Sustainable Energy and Cities

Rangan Banerjee

Forbes Marshall Chair Professor

Department of Energy Science and Engineering

CEP on Sustainable Development and Urbanisation - 23rd November 2018

Why bother about cities?

Increasing urbanisation

Higher energy intensity per capita than overall country

Higher GDP/capita than overall country

High growth rates

Source: ICRIER Background paper 2016

Issues

How much energy do we use in our city?

What is the end use pattern for cities?

Why opt for renewable energy?

What are the renewable energy options for cities?

What are the challenges for future energy systems in cities?

3

Energy needs of the city

Residential – Lighting, Cooking, Appliances, Cooling, Heating, Air conditioning

Transport

Industrial- motors,boilers,furnaces

Commercial – cooling, appliances

Water pumping

Agra – 2007-2008 Supply mix

Source: ICLEI, Agra Solar City Master Plan, 2011

Source Consumption Unit

Electricity 1206 MU

LPG 10414 MT

Petrol 50857 kL

Diesel 53469 kL

Kerosene 32406 kL

CNG 902 Tonnes

SWH 218 Nos.

Share of Fuels in Supply Side Energy Balance

43.47

5.45

16.91

21.93

11.74

0.47 0.03

Electricity LPG Petrol Diesel Kerosene CNG SWH

Raipur – 2007-2008 Supply mix

Source: Raipur Solar City Master Plan, 2011

Source Consumption Unit

Electricity 1942 MU

LPG 27255 MT

Petrol 58445 kL

Diesel 218773 kL

Kerosene 104940 kL

Consumption of Fuels in Supply Side Energy Balance

Raipur Population: 10.1 lakhs 2011 census

Mumbai- Final Energy Supply mix

Coal, 3.0 Wood, 1.7

Oil, 46.3

Gas, 9.9

Electricity, 39.1

Source: Reddy (2012)

271 PJ2010

14.7 GJ/capita final energy

Comparison of Large Metros

Population Million

Area (km2) GDP/capita US$

Energy/capitaGJ

CO2

emissions/capitaTonnes/capita

Mumbai 12.7 (24) 468 2184 14.2 1.0

Delhi 17.4 1483 2004 15.4 1.1

Kolkatta 15.6 1851 1414 5.65 1.5

Bengaluru 7.1 710 2066 9.5 0.5

Source: Asia Green City Index, 2011

Benchmarking CO2 Emissions

Source: ICLEI,

Challenges for the Energy Sector

Emissions and Sustainability Challenge

Affordability and Access

Supply unable to match demand – Energy shortages – electricity and peak power shortages. Clean cooking fuel

Extreme Natural events – floods,cyclones

Failures of energy infrastructure

Electricity Supply -Indian CitiesAverage MW Peak MW Average/Peak Annual Growth rate

Lucknow 553 750 0.73 6.5

Kanpur 348 580 0.6 5.4

Jaipur 446 771 0.58 10.6

Ahmedabad 897 1320 0.68 7.4

Surat 917 1309 0.7 6.6

Nagpur 264 315 0.83 7.6

Indore 229 391 0.59 10.2

Pune 886 1173 0.76 10.5

Mumbai 2524 3605 0.7 6.9

Hyderabad 1544 2134 0.72 8.2

Chennai 1743 2291 0.76 5.6

Bengaluru 1404 2090 0.67 5.6

Kolkata 1773 2577 0.69 5.1Source: CEA, 2013

Seasonal Variations - Delhi

Source: NRLDC 2006

Load Variations (2017)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Load (

MW

)

Delhi

Hottest Week Coldest Week

Strategies for Cities

Energy Efficiency and Demand Side Management

Enhanced Use of Renewables – Roof top Solar Photovoltaics, Solar Water Heaters

Waste to Energy

Zero Energy and Energy Plus Buildings

Electric Vehicles

Understanding Load and Supply Variability, Improved Forecasting, Demand Response and Storage

Benchmarking Energy and Emission performance of cities, localities

Schematic of renewable energy options for buildings

http://64.243.182.248/includes/pv%20tutorial.pdf

ModulePanel

Solar Photovoltaics

16

CII-IBC Building - Hyderabad

17

Building Integrated PV

http://www.iea-pvps-task2.org/

18

Compute Energy use

How would you compute?

Electricity use: Monthly electricity bill:

120 kWh/ month

Cooking : LPG ~ 1 cylinder / month

Final Energy use - Elec = 120×3600/ 1000 MJ = 432 MJ

LPG = 14.2 × 42 MJ = 596.4 MJ

Total = 1028 MJ/ month = 12.3 GJ/ year/ Household

Primary energy = 432/0.3+ 596.4/0.9 = 2100 MJ/ month

= 25.2 GJ/ year = 6.3 GJ/ capita/ year19

Energy Bill and Carbon

Electricity Cost = 5×120×12= Rs 7200

LPG Rs 450×12= Rs 5400 (Rs 10800 - unsubsidised)

Total Annual: Rs 12600 (Rs 18000)

Emission factor = 0.89 kg CO2/ kWh

LPG = 65 kg CO2/ GJ

CO2 emissions = 1440×0.89+596.4×12×65/1000

=1281 + 465.2 = 1746 Kg CO2/ year (436 kg CO2/ capita)

20

Wind Power systems

21

http://www.AurovilleWindSystems.com

2 kW peak rating, weight 120 kg

Solar Cooking

http://gadhia-solar.com/products/community.htm

Double Community Cooker- Rishi Valley School

22

Solar Cooking - kitchen

mnes.nic.in/solar-stcooker.htm

Solar Kitchen Rishi Valley

http://gadhia-solar.com

23

24

Cooking with the Sun Concentrators

live.pege.org Balcony system

(Dhule: Ajay Chandak)

Solar Cooking

• Tirumala(Tirupati) – 4 T/day of steam – food for 15000 people

Solar parabolic Concentrators

• Solar cooking – Suitable for Institutions/ Community kitchen

Army mess, Ladakh• Households-

difficult – change in cooking habits

Rice Husk gasifier Cookstoves

26Anderson, 2012

Oorja stove

27

Mukunda et al, 2010

http://www.firstenergy.in

Biolite Stove

28Source: GEA Chapter 10http://www.biolitestove.com

Sampada Biomass Gasifier Stove

29

Source: www.arti-india.org/

Compact Biomass Gasifier

30

Source: www.arti-india.org/

1 m3 – digestor – 2 kg kitchen waste

0.5 m3 – digestor –1 kg kitchen waste

Standard Fan vs Efficient Fan

31

Standard Fan Efficient FanPower 70 W 35 WPrice Rs 1300 Rs 2600

BLDC motorLife : 10years Sweep 1200 mm RPM – 350-400Similar air delivery 230 m3/min

Plan Layout

32

33

A portion of the ELU map of Ward A of MCGM

Corresponding Satellite Imagery for the area from Google Earth

Analyzed in QGIS 1.8.0To determine-Building Footprint Ratios- Usable PV AreasFor Sample Buildings

34

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0:0

1-

1:0

0

1:0

1-

2:0

0

2:0

1-

3:0

0

3:0

1-

4:0

0

4:0

1-

5:0

0

5:0

1-

6:0

0

6:0

1-

7:0

0

7:0

1-

8:0

0

8:0

1-

9:0

0

9:0

1-1

0:0

0

10:0

1-1

1:0

0

11:0

1-1

2:0

0

12:0

1-1

3:0

0

13:0

1-1

4:0

0

14:0

1-1

5:0

0

15:0

1-1

6:0

0

16:0

1-1

7:0

0

17:0

1-1

8:0

0

18:0

1-1

9:0

0

19:0

1-2

0:0

0

20:0

1-2

1:0

0

21:0

1-2

2:0

0

22:0

1-2

3:0

0

23:0

1-2

4:0

0

MU

s

Jan, 2014 Typical Load Profile vsPV Generation

1-AxisTracking @Highest eff.

1-AxixTracking @Median eff.

19 deg. FixedTilt @ Highesteff.

19 deg. FixedTilt @ Medianeff.

0.115

0.125

0.135

0.145

0.155

0.165

0.175

0.185

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Capacity Factor for Mumbai

1-Axis Tracking

Fixed Tilt @ 19deg.

Annual Averagewith 1-AxisTracking

Target area

Weather data, area details

Identification and Classification of different end uses by sector (i)

Residential (1)Hospital (2) Nursing

Homes (3)Hotels

(4)Others (5)

POTENTIAL OF SWHS IN TARGET AREA

Technical Potential (m2 of collector area) Economic

Potential (m2 of collector area) Market Potential (m2 of

collector area) Energy Savings Potential

(kWh/year) Load Shaving Potential (kWh/ hour for

a monthly average day)

* Factors affecting the adoption/sizing of solar water heating systems

Sub-class (i, j)

Classification based on factors* (j)

Single end use point

Potential

Base load for

heating

Electricity/ fuel savings

Economic

viability

Price of

electricity

Investment

for SWHS

Technical

PotentialSWHS

capacity

Constraint: roof

area availability

Capacity of

SWHS (Collector

area)

Target

Auxiliary

heating

Single end use point

Micro simulation using

TRNSYS

Hot water

usage pattern

Weather

data

SIMULATION

Auxiliary heating requirement

No. of end

use points

Technical

Potential

Economic

Potential

Economic

Constraint

Market

Potential

Constraint: market

acceptance

Potential for end use sector (i = 1) Potential

for i = 2

Potential

for i = 3

Potential

for i = 4

Potential

for i = 5

Model for Potential Estimation of Target Area

35

Load Curve Representing Energy Requirement for Water Heating

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day

En

erg

y C

on

sum

pti

on

(M

W)

Typical day of January

Typical day of May

Total Consumption =760 MWh/day

Total Consumption = 390 MWh/day

53%

Electricity Consumption for water heating of Pune

Total Consumption =14300 MWh/day

Total Consumption = 13900 MWh/day

Total Electricity Consumption of Pune

36

TEAM SHUNYASOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014

37 37

House in Versailles – 26th June, 2014

Team Shunya

70 students 13 disciplines 12 faculty 38

SDC Dezhou 2018 China

Building stock growth

40

Residential demand scenarios by stock type

41

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Lo

ad

in

kW

Hour of day

IITB total load (kW)

Load Profile – IIT Bombay

42

Main Receiving Station of IITB

Salette Receiving Station SAKI

22kV/433V1250kVA

22kV/433V1250kVA

Solar PV System

Inverter

Academic Buildings

Hostel Buildings

Residential Buildings

Hostel2

Hostel3

Hostel4

Hostel5

Hostel1

Hostel6

Hostel7

Hostel9

Hostel10

28kW 32kW 42kW 44kW 43kW

51kW 33kW 33kW 45kW

Chem Dept

Civil EED HSS IDC Library

MED Physics MET Dept CSE Dept Maths Dept

Aero

MB

200kW 87kW 168kW 99kW 94kW 132kW 93kW

71kW 157kW 98kW 88kW 85kW 182kW

Ananta B-22

White House

Type C-22

39kW 16kW 40kW

1 MW

Distributed 1 MW Solar power plant@IITBombay

Urban Area – IIT Bombay

Example Urban Microgrid

43

Load Profile of an office building

Source: Puradbhat and Banerjee (2014) 44

https://www.nrdc.org/issues/prepare-india-extreme-heat

Cool Roofs - Ahmedabad

Shardaben Hospital White Mosaic Cool Roof

https://www.nrdc.org/

https://www.nrdc.org/issues/prepare-india-extreme-heat

Publicity Campaign - Ahmedabad

Vehicle EfficiencyIndustrial EfficiencyBuilding EfficiencyFuel switchEnergy Intensity

Annual CO2 Emissions (Ahmedabad)

Mill

ion T

onnes

CO

2

2.32t/capita

8.15t/capita

3.13t/capita

5.63t/capita

2.16t/capita

http://2050.nies.go.jp/report/file/lcs_asialocal/ahmedabad_2010.pdf

Guttikunda and Jawahar,2011

Modelled 2010 PM concentrations by source

Guttikunda and Jawahar,2011

Summary of Air Pollutants for some cities 2010

Mitigating Load Shedding: Pune example

CII with MSEDCL – estimated 90 MW load shedding Pune in 2006

Captive generators – Capacity of 100 MW

Special tariff by MERC for variable cost of generation from CPPs Rs 8.24 -11 / kWh

Distributed Generation based Distribution Franchisee (In Pune – Tata Power)

Local solutions possible –with industry help50

Storage Options

UK & India Partnership in Smart Energy Grids and Energy Storage Technologies: IMASE- IITB – UnivNottingham 51

Summary

New Buildings stock – green, passive, net zero buildings – potential to transform cities

Increased Renewable share

Performance Metrics –buildings, areas, city

Level playing field for Efficiency and DSM, Demand response

Intelligence – forecasting supply and demand variability –scheduling, deferring loads, bringing storage on line

Hybridisation, Resilience and Flexibility of Energy Systems

Innovative systems and Solutions – Transport, water

Emissions- Health- Air Quality, Low Carbon

Affordable Energy

52

End-Note

http://www.ubmfuturecities.com/document.asp?doc_id=523792

References

Pillai and Banerjee, Methodology for estimation of potential for solar water heating in a target area, Solar

Energy, 81, pp. 162-172, 2006.

UNEP,2011: Cities Investing in energy and resource efficiency, Towards a Green Economy, United Nations

Environment Programme, 2011.

UN Habitat 2013: State of World’s Cities 2012-13 Prosperity of cities, United Nations Human Settlements

Programme (UN-Habitat), Kenya, 2013. < www.unhabitat.org> last accessed October 28, 2013.

S.Guttikunda and P.Jawahar, 2011, Shakti Foundation

http://shaktifoundation.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Urban-Air-Pollution-Analysis-in- India.pdf

ICLEI, Agra Solar City Master Plan, 2011: Development of Agra Solar City, Final Master Plan, supported

by MNRE, New Delhi, ICLEI, South Asia.

Reddy and Balachandra, IGIDR, WP-2010-023, Working Paper,2010.

Reddy, IGIDR, WP-2013-02, Working Paper,2013.

Singh, R., and Banerjee, R., Estimation of rooftop solar photovoltaic potential of a city, Solar Energy, Vol.

115, 589-602, May 2015.

https://www.nrdc.org/issues/prepare-india-extreme-heat

Thank youEmail: rangan.banerjee@gmail.com

Acknowledgement: Balkrishna Surve,Brijesh Pandey, Rhythm Singh, Jay Dhariwal, Sumedh Puradbhat, Team Shunya