Consultants, New Delhi

DSS for ISWM

• Decision Support Systems (DSS) are a specific class of

computerized information system that supports

decision making activities in a structured and logical

way based on scientific facts. It compiles useful

information from raw data, documents ,personal

knowledge and/or business models to identify and

solve problems and suggest appropriate decisions.

• The biggest benefit being reduction in time taken in

decision making.

• Adoption of sustainable process, technology and

smart review

DSS for ISWM

• The DSS for Sustainable ISWM has to be designed to aid solid waste planners in evaluating the cost and environmental aspects of integrated municipal solid waste management strategies.

• The tool should enable users to simulate existing MSW management practices and conduct scenario analyses of new strategies based on cost and environmental objectives.

• The DSS –ISWM should include multiple design options for waste collection, transfer, materials recovery, composting, waste-to-energy, and landfill disposal.

DSS for ISWM

• The DSS-IMSW should enable identifying and evaluating cost and environmental aspects associated with specific waste management strategies or existing systems.

• It should also identify costs and environmental aspects of proposed strategies such as those designed to meet recycling and waste diversion goals, quantify potential environmental benefits associated with recycling, identify strategies for optimizing energy recovery from MSW, and evaluate options for reducing greenhouse gases, air pollutants, and environmental releases to water-bodies or ecosystems

DSS for ISWM

• A review of the municipal solid waste management and planning literature reveals except for complex mathematical models elsewhere and DSS for sanitary landfills for India, a comprehensive DSS-IMSW is non existent. Discussions with practising waste management professionals indicated a general interest in, but lack of practical applications of, mathematical modelling techniques.

• The creation of knowledge-based systems to interface with individual MSW management and planning models, or assist with model selection and integration is need of the hour.

DSS for ISWM

To demonstrate the validity of the suggested decision support approach;

• A prototype decision support system needs to be developed to assist with the preliminary planning of ISW management systems.

• This planning tool should combine knowledge-based system components with spread sheet, optimization and stimulation models to assist with: waste forecasting; technology evaluation; recycling and composting programme design; facility sizing; location and investment timing; waste allocation; and MSW management system analysis using stimulation

Status of DSS for ISWM

Around the world including India significant attempts have been made to apply the concept and models in different sectors of MSWM and at several locations.

The approach made so far by many researchers in DSS modelling is to isolate a few key factors that have a significant influence on the DSS.

A holistic approach with a thorough understanding of the complex elements involved in MSWM is absolutely essential for designing and executing a sustainable DSS-ISWM model.

Elements in the construction of a S-DSS for ISWM

• Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 of Government of India puts the whole process of MSWM under six broad parameters and suggest compliance criteria for each of them.

• Schedule II defines these parameters as: collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal; and prescribes procedures for compliance of each parameter.

• Schedule III of the said rule gives specifications for landfill and demands compliance in terms of site selection, facilities at the sites, specifications for landfilling, pollution prevention, water quality monitoring, ambient air quality monitoring, plantation at site, closure of landfill site and post closure care.

• Similarly, Schedule IV provides standards for composting, treated leachate and incineration.

A Decision Support System (DSS) for IMSW

Components of the MSW DSS include:-

- Process models

- Mass flow models

- Optimization routine

- User interface

Shantanu Roy, EMC 40

A Decision Support System (DSS) for IMSW

• Type of questions answered

What are the cost and environmental benefits of the system

Selected.

Which plan, strategy fits

What are trade offs current systems and recommended


A Decision Support System (DSS) for MSW

42

++++++++++

State of Art Computing

Technology

Planning for

Sustainable and Integrated

Solid Waste Management

and Decisions making.

Sound

Science

A Decision Support System (DSS) for MSW

Decisions being evaluated

43


12th May, 2014

Sustainable Integrated MSW

Management including DSS

Thank You

[email protected]

Sustainable Integrated MSW Management …...1,07,876 TPD. • The untapped waste has a potential of...

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