Sustainable indicators footprints as examples Alon Shepon.
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Transcript of Sustainable indicators footprints as examples Alon Shepon.
![Page 1: Sustainable indicators footprints as examples Alon Shepon.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d205503460f949f4c30/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Sustainable indicators footprints as examples
Alon Shepon
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outline
• Indicators in general• Ecological footprint• Water footprint• Carbon footprint
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definition
• Measurement tools to quantitatively assess the appropriation of ecosystem services, resources, and establish the environmental load.
• We encountered LCA, MFA, EIOLCA, Net energy Analysis.
• We will examine three other frameworks to assess sustainability
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Ecological footprint analysis
1. Land type is divided into 6 types, grazing (meat, wool), crop (food fodder, oil etc), forest (timber, fuel, rubber), build-up (transportation, industry), fish, burning fossil fuel.
LL
6
1L
LL
6
1L
L
EQFYFABC
EQFYF Y
P EF
L
L
ecological footprint
biocapacityLand
available
Yield factorproduc
tion
yield
Equivalence factor
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Yield factor (YF) calculation
N
i
Ni,
W
i
Wi,
iNi,
iWi,
L
Y
PA
Y
PA
A
AYF
Area to produce product i with world
yield
Area to produce product i with national yield
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Trade - the footprint of consumption is basically the products and services produced for local consumption minus the import
The equivalence convert land type into world average biologically productive area: global hectare
iepc EFEFEFEF
EQF(gha/ha) 2005Primary Cropland 2.64Forest 1.33Grazing Land 0.50Marine 0.40Carbon 1.33Built-up Land 2.64
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Overshoot
Earth Overshoot Day marks the day when humanity begins living beyond its ecological means:
[ world biocapacity / world Ecological Footprint ] x 365 = Ecological Debt Day
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Water footprint of a product
► the volume of fresh water used to produce the product, summed over the various steps of the production chain.
► when and where the water was used:a water footprint includes a temporal and spatial dimension.
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[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
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[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
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[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
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[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
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[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
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[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
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[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
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[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
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Water footprint of a product
Grey water footprint
► volume of polluted water, the amount of water needed to dilute to standard acceptable level:
natCC
L
max
Blue water footprint
► volume of surface or groundwater consumed
(not returned immeditely to catchment)
Blue = BlueWaterEvap+BlueWaterIncop+LostRetunFlow
Green water footprint
► volume of rainwater consumed
Green = GreenwaterEvap+GreenwaterIncop
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Assessing the water footprintof crop and animal products
Water footprint of a crop• Crop water use (m3/ha) / Crop yield (ton/ha)
Water footprint of an animal• Sum of water for feed, drinking and servicing
Water footprint of a crop or livestock product• Distribute the water footprint of the root product over its derived
products
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Crop water requirement
1. Calculate reference crop evapotranspiration ET0 (mm/day)
2. Calculate crop evapotranspiration Etc (mm/day)Etc = ET0 Kc where Kc = crop coefficient
3. Calculate crop water requirement CWR (m3/ha)CWR = Σ Etc [accumulate over growing period]
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Green water use by crop =
min (Etc , Peff)
Blue water use by crop =
max(Etc - Peff, 0)
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Water footprint of biofuels from different crops [litre/litre]
[Gerbens-Leenes, Hoekstra & Van der Meer, 2009]
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HarvestingCotton plant Seed-cotton
Cotton seed
Cotton lint
Cotton seed cake
Cotton seed oil
Grey fabric
Fabric
Final textile
Cotton linters
Cotton, not carded or combed
Cotton, carded or combed (yarn)
Hulling/extraction
Garnetted stock
Carding/Spinning
Yarn waste
Knitting/weaving
Wet processing
Finishing
Cotton seed oil, refined
Ginning
18.0
63.0
82.0
35.0
47.0
16.0
33.0
51.0
20.0
10.0
00.1
07.1
00.1
00.1
99.0
95.0
10.0
05.0
00.1
00.1
00.1
00.1
99.0
95.0
10.0
05.0
82.0
35.0
Legend
Value fraction
Product fraction
Production chaincotton
45% 41% 14%2.6 *1011 m3 water3.5% from all crops
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Water footprint of a nation
► total amount of water that is used to produce the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the nation.
National water footprint =water footprint within country+ virtual water import– virtual water export
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Arrows show trade flows >10 Gm3/yr
Regional virtual water balances(only agricultural trade)
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Chi
na
Indi
a
Japa
n
Pak
ista
n
Indo
nesi
a
Bra
zil
Mex
ico
Rus
sia
Nig
eria
Thai
land
Italy
US
A
Wat
er fo
otpr
int (
m3/c
ap/y
r)
Domestic water consumption Industrial goods Agricultural goods
Water footprint per capita
Global average water footprint
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
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The total amount of greenhouse gases produced directly and indirectly to support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon footprint analysis
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Sum up
• Footprints are indicators of sustainability, valuable tools for policy and decision making
• Reduce a complex analysis into a scalar figure• Their simplicity is their Achilles heel• Other sustainable indicators exist; alternatively a
combination can reveal a broader picture• Research is needed to acquire new methodologies and
improve existing indicators
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More info
• www.footprintnetwork.org – full of info on the ecological footprint including annual reports and the science behind.
• Our ecological footprint, reducing the Human’s impact on earth, M. Wackernagel and W. Reed, 1996
• Water footprint - http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/home